test unit should pass on NULL device

.github/workflows/benchmark.yml

@@ -16,48 +16,6 @@ on:
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
-  # the goal of this test is to replicate a normal person on a laptop running the test
-  # no process replay, no benchmarks, no CI, just a normal laptop person
-  # the 3 minute timeout should not be raised
-  testmacpytest:
-    name: Mac pytest
-    runs-on: [self-hosted, macOS]
-    timeout-minutes: 3
-    defaults:
-      run:
-        shell: bash -e -o pipefail {0}
-    if: github.repository_owner == 'tinygrad'
-    steps:
-    - name: Checkout Code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    # brew install uv
-    - name: setup python environment
-      run: |
-        rm -rf /tmp/tinygrad_pytest_ci
-        uv venv /tmp/tinygrad_pytest_ci
-        source /tmp/tinygrad_pytest_ci/bin/activate
-        uv pip install .[testing]
-    - name: setup staging db
-      run: |
-        echo "CACHEDB=/tmp/pytest-db-ci.db" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-        rm -f /tmp/pytest-db-ci*
-    # TODO: remove this step once all old caches are migrated
-    - name: Migrate old huggingface cache (symlinks break onnxruntime 1.24+)
-      run: |
-        cd ~/Library/Caches/tinygrad/downloads/models 2>/dev/null || exit 0
-        for old_dir in models--*; do
-          [ -d "$old_dir" ] || continue
-          repo_id=$(echo "$old_dir" | sed 's/models--//; s/--/\//g')
-          snapshot=$(ls -1 "$old_dir/snapshots" 2>/dev/null | head -1)
-          [ -n "$snapshot" ] || continue
-          mkdir -p "$repo_id"
-          cp -RLn "$old_dir/snapshots/$snapshot/"* "$repo_id/" 2>/dev/null || true
-        done
-    - name: Run pytest -nauto
-      run: |
-        source /tmp/tinygrad_pytest_ci/bin/activate
-        pytest -nauto --durations=20
-
   testmacbenchmark:
     name: Mac Benchmark
     env:

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@ jobs:
         deps: testing_unit
         llvm: 'true'
     - name: Speed Test
-      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 THREADS=0 python3 test/speed/external_test_speed_v_torch.py
+      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 python3 test/speed/external_test_speed_v_torch.py
     - name: Speed Test (BEAM=2)
-      run: BEAM=2 CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 THREADS=0 python3 test/speed/external_test_speed_v_torch.py
+      run: BEAM=2 CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 python3 test/speed/external_test_speed_v_torch.py
 
   docs:
     name: Docs
@@ -207,11 +207,11 @@ jobs:
       run: DEBUG=2 AMX=1 EMULATE=AMX FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/opt/test_tensor_cores.py
     - name: Test device flop counts
       run: |
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=METAL PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/null/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=AMD PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/null/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/null/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=INTEL PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/null/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
-        DEBUG=2 AMX=1 EMULATE=AMX PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/null/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStats.test_simple_matmul
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=METAL PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=AMD PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=INTEL PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
+        DEBUG=2 AMX=1 EMULATE=AMX PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStats.test_simple_matmul
 
   linter:
     name: Linters
@@ -266,19 +266,17 @@ jobs:
       run: python -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT == 'CPU', Device.DEFAULT"
     - name: Run unit tests
       run: |
-        CPU=1 python test/null/test_device.py TestRunAsModule.test_module_runs
-        CPU=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/unit/ --durations=20
-    - name: Run NULL backend tests
-      run: NULL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/null/ --durations=20
+        CPU=1 python test/unit/test_device.py TestRunAsModule.test_module_runs
+        CPU=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/unit/ --durations=20 --deselect=test/unit/test_device.py::TestRunAsModule::test_module_runs
     - name: Run targetted tests on NULL backend
-      run: NULL=1 python3 -m unittest test.test_multitensor.TestMultiTensor.test_data_parallel_resnet_train_step
+      run: NULL=1 python3 -m unittest test.test_multitensor.TestMultiTensor.test_data_parallel_resnet_train_step test/device/test_null.py
     # TODO: too slow
     # - name: Run SDXL on NULL backend
     #   run: NULL=1 DEBUG=1 python3 examples/sdxl.py --seed 0 --noshow --timing --fakeweights
     - name: Run Clip tests for SD MLPerf on NULL backend
       run: NULL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/external/mlperf_stable_diffusion/external_test_models.py::TestOpenClip --durations=20
     - name: Run AMD emulated BERT training on NULL backend
-      run: EMULATE=AMD_RDNA4 NULL=1 NULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1 CAPTURE_PROCESS_REPLAY=0 DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF BENCHMARK=10 BS=66 GPUS=1 BERT_LAYERS=2 MODEL=bert python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
+      run: EMULATE=AMD_RDNA4 NULL=1 CAPTURE_PROCESS_REPLAY=0 DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF BENCHMARK=10 BS=66 GPUS=1 BERT_LAYERS=2 MODEL=bert python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
     # TODO: support fake weights
     #- name: Run LLaMA 7B on 4 fake devices
     #  run: NULL=1 python3 examples/llama.py --gen 1 --size 7B --shard 4 --prompt "Hello." --count 3 --temperature 0 --timing
@@ -316,7 +314,7 @@ jobs:
         deps: testing_unit
         python-version: '3.14'
     - name: Test SPEC=2
-      run: SPEC=2 pytest --maxfail=10 -n auto --durations=30 --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/null --ignore test/test_custom_kernel.py --ignore test/unit/test_hashing.py --timeout 60 -k "not test_setitem_big" --splits 2 --group ${{ matrix.group }}
+      run: SPEC=2 pytest --maxfail=10 -n auto --durations=30 --ignore=test/models --ignore test/test_custom_kernel.py --ignore test/unit/test_hashing.py --ignore test/unit/test_autogen.py --timeout 60 -k "not test_setitem_big" --splits 2 --group ${{ matrix.group }}
 
   fuzzing:
     name: Fuzzing
@@ -467,11 +465,11 @@ jobs:
       - name: Test MLPerf stuff
         run: CL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/external/external_test_optim.py test/external/external_test_losses.py test/external/external_test_metrics.py test/external/external_test_datasets.py --durations=20
       - name: NULL=1 beautiful_mnist_multigpu
-        run: NULL=1 NULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1 python examples/beautiful_mnist_multigpu.py
+        run: NULL=1 python examples/beautiful_mnist_multigpu.py
       - name: Test Bert training
-        run: NULL=1 NULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1 DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF BENCHMARK=10 BS=24 GPUS=4 BERT_LAYERS=2 MODEL=bert python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
+        run: NULL=1 DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF BENCHMARK=10 BS=24 GPUS=4 BERT_LAYERS=2 MODEL=bert python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
       - name: Test llama 3 training
-        run: NULL=1 NULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1 SAMPLES=300 BS=8 SEQLEN=512 GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS=1 FAKEDATA=1 DEFAULT_FLOAT=bfloat16 OPTIM_DTYPE=bfloat16 LLAMA3_SIZE=1B MODEL=llama3 python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
+        run: NULL=1 SAMPLES=300 BS=8 SEQLEN=512 GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS=1 FAKEDATA=1 DEFAULT_FLOAT=bfloat16 OPTIM_DTYPE=bfloat16 LLAMA3_SIZE=1B MODEL=llama3 python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
       - name: Run process replay tests
         uses: ./.github/actions/process-replay
 
@@ -569,7 +567,7 @@ jobs:
       with:
         key: dsp-minimal
         deps: testing_unit
-        pydeps: "onnx==1.18.0 onnxruntime ml_dtypes"
+        pydeps: "onnx==1.18.0 onnxruntime"
         llvm: "true"
     - name: Set up Docker Buildx
       uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
@@ -611,7 +609,7 @@ jobs:
         WEBGPU=1 DEBUG=4 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
     - name: Run selected webgpu tests
       run: |
-          WEBGPU=1 WEBGPU_BACKEND="WGPUBackendType_Vulkan" python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --ignore=test/null --durations=20
+          WEBGPU=1 WEBGPU_BACKEND="WGPUBackendType_Vulkan" python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --durations=20
     - name: Run process replay tests
       uses: ./.github/actions/process-replay
 
@@ -739,7 +737,7 @@ jobs:
           DEBUG=5 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
       - name: Run pytest (cuda)
         # skip multitensor because it's slow
-        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --ignore=test/null --ignore test/test_gc.py --ignore test/test_multitensor.py --durations=20
+        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --ignore test/test_gc.py --ignore test/test_multitensor.py --durations=20
       - name: Run TestOps.test_add with PMA
         run: VIZ=-1 PMA=1 DEBUG=5 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
       - name: Run process replay tests
@@ -772,7 +770,7 @@ jobs:
           python3 -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT in ['CPU','CL'], Device.DEFAULT"
           DEBUG=5 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
       - name: Run pytest (${{ matrix.backend }})
-        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --ignore=test/null --durations=20
+        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --durations=20
       - name: Run TRANSCENDENTAL math
         run: TRANSCENDENTAL=2 python -m pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_sin test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_cos test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_tan test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_exp test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_log --durations=20
       - name: Run process replay tests
@@ -799,8 +797,6 @@ jobs:
         llvm: 'true'
     - name: Run unit tests
       run: METAL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/unit/ --durations=20
-    - name: Run NULL backend tests
-      run: NULL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/null/ --durations=20
     - name: Run ONNX
       run: METAL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/external/external_test_onnx_backend.py --durations=20
     - name: Test tensor core ops (fake)
@@ -902,7 +898,7 @@ jobs:
           python -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT == {'LLVM':'CPU','LVP':'CPU'}.get(x:='${{ matrix.backend }}'.upper(), x), Device.DEFAULT"
           DEBUG=4 python3 test/test_tiny.py TestTiny.test_plus
       - name: Run pytest (${{ matrix.backend }})
-        run: python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --ignore=test/null --durations=20
+        run: python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --durations=20
       - name: Run process replay tests
         uses: ./.github/actions/process-replay
       - name: Run macOS-specific unit test
@@ -935,11 +931,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Run unit tests
         if: matrix.backend=='llvm'
         # test_newton_schulz hits RecursionError
-        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/unit/ --ignore=test/unit/test_disk_tensor.py --ignore=test/unit/test_tar.py --ignore=test/unit/test_linalg.py --durations=20
-      - name: Run NULL backend tests
-        if: matrix.backend=='llvm'
-        shell: bash
-        run: CPU=0 CPU_LLVM=0 NULL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/null/ --ignore=test/null/test_elf.py --durations=20
+        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/unit/ --ignore=test/unit/test_disk_tensor.py --ignore=test/unit/test_elf.py --ignore=test/unit/test_tar.py --ignore=test/unit/test_linalg.py --durations=20
       - name: Run pytest (${{ matrix.backend }})
         shell: bash
         run: |
@@ -965,10 +957,10 @@ jobs:
           key: compile-${{ matrix.backend }}
           deps: testing_unit
           mesa: ${{ (matrix.backend == 'ir3' || matrix.backend == 'nak') && 'true' }}
-          python-version: '3.12'
+          python-version: '3.14'
       - name: Set env
         shell: bash
-        run: printf "NULL=1\nNULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1\n${{ matrix.backend == 'ir3' && 'NULL_IR3=1' || matrix.backend == 'nak' && 'NULL_NAK=1' }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        run: printf "NULL=1\n${{ matrix.backend == 'ir3' && 'NULL_IR3=1' || matrix.backend == 'nak' && 'NULL_NAK=1' }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Run test_ops
         shell: bash
         run: |

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ repos:
         pass_filenames: false
       - id: tests
         name: comprehensive test suite
-        entry: env OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 PYTHONPATH="." python3 -m pytest -n=6 test/test_ops.py test/test_schedule.py test/unit/test_assign.py test/test_tensor.py test/test_jit.py test/unit/test_schedule_cache.py test/null/test_pattern_matcher.py test/null/test_uop_symbolic.py test/unit/test_helpers.py
+        entry: env OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 PYTHONPATH="." python3 -m pytest -n=6 test/test_ops.py test/test_schedule.py test/unit/test_assign.py test/test_tensor.py test/test_jit.py test/unit/test_schedule_cache.py test/unit/test_pattern_matcher.py test/unit/test_uop_symbolic.py test/unit/test_helpers.py
         language: system
         always_run: true
         pass_filenames: false

examples/anthropic_challenge.py

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ vliw_prepare = PatternMatcher([
   # cast is fake
   (UPat(Ops.CAST, name="c"), lambda c: c.src[0]),
   # rewrites to hardcode the addresses in memory
-  (UPat(Ops.PARAM, name="dg"), lambda dg: UOp.const(dtypes.uint, global_addrs[dg.arg])),
+  (UPat(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, name="dg"), lambda dg: UOp.const(dtypes.uint, global_addrs[dg.arg])),
   # INDEX is just plus
   (UPat(Ops.INDEX, name="i"), lambda i: i.src[0]+i.src[1]),
 ])+symbolic

examples/mlperf/dataloader.py

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def loader_process(q_in, q_out, X:Tensor, seed):
       #storage_tensor._copyin(img_tensor.numpy())
 
       # faster
-      X[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = img.tobytes()
+      X[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = img.tobytes()
 
       # ideal
       #X[idx].assign(img.tobytes())   # NOTE: this is slow!
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ def load_unet3d_data(preprocessed_dataset_dir, seed, queue_in, queue_out, X:Tens
       x = random_brightness_augmentation(x)
       x = gaussian_noise(x)
 
-    X[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = x.tobytes()
-    Y[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = y.tobytes()
+    X[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = x.tobytes()
+    Y[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = y.tobytes()
 
     queue_out.put(idx)
   queue_out.put(None)
@@ -379,12 +379,12 @@ def load_retinanet_data(base_dir:Path, val:bool, queue_in:Queue, queue_out:Queue
       clipped_match_idxs = np.clip(match_idxs, 0, None)
       clipped_boxes, clipped_labels = tgt["boxes"][clipped_match_idxs], tgt["labels"][clipped_match_idxs]
 
-      boxes[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = clipped_boxes.tobytes()
-      labels[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = clipped_labels.tobytes()
-      matches[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = match_idxs.tobytes()
-      anchors[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = anchor.tobytes()
+      boxes[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = clipped_boxes.tobytes()
+      labels[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = clipped_labels.tobytes()
+      matches[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = match_idxs.tobytes()
+      anchors[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = anchor.tobytes()
 
-    imgs[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = img.tobytes()
+    imgs[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = img.tobytes()
 
     queue_out.put(idx)
   queue_out.put(None)

examples/mlperf/training_submission_v6.0/tinycorp/benchmarks/llama8b/implementations/tinybox_8xMI350X/dev_beam.sh

@@ -8,11 +8,9 @@ export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=5000000 HCQDEV_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS=240000
 export DEBUG=${DEBUG:-2}
 export FLASH_ATTENTION=${FLASH_ATTENTION:-1}
 export ALL2ALL=${ALL2ALL:-1}
-export USE_ATOMICS=${USE_ATOMICS:-1}
-export ASM_GEMM=${ASM_GEMM:-1}
 
 export DEFAULT_FLOAT="bfloat16" OPTIM_DTYPE="bfloat16"
-export DP=8 BS=16 EVAL_BS=8 GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS=1
+export DP=8 BS=8 EVAL_BS=8 GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS=2
 export GBS=$((BS * GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS))
 
 export MODEL="llama3"

examples/mlperf/training_submission_v6.0/tinycorp/benchmarks/llama8b/implementations/tinybox_8xMI350X/dev_run.sh

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export USE_ATOMICS=${USE_ATOMICS:-1}
 export ASM_GEMM=${ASM_GEMM:-1}
 
 export DEFAULT_FLOAT="bfloat16" OPTIM_DTYPE="bfloat16"
-export DP=${DP:-8} BS=${BS:-16} EVAL_BS=${EVAL_BS:-8} GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS=${GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS:-1}
+export DP=${DP:-8} BS=${BS:-8} EVAL_BS=${EVAL_BS:-8} GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS=${GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS:-2}
 export GBS=$((BS * GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS))
 
 export MODEL="llama3"

examples/mlperf/training_submission_v6.0/tinycorp/benchmarks/llama8b/implementations/tinybox_8xMI350X/startup_walltime.sh

@@ -2,9 +2,8 @@
 export BENCHMARK=5
 export EVAL_BS=0
 export FAKEDATA=1
-export NULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1
 export HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES=""
 export DEV=NULL
 export JITBEAM=0
 export LLAMA_LAYERS=${LLAMA_LAYERS:-"2"}
-time examples/mlperf/training_submission_v6.0/tinycorp/benchmarks/llama8b/implementations/tinybox_8xMI350X/dev_run.sh
+time examples/mlperf/training_submission_v6.0/tinycorp/benchmarks/llama8b/implementations/tinybox_8xMI350X/dev_run.sh

examples/stable_diffusion.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import argparse, time
 from collections import namedtuple
 from typing import Dict, Any
 
+from PIL import Image
 import numpy as np
 from tinygrad import Device, GlobalCounters, dtypes, Tensor, TinyJit
 from tinygrad.helpers import Timing, Context, getenv, fetch, colored, tqdm, flatten, profile_marker
@@ -335,7 +336,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
   print(x.shape)
 
   profile_marker("save image")
-  from PIL import Image
   im = Image.fromarray(x.numpy())
   print(f"saving {args.out}")
   im.save(args.out)

examples/tinychat/tinychat-browser/compile.py

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def prepare_browser_chunks(model):
         weight_metadata = metadata.get(name, default)
         weight_metadata["parts"][part_num] = {"file": i, "file_start_pos": cursor, "size": size}
         metadata[name] = weight_metadata
-        data = bytes(state_dict[name].uop.base.realized.as_memoryview())
+        data = bytes(state_dict[name].uop.base.realized.as_buffer())
         data = data if not offsets else data[offsets[0]:offsets[1]]
         writer.write(data)
         cursor += size

extra/amdpci/proclogs.py

@@ -19,9 +19,8 @@ amdev = importlib.import_module("tinygrad.runtime.support.am.amdev")
 amdev.AMDev = AMDFake
 from tinygrad.runtime.ops_amd import PCIIface
 
-def parse_amdgpu_logs(log_content, register_names=None, register_objects=None, *, only_xcc0: bool = False):
+def parse_amdgpu_logs(log_content, register_names=None, *, only_xcc0: bool = False):
   register_map = register_names or {}
-  register_objs = register_objects or {}
 
   def replace_register(match):
     reg = match.group(1)
@@ -38,28 +37,6 @@ def parse_amdgpu_logs(log_content, register_names=None, register_objects=None, *
   # remove timing prefix
   processed_log = re.sub(r'^\[\s*\d+(?:\.\d+)?\]\s*', '', processed_log, flags=re.MULTILINE)
 
-  # decode register values into field dicts
-  def decode_value(match):
-    reg_name = match.group(1)
-    xcc_part = match.group(2)  # "xcc=0 " or ""
-    val_str = match.group(3)
-    val = int(val_str, 16)
-
-    reg_obj = register_objs.get(reg_name)
-    if reg_obj is not None and reg_obj.fields:
-      fields = reg_obj.decode(val)
-      # show raw for unaccounted bits
-      accounted = 0
-      for name, (start, end) in reg_obj.fields.items():
-        accounted |= (((1 << (end - start + 1)) - 1) << start)
-      unaccounted = val & ~accounted
-      parts = {k: v for k, v in fields.items() if v != 0}
-      if unaccounted: parts['_raw_unaccounted'] = hex(unaccounted)
-      return f"register {reg_name}, {xcc_part}with value {val_str} {parts}"
-    return match.group(0)
-
-  processed_log = re.sub(r'register (reg\w+), ((?:xcc=\d+ )?)with value (0x[0-9a-fA-F]+)', decode_value, processed_log)
-
   # keep only xcc=0 lines (but keep lines with no xcc at all)
   if only_xcc0:
     kept = []
@@ -73,18 +50,16 @@ def main():
   only_xcc0 = bool(getenv("ONLY_XCC0", 0))
 
   reg_names = {}
-  reg_objs = {}
   dev = PCIIface(None, 0)
   for x, y in dev.dev_impl.__dict__.items():
     if isinstance(y, AMRegister):
       for xcc, addr in y.addr.items():
         reg_names[addr] = f"{x}, xcc={xcc}"
-      reg_objs[x] = y
 
   with open(sys.argv[1], 'r') as f:
     log_content = f.read()
 
-  processed_log = parse_amdgpu_logs(log_content, reg_names, reg_objs, only_xcc0=only_xcc0)
+  processed_log = parse_amdgpu_logs(log_content, reg_names, only_xcc0=only_xcc0)
 
   with open(sys.argv[2], 'w') as f:
     f.write(processed_log)

extra/assembly/amd/emu.py

@@ -135,6 +135,14 @@ def _val_to_u32(val: UOp) -> UOp:
   if val.dtype in (dtypes.uint16, dtypes.int16): return val.cast(dtypes.uint32)
   return val.cast(dtypes.uint32)
 
+def _apply_clamp(val: UOp, clmp: int | UOp) -> UOp:
+  """Apply VOP3 clamp modifier: clamp float results to [0.0, 1.0] range."""
+  if isinstance(clmp, int) and clmp == 0: return val
+  if val.dtype not in (dtypes.float32, dtypes.half, dtypes.float64): return val
+  zero, one = UOp.const(val.dtype, 0.0), UOp.const(val.dtype, 1.0)
+  clamped = val.maximum(zero).minimum(one)
+  return clmp.ne(_c(0)).where(clamped, val) if isinstance(clmp, UOp) else clamped
+
 _pcode_fixes = {
   'V_DIV_FMAS_F32': ('D0.f32 = 2.0F ** 32 * fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)',
     'D0.f32 = (exponent(S2.f32) > 127) ? (2.0F ** 64 * fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)) : (2.0F ** -64 * fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32))'),
@@ -257,11 +265,11 @@ def _collect_data_slices(assigns: list[tuple[str, UOp]], data_prefix: str, pcode
 class _Ctx:
   """Context for instruction compilation - holds buffers and helpers."""
   __slots__ = ('inst_size', 'dyn_fields', '_axis_id')
-  sgpr = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint32.ptr(SGPR_COUNT), arg=0)
-  vgpr = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint32.ptr(VGPR_SIZE), arg=1)
-  vmem = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint32.ptr(1 << 46), arg=2)
-  lds = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint32.ptr(16384), arg=3)
-  scratch = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint8.ptr(1 << 30), arg=4)
+  sgpr = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.uint32.ptr(SGPR_COUNT), arg=0)
+  vgpr = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.uint32.ptr(VGPR_SIZE), arg=1)
+  vmem = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.uint32.ptr(1 << 46), arg=2)
+  lds = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.uint32.ptr(16384), arg=3)
+  scratch = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.uint8.ptr(1 << 30), arg=4)
 
   def __init__(self, inst_size: int):
     self.inst_size, self._axis_id = inst_size, 0
@@ -346,7 +354,7 @@ class _Ctx:
     offset = reg.cast(dtypes.int) * _c(32, dtypes.int) + lane.cast(dtypes.int)
     return buf.index(offset, _lane_active(exec_mask, lane)).store(val.cast(dtypes.uint32))
 
-  def rsrc_dyn(self, off: UOp, lane: UOp | None, bits: int = 32, literal: UOp | None = None, is_f64: bool = False, do_cast: bool = True) -> UOp:
+  def rsrc_dyn(self, off: UOp, lane: UOp | None, bits: int = 32, literal: UOp | None = None, is_f64: bool = False) -> UOp:
     """Read source operand with dynamic offset. Handles SGPR/inline constants (<256), VGPR (>=256).
     If lane is None, only scalar access is supported (off must be < 256).
     is_f64: True for F64 operations where 64-bit literals go in high 32 bits."""
@@ -377,7 +385,7 @@ class _Ctx:
     else:
       scalar_val = sgpr_lo
       if literal is not None: scalar_val = off.eq(_c(255)).where(literal, scalar_val)
-      if bits == 16 and do_cast:  # Float constants: cast F32 to F16
+      if bits == 16:  # Float constants: cast F32 to F16
         scalar_val = is_float_const.where(scalar_val.bitcast(dtypes.float32).cast(dtypes.half).bitcast(dtypes.uint16).cast(dtypes.uint32), scalar_val)
 
     return is_vgpr.where(vgpr_val, scalar_val) if lane is not None else scalar_val
@@ -437,7 +445,7 @@ class _Ctx:
     return UOp.sink(*stores, *self.inc_pc())
 
   def compile_vop_pcode(self, op, srcs: dict[str, UOp], lane: UOp, vdst_reg: UOp, exec_mask: UOp,
-                        opsel_dst_hi: bool | UOp = False, sdst_reg: int | None = None, clmp: int = 0) -> UOp:
+                        opsel_dst_hi: bool | UOp = False, sdst_reg: int | None = None, clmp: int | UOp = 0) -> UOp:
     """Compile VOP instruction. Returns sink with stores and inc_pc."""
     pcode = get_pcode(op)
     vcc_reg = sdst_reg if sdst_reg is not None else VCC_LO.offset
@@ -446,24 +454,6 @@ class _Ctx:
                  'ROUND_MODE': _c(0), 'ROUND_TOWARD_ZERO': _c(0)})  # rounding mode: 0=RNE, RTZ constant
     _, assigns = parse_pcode(pcode, srcs)
 
-    # For integer ops with clamp, compute overflow using wide arithmetic
-    # NOTE: MUL_LO ops don't saturate - they always return the low bits
-    int_saturate = None
-    if clmp and any(p in op.name for p in ('_NC_U', '_MAD_U', '_NC_I', '_MAD_I')):
-      is_signed, is_16bit = '_I' in op.name and '_U' not in op.name, '16' in op.name
-      if not (is_16bit and is_signed):  # Skip 16-bit signed ops due to codegen issues
-        s0, s1, s2 = srcs.get('S0'), srcs.get('S1'), srcs.get('S2')
-        if s0 is not None and s1 is not None:
-          narrow_dt = dtypes.uint16 if is_16bit else (dtypes.int32 if is_signed else dtypes.uint32)
-          wide_dt = dtypes.int32 if is_16bit else dtypes.int64
-          narrow_max, narrow_min = (0xFFFF, 0) if is_16bit else ((0x7FFFFFFF, -0x80000000) if is_signed else (0xFFFFFFFF, 0))
-          def to_wide(x): return (x.bitcast(narrow_dt) if x.dtype.itemsize == narrow_dt.itemsize else x.cast(narrow_dt)).cast(wide_dt)
-          is_sub, is_mad = 'SUB' in op.name, 'MAD' in op.name
-          full = (to_wide(s0) * to_wide(s1) + to_wide(s2)) if is_mad and s2 is not None else \
-                 (to_wide(s1) - to_wide(s0)) if is_sub and 'SUBREV' in op.name else \
-                 (to_wide(s0) - to_wide(s1)) if is_sub else (to_wide(s0) + to_wide(s1))
-          int_saturate = full.clamp(narrow_min, narrow_max).cast(narrow_dt)
-
     raw_stores: list = []
     vcc_val, exec_val = None, None
     for dest, val in assigns:
@@ -478,10 +468,7 @@ class _Ctx:
                        val.cast(dtypes.uint32) if val.dtype in (dtypes.uint16, dtypes.int16) else val.cast(dtypes.uint32) & UOp.const(dtypes.uint32, slice_mask)
             raw_stores.append(('vgpr_slice', (lo_bit, width, val_bits)))
             continue
-        # For integer ops with clamp, use pre-computed saturated value; for floats, clamp to [0,1]
-        if int_saturate is not None: val = int_saturate
-        elif clmp and val.dtype in (dtypes.float32, dtypes.half, dtypes.float64):
-          val = val.maximum(UOp.const(val.dtype, 0.0)).minimum(UOp.const(val.dtype, 1.0))
+        val = _apply_clamp(val, clmp)
         if val.dtype in (dtypes.uint64, dtypes.int64, dtypes.float64):
           lo, hi = _split64(val)
           raw_stores.extend([('vgpr', self.wvgpr_dyn(vdst_reg, lane, lo, exec_mask)), ('vgpr', self.wvgpr_dyn(vdst_reg + _c(1), lane, hi, exec_mask))])
@@ -745,7 +732,6 @@ def _compile_vop3sd(inst: ir3.VOP3SD | ir4.VOP3SD, ctx: _Ctx) -> UOp:
   _, assigns = parse_pcode(pcode, srcs)
 
   has_per_lane_vcc = any('[laneId]' in dest for dest, _ in assigns if dest.startswith('VCC') or dest.startswith('D0.u64'))
-  clmp = getattr(inst, 'clmp', 0)
   if has_per_lane_vcc:
     # VCC computation: RANGE+REDUCE gets axis ID first (lower ID = runs first)
     # This ensures VCC reads source values BEFORE VGPR stores modify them
@@ -757,17 +743,11 @@ def _compile_vop3sd(inst: ir3.VOP3SD | ir4.VOP3SD, ctx: _Ctx) -> UOp:
     final_vcc = ctx.unroll_lanes(get_vcc_bit, exec_mask)
     # VGPR stores: RANGE gets axis ID second (higher ID = runs after VCC loop)
     lane3 = ctx.range()
-    d0_val, vcc_per_lane = None, None
+    d0_val = None
     for dest, val in parse_pcode(pcode, load_srcs(lane3))[1]:
       if dest.startswith('D0') and '[laneId]' not in dest: d0_val = val
-      if dest.startswith('VCC') or (dest.startswith('D0.u64') and '[laneId]' in dest): vcc_per_lane = val
     vgpr_stores = []
     if d0_val is not None:
-      # Apply clamp using carry/borrow bit: ADD overflow->0xFFFFFFFF, SUB underflow->0
-      if clmp and vcc_per_lane is not None:
-        is_sub = 'SUB' in inst.op.name
-        sat_val = _c(0) if is_sub else _c(0xFFFFFFFF)
-        d0_val = vcc_per_lane.cast(dtypes.bool).where(sat_val, d0_val.cast(dtypes.uint32))
       if d0_val.dtype in (dtypes.uint64, dtypes.int64, dtypes.float64):
         lo, hi = _split64(d0_val)
         vgpr_stores.extend([ctx.wvgpr_dyn(vdst_reg, lane3, lo, exec_mask), ctx.wvgpr_dyn(vdst_reg + _c(1), lane3, hi, exec_mask)])
@@ -820,10 +800,9 @@ def _compile_vop3p(inst: ir3.VOP3P | ir4.VOP3P, ctx: _Ctx) -> UOp:
   lane = ctx.range()
   exec_mask = ctx.rsgpr_dyn(_c(EXEC_LO.offset))
   vdst_reg = ctx.inst_field(type(inst).vdst)
-  do_cast = any(x in op_name for x in ('F16', 'F32', 'BF16')) and 'IU' not in op_name
-  src0 = ctx.rsrc_dyn(ctx.inst_field(type(inst).src0), lane, 16, do_cast=do_cast)
-  src1 = ctx.rsrc_dyn(ctx.inst_field(type(inst).src1), lane, 16, do_cast=do_cast)
-  src2 = ctx.rsrc_dyn(ctx.inst_field(type(inst).src2), lane, 16, do_cast=do_cast)
+  src0 = ctx.rsrc_dyn(ctx.inst_field(type(inst).src0), lane, 16)
+  src1 = ctx.rsrc_dyn(ctx.inst_field(type(inst).src1), lane, 16)
+  src2 = ctx.rsrc_dyn(ctx.inst_field(type(inst).src2), lane, 16)
   opsel, opsel_hi = getattr(inst, 'opsel', 0) or 0, getattr(inst, 'opsel_hi', 3) if getattr(inst, 'opsel_hi', 3) is not None else 3
   opsel_hi2 = getattr(inst, 'opsel_hi2', 1) if getattr(inst, 'opsel_hi2', 1) is not None else 1
   neg, neg_hi = getattr(inst, 'neg', 0) or 0, getattr(inst, 'neg_hi', 0) or 0
@@ -1141,8 +1120,8 @@ class WaveState:
     self.n_lanes = n_lanes
     self.vgpr_buf = Buffer('CPU', VGPR_SIZE, dtypes.uint32).ensure_allocated()
     self.sgpr_buf = Buffer('CPU', SGPR_COUNT, dtypes.uint32).ensure_allocated()
-    self._vgpr_mv = self.vgpr_buf.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True).cast('I')
-    self._sgpr_mv = self.sgpr_buf.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True).cast('I')
+    self._vgpr_mv = self.vgpr_buf.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True).cast('I')
+    self._sgpr_mv = self.sgpr_buf.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True).cast('I')
     # Zero memory using ctypes memset (much faster than Python loops)
     ctypes.memset(self.vgpr_buf._buf.va_addr, 0, VGPR_SIZE * 4)
     ctypes.memset(self.sgpr_buf._buf.va_addr, 0, SGPR_COUNT * 4)

extra/assembly/amd/pcode.py

@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ class Parser:
       self.eat('COMMA')
       lo = self.parse()
       self.eat('RBRACE')
-      return (hi.cast(dt:=_BITS_DT.get((s:=lo.dtype.bitsize) * 2, dtypes.uint64)) << _const(dt, s)) | lo.cast(dt)
+      return (hi.cast(dtypes.uint64) << _u64(32)) | lo.cast(dtypes.uint64)
     if self.at('NUM'):
       num = self.eat('NUM').val
       if self.try_eat('QUOTE'):

extra/assembly/amd/test/hw/test_sop.py

@@ -87,50 +87,6 @@ class TestBasicScalar(unittest.TestCase):
     self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], f2i(2.0))
 
 
-class TestPack(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for S_PACK instructions."""
-
-  def test_s_pack_ll_b32_b16(self):
-    """S_PACK_LL_B32_B16 packs low 16 bits of two sources into one 32-bit result."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xDEADAAAA),
-      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0xDEADBBBB),
-      s_pack_ll_b32_b16(s[2], s[0], s[1]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 0xBBBBAAAA)
-
-  def test_s_pack_lh_b32_b16(self):
-    """S_PACK_LH_B32_B16: D0 = { S1[31:16], S0[15:0] }."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xDEADAAAA),
-      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0xDEADBBBB),
-      s_pack_lh_b32_b16(s[2], s[0], s[1]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 0xDEADAAAA)
-
-  def test_s_pack_hh_b32_b16(self):
-    """S_PACK_HH_B32_B16: D0 = { S1[31:16], S0[31:16] }."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xDEADAAAA),
-      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0xDEADBBBB),
-      s_pack_hh_b32_b16(s[2], s[0], s[1]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 0xDEADDEAD)
-
-  def test_s_pack_hl_b32_b16(self):
-    """S_PACK_HL_B32_B16: D0 = { S1[15:0], S0[31:16] }."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xDEADAAAA),
-      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0xDEADBBBB),
-      s_pack_hl_b32_b16(s[2], s[0], s[1]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 0xBBBBDEAD)
-
-
 class TestQuadmaskWqm(unittest.TestCase):
   """Tests for S_QUADMASK_B32 and S_WQM_B32."""
 

extra/assembly/amd/test/hw/test_vop3.py

@@ -2949,306 +2949,6 @@ class TestVOP3Clamp(unittest.TestCase):
     self.assertAlmostEqual(i2f(st.vgpr[3][1]), 1.0, places=5, msg="lane 3: 2.5 should clamp to 1.0")
 
 
-class TestVOP3ClampUint32(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for VOP3 clamp modifier on unsigned 32-bit integer operations."""
-
-  def test_v_sub_nc_u32_e64_clamp_underflow(self):
-    """V_SUB_NC_U32_E64 with clamp: 0 - 1 should saturate to 0."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),
-      v_sub_nc_u32_e64(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0, f"expected 0, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_sub_nc_u32_e64_clamp_no_underflow(self):
-    """V_SUB_NC_U32_E64 with clamp: 100 - 50 = 50 (no saturation needed)."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 100),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 50),
-      v_sub_nc_u32_e64(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 50, f"expected 50, got {st.vgpr[0][2]}")
-
-  def test_v_add_nc_u32_e64_clamp_overflow(self):
-    """V_ADD_NC_U32_E64 with clamp: 0xFFFFFFFF + 1 should saturate to 0xFFFFFFFF."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0xFFFFFFFF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),
-      v_add_nc_u32_e64(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0xFFFFFFFF, f"expected 0xFFFFFFFF, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_add_nc_u32_e64_clamp_no_overflow(self):
-    """V_ADD_NC_U32_E64 with clamp: 100 + 50 = 150 (no saturation needed)."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 100),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 50),
-      v_add_nc_u32_e64(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 150, f"expected 150, got {st.vgpr[0][2]}")
-
-
-class TestVOP3ClampUint16(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for VOP3 clamp modifier on unsigned 16-bit integer operations."""
-
-  def test_v_sub_nc_u16_clamp_underflow(self):
-    """V_SUB_NC_U16 with clamp: 0 - 1 should saturate to 0."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),
-      v_sub_nc_u16(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xFFFF, 0, f"expected 0, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xFFFF:04x}")
-
-  def test_v_sub_nc_u16_clamp_no_underflow(self):
-    """V_SUB_NC_U16 with clamp: 100 - 50 = 50 (no saturation needed)."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 100),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 50),
-      v_sub_nc_u16(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xFFFF, 50, f"expected 50, got {st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xFFFF}")
-
-  def test_v_add_nc_u16_clamp_overflow(self):
-    """V_ADD_NC_U16 with clamp: 0xFFFF + 1 should saturate to 0xFFFF."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0xFFFF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),
-      v_add_nc_u16(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF, f"expected 0xFFFF, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xFFFF:04x}")
-
-  def test_v_add_nc_u16_clamp_no_overflow(self):
-    """V_ADD_NC_U16 with clamp: 100 + 50 = 150 (no saturation needed)."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 100),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 50),
-      v_add_nc_u16(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xFFFF, 150, f"expected 150, got {st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xFFFF}")
-
-
-class TestVOP3ClampInt32(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for VOP3 clamp modifier on signed 32-bit integer operations."""
-
-  def test_v_add_nc_i32_clamp_overflow(self):
-    """V_ADD_NC_I32 with clamp: INT_MAX + 1 should saturate to INT_MAX."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0x7FFFFFFF),  # S0 = INT_MAX
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),            # S1 = 1
-      v_add_nc_i32(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0x7FFFFFFF, f"expected 0x7FFFFFFF, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_add_nc_i32_clamp_underflow(self):
-    """V_ADD_NC_I32 with clamp: INT_MIN + (-1) should saturate to INT_MIN."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0x80000000),  # S0 = INT_MIN
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0xFFFFFFFF),  # S1 = -1
-      v_add_nc_i32(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0x80000000, f"expected 0x80000000, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_sub_nc_i32_clamp_underflow(self):
-    """V_SUB_NC_I32 with clamp: INT_MIN - 1 should saturate to INT_MIN."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0x80000000),  # S0 = INT_MIN
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),            # S1 = 1
-      v_sub_nc_i32(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0x80000000, f"expected 0x80000000, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_sub_nc_i32_clamp_overflow(self):
-    """V_SUB_NC_I32 with clamp: INT_MAX - (-1) should saturate to INT_MAX."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0x7FFFFFFF),  # S0 = INT_MAX
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0xFFFFFFFF),  # S1 = -1
-      v_sub_nc_i32(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0x7FFFFFFF, f"expected 0x7FFFFFFF, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_add_nc_i32_no_saturation_positive(self):
-    """V_ADD_NC_I32 with clamp: 100 + 200 = 300 (no saturation needed)."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 100),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 200),
-      v_add_nc_i32(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 300, f"expected 300, got {st.vgpr[0][2]}")
-
-  def test_v_add_nc_i32_no_saturation_negative(self):
-    """V_ADD_NC_I32 with clamp: -100 + -200 = -300 (no saturation needed)."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0xFFFFFF9C),  # -100
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0xFFFFFF38),  # -200
-      v_add_nc_i32(v[2], v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    expected = 0xFFFFFED4  # -300
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], expected, f"expected 0x{expected:08x}, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-
-class TestVOP3ClampCarry(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for VOP3 clamp modifier on carry operations (VOP3SD)."""
-
-  def test_v_add_co_u32_clamp_overflow(self):
-    """V_ADD_CO_U32 with clamp: 0xFFFFFFFF + 1 should saturate to 0xFFFFFFFF."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0xFFFFFFFF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),
-      v_add_co_u32(v[2], VCC, v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0xFFFFFFFF, f"expected 0xFFFFFFFF, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_add_co_u32_clamp_no_overflow(self):
-    """V_ADD_CO_U32 with clamp: 100 + 200 = 300 (no saturation)."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 100),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 200),
-      v_add_co_u32(v[2], VCC, v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 300, f"expected 300, got {st.vgpr[0][2]}")
-
-  def test_v_sub_co_u32_clamp_underflow(self):
-    """V_SUB_CO_U32 with clamp: 0 - 1 should saturate to 0."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),
-      v_sub_co_u32(v[2], VCC, v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0, f"expected 0, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_sub_co_u32_clamp_no_underflow(self):
-    """V_SUB_CO_U32 with clamp: 300 - 100 = 200 (no saturation)."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 300),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 100),
-      v_sub_co_u32(v[2], VCC, v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 200, f"expected 200, got {st.vgpr[0][2]}")
-
-  def test_v_subrev_co_u32_clamp_underflow(self):
-    """V_SUBREV_CO_U32 with clamp: 1 - 0 reversed = 0 - 1 should saturate to 0."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 1),  # This becomes the subtrahend
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0),  # This becomes the minuend (0 - 1)
-      v_subrev_co_u32(v[2], VCC, v[0], v[1], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0, f"expected 0, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_add_co_ci_u32_clamp_overflow(self):
-    """V_ADD_CO_CI_U32 with clamp: 0xFFFFFFFF + 1 + 0 should saturate to 0xFFFFFFFF."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0xFFFFFFFF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),
-      s_mov_b64(VCC, 0),  # No carry in
-      v_add_co_ci_u32(v[2], VCC, v[0], v[1], VCC, clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0xFFFFFFFF, f"expected 0xFFFFFFFF, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_add_co_ci_u32_clamp_overflow_with_carry(self):
-    """V_ADD_CO_CI_U32 with clamp: 0xFFFFFFFE + 1 + 1 should saturate to 0xFFFFFFFF."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0xFFFFFFFE),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),
-      s_mov_b64(VCC, 1),  # Carry in = 1
-      v_add_co_ci_u32(v[2], VCC, v[0], v[1], VCC, clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0xFFFFFFFF, f"expected 0xFFFFFFFF, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_sub_co_ci_u32_clamp_underflow(self):
-    """V_SUB_CO_CI_U32 with clamp: 0 - 1 - 0 should saturate to 0."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1),
-      s_mov_b64(VCC, 0),  # No borrow in
-      v_sub_co_ci_u32(v[2], VCC, v[0], v[1], VCC, clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0, f"expected 0, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-  def test_v_subrev_co_ci_u32_clamp_underflow(self):
-    """V_SUBREV_CO_CI_U32 with clamp: reversed 1 - 0 - 0 = 0 - 1 should saturate to 0."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 1),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0),
-      s_mov_b64(VCC, 0),
-      v_subrev_co_ci_u32(v[2], VCC, v[0], v[1], VCC, clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0, f"expected 0, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][2]:08x}")
-
-
-class TestVOP3ClampMAD(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for VOP3 clamp modifier on MAD (multiply-add) operations."""
-
-  def test_v_mad_u16_clamp_overflow(self):
-    """V_MAD_U16 with clamp: 0xFFFF * 2 + 0 should saturate to 0xFFFF."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0xFFFF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 2),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0),
-      v_mad_u16(v[3], v[0], v[1], v[2], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF, f"expected 0xFFFF, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xFFFF:04x}")
-
-  def test_v_mad_u16_clamp_overflow_with_add(self):
-    """V_MAD_U16 with clamp: 0x8000 * 2 + 0x1000 should saturate to 0xFFFF."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0x8000),  # 32768
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 2),        # * 2 = 65536
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0x1000),   # + 4096 = 69632 > 0xFFFF
-      v_mad_u16(v[3], v[0], v[1], v[2], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF, f"expected 0xFFFF, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xFFFF:04x}")
-
-  def test_v_mad_u16_no_overflow(self):
-    """V_MAD_U16 with clamp: 100 * 100 + 50 = 10050 (no saturation)."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 100),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 100),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 50),
-      v_mad_u16(v[3], v[0], v[1], v[2], clmp=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xFFFF, 10050, f"expected 10050, got {st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xFFFF}")
-
-  def test_v_mad_u16_no_clamp(self):
-    """V_MAD_U16 without clamp: 0xFFFF * 2 + 0 should wrap to 0xFFFE."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0xFFFF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 2),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0),
-      v_mad_u16(v[3], v[0], v[1], v[2], clmp=0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    # 0xFFFF * 2 = 0x1FFFE, low 16 bits = 0xFFFE
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xFFFF, 0xFFFE, f"expected 0xFFFE, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xFFFF:04x}")
-
-
 class TestCvtPkF16(unittest.TestCase):
   """Tests for V_CVT_PK_RTZ_F16_F32 - pack two f32 to f16 with round toward zero."""
 

extra/assembly/amd/test/hw/test_vop3p.py

@@ -390,24 +390,6 @@ class TestVOP3P(unittest.TestCase):
     self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, 6.0, places=1)
     self.assertAlmostEqual(hi, 0.0, places=1)
 
-  def test_v_pk_add_u16_float_inline_const_opsel(self):
-    """V_PK_ADD_U16 with float inline constant 2.0
-    Regression test: for integer packed ops, do not perform the f32->f16 conversion.
-    """
-    # src1 = inline float constant 2.0
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x00030005),  # packed u16: hi=3, lo=5
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_pk_add_u16(v[1], v[0], SrcEnum.POS_TWO, opsel_hi=3, opsel_hi2=1),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = st.vgpr[0][1]
-    lo = result & 0xffff
-    hi = (result >> 16) & 0xffff
-    # lo = 5 + 0x0000 = 0x0005, hi = 3 + 0x4000 = 0x4003
-    self.assertEqual(lo, 0x0005, f"lo: expected 0x0005, got 0x{lo:04x}")
-    self.assertEqual(hi, 0x4003, f"hi: expected 0x4003, got 0x{hi:04x}")
-
 
 class TestWMMAF16(unittest.TestCase):
   """Tests for WMMA F16 output variant (V_WMMA_F16_16X16X16_F16).

extra/assembly/amd/test/test_emu2_pcode.py

@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ class TestDSPcodePatterns(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_mem_read_parsing(self):
     """Test MEM[addr].type read expression parsing."""
     # Create a mock LDS buffer
-    lds = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint32.ptr(16384), arg=3)
+    lds = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.uint32.ptr(16384), arg=3)
     addr = UOp.const(dtypes.uint32, 0)
     vars = {'_lds': lds, 'ADDR': addr, 'OFFSET': UOp.const(dtypes.uint32, 0)}
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ class TestDSPcodePatterns(unittest.TestCase):
     """Test DS_LOAD_2ADDR_B32 pcode parsing produces RETURN_DATA assignments."""
     pcode = PCODE.get(DSOp.DS_LOAD_2ADDR_B32)
     self.assertIsNotNone(pcode)
-    lds = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint32.ptr(16384), arg=3)
+    lds = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.uint32.ptr(16384), arg=3)
     srcs = {
       'ADDR': UOp.const(dtypes.uint32, 0),
       'OFFSET0': UOp.const(dtypes.uint32, 0),
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ class TestAllPcode(unittest.TestCase):
   def _make_srcs(self):
     """Create dummy source variables for pcode parsing."""
     u32, u64 = lambda v=0: UOp.const(dtypes.uint32, v), lambda v=0: UOp.const(dtypes.uint64, v)
-    lds = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint32.ptr(16384), arg=3)
+    lds = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.uint32.ptr(16384), arg=3)
     return {'laneId': u32(), 'laneID': u32(), 'S0': u32(), 'S1': u32(), 'S2': u32(), 'S3': u32(), 'SRC0': u32(),
             'D0': u32(), 'D1': u32(), 'DST': u32(), 'VDST': u32(), 'SDST': u32(),
             'VCC': u64(), 'VCCZ': u32(), 'EXEC': u64(), 'EXEC_LO': u32(), 'EXECZ': u32(), 'SCC': u32(),

extra/gemm/asm/cdna/gemm.py

@@ -35,13 +35,9 @@ def can_use_asm_gemm(a:Tensor, b:Tensor) -> bool:
     return todo(f"sharding mismatch a.ndim={a.ndim} a.uop.axis={a.uop.axis} b.uop.axis={b.uop.axis}")
   batch, M, K = (1, *a.shape) if a.ndim == 2 else a.shape
   N = b.shape[1]
-  if isinstance(a.device, tuple):
-    batch //= len(a.device)
-    dname = a.device[0]
-  else: dname = a.device
-  arch = getattr(Device[dname].renderer, "arch", "")
+  if isinstance(a.device, tuple): batch //= len(a.device)
   if batch not in {1, 2}: return todo(f"GEMM batch size {batch}")
-  if (key:=(M, N, K)) not in GEMM_ARGS and arch == "gfx950": return todo(f"GEMM shape not supported {key} on {arch}")
+  if (key:=(M, N, K)) not in GEMM_ARGS: return todo(f"GEMM shape not supported {key}")
   return True
 
 # ** UOp gemm to test Tensor.custom_kernel multi and backward correctness on non cdna4
@@ -66,7 +62,10 @@ def custom_gemm_bw(gradient:UOp, kernel:UOp):
   assert all_same([gradient.device, a.device, b.device, out.device])
   a_t, b_t, g_t = Tensor(a, device=a.device), Tensor(b, device=a.device), Tensor(gradient, device=a.device)
   grad_a = (g_t @ b_t.T).uop
-  grad_b = (a_t.permute(2, 0, 1).reshape(a_t.shape[2], -1) @ g_t.reshape(-1, g_t.shape[-1])).uop
+  a_T = a_t.transpose(-2, -1)
+  a_T = a_T.reshape(*a_T.shape[:-1], 1, a_T.shape[-1])
+  g_r = g_t.reshape(*g_t.shape[:-2], 1, *g_t.shape[-2:]).transpose(-1, -2)
+  grad_b = (a_T * g_r).sum((-1, 0)).uop
   return (None, grad_a, grad_b)
 
 # ** main gemm function
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ def asm_gemm(a:Tensor, b:Tensor) -> Tensor:
     out = Tensor.empty(batch, M, N, dtype=a.dtype, device=a.device)
 
   dname = a.device[0] if is_multi else a.device
-  arch = getattr(Device[dname].renderer, "arch", "")
+  arch = getattr(Device[dname].renderer, "arch", None)
   if arch.startswith("gfx950") and getenv("USE_ASM", 1):
     numWG = GEMM_ARGS[(M, N, K)][0]
     out = Tensor.custom_kernel(out, a, b, fxn=functools.partial(custom_asm_gemm, dname=dname, wg=numWG, arch=arch), grad_fxn=custom_gemm_bw)[0]

extra/gemm/asm/cdna/test_asm_gemm.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import unittest
+from tinygrad import Tensor, Device, dtypes, Context
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv
+from extra.gemm.asm.cdna.gemm import asm_gemm
+
+def verify_asm_gemm(batch:int, M:int, N:int, K:int, dtype=dtypes.bfloat16, multi=False) -> None:
+  Tensor.manual_seed(0)
+  a_rand = Tensor.randn((batch, M, K), dtype=dtypes.float).sub(0.5).cast(dtype)
+  b_rand = Tensor.randn((K, N), dtype=dtypes.float).sub(0.5).cast(dtype)
+  with Context(DEBUG=0):
+    Tensor.realize(a_rand, b_rand)
+
+  devs = tuple(f"{Device.DEFAULT}:{i}" for i in range(8)) if multi else None
+
+  a, b = Tensor(a_rand.numpy(), requires_grad=True).cast(dtype), Tensor(b_rand.numpy(), requires_grad=True).cast(dtype)
+  if multi: a, b = a.shard(devs, axis=0), b.shard(devs, axis=None)
+  tst = asm_gemm(a, b)
+  tst.sum().backward()
+  Tensor.realize(tst, a.grad, b.grad)
+
+  a_ref, b_ref = Tensor(a_rand.numpy(), requires_grad=True).cast(dtype), Tensor(b_rand.numpy(), requires_grad=True).cast(dtype)
+  if multi: a_ref, b_ref = a_ref.shard(devs, axis=0), b_ref.shard(devs, axis=None)
+  with Context(ASM_GEMM=0): ref = a_ref @ b_ref
+  ref.sum().backward()
+  Tensor.realize(ref, a_ref.grad, b_ref.grad)
+
+  with Context(DEBUG=0):
+    assert (tst - ref).square().max().float().item() < 1e-6, "forward mismatch"
+    assert (a.grad - a_ref.grad).square().max().float().item() < 1e-3, "grad_a mismatch"
+    assert (b.grad - b_ref.grad).square().max().float().item() < 1e-3, "grad_b mismatch"
+
+class TestGemm(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_simple(self): verify_asm_gemm(1, N:=getenv("N", 4096), N, N, dtype=dtypes.half)
+
+  def test_gemm1(self): verify_asm_gemm(8, 8192, 4096, 14336, multi=True)
+  def test_gemm2(self): verify_asm_gemm(8, 8192, 128256, 4096, multi=True)
+  def test_gemm3(self): verify_asm_gemm(8, 8192, 14336, 4096, multi=True)
+  def test_gemm4(self): verify_asm_gemm(8, 4096, 14336, 4096, multi=True)
+  def test_gemm5(self): verify_asm_gemm(8, 4096, 4096, 14336, multi=True)
+  def test_gemm6(self): verify_asm_gemm(16, 4096, 4096, 14336, multi=True)
+  def test_gemm_unsupported(self):
+    with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, "shape not supported"):
+      verify_asm_gemm(8, 8192, 1024, 4096, multi=True)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  unittest.main()

extra/gemm/intel_xmx.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ b.copyin(row.data)
 c.copyin(mat.data)
 ret = prog(a._buf, b._buf, c._buf, global_size=[1,1,1], local_size=[8,1,1], wait=True)
 print(ret)
-out = np.frombuffer(a.as_memoryview(), np.float32)
+out = np.frombuffer(a.as_buffer(), np.float32)
 real = row.astype(np.float32)@mat.T.astype(np.float32)
 print("out:", out)
 print("real", real)

extra/gemm/triton_nv_matmul.py

@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
   # check correctness
   if getenv("VERIFY"):
     from tinygrad.engine.realize import run_schedule
-    triton_buf = np.frombuffer(si.bufs[0].as_memoryview(), np.float16).reshape(M,N)
+    triton_buf = np.frombuffer(si.bufs[0].as_buffer(), np.float16).reshape(M,N)
     print(triton_buf)
     run_schedule(sched)
-    tinygrad_buf = np.frombuffer(si.bufs[0].as_memoryview(), np.float16).reshape(M,N)
+    tinygrad_buf = np.frombuffer(si.bufs[0].as_buffer(), np.float16).reshape(M,N)
     print(tinygrad_buf)
     np.testing.assert_allclose(triton_buf, tinygrad_buf)
     print("correct!")

extra/hip_large_kernel.py

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ prg = dev.runtime("write_ones", mbin)
 prg(buf0._buf, global_size=(1,65537,1), local_size=(1,1,1), wait=True)
 
 import numpy as np
-def to_np(buf): return np.frombuffer(buf.as_memoryview().cast(buf.dtype.base.fmt), dtype=_to_np_dtype(buf.dtype.base))
+def to_np(buf): return np.frombuffer(buf.as_buffer().cast(buf.dtype.base.fmt), dtype=_to_np_dtype(buf.dtype.base))
 
 big = to_np(buf0)
 print(big)

extra/huggingface_onnx/huggingface_manager.py

@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ from tinygrad.helpers import _ensure_downloads_dir
 DOWNLOADS_DIR = _ensure_downloads_dir() / "models"
 from tinygrad.helpers import tqdm
 
-def snapshot_download_with_retry(*, repo_id: str, allow_patterns: list[str]|tuple[str, ...]|None=None, local_dir: str|Path|None=None,
+def snapshot_download_with_retry(*, repo_id: str, allow_patterns: list[str]|tuple[str, ...]|None=None, cache_dir: str|Path|None=None,
                                  tries: int=2, **kwargs) -> Path:
   for attempt in range(tries):
     try:
       return Path(snapshot_download(
         repo_id=repo_id,
         allow_patterns=allow_patterns,
-        local_dir=str(local_dir) if local_dir is not None else None,
+        cache_dir=str(cache_dir) if cache_dir is not None else None,
         **kwargs
       ))
     except Exception as e:
@@ -144,14 +144,14 @@ class HuggingFaceONNXManager:
         root_path = snapshot_download_with_retry(
           repo_id=model_id,
           allow_patterns=allow_patterns,
-          local_dir=str(self.models_dir / model_id)
+          cache_dir=str(self.models_dir)
         )
 
         # Download config files (usually small)
         snapshot_download_with_retry(
           repo_id=model_id,
           allow_patterns=["*config.json"],
-          local_dir=str(self.models_dir / model_id)
+          cache_dir=str(self.models_dir)
         )
 
         model_data["download_path"] = str(root_path)

extra/huggingface_onnx/run_models.py

@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
       # repo id
       # validates all onnx models inside repo
       repo_id = "/".join(path)
-      root_path = snapshot_download_with_retry(repo_id=repo_id, allow_patterns=["*.onnx", "*.onnx_data"], local_dir=DOWNLOADS_DIR / repo_id)
-      snapshot_download_with_retry(repo_id=repo_id, allow_patterns=["*config.json"], local_dir=DOWNLOADS_DIR / repo_id)
+      root_path = snapshot_download_with_retry(repo_id=repo_id, allow_patterns=["*.onnx", "*.onnx_data"], cache_dir=DOWNLOADS_DIR)
+      snapshot_download_with_retry(repo_id=repo_id, allow_patterns=["*config.json"], cache_dir=DOWNLOADS_DIR)
       config = get_config(root_path)
       for onnx_model in root_path.rglob("*.onnx"):
         rtol, atol = get_tolerances(onnx_model.name)
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
       onnx_model = path[-1]
       assert path[-1].endswith(".onnx")
       repo_id, relative_path = "/".join(path[:2]), "/".join(path[2:])
-      root_path = snapshot_download_with_retry(repo_id=repo_id, allow_patterns=[relative_path], local_dir=DOWNLOADS_DIR / repo_id)
-      snapshot_download_with_retry(repo_id=repo_id, allow_patterns=["*config.json"], local_dir=DOWNLOADS_DIR / repo_id)
+      root_path = snapshot_download_with_retry(repo_id=repo_id, allow_patterns=[relative_path], cache_dir=DOWNLOADS_DIR)
+      snapshot_download_with_retry(repo_id=repo_id, allow_patterns=["*config.json"], cache_dir=DOWNLOADS_DIR)
       config = get_config(root_path)
       rtol, atol = get_tolerances(onnx_model)
       print(f"validating {relative_path} with truncate={args.truncate}, {rtol=}, {atol=}")

extra/models/clip.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from tinygrad.nn import Linear, LayerNorm, Embedding, Conv2d
 from typing import List, Optional, Union, Tuple, Dict
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from functools import lru_cache
+from PIL import Image
 import numpy as np
 import re, gzip
 
@@ -443,8 +444,7 @@ class OpenClipEncoder:
   # TODO:
   # Should be doable in pure tinygrad, would just require some work and verification.
   # This is very desirable since it would allow for full generation->evaluation in a single JIT call.
-  def prepare_image(self, image) -> Tensor:
-    from PIL import Image
+  def prepare_image(self, image:Image.Image) -> Tensor:
     SIZE = 224
     w, h = image.size
     scale = min(SIZE / h, SIZE / w)

extra/models/llama.py

@@ -61,9 +61,6 @@ class Attention:
       xq = self.q_norm(xq)
       xk = self.k_norm(xk)
 
-    # cast_float_to_bf16 is expensive in reduction loops, break it out
-    if x.dtype == dtypes.bfloat16: xq, xk = xq.contiguous_backward(), xk.contiguous_backward()
-
     xq = xq.reshape(xq.shape[0], xq.shape[1], self.n_heads, self.head_dim)
     xk = xk.reshape(xk.shape[0], xk.shape[1], self.n_kv_heads, self.head_dim)
     xv = xv.reshape(xv.shape[0], xv.shape[1], self.n_kv_heads, self.head_dim)
@@ -89,14 +86,11 @@ class Attention:
       assert start_pos == 0
       keys, values = xk, xv
 
-    if Tensor.training:
-      xq, keys, values = xq.transpose(1, 2), keys.transpose(1, 2), values.transpose(1, 2)
-      attn = xq.scaled_dot_product_attention(keys, values, is_causal=True, enable_gqa=True).transpose(1, 2)
-    else:
-      keys, values = repeat_kv(keys, self.n_rep), repeat_kv(values, self.n_rep)
-      xq, keys, values = xq.transpose(1, 2), keys.transpose(1, 2), values.transpose(1, 2)
-      attn = xq.scaled_dot_product_attention(keys, values, mask).transpose(1, 2)
+    keys, values = repeat_kv(keys, self.n_rep), repeat_kv(values, self.n_rep)
+    xq, keys, values = xq.transpose(1, 2), keys.transpose(1, 2), values.transpose(1, 2)
+    attn = xq.scaled_dot_product_attention(keys, values, mask).transpose(1, 2)
     if getenv("STUB_ATTENTION"):
+      # TODO: do we need mask?
       from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, KernelInfo
       def fa_custom_forward(attn:UOp, q:UOp, k:UOp, v:UOp) -> UOp:
         return UOp.sink(arg=KernelInfo(name="fa_custom_forward"))
@@ -203,9 +197,7 @@ class Transformer:
     h = self.tok_embeddings(tokens)
     freqs_cis = self.freqs_cis.cast(h.dtype)[:, start_pos:start_pos+seqlen, :, :, :]
 
-    if not Tensor.training and seqlen > 1:
-      mask = Tensor.full((1, 1, seqlen, start_pos+seqlen), float("-inf"), dtype=h.dtype, device=h.device).triu(start_pos+1)
-    else: mask = None
+    mask = Tensor.full((1, 1, seqlen, start_pos+seqlen), float("-inf"), dtype=h.dtype, device=h.device).triu(start_pos+1) if seqlen > 1 else None
     for layer in self.layers: h = layer(h, start_pos, freqs_cis, mask)
     logits = self.output(self.norm(h))
     if math.isnan(temperature): return logits

extra/optimization/generate_dataset.sh

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export CAPTURE_PROCESS_REPLAY=1
 rm "$LOGOPS" 2>/dev/null || true
 test/external/process_replay/reset.py
 
-CI=1 python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py test/test_nn.py test/unit/test_winograd.py test/null/test_real_world.py --durations=20
+CI=1 python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py test/test_nn.py test/unit/test_winograd.py test/models/test_real_world.py --durations=20
 CL=1 python3 -m pytest test/test_tiny.py
 
 # extract, sort and uniq

extra/optimization/get_action_space.py

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import random
+from extra.optimization.helpers import load_worlds, ast_str_to_lin
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import actions
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.kernel import Kernel
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.heuristic import hand_coded_optimizations
+from tinygrad.helpers import tqdm
+
+tactions = set()
+def test_rebuild(lin):
+  linr = Kernel(lin.ast)
+  for o in lin.applied_opts:
+    assert o in actions, f"{o} is not in actions"
+    tactions.add(o)
+    linr.apply_opt(o)
+
+  assert len(lin.sts) == len(linr.sts)
+  for st1,st2 in zip(lin.sts, linr.sts):
+    assert st1 == st2, f"{st1} != {st2}"
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  ast_strs = load_worlds(False, False, False)
+  random.shuffle(ast_strs)
+  ast_strs = ast_strs[:2000]
+  for ast_str in tqdm(ast_strs):
+    lin = ast_str_to_lin(ast_str)
+    #if not lin.apply_tensor_cores():
+    lin.apply_opts(hand_coded_optimizations(lin))
+    test_rebuild(lin)
+
+  print(len(tactions), len(actions))
+  print(sorted(list(tactions)))

extra/optimization/rl.py

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import os
+import numpy as np
+import math, random
+from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor
+from tinygrad.nn.state import get_parameters, get_state_dict, safe_save, safe_load, load_state_dict
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import actions, bufs_from_lin, get_kernel_actions
+from tinygrad.nn.optim import Adam
+from extra.optimization.extract_policynet import PolicyNet
+from extra.optimization.helpers import load_worlds, ast_str_to_lin, lin_to_feats, time_linearizer
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  net = PolicyNet()
+  if os.path.isfile("/tmp/policynet.safetensors"): load_state_dict(net, safe_load("/tmp/policynet.safetensors"))
+  optim = Adam(get_parameters(net))
+
+  ast_strs = load_worlds()
+
+  # select a world
+  all_feats, all_acts, all_rews = [], [], []
+  while 1:
+    Tensor.training = False
+    lin = ast_str_to_lin(random.choice(ast_strs))
+    rawbufs = bufs_from_lin(lin)
+    tm = last_tm = base_tm = time_linearizer(lin, rawbufs)
+
+    # take actions
+    feats, acts, rews = [], [], []
+    while 1:
+      feat = lin_to_feats(lin)
+      feats.append(feat)
+      probs = net(Tensor([feat])).exp()[0].numpy()
+
+      # mask valid actions
+      valid_action_mask = np.zeros((len(actions)+1), dtype=np.float32)
+      for x in get_kernel_actions(lin): valid_action_mask[x] = 1
+      probs *= valid_action_mask
+      probs /= sum(probs)
+
+      act = np.random.choice(len(probs), p=probs)
+      acts.append(act)
+      if act == 0:
+        rews.append(0)
+        break
+      try:
+        lin.apply_opt(actions[act-1])
+        tm = time_linearizer(lin, rawbufs)
+        if math.isinf(tm): raise Exception("failed")
+        rews.append(((last_tm-tm)/base_tm))
+        last_tm = tm
+      except Exception:
+        rews.append(-0.5)
+        break
+      #print(f"{tm*1e6:10.2f}", lin.colored_shape())
+
+    assert len(feats) == len(acts) and len(acts) == len(rews)
+    #print(rews)
+    print(f"***** EPISODE {len(rews)} steps, {sum(rews):5.2f} reward, {base_tm*1e6:12.2f} -> {tm*1e6:12.2f} : {lin.colored_shape()}")
+    all_feats += feats
+    all_acts += acts
+    # rewards to go
+    for i in range(len(rews)-2, -1, -1): rews[i] += rews[i+1]
+    all_rews += rews
+
+    BS = 32
+    if len(all_feats) >= BS:
+      Tensor.training = True
+      x = Tensor(all_feats[:BS])
+      mask = np.zeros((BS, len(actions)+1), dtype=np.float32)
+      mask[range(BS), all_acts[:BS]] = all_rews[:BS]
+      loss = -(net(x) * Tensor(mask)).mean()
+      optim.zero_grad()
+      loss.backward()
+      optim.step()
+      all_feats = all_feats[BS:]
+      all_acts = all_acts[BS:]
+      all_rews = all_rews[BS:]

extra/optimization/run_qnet.py

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+from typing import List, Tuple
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.kernel import Kernel
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import get_kernel_actions, actions
+
+_net = None
+def beam_q_estimate(beam:List[Tuple[Kernel, float]]) -> List[Tuple[Kernel, float]]:
+  global _net
+  if _net is None:
+    from tinygrad.nn.state import load_state_dict, safe_load
+    from extra.optimization.pretrain_valuenet import ValueNet
+    _net = ValueNet(1021+len(actions), 2)
+    load_state_dict(_net, safe_load("/tmp/qnet.safetensors"), verbose=False)
+  from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor
+  from tinygrad.helpers import Context
+  from extra.optimization.helpers import lin_to_feats
+  import numpy as np
+  feats = []
+  lins = []
+  base_tms = []
+  for lin,tm in beam:
+    lin_feats = lin_to_feats(lin)
+    for a,v in get_kernel_actions(lin, include_0=False).items():
+      acts = np.zeros(len(actions))
+      acts[a-1] = 1.0
+      feats.append(np.concatenate([lin_feats, acts]))
+      lins.append(v)
+      base_tms.append(tm)
+  with Context(BEAM=0):
+    with Tensor.train(False):
+      preds = _net(Tensor(feats)).numpy()
+  pred_time = np.array(base_tms) / np.exp(preds[:, 0])
+  return sorted(zip(lins, pred_time), key=lambda x: x[1])

extra/optimization/search.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import argparse
+from extra.optimization.helpers import ast_str_to_lin, time_linearizer
+
+from tinygrad import dtypes
+from tinygrad.helpers import BEAM, getenv
+from tinygrad.device import Device, Compiled
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.kernel import Kernel
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import beam_search, bufs_from_lin
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Run a search for the optimal opts for a kernel", formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter)
+  parser.add_argument("--ast", type=str, default=None, help="the ast for the kernel to be optimized")
+  parser.add_argument("--file", type=str, default=None, help="a file containing asts to be optimized, one per line")
+  args = parser.parse_args()
+
+  device: Compiled = Device[Device.DEFAULT]
+  print(f"optimizing for {Device.DEFAULT}")
+
+  if args.ast is not None:
+    ast_strs = [args.ast]
+  elif args.file is not None:
+    with open(args.file, 'r') as file:
+      ast_strs = file.readlines()
+
+  for i, ast_str in enumerate(ast_strs):
+    print(f"optimizing {i}/{len(ast_strs)}\nast={ast_str}")
+    lin = ast_str_to_lin(ast_str, opts=device.renderer)
+    rawbufs = bufs_from_lin(lin)
+    lin = beam_search(lin, rawbufs, getenv("BEAM", 8), bool(getenv("BEAM_ESTIMATE", 1)))
+
+    tm = time_linearizer(lin, rawbufs, allow_test_size=False, cnt=10)
+    print(f"final time {tm*1e6:9.0f} us: {lin.colored_shape()}")
+    print(lin.applied_opts)

extra/optimization/test_helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import unittest
+
+from extra.optimization.helpers import load_worlds
+
+class TestKernelDataset(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_load_worlds_filters(self):
+    all_kernels = load_worlds(filter_reduce=False, filter_noimage=False, filter_novariable=False)
+
+    reduce_kernels = load_worlds(filter_reduce=True, filter_noimage=False, filter_novariable=False)
+    self.assertGreater(len(all_kernels), len(reduce_kernels))
+
+    image_kernels = load_worlds(filter_reduce=False, filter_noimage=True, filter_novariable=False)
+    self.assertGreater(len(all_kernels), len(image_kernels))
+
+    variable_kernels = load_worlds(filter_reduce=False, filter_noimage=False, filter_novariable=True)
+    self.assertGreater(len(all_kernels), len(variable_kernels))
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  unittest.main()

extra/optimization/test_net.py

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import numpy as np
+import math
+import random
+np.set_printoptions(suppress=True)
+from copy import deepcopy
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, colored
+from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor
+from tinygrad.nn.state import get_parameters, get_state_dict, safe_save, safe_load, load_state_dict
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import bufs_from_lin, actions, get_kernel_actions
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.heuristic import hand_coded_optimizations
+from extra.optimization.helpers import load_worlds, ast_str_to_lin, lin_to_feats, time_linearizer
+from extra.optimization.extract_policynet import PolicyNet
+from extra.optimization.pretrain_valuenet import ValueNet
+
+VALUE = getenv("VALUE")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  if VALUE:
+    net = ValueNet()
+    load_state_dict(net, safe_load("/tmp/valuenet.safetensors"))
+  else:
+    net = PolicyNet()
+    load_state_dict(net, safe_load("/tmp/policynet.safetensors"))
+
+  ast_strs = load_worlds()
+
+  # real randomness
+  random.seed()
+  random.shuffle(ast_strs)
+
+  wins = 0
+  for ep_num,ast_str in enumerate(ast_strs):
+    print("\nEPISODE", ep_num, f"win {wins*100/max(1,ep_num):.2f}%")
+    lin = ast_str_to_lin(ast_str)
+    rawbufs = bufs_from_lin(lin)
+
+    linhc = deepcopy(lin)
+    linhc.applied_opts(hand_coded_optimizations(linhc))
+    tmhc = time_linearizer(linhc, rawbufs)
+    print(f"{tmhc*1e6:10.2f}     HC    ", linhc.colored_shape())
+
+    pred_time = float('nan')
+    tm = float('inf')
+    while 1:
+      if VALUE:
+        acts,feats = [], []
+        for k,v in get_kernel_actions(lin).items():
+          acts.append(k)
+          feats.append(lin_to_feats(v))
+        preds = net(Tensor(feats))
+        pred_time = math.exp(preds.numpy().min())
+        act = acts[preds.numpy().argmin()]
+      else:
+        probs = net(Tensor([lin_to_feats(lin)]))
+        dist = probs.exp().numpy()
+        act = dist.argmax()
+      if act == 0: break
+      try:
+        lin.apply_opt(actions[act-1])
+      except Exception:
+        print("FAILED")
+        break
+      tm = time_linearizer(lin, rawbufs)
+      print(f"{tm*1e6:10.2f} {pred_time*1e6:10.2f}", lin.colored_shape())
+
+    print(f"{colored('BEAT', 'green') if tm < tmhc else colored('lost', 'red')} hand coded {tmhc/tm:5.2f}x")
+    wins += int(tm < tmhc)

extra/optimization/test_time_linearizer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from extra.optimization.helpers import load_worlds, ast_str_to_lin, time_linearizer
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import bufs_from_lin, get_kernel_actions
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  ast_strs = load_worlds()
+  for i, ast_str in enumerate(ast_strs):
+    lin = ast_str_to_lin(ast_str)
+    rawbufs = bufs_from_lin(lin)
+    test_tm = time_linearizer(lin, rawbufs)
+    if test_tm < 1e-2: continue
+    print(f"EXAMPLE {i}")
+    acted_lins = get_kernel_actions(lin)
+    ok_avg, short_avg = 0, 0
+    for k,v in acted_lins.items():
+      tm1 = time_linearizer(v, rawbufs)
+      tm2 = time_linearizer(v, rawbufs)
+      tm3 = time_linearizer(v, rawbufs, False)
+      print(v.colored_shape(50), f"{tm1*1e3:10.2f} {tm2*1e3:10.2f} {tm3*1e3:10.2f}  :  {((tm1-tm2)/tm1)*100:5.2f}%  vs  {((tm1-tm3)/tm1)*100:5.2f}%")
+      ok_avg += (tm1-tm2)/tm1
+      short_avg += (tm1-tm3)/tm1
+    print(f"{ok_avg/len(acted_lins)*100:5.2f}% vs {short_avg/len(acted_lins)*100:5.2f}%")

extra/thunder/tiny/fa.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import math
 
 from tinygrad import Tensor, dtypes
 from tinygrad.helpers import DEBUG
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp
 
 from extra.thunder.tiny.tk import WARP_THREADS
 from extra.thunder.tiny.tk.kernel import Kernel
@@ -43,18 +43,20 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
   B_local = B // num_devices
   if DEBUG >= 2: print(f"Flash Attention {B=} {B_local=} {N=} {H=} {D=} {H_KV=} {GROUP_SIZE=}")
 
-  def _custom_forward_impl(ou:UOp, l_vecu:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, masku:UOp|None) -> UOp:
+  def custom_forward(ou:UOp, l_vecu:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, masku:UOp) -> UOp:
     with Kernel("fa_custom_forward", (H, N // (Q_BLOCK_SIZE*NUM_WORKERS), B_local), NUM_WORKERS * WARP_THREADS) as ker:
       warp = ker.warp
 
-      o, q, k, v, l_vec = GL(ou, ker), GL(qu, ker), GL(ku, ker), GL(vu, ker), GL(l_vecu, ker)
-      mask = GL(masku, ker) if masku is not None else None
+      o, q, k, v, mask, l_vec = GL(ou, ker), GL(qu, ker), GL(ku, ker), GL(vu, ker), GL(masku, ker), GL(l_vecu, ker)
 
       head = ker.blockIdx_x
       head_kv = head // GROUP_SIZE
       batch = ker.blockIdx_z
       q_seq = ker.blockIdx_y * NUM_WORKERS + ker.warpid
 
+      k_smem = ker.st((KV_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.bfloat16)
+      v_smem = ker.st((KV_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.bfloat16)
+
       q_reg_fl = ker.rt((Q_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.float32)
       q_reg = ker.rt((Q_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.bfloat16)
       q_reg_transposed = ker.rt((D, Q_BLOCK_SIZE), dtypes.bfloat16, TileLayout.COL)
@@ -84,10 +86,12 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
       q_reg = warp.copy(q_reg, q_reg_fl)
       q_reg_transposed = warp.transpose(q_reg_transposed, q_reg)
 
-      num_kv_blocks = (q_seq + 1) if is_causal else (N // KV_BLOCK_SIZE)
-      for kv_idx in ker.range(num_kv_blocks):
-        k_reg = warp.load(k_reg, k, (), (batch, kv_idx, head_kv, 0), axis=1)
-        v_reg = warp.load(v_reg, v, (), (batch, kv_idx, head_kv, 0), axis=1)
+      for kv_idx in ker.range(N // KV_BLOCK_SIZE):
+        k_smem = warp.load(k_smem, k, (), (batch, kv_idx, head_kv, 0), axis=1)
+        v_smem = warp.load(v_smem, v, (), (batch, kv_idx, head_kv, 0), axis=1)
+
+        k_reg = warp.load(k_reg, k_smem)
+        v_reg = warp.load(v_reg, v_smem)
 
         # mma qk^t
         att_block = warp.zero(att_block.after(kv_idx))
@@ -95,16 +99,9 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
         att_block = warp.mma_AtB(att_block, k_reg_transposed, q_reg_transposed)
 
         # apply attention mask
-        if is_causal:
-          bs_rows, bs_cols, bs_stride = att_block.base_shape.rows, att_block.base_shape.cols, att_block.base_shape.stride
-          q_base = q_seq * Q_BLOCK_SIZE + (warp.laneid % bs_cols)
-          kv_base = kv_idx * KV_BLOCK_SIZE + (warp.laneid // bs_cols) * bs_stride
-          att_block = warp.map(att_block,
-            lambda x, idx: ((kv_base + idx[0]*bs_rows + idx[2]) > (q_base + idx[1]*bs_cols)).alu(Ops.WHERE, UOp.ufix(x._uop, -math.inf), x))
-        elif mask is not None:
-          mask_reg = warp.load(mask_reg, mask, (), (batch, 0, q_seq, kv_idx), axis=2)
-          mask_reg_transposed = warp.transpose(mask_reg_transposed, mask_reg)
-          att_block += mask_reg_transposed
+        mask_reg = warp.load(mask_reg, mask, (), (batch, 0, q_seq, kv_idx), axis=2)
+        mask_reg_transposed = warp.transpose(mask_reg_transposed, mask_reg)
+        att_block += mask_reg_transposed
 
         # softmax
         max_vec_last = warp.copy(max_vec_last.after(kv_idx), max_vec)
@@ -144,18 +141,11 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
 
       return ker.finish()
 
-  def custom_forward_causal(ou:UOp, l_vecu:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp) -> UOp:
-    return _custom_forward_impl(ou, l_vecu, qu, ku, vu, None)
-
-  def custom_forward_masked(ou:UOp, l_vecu:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, masku:UOp) -> UOp:
-    return _custom_forward_impl(ou, l_vecu, qu, ku, vu, masku)
-
-  def _custom_backward_q_impl(dqu:UOp, dou:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, masku:UOp|None, l_vecu:UOp, delta_vecu:UOp) -> UOp:
+  def custom_backward_q(dqu:UOp, dou:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, masku:UOp, l_vecu:UOp, delta_vecu:UOp) -> UOp:
     with Kernel("fa_custom_backward_q", (H, N // (Q_BLOCK_SIZE*NUM_WORKERS), B_local), NUM_WORKERS * WARP_THREADS) as ker:
       warp = ker.warp
 
-      dq, do, q, k, v = GL(dqu, ker), GL(dou, ker), GL(qu, ker), GL(ku, ker), GL(vu, ker)
-      mask = GL(masku, ker) if masku is not None else None
+      dq, do, q, k, v, mask = GL(dqu, ker), GL(dou, ker), GL(qu, ker), GL(ku, ker), GL(vu, ker), GL(masku, ker)
       l_vec, delta_vec = GL(l_vecu, ker), GL(delta_vecu, ker)
 
       head = ker.blockIdx_x
@@ -163,6 +153,9 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
       batch = ker.blockIdx_z
       q_seq = ker.blockIdx_y * NUM_WORKERS + ker.warpid
 
+      k_smem = ker.st((KV_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.bfloat16)
+      v_smem = ker.st((KV_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.bfloat16)
+
       q_reg_fl = ker.rt((Q_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.float32)
       q_reg = ker.rt((Q_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.bfloat16)
       q_reg_t = ker.rt((D, Q_BLOCK_SIZE), dtypes.bfloat16, TileLayout.COL)
@@ -201,30 +194,24 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
       l_vec_reg *= 1.0 / math.log(2)
       delta_vec_reg = warp.load(delta_vec_reg, delta_vec, (), (batch, head, 0, q_seq), axis=2)
 
-      num_kv_blocks = (q_seq + 1) if is_causal else (N // KV_BLOCK_SIZE)
-      for kv_idx in ker.range(num_kv_blocks):
-        k_reg = warp.load(k_reg, k, (), (batch, kv_idx, head_kv, 0), axis=1)
-        k_reg_col = warp.load(k_reg_col, k, (), (batch, kv_idx, head_kv, 0), axis=1)
-        v_reg = warp.load(v_reg, v, (), (batch, kv_idx, head_kv, 0), axis=1)
+      for kv_idx in ker.range(N // KV_BLOCK_SIZE):
+        k_smem = warp.load(k_smem, k, (), (batch, kv_idx, head_kv, 0), axis=1)
+        v_smem = warp.load(v_smem, v, (), (batch, kv_idx, head_kv, 0), axis=1)
 
+        k_reg = warp.load(k_reg, k_smem)
         k_reg_t = warp.transpose(k_reg_t, k_reg)
+        k_reg_col = warp.load(k_reg_col, k_smem)
         k_reg_col_t = warp.transpose(k_reg_col_t, k_reg_col)
+        v_reg = warp.load(v_reg, v_smem)
 
         # mma qk^t
         att_block = warp.zero(att_block.after(kv_idx))
         att_block = warp.mma_AtB(att_block, k_reg_t, q_reg_t)
 
         # apply attention mask
-        if is_causal:
-          bs_rows, bs_cols, bs_stride = att_block.base_shape.rows, att_block.base_shape.cols, att_block.base_shape.stride
-          q_base = q_seq * Q_BLOCK_SIZE + (warp.laneid % bs_cols)
-          kv_base = kv_idx * KV_BLOCK_SIZE + (warp.laneid // bs_cols) * bs_stride
-          att_block = warp.map(att_block,
-            lambda x, idx: ((kv_base + idx[0]*bs_rows + idx[2]) > (q_base + idx[1]*bs_cols)).alu(Ops.WHERE, UOp.ufix(x._uop, -math.inf), x))
-        elif mask is not None:
-          mask_reg = warp.load(mask_reg, mask, (), (batch, 0, q_seq, kv_idx), axis=2)
-          mask_reg_transposed = warp.transpose(mask_reg_transposed, mask_reg)
-          att_block += mask_reg_transposed
+        mask_reg = warp.load(mask_reg, mask, (), (batch, 0, q_seq, kv_idx), axis=2)
+        mask_reg_transposed = warp.transpose(mask_reg_transposed, mask_reg)
+        att_block += mask_reg_transposed
 
         att_block -= l_vec_reg
         att_block = att_block.exp2()
@@ -244,24 +231,19 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
 
       return ker.finish()
 
-  def custom_backward_q_causal(dqu:UOp, dou:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, l_vecu:UOp, delta_vecu:UOp) -> UOp:
-    return _custom_backward_q_impl(dqu, dou, qu, ku, vu, None, l_vecu, delta_vecu)
-
-  def custom_backward_q_masked(dqu:UOp, dou:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, masku:UOp, l_vecu:UOp, delta_vecu:UOp) -> UOp:
-    return _custom_backward_q_impl(dqu, dou, qu, ku, vu, masku, l_vecu, delta_vecu)
-
-  def _custom_backward_kv_impl(dku:UOp, dvu:UOp, dou:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, masku:UOp|None, l_vecu:UOp, delta_vecu:UOp):
+  def custom_backward_kv(dku:UOp, dvu:UOp, dou:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, masku:UOp, l_vecu:UOp, delta_vecu:UOp):
     with Kernel("fa_custom_backward_kv", (H_KV, N // (KV_BLOCK_SIZE*NUM_WORKERS), B_local), NUM_WORKERS * WARP_THREADS) as ker:
       warp = ker.warp
 
-      dk, dv, do, q, k, v = GL(dku, ker), GL(dvu, ker), GL(dou, ker), GL(qu, ker), GL(ku, ker), GL(vu, ker)
-      mask = GL(masku, ker) if masku is not None else None
+      dk, dv, do, q, k, v, mask = GL(dku, ker), GL(dvu, ker), GL(dou, ker), GL(qu, ker), GL(ku, ker), GL(vu, ker), GL(masku, ker)
       l_vec, delta_vec = GL(l_vecu, ker), GL(delta_vecu, ker)
 
       head_kv = ker.blockIdx_x
       batch = ker.blockIdx_z
       kv_seq = ker.blockIdx_y * NUM_WORKERS + ker.warpid
 
+      q_smem = ker.st((Q_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.bfloat16)
+      do_smem = ker.st((Q_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.bfloat16)
       att_smem = ker.st((Q_BLOCK_SIZE, KV_BLOCK_SIZE), dtypes.bfloat16)
 
       q_reg = ker.rt((Q_BLOCK_SIZE, D), dtypes.bfloat16)
@@ -295,17 +277,19 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
       k_reg_t = warp.transpose(k_reg_t, k_reg)
       v_reg = warp.load(v_reg, v, (), (batch, kv_seq, head_kv, 0), axis=1)
 
-      q_start = kv_seq if is_causal else 0
-      for q_idx in ker.range(q_start, N // Q_BLOCK_SIZE):
+      for q_idx in ker.range(N // Q_BLOCK_SIZE):
         for g in ker.range(GROUP_SIZE):
           head_q = head_kv * GROUP_SIZE + g
 
-          q_reg = warp.load(q_reg, q, (), (batch, q_idx, head_q, 0), axis=1)
-          q_reg_col = warp.load(q_reg_col, q, (), (batch, q_idx, head_q, 0), axis=1)
-          do_reg = warp.load(do_reg, do, (), (batch, q_idx, head_q, 0), axis=1)
-          do_reg_col = warp.load(do_reg_col, do, (), (batch, q_idx, head_q, 0), axis=1)
+          # load q and do
+          q_smem = warp.load(q_smem, q, (), (batch, q_idx, head_q, 0), axis=1)
+          do_smem = warp.load(do_smem, do, (), (batch, q_idx, head_q, 0), axis=1)
 
+          q_reg = warp.load(q_reg, q_smem)
           q_reg_t = warp.transpose(q_reg_t, q_reg)
+          q_reg_col = warp.load(q_reg_col, q_smem)
+          do_reg = warp.load(do_reg, do_smem)
+          do_reg_col = warp.load(do_reg_col, do_smem)
 
           # load l_vec and delta_vec
           l_vec_reg = warp.load(l_vec_reg, l_vec, (), (batch, head_q, 0, q_idx), axis=2)
@@ -318,16 +302,9 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
           att_block *= (1.0 / math.sqrt(D)) * (1.0 / math.log(2))
 
           # apply attention mask
-          if is_causal:
-            bs_rows, bs_cols, bs_stride = att_block.base_shape.rows, att_block.base_shape.cols, att_block.base_shape.stride
-            q_base = q_idx * Q_BLOCK_SIZE + (warp.laneid % bs_cols)
-            kv_base = kv_seq * KV_BLOCK_SIZE + (warp.laneid // bs_cols) * bs_stride
-            att_block = warp.map(att_block,
-              lambda x, idx: ((kv_base + idx[0]*bs_rows + idx[2]) > (q_base + idx[1]*bs_cols)).alu(Ops.WHERE, UOp.ufix(x._uop, -math.inf), x))
-          elif mask is not None:
-            mask_reg = warp.load(mask_reg, mask, (), (batch, 0, q_idx, kv_seq), axis=2)
-            mask_reg_transposed = warp.transpose(mask_reg_transposed, mask_reg)
-            att_block += mask_reg_transposed
+          mask_reg = warp.load(mask_reg, mask, (), (batch, 0, q_idx, kv_seq), axis=2)
+          mask_reg_transposed = warp.transpose(mask_reg_transposed, mask_reg)
+          att_block += mask_reg_transposed
 
           att_block -= l_vec_reg
           att_block = att_block.exp2()
@@ -359,31 +336,24 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
 
       return ker.finish(2)
 
-  def custom_backward_kv_causal(dku:UOp, dvu:UOp, dou:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, l_vecu:UOp, delta_vecu:UOp):
-    return _custom_backward_kv_impl(dku, dvu, dou, qu, ku, vu, None, l_vecu, delta_vecu)
-
-  def custom_backward_kv_masked(dku:UOp, dvu:UOp, dou:UOp, qu:UOp, ku:UOp, vu:UOp, masku:UOp, l_vecu:UOp, delta_vecu:UOp):
-    return _custom_backward_kv_impl(dku, dvu, dou, qu, ku, vu, masku, l_vecu, delta_vecu)
-
   single_device = xq.device[0] if isinstance(xq.device, tuple) else xq.device
 
   if is_causal:
     if attn_mask is not None: raise RuntimeError("cannot set attn_mask when is_causal=True")
-  elif attn_mask is not None:
+    attn_mask = Tensor.ones((B, 1, N, N), requires_grad=False, device=single_device, dtype=dtypes.bool).tril()
+  if attn_mask is not None:
     if attn_mask.dtype == dtypes.bool: attn_mask = attn_mask.where(0, -float("inf"))
-    if attn_mask.shape != (B, 1, N, N):
-      attn_mask = attn_mask.expand(B, 1, N, N)
-    if isinstance(xq.device, tuple) and not isinstance(attn_mask.device, tuple):
-      attn_mask = attn_mask.shard(xq.device, axis=0)
   else:
     attn_mask = Tensor.zeros((B, 1, N, N), requires_grad=False, device=single_device, dtype=dtypes.float32)
-    if isinstance(xq.device, tuple):
-      attn_mask = attn_mask.shard(xq.device, axis=0)
+  if attn_mask.shape != (B, 1, N, N):
+    attn_mask = attn_mask.expand(B, 1, N, N)
+  if isinstance(xq.device, tuple) and not isinstance(attn_mask.device, tuple):
+    attn_mask = attn_mask.shard(xq.device, axis=0)
 
   attn = _sharded_empty_like(xq, axis=0)
   l_vec = _sharded_empty((B, H, 1, N), xq, axis=0)
 
-  def grad_causal(gradu:UOp, _) -> tuple[None, None, UOp, UOp, UOp]:
+  def grad(gradu:UOp, _) -> tuple[None, None, UOp, UOp, UOp, None]:
     grad = Tensor(gradu, device=gradu.device)
     grad_q = _sharded_empty_like(xq, axis=0)
     grad_k = _sharded_empty_like(xk, axis=0)
@@ -391,26 +361,11 @@ def flash_attention(xq, xk, xv, attn_mask:Tensor|None=None, is_causal:bool=False
 
     delta_vec = (grad * attn).sum(-1, dtype=dtypes.float32).transpose(1, 2).unsqueeze(-2).detach()
 
-    grad_q = Tensor.custom_kernel(grad_q, grad, xq, xk, xv, l_vec, delta_vec, fxn=custom_backward_q_causal)[0]
-    grad_k, grad_v = Tensor.custom_kernel(grad_k, grad_v, grad, xq, xk, xv, l_vec, delta_vec, fxn=custom_backward_kv_causal)[:2]
-    return (None, None, grad_q.uop, grad_k.uop, grad_v.uop)
-
-  def grad_masked(gradu:UOp, _) -> tuple[None, None, UOp, UOp, UOp, None]:
-    grad = Tensor(gradu, device=gradu.device)
-    grad_q = _sharded_empty_like(xq, axis=0)
-    grad_k = _sharded_empty_like(xk, axis=0)
-    grad_v = _sharded_empty_like(xv, axis=0)
-
-    delta_vec = (grad * attn).sum(-1, dtype=dtypes.float32).transpose(1, 2).unsqueeze(-2).detach()
-
-    grad_q = Tensor.custom_kernel(grad_q, grad, xq, xk, xv, attn_mask, l_vec, delta_vec, fxn=custom_backward_q_masked)[0]
-    grad_k, grad_v = Tensor.custom_kernel(grad_k, grad_v, grad, xq, xk, xv, attn_mask, l_vec, delta_vec, fxn=custom_backward_kv_masked)[:2]
+    grad_q = Tensor.custom_kernel(grad_q, grad, xq, xk, xv, attn_mask, l_vec, delta_vec, fxn=custom_backward_q)[0]
+    grad_k, grad_v = Tensor.custom_kernel(grad_k, grad_v, grad, xq, xk, xv, attn_mask, l_vec, delta_vec, fxn=custom_backward_kv)[:2]
     return (None, None, grad_q.uop, grad_k.uop, grad_v.uop, None)
 
-  if is_causal:
-    attn, l_vec = Tensor.custom_kernel(attn, l_vec, xq, xk, xv, fxn=custom_forward_causal, grad_fxn=grad_causal)[:2]
-  else:
-    attn, l_vec = Tensor.custom_kernel(attn, l_vec, xq, xk, xv, attn_mask, fxn=custom_forward_masked, grad_fxn=grad_masked)[:2]
+  attn, l_vec = Tensor.custom_kernel(attn, l_vec, xq, xk, xv, attn_mask, fxn=custom_forward, grad_fxn=grad)[:2]
   attn_ = attn[:, :N_, :, :D_]
 
   return attn_.transpose(1, 2).cast(odtype)

extra/thunder/tiny/tk/kernel.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class _tk_range:
   def __next__(self):
     if not self.done:
       self.done = True
-      self._rng = UOp.range((self.end - self.start) // self.step, self.rid, axis_type=self.axis_type) * self.step + self.start
+      self._rng = UOp.range(self.end // self.step, self.rid, axis_type=self.axis_type) * self.step + self.start
       return self._rng
     raise StopIteration
 

extra/torch_backend/backend.py

@@ -29,10 +29,6 @@ def wrap(x: Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
   x._strides = strides_for_shape(x.shape) # always recalculate
   if (not hasattr(x, '_storage_offset')) or (not x.uop.is_realized): x._storage_offset = calculate_storage_offset(x)
   return mod.wrap(x, _to_torch_dtype(x.dtype), _to_torch_device(x.device).index)
-def _update_torch_metadata(tensor: torch.Tensor, tiny: Tensor) -> None:
-  tiny._strides = strides_for_shape(tiny.shape)
-  tiny._storage_offset = calculate_storage_offset(tiny)
-  mod.update_metadata(tensor, tiny.shape, tiny._strides, tiny._storage_offset)
 def unwrap(x:torch.Tensor) -> Tensor:
   assert isinstance(x, torch.Tensor), f"x isn't {type(x)}"
   return mod.unwrap(x)
@@ -348,7 +344,7 @@ def scatter_add(self, dim, index, src, out):
 def _copy_between_devices(src, dest, cast_dtype, to_device, non_blocking=False):
   if src.is_tiny and dest.is_tiny:
     src_t, dest_t = unwrap(src), unwrap(dest)
-    if dest_t.uop.has_buffer_identity() or dest_t.uop.is_realized: src_t = src_t.contiguous()
+    if dest_t.uop.is_contiguous() or dest_t.uop.is_realized: src_t = src_t.contiguous()
     _apply_inplace(dest_t, src_t.cast(cast_dtype).to(to_device))
   elif src.is_tiny and dest.is_cpu:
     dest.resize_(src.numel()).resize_(src.shape)
@@ -615,10 +611,7 @@ tiny_backend = {**{k:wrap_out(v) for k,v in tiny_backend_out.items()}, **{
   "aten.fill_.Tensor": lambda self, value: Tensor.full(self.shape, value.reshape(()).item(), device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype),
   "aten.flip": Tensor.flip,
   "aten.scatter_reduce.two": Tensor.scatter_reduce,
-  "aten.squeeze_.dim": Tensor.squeeze,
-  "aten.unsqueeze_": Tensor.unsqueeze,
-  "aten.transpose_": Tensor.transpose,
-  "aten.t_": Tensor.transpose,
+  "aten.squeeze_.dim": lambda self, dim: self.replace(self.squeeze(dim), allow_shape_mismatch=True), # TODO: inplace view op, here?
   "aten.add.Tensor": lambda input,other,alpha=1: input+alpha*other,
   "aten.linspace": lambda start, stop, steps, dtype=None, **kwargs:
     Tensor.linspace(start, stop, steps, **({"dtype": _from_torch_dtype(dtype)} if dtype is not None else {})),
@@ -662,13 +655,6 @@ inplace_ops = {
   "aten.masked_fill_.Tensor",
 }
 
-inplace_view_ops = {
-  "aten.squeeze_.dim",
-  "aten.unsqueeze_",
-  "aten.transpose_",
-  "aten.t_",
-}
-
 def wrap_fxn(k,f):
   def nf(*args, **kwargs):
     if TORCH_DEBUG:
@@ -689,42 +675,8 @@ def wrap_inplace(k,f):
     return orig
   return nf
 
-def wrap_inplace_view_op(k,f):
-  def nf(*args, **kwargs):
-    orig = args[0]
-    args, kwargs = unwrap_args(args, kwargs)
-    target = args[0]
-    new_view = f(*args, **kwargs)
-    if new_view is target or new_view.uop is target.uop:
-      _update_torch_metadata(orig, target)
-      return orig
-    base = canonical_base(target)
-    op = (f, args[1:], kwargs)
-    if target is base:
-      views = derived_views(base)
-      if views:
-        old_base = Tensor(base.uop, device=base.device)
-        old_base.requires_grad = base.requires_grad
-        old_base._views = getattr(base, "_views", set())
-        for v in views: v._view_base = old_base
-        base._views = set()
-        base._view_base = old_base
-        base._view_ops = [op]
-        old_base._views.add(weakref.ref(base))
-    else:
-      target._view_base = base
-      base._views = getattr(base, "_views", set())
-      base._views.add(weakref.ref(target))
-      target._view_ops = _get_view_ops(target) + [op]
-    target.uop = new_view.uop
-    _update_torch_metadata(orig, target)
-    return orig
-  return nf
-
 for k,v in tiny_backend.items():
-  if k in inplace_view_ops: wrapper = wrap_inplace_view_op
-  elif k in inplace_ops: wrapper = wrap_inplace
-  else: wrapper = wrap_fxn
+  wrapper = wrap_inplace if k in inplace_ops else wrap_fxn
   torch.library.impl(k.replace("aten.", "aten::"), "privateuseone")(wrapper(k,v))
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::equal", "privateuseone")

extra/torch_backend/test_inplace.py

@@ -67,37 +67,5 @@ class TestTorchBackendInplace(unittest.TestCase):
     d += torch.arange(4)
     np.testing.assert_array_equal(a.cpu(), torch.arange(4).cpu())
 
-  def test_inplace_view_metadata(self):
-    a = torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(1, 2, 3)
-    ret = a.squeeze_(0)
-    self.assertIs(ret, a)
-    self.assertEqual(a.shape, torch.Size([2, 3]))
-    ret = a.unsqueeze_(1)
-    self.assertIs(ret, a)
-    self.assertEqual(a.shape, torch.Size([2, 1, 3]))
-    ret = a.transpose_(0, 2)
-    self.assertIs(ret, a)
-    self.assertEqual(a.shape, torch.Size([3, 1, 2]))
-
-  def test_t_inplace_metadata(self):
-    a = torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(2, 3)
-    ret = a.t_()
-    self.assertIs(ret, a)
-    self.assertEqual(a.shape, torch.Size([3, 2]))
-    expected = torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(2, 3).t()
-    np.testing.assert_array_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), expected.cpu().numpy())
-
-  def test_squeeze_matmul(self):
-    # squeeze_ is used internally by PyTorch for vector-matrix matmul (unsqueeze -> mm -> squeeze_)
-    a = torch.arange(65, dtype=torch.float32)
-    b = torch.arange(65*45, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(65, 45)
-    result = a.matmul(b)
-    self.assertEqual(result.shape, torch.Size([45]))
-    # verify correctness
-    a_cpu = torch.arange(65, dtype=torch.float32, device='cpu')
-    b_cpu = torch.arange(65*45, dtype=torch.float32, device='cpu').reshape(65, 45)
-    expected = a_cpu.matmul(b_cpu)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(result.cpu().numpy(), expected.numpy(), rtol=1e-4, atol=1e-4)
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
   unittest.main()

extra/torch_backend/wrapped_tensor.cpp

@@ -131,15 +131,7 @@ py::object unwrap_tensor(const at::Tensor &tensor) {
   return py::reinterpret_borrow<py::object>(tiny->ptr(getPyInterpreter()));
 }
 
-void update_metadata(const at::Tensor &tensor, const std::vector<int64_t> &sizes,
-                     const std::vector<int64_t> &strides, int64_t storage_offset) {
-  auto* impl = tensor.unsafeGetTensorImpl();
-  impl->set_allow_tensor_metadata_change(true);
-  impl->set_sizes_and_strides(sizes, strides, storage_offset);
-}
-
 PYBIND11_MODULE(TORCH_EXTENSION_NAME, m) {
   m.def("wrap", &wrap_tensor);
   m.def("unwrap", &unwrap_tensor);
-  m.def("update_metadata", &update_metadata);
 }

extra/viz/cli.py

@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@ import argparse, pathlib
 from typing import Iterator
 from tinygrad.viz import serve as viz
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import RewriteTrace
-from tinygrad.helpers import temp, ansistrip, colored, time_to_str, ansilen
-from test.null.test_viz import load_profile
+from tinygrad.helpers import temp, ansistrip, colored
 
 def optional_eq(val:dict, arg:str|None) -> bool: return arg is None or ansistrip(val["name"]) == arg
 
@@ -28,46 +27,11 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
   parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
   parser.add_argument('--kernel', type=str, default=None, metavar="NAME", help='Select a kernel by name (optional name, default: only list names)')
   parser.add_argument('--select', type=str, default=None, metavar="NAME",
-                      help='Rewrites: Select an item within the chosen kernel (optional name, default: only list names)')
-  parser.add_argument('--profile', action="store_true", help="View profiling trace (default: views rewrites)")
-  parser.add_argument('--device', type=str, default=None, metavar="NAME", help="Profile only: Select a device (default: prints all devices)")
-  parser.add_argument('--profile-path', type=pathlib.Path, metavar="PATH", help='Path to profile (optional file, default: latest profile)',
-                      default=pathlib.Path(temp("profile.pkl", append_user=True)))
-  parser.add_argument('--rewrites-path', type=pathlib.Path, metavar="PATH", help='Path to rewrites (optional file, default: latest rewrites)',
-                      default=pathlib.Path(temp("rewrites.pkl", append_user=True)))
+                      help='Select an item within the chosen kernel (optional name, default: only list names)')
   args = parser.parse_args()
 
-  viz.trace = viz.load_pickle(args.rewrites_path, default=RewriteTrace([], [], {}))
+  viz.trace = viz.load_pickle(pathlib.Path(temp("rewrites.pkl", append_user=True)), default=RewriteTrace([], [], {}))
   viz.ctxs = viz.get_rewrites(viz.trace)
-
-  if args.profile:
-    from tabulate import tabulate
-    profile = load_profile(viz.load_pickle(args.profile_path, default=[]))
-    agg, total, n = {}, 0, 0
-    for k,v in profile["layout"].items():
-      if not optional_eq({"name":k}, args.device): continue
-      print(k)
-      if args.device is None: continue
-      for e in v.get("events", []):
-        et = e["dur"]*1e-6
-        if args.kernel is not None:
-          if ansistrip(e["name"]) == args.kernel and n < 10:
-            ptm = colored(time_to_str(et, w=9), "yellow" if et > 0.01 else None) if et is not None else ""
-            name = e["name"]+(" " * (46 - ansilen(e["name"])))
-            print(f"{name} {ptm}/{(et or 0)*1e3:9.2f}ms  "+e['fmt'].replace('\n', ' | ')+"  ")
-            n += 1
-        else:
-          a = agg.setdefault(e["name"], [0.0, 0])
-          a[0] += et
-          a[1] += 1
-          total += et
-
-    if agg:
-      rows = [[n, t, time_to_str(t, w=9), t / c if c else 0.0, c, (t / total * 100.0) if total else 0.0] for n, (t, c) in agg.items()]
-      rows.sort(key=lambda r: r[1], reverse=True)
-      print(tabulate([[r[0], r[2], r[4], f"{r[5]:.2f}%"] for r in rows[:30]], headers=["name", "total", "count", "pct"], tablefmt="github"))
-    exit(0)
-
   for k in viz.ctxs:
     if not optional_eq(k, args.kernel): continue
     print(k["name"])

test/device/test_hcq.py

@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_exec_2_kernels_100_times(self):
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
       q.submit(TestHCQ.d0, {virt_val.expr: TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value})
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-    val = TestHCQ.a.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.a.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 200.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   @unittest.skipIf(Device.DEFAULT in {"CPU"}, "No globals/locals on LLVM/CPU")
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[1]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[1]
     assert val == 0.0, f"got val {val}, should not be updated"
 
   @unittest.skipIf(Device.DEFAULT in {"CPU"}, "No globals/locals on LLVM/CPU")
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
           TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
           TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-          res_sum = sum(x for x in zt.as_memoryview().cast("I"))
+          res_sum = sum(x for x in zt.as_buffer().cast("I"))
           assert x * y * z == res_sum, f"want {x * y * z}, got {res_sum}"
 
   # Test copy
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[1]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[1]
     assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_copy_long(self):
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-    mv_buf1 = buf1.as_memoryview().cast('Q')
+    mv_buf1 = buf1.as_buffer().cast('Q')
     assert libc.memcmp(mv_address(mv_buf1), buf2._buf.va_addr, sz) == 0
 
   @slow
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-      mv_buf1 = buf1.as_memoryview()
+      mv_buf1 = buf1.as_buffer()
       assert libc.memcmp(mv_address(mv_buf1), buf2._buf.va_addr, sz) == 0
 
   def test_update_copy(self):
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[1]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[1]
     assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_update_copy_long(self):
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-    mv_buf1 = buf1.as_memoryview().cast('Q')
+    mv_buf1 = buf1.as_buffer().cast('Q')
     for i in range(sz//8): assert mv_buf1[i] == 0x0101010101010101, f"offset {i*8} differs, not all copied, got {hex(mv_buf1[i])}"
 
   # Test bind api
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-      assert buf1.as_memoryview()[0] == i
+      assert buf1.as_buffer()[0] == i
 
   def test_small_copies_from_host_buf_intercopy(self):
     if TestHCQ.d0.hw_copy_queue_t is None: self.skipTest("device does not support copy queue")
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-      assert buf2.as_memoryview()[0] == i
+      assert buf2.as_buffer()[0] == i
 
   def test_small_copies_from_host_buf_transfer(self):
     if TestHCQ.d0.hw_copy_queue_t is None: self.skipTest("device does not support copy queue")
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-      assert buf2.as_memoryview()[0] == i
+      assert buf2.as_buffer()[0] == i
 
   def test_memory_barrier(self):
     a = Tensor([0, 1], device=Device.DEFAULT, dtype=dtypes.int8).realize()
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-      assert buf1.as_memoryview()[0] == (i + 1), f"has {buf1.as_memoryview()[0]}, need {i + 1}"
+      assert buf1.as_buffer()[0] == (i + 1), f"has {buf1.as_buffer()[0]}, need {i + 1}"
 
   def test_memory_barrier_before_copy(self):
     if TestHCQ.d0.hw_copy_queue_t is None: self.skipTest("device does not support copy queue")
@@ -511,7 +511,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal.wait(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
 
-      assert buf2.as_memoryview()[0] == i
+      assert buf2.as_buffer()[0] == i
 
   def test_map_cpu_buffer_to_device(self):
     if Device[Device.DEFAULT].hw_copy_queue_t is None: self.skipTest("skip device without copy queue")

test/external/external_benchmark_hcopt.py

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+import random
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import beam_search, bufs_from_lin
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.heuristic import hand_coded_optimizations
+from extra.optimization.helpers import load_worlds, ast_str_to_lin, time_linearizer
+
+def optimize_kernel(k):
+  # TODO: update this
+  return hand_coded_optimizations(k)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  hcopt_wins = beam_wins = tie = 0
+  hcopt_total = beam_total = 0.0
+
+  worlds = load_worlds(filter_reduce=False, filter_noimage=True, filter_novariable=False)
+  random.seed(0)
+  random.shuffle(worlds)
+
+  for world in worlds[:500]:
+    k = ast_str_to_lin(world)
+    rawbufs = bufs_from_lin(k)
+
+    k_hcopt = k.copy()
+    k_hcopt.apply_opts(optimize_kernel(k_hcopt))
+    k_beam = beam_search(k.copy(), rawbufs, getenv("BEAM", 2))
+
+    disable_cache = bool(getenv("NOCACHE", 0))
+    t_hcopt = time_linearizer(k_hcopt, rawbufs, allow_test_size=False, cnt=10, disable_cache=disable_cache, clear_l2=True) * 1e6
+    t_beam = time_linearizer(k_beam, rawbufs, allow_test_size=False, cnt=10, disable_cache=disable_cache, clear_l2=True) * 1e6
+
+    if t_hcopt == t_beam: tie += 1
+    elif t_hcopt < t_beam: hcopt_wins += 1
+    else: beam_wins += 1
+    hcopt_total += t_hcopt
+    beam_total += t_beam
+
+    print(f"{t_hcopt=:5.2f} {k_hcopt.applied_opts=}")
+    print("")
+    print(f"{t_beam=:5.2f} {k_beam.applied_opts=}")
+    print("*"*20)
+
+  print(f"{hcopt_wins=}, {beam_wins=}, {tie=}")
+  print(f"{hcopt_total=:.2f}, {beam_total=:.2f}")

test/external/external_benchmark_op_conv.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from tinygrad.dtype import ImageDType, Invalid
 # PYTHONPATH="." DEV=QCOM FLOAT16=1 IMAGE=2 NOLOCALS=1 taskset -c 4-7 python3 examples/openpilot/compile3.py https://github.com/commaai/openpilot/raw/720392c9a5b986981fdbed1bb8c47a6c5573a50e/selfdrive/modeld/models/driving_vision.onnx
 
 def vision_conv_143():
-  c0 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.imageh((16, 1024, 4)), (), 0)
+  c0 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.imageh((16, 1024, 4)), (), 0)
   c2 = UOp.range(32, 3, AxisType.LOOP)
   c5 = UOp.range(128, 4, AxisType.LOOP)
   c8 = UOp.range(16, 2, AxisType.LOOP)
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ def vision_conv_143():
   c26 = UOp.range(7, 1, AxisType.REDUCE)
   c27 = c2*2+c26
   c32 = ((c27<3)!=True)&(c27<67)
-  c34 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.imageh((32, 1024, 4)), (), 1)
+  c34 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.imageh((32, 1024, 4)), (), 1)
   c38 = c5//2
   c45 = (c32&c24).where((c27*64+c38+c17*4096+-12480), UOp.const(dtypes.index, Invalid))
   c48 = (c24&c32).where(c34.index(c45), UOp.const(dtypes.float, 0.0))
-  c49 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.imageh((64, 49, 4)), (), 2)
+  c49 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.imageh((64, 49, 4)), (), 2)
   c61 = c48*c49.index((c26*4+c5%2+c16*28+c38*196))
-  c63 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(128), (), 3)
+  c63 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.float.ptr(128), (), 3)
   c65 = c61.reduce(c16, c26, arg=Ops.ADD)+c63.index(c5)
   c67 = c0.index((c2*128+c5+c8*4096), ptr=True).store(c65).end(c8, c2, c5)
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ def vision_conv_143():
   return c67.sink(arg=KernelInfo(name="conv", opts_to_apply=opts))
 
 def vision_conv_153():
-  c0 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.imageh((8, 1024, 4)), (), 0)
+  c0 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.imageh((8, 1024, 4)), (), 0)
   c2 = UOp.range(16, 3, AxisType.LOOP)
   c5 = UOp.range(256, 4, AxisType.LOOP)
   c8 = UOp.range(8, 2, AxisType.LOOP)
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@ def vision_conv_153():
   c26 = UOp.range(7, 1, AxisType.REDUCE)
   c27 = c2*2+c26
   c32 = ((c27<3)!=True)&(c27<35)
-  c34 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.imageh((16, 1024, 4)), (), 1)
+  c34 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.imageh((16, 1024, 4)), (), 1)
   c38 = c5//2
   c45 = (c32&c24).where((c27*128+c38+c17*4096+-12672), UOp.const(dtypes.index, Invalid))
   c48 = (c24&c32).where(c34.index(c45), UOp.const(dtypes.float, 0.0))
-  c49 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.imageh((128, 49, 4)), (), 2)
+  c49 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.imageh((128, 49, 4)), (), 2)
   c61 = c48*c49.index((c26*4+c5%2+c16*28+c38*196))
-  c63 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(256), (), 3)
+  c63 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.float.ptr(256), (), 3)
   c65 = c61.reduce(c16, c26, arg=Ops.ADD)+c63.index(c5)
   c67 = c0.index((c2*256+c5+c8*4096), ptr=True).store(c65).end(c8, c2, c5)
 
@@ -63,16 +63,16 @@ def vision_conv_153():
   return c67.sink(arg=KernelInfo(name="conv", opts_to_apply=opts))
 
 def dm_conv_172():
-  c0 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.imageh((1, 240, 4)), (), 0)
+  c0 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.imageh((1, 240, 4)), (), 0)
   c2 = UOp.range(960, 4, AxisType.LOOP)
-  c5 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.imageh((8, 384, 4)), (), 1)
+  c5 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.imageh((8, 384, 4)), (), 1)
   c7 = UOp.range(32, 0, AxisType.REDUCE)
   c10 = UOp.range(4, 1, AxisType.REDUCE)
   c13 = UOp.range(12, 3, AxisType.REDUCE)
   c18 = UOp.range(8, 2, AxisType.REDUCE)
-  c23 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.imageh((240, 128, 4)), (), 2)
+  c23 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.imageh((240, 128, 4)), (), 2)
   c35 = c5.index((c7*4+c10+c13*128+c18*1536))*c23.index((c10*4+c2%4+c7*16+c2//4*512))
-  c37 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(960), (), 3)
+  c37 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.float.ptr(960), (), 3)
   c39 = c35.reduce(c7, c10, arg=Ops.ADD)+c37.index(c2)
   c50 = (1.0+((c39+0.044708251953125*(c39*(c39*c39)))*-2.3021129851685216).exp2()).reciprocal()*c39
   c53 = c50.reduce(c18, c13, arg=Ops.ADD)*0.010416666666666666
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ allocator = Device.default.allocator
 ps = get_program(ast, renderer)
 cr = CompiledRunner(replace(ps, device=Device.DEFAULT))
 
-gs = sorted(dedup([u for u in ast.toposort() if u.op is Ops.PARAM]), key=lambda u: u.arg)
+gs = sorted(dedup([u for u in ast.toposort() if u.op is Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL]), key=lambda u: u.arg)
 # print(len(gs))
 # print([g.dtype for g in gs])
 bufs = [Buffer(ps.device, g.size, g.dtype if isinstance(g.dtype, ImageDType) else g.dtype._base).ensure_allocated() for g in gs]

test/external/external_fuzz_qcom_cpu_cache.py

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor
-import numpy as np
-
-while True:
-  arr = np.ones(1000000, dtype=np.uint8)
-  print(f"numpy: {(arr + 1)[:10]}")
-
-  ptr = arr.ctypes.data
-  tensor = Tensor.from_blob(ptr, arr.shape, dtype='uint8', device='QCOM').realize() + 1
-  print(f"from_blob: {tensor.numpy()[:10]}")

test/external/external_test_amd.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class TestAMD(unittest.TestCase):
                               global_size=TestAMD.d0_runner.global_size, local_size=TestAMD.d0_runner.local_size)
       TestAMD.d0_runner.clprg(TestAMD.a.uop.buffer._buf, TestAMD.b.uop.buffer._buf,
                               global_size=TestAMD.d0_runner.global_size, local_size=TestAMD.d0_runner.local_size)
-    val = TestAMD.a.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestAMD.a.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 4000.0, f"got val {val}"
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

test/external/external_test_gpu_crash.py

@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-# ruff: noqa: F405
-"""Tests for GPU crash scenarios using AMD assembly to trigger invalid operations.
-
-These tests intentionally cause GPU faults to verify error handling.
-Run with: AMD=1 python -m pytest test/external/external_test_gpu_crash.py -v
-"""
-import unittest, re
-from tinygrad.device import Device
-from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import *  # noqa: F403
-from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import s, v, Inst, NULL
-
-def assemble(code:str, name:str="test") -> str:
-  kd = {"next_free_vgpr": 8, "next_free_sgpr": 8, "wavefront_size32": 1, "user_sgpr_kernarg_segment_ptr": 1, "kernarg_size": 8}
-  return f".text\n.globl {name}\n.p2align 8\n.type {name},@function\n{name}:\n{code}\n.rodata\n.p2align 6\n.amdhsa_kernel {name}\n" + \
-         "\n".join(f".amdhsa_{k} {v}" for k,v in kd.items()) + "\n.end_amdhsa_kernel"
-
-@unittest.skipIf(Device.DEFAULT != "AMD", "AMD required")
-class TestGPUCrash(unittest.TestCase):
-  @classmethod
-  def setUpClass(cls):
-    from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler
-    cls.dev = Device["AMD"]
-    cls.compiler = HIPCompiler(cls.dev.arch)
-
-  def setUp(self):
-    # Verify device works before each test
-    from tinygrad import Tensor
-    try:
-      t = Tensor([1.0, 2.0], device="AMD").realize()
-      assert (t + 1).numpy().tolist() == [2.0, 3.0]
-    except Exception:
-      self.fail("Device not working before test")
-
-  def _run(self, code: str):
-    from tinygrad.runtime.ops_amd import AMDProgram
-    prg = AMDProgram(self.dev, "test", self.compiler.compile(assemble(code)))
-    prg(self.dev.allocator.alloc(64), global_size=(1,1,1), local_size=(1,1,1), wait=True)
-
-  def _run_insts(self, insts: list[Inst]): self._run("\n".join(i.disasm() for i in insts))
-
-  def _assert_gpu_fault(self, func):
-    """Assert that func raises a RuntimeError indicating a GPU fault (not a setup error)."""
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError) as cm:
-      func()
-    err_msg = str(cm.exception).lower()
-    # Verify it's a GPU fault, not a setup/device initialization error
-    self.assertTrue(
-      re.search(r'fault|hang|timeout|illegal|memviol', err_msg),
-      f"Expected GPU fault error, got: {cm.exception}"
-    )
-
-
-class TestOutOfBoundsMemoryAccess(TestGPUCrash):
-  """Tests for out-of-bounds memory accesses."""
-
-  def test_global_load_null_ptr(self):
-    """Global load from NULL pointer."""
-    insts = [v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0), v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0),
-             global_load_b32(v[2], addr=v[0:1], saddr=NULL, offset=0), s_waitcnt(0), s_endpgm()]
-    self._assert_gpu_fault(lambda: self._run_insts(insts))
-
-  def test_global_store_null_ptr(self):
-    """Global store to NULL pointer."""
-    insts = [v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0), v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0), v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0xDEADBEEF),
-             global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=NULL, offset=0), s_waitcnt(0), s_endpgm()]
-    self._assert_gpu_fault(lambda: self._run_insts(insts))
-
-  def test_global_load_unmapped_high_address(self):
-    """Global load from high unmapped address (0xDEAD00000000)."""
-    insts = [v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0x00000000), v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0xDEAD),
-             global_load_b32(v[2], addr=v[0:1], saddr=NULL, offset=0), s_waitcnt(0), s_endpgm()]
-    self._assert_gpu_fault(lambda: self._run_insts(insts))
-
-  def test_global_store_unmapped_high_address(self):
-    """Global store to high unmapped address."""
-    insts = [v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0x00000000), v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0xDEAD), v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0x12345678),
-             global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=NULL, offset=0), s_waitcnt(0), s_endpgm()]
-    self._assert_gpu_fault(lambda: self._run_insts(insts))
-
-  def test_global_atomic_unmapped(self):
-    """Atomic operation on unmapped memory."""
-    insts = [v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0xBEEF0000), v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0xDEAD), v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 1),
-             global_atomic_add_u32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=NULL, offset=0), s_waitcnt(0), s_endpgm()]
-    self._assert_gpu_fault(lambda: self._run_insts(insts))
-
-
-class TestSMEMFaults(TestGPUCrash):
-  """Tests for scalar memory (SMEM) faults."""
-
-  def test_smem_load_null(self):
-    """SMEM load from NULL base."""
-    insts = [s_mov_b32(s[2], 0), s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-             s_load_b32(s[4], s[2:3], 0, soffset=NULL), s_waitcnt(0), s_endpgm()]
-    self._assert_gpu_fault(lambda: self._run_insts(insts))
-
-  def test_smem_load_unmapped(self):
-    """SMEM load from unmapped address."""
-    insts = [s_mov_b32(s[2], 0xBEEF0000), s_mov_b32(s[3], 0xDEAD),
-             s_load_b32(s[4], s[2:3], 0, soffset=NULL), s_waitcnt(0), s_endpgm()]
-    self._assert_gpu_fault(lambda: self._run_insts(insts))
-
-
-class TestFlatMemoryFaults(TestGPUCrash):
-  """Tests for FLAT memory instruction faults."""
-
-  def test_flat_load_null(self):
-    """FLAT load from NULL address."""
-    insts = [v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0), v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0),
-             flat_load_b32(v[2], addr=v[0:1], saddr=NULL, offset=0), s_waitcnt(0), s_endpgm()]
-    self._assert_gpu_fault(lambda: self._run_insts(insts))
-
-  def test_flat_store_null(self):
-    """FLAT store to NULL address."""
-    insts = [v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0), v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0), v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0xDEADBEEF),
-             flat_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=NULL, offset=0), s_waitcnt(0), s_endpgm()]
-    self._assert_gpu_fault(lambda: self._run_insts(insts))
-
-  def test_flat_atomic_null(self):
-    """FLAT atomic on NULL address."""
-    insts = [v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0), v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0), v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 1),
-             flat_atomic_add_u32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=NULL, offset=0), s_waitcnt(0), s_endpgm()]
-    self._assert_gpu_fault(lambda: self._run_insts(insts))
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-  unittest.main()

test/external/external_test_hcq.py

@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     q.submit(TestHCQ.d0)
     TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-    val = TestHCQ.a.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.a.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 2000.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_run_1000_times(self):
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
       TestHCQ.compute_queue().signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value).submit(TestHCQ.d0)
       TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-    val = TestHCQ.a.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.a.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 2000.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_run_to_3(self):
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     q.signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value).submit(TestHCQ.d0)
     TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 3.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_update_exec(self):
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     q.signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value).submit(TestHCQ.d0)
     TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[1]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[1]
     assert val == 0.0, f"got val {val}, should not be updated"
 
   @unittest.skipUnless(Device.DEFAULT == "NV", "Only NV supports bind")
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
       TestHCQ.compute_queue().signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value).submit(TestHCQ.d0)
       TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-    val = TestHCQ.a.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.a.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 2000.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   @unittest.skipUnless(Device.DEFAULT == "NV", "Only NV supports bind")
@@ -141,9 +141,9 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     q.submit(TestHCQ.d0)
     TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[1]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[1]
     assert val == 0.0, f"got val {val}, should not be updated"
 
   @unittest.skipIf(CI, "Can't handle async update on CPU")
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     q.signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value).submit(TestHCQ.d0)
     TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_submit_empty_queues(self):
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     q.submit(TestHCQ.d0)
     TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_copy_1000_times(self):
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     # confirm the signal didn't exceed the put value
     with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
       TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value + 1, timeout=50)
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[1]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[1]
     assert val == 0.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_copy(self):
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     q.submit(TestHCQ.d0)
     TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[1]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[1]
     assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   @unittest.skipUnless(Device.DEFAULT == "NV", "Only NV supports bind")
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     # confirm the signal didn't exceed the put value
     with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
       TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value + 1, timeout=50)
-    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[1]
+    val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[1]
     assert val == 0.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_copy_bandwidth(self):
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
     q.submit(TestHCQ.d0)
     TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
     TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-    val = TestHCQ.a.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+    val = TestHCQ.a.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
     assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
 
   def test_cross_device_signal(self):
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ class TestHCQ(unittest.TestCase):
       q.signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value).submit(TestHCQ.d0)
       TestHCQ.d0._wait_signal(TestHCQ.d0.timeline_signal, TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value)
       TestHCQ.d0.timeline_value += 1
-      val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_memoryview().cast("f")[0]
+      val = TestHCQ.b.uop.buffer.as_buffer().cast("f")[0]
       assert val == 1.0, f"got val {val}"
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

test/external/fuzz_graph.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ def alloc_rawbuffer(device, fill=False):
   if fill:
     with Context(DEBUG=0):
       data = np.random.randint(-10000, 10000, size=rawbuf.size, dtype=_to_np_dtype(rawbuf.dtype))
-      rawbuf.copyin(Tensor(data).realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview())
+      rawbuf.copyin(Tensor(data).realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer())
   return rawbuf
 
 def gen_kernel_ji(device, deps):
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def run_jit(jis, all_buffers, input_buffers, var_vals):
 
   with Context(DEBUG=0):
     res_buffers = []
-    for rawbuf in all_buffers: res_buffers.append(rawbuf.as_memoryview())
+    for rawbuf in all_buffers: res_buffers.append(rawbuf.as_buffer())
     return res_buffers
 
 def fuzz_graph(jis, all_buffers, input_buffers):

test/external/fuzz_linearizer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+import random, traceback, ctypes, argparse, os
+from typing import Any
+import numpy as np
+from collections import defaultdict
+from extra.optimization.helpers import load_worlds, ast_str_to_lin, kern_str_to_lin
+from tinygrad.engine.realize import get_program
+
+# We need to insert ioctl before opening devices.
+if os.getenv("VALIDATE_HCQ", 0) != 0:
+  try:
+    import extra.nv_gpu_driver.nv_ioctl
+    from tinygrad import Device
+    _, _ = Device["NV"], Device["CUDA"]
+  except Exception: pass
+
+  try:
+    import extra.qcom_gpu_driver.opencl_ioctl
+    from tinygrad import Device
+    _, _ = Device["QCOM"], Device["CL"]
+  except Exception: pass
+
+from tinygrad import Tensor, Device, dtypes
+from tinygrad.tensor import _to_np_dtype
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.kernel import Kernel
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt import Opt, OptOps
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import get_kernel_actions, bufs_from_lin
+from tinygrad.engine.realize import CompiledRunner
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, from_mv, prod, colored, Context, DEBUG, Timing
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops
+from tinygrad.device import is_dtype_supported
+
+def on_linearizer_will_run(): pass
+def on_linearizer_did_run(): pass
+def compare_states(x, y): return (True, "")
+
+if getenv("VALIDATE_HCQ"):
+  if Device.DEFAULT == "NV":
+    print("VALIDATE_HCQ: Comparing NV to CUDA")
+    import extra.nv_gpu_driver.nv_ioctl
+    validate_device = Device["CUDA"]
+    on_linearizer_will_run = extra.nv_gpu_driver.nv_ioctl.before_launch
+    on_linearizer_did_run = extra.nv_gpu_driver.nv_ioctl.collect_last_launch_state
+    compare_states = extra.nv_gpu_driver.nv_ioctl.compare_launch_state
+  elif Device.DEFAULT == "QCOM":
+    print("VALIDATE_HCQ: Comparing QCOM to CL")
+    import extra.qcom_gpu_driver.opencl_ioctl
+    validate_device = Device["CL"]
+    on_linearizer_will_run = extra.qcom_gpu_driver.opencl_ioctl.before_launch
+    on_linearizer_did_run = extra.qcom_gpu_driver.opencl_ioctl.collect_last_launch_state
+    compare_states = extra.qcom_gpu_driver.opencl_ioctl.compare_launch_state
+  else:
+    print(colored("VALIDATE_HCQ options is ignored", 'red'))
+
+def tuplize_uops(uops:list[UOp]) -> tuple:
+  return tuple([(x.op, x.dtype, tuple(uops.index(x) for x in x.src), x.arg) for x in uops])
+
+def get_fuzz_rawbufs(lin):
+  rawbufs = bufs_from_lin(lin)
+
+  # Reallocate output buffer with additional area to detect out-of-bounds writes.
+  RED_AREA_SIZE = 1024
+  # setting output  # TODO: multi-output kernel
+  rawbufs[0] = get_fuzz_rawbuf_like(rawbufs[0], zero=True, size=rawbufs[0].size+RED_AREA_SIZE)
+  # setting inputs
+  with Context(DEBUG=0):
+    for rawbuf in rawbufs[1:]:
+      if dtypes.is_unsigned(rawbuf.dtype):
+        data = np.random.randint(0, 100, size=rawbuf.size, dtype=_to_np_dtype(rawbuf.dtype))
+      elif dtypes.is_int(rawbuf.dtype):
+        data = np.random.randint(-100, 100, size=rawbuf.size, dtype=_to_np_dtype(rawbuf.dtype))
+      elif rawbuf.dtype == dtypes.bool:
+        data = np.random.choice([True, False], size=rawbuf.size)
+      elif rawbuf.dtype == dtypes.half:
+        data = np.random.uniform(-1, 1, size=rawbuf.size).astype(dtype=_to_np_dtype(rawbuf.dtype))
+      else:
+        data = np.random.uniform(-10, 10, size=rawbuf.size).astype(dtype=_to_np_dtype(rawbuf.dtype))
+      rawbuf.copyin(Tensor(data, device=lin.opts.device).realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer())
+  return rawbufs
+
+def get_fuzz_rawbuf_like(old_rawbuf, zero=False, copy=False, size=None, force_device=None):
+  rawbuf = type(old_rawbuf)(force_device or old_rawbuf.device, old_rawbuf.size if size is None else size, old_rawbuf.dtype).allocate()
+  if copy:
+    with Context(DEBUG=0): rawbuf.copyin(old_rawbuf.as_buffer())
+  elif zero:
+    with Context(DEBUG=0):
+      mv = memoryview(bytearray(rawbuf.size * rawbuf.dtype.itemsize))
+      ctypes.memset(from_mv(mv), 0, len(mv))
+      rawbuf.copyin(mv)
+  return rawbuf
+
+def run_linearizer(lin: Kernel, rawbufs=None, var_vals=None) -> tuple[str, Any]: # (error msg, run state)
+  if rawbufs is None: rawbufs = bufs_from_lin(lin)
+  if var_vals is None: var_vals = {v.expr: v.min for v in lin.vars}
+
+  # TODO: images needs required_optimization
+  try:
+    prg = CompiledRunner(get_program(lin.get_optimized_ast(), lin.opts))
+  except KeyboardInterrupt: raise
+  except Exception:
+    traceback.print_exc()
+    return "COMPILE_ERROR", None
+
+  if getenv("VALIDATE_HCQ"): on_linearizer_will_run()
+  try:
+    prg(rawbufs, var_vals, wait=True)
+  except KeyboardInterrupt: raise
+  except Exception:
+    traceback.print_exc()
+    return "EXEC_ERROR", None
+
+  if getenv("VALIDATE_HCQ"): run_state = on_linearizer_did_run()
+  else: run_state = None
+
+  return "PASS", run_state
+
+def compare_linearizer(lin: Kernel, rawbufs=None, var_vals=None, ground_truth=None, rtol=1e-2, atol=1e-2):
+  # TODO: for bfloat16 it compiles linearizer, but it does not run because numpy cannot generate bf16 buffer.
+  has_bf16 = any(b.dtype.base == dtypes.bfloat16 for b in lin.bufs)
+
+  # TODO: raise specific fuzzing errors instead of str, and propagate the error message
+  try:
+    if rawbufs is None:
+      rawbufs = get_fuzz_rawbufs(lin)
+    else:
+      rawbufs[0] = get_fuzz_rawbuf_like(rawbufs[0], zero=True) # get a new output buffer
+  except KeyboardInterrupt: raise
+  except BaseException:
+    return ("RAWBUFS_ERROR", rawbufs, var_vals, ground_truth, None)
+
+  if var_vals is None:
+    # TODO: handle symbolic max case
+    var_vals = {v.expr: random.randint(v.vmin, v.vmax) for v in lin.ast.variables()}
+
+  if ground_truth is None and not has_bf16:
+    unoptimized = Kernel(lin.ast)
+    if run_linearizer(unoptimized, rawbufs, var_vals)[0] != "PASS":
+      return ("BASELINE_ERROR", rawbufs, var_vals, ground_truth, None)
+    ground_truth = np.frombuffer(rawbufs[0].as_buffer(), _to_np_dtype(rawbufs[0].dtype)).copy()
+
+  rawbufs[0] = get_fuzz_rawbuf_like(rawbufs[0], zero=True) # get a new output buffer
+  run_msg, run_state = run_linearizer(lin, rawbufs, var_vals)
+  if run_msg != "PASS": return (run_msg, rawbufs, var_vals, ground_truth, run_state)
+
+  try:
+    if not has_bf16:
+      result = np.frombuffer(rawbufs[0].as_buffer(), _to_np_dtype(rawbufs[0].dtype))
+      np.testing.assert_allclose(result, ground_truth, rtol=rtol, atol=atol)
+  except KeyboardInterrupt: raise
+  except AssertionError as e:
+    if DEBUG >= 2:
+      print(f"COMPARE_ERROR details: {e}")
+      if getenv("DEBUG_VALUES") > 0:
+        mismatch_indices = np.where(~np.isclose(result, ground_truth, rtol=rtol, atol=atol))
+        mismatched_result = result[mismatch_indices]
+        mismatched_ground_truth = ground_truth[mismatch_indices]
+        for i, idx in enumerate(mismatch_indices[0]):
+          print(f"mismatch at {idx=}: result={mismatched_result[i]} <> ground_truth={mismatched_ground_truth[i]}")
+    return ("COMPARE_ERROR", rawbufs, var_vals, ground_truth, run_state)
+
+  return ("PASS", rawbufs, var_vals, ground_truth, run_state)
+
+def fuzz_linearizer(lin: Kernel, rtol=1e-2, atol=1e-2, opts_list=None):
+  SEED = getenv("SEED", 42)
+  random.seed(SEED)
+  np.random.seed(SEED)
+  print(lin.ast)
+  print(lin.colored_shape())
+  seen_uops = {}
+  last_lins = [lin]
+  failures:defaultdict[str, list[tuple[tuple[UOp, ...], list[Opt]]]] = defaultdict(list)
+  rawbufs, var_vals, ground_truth, validate_rawbufs = None, None, None, None
+
+  FUZZ_ALL_ACTIONS = getenv("FUZZ_ALL_ACTIONS", 0)
+  FUZZ_MAX_SIZE = getenv("FUZZ_MAX_SIZE", 0)
+  FUZZ_IGNORE_SIMPLE_OPS = getenv("FUZZ_IGNORE_SIMPLE_OPS", 1)
+
+  if FUZZ_MAX_SIZE > 0 and prod(lin.full_shape) > FUZZ_MAX_SIZE:
+    print("skipping large kernel")
+    return failures
+  if FUZZ_IGNORE_SIMPLE_OPS and _is_simple(lin):
+    print("skipping simple kernel")
+    return failures
+
+  test_depth = 1 if opts_list is not None else getenv("DEPTH", 1 if FUZZ_ALL_ACTIONS else 10)
+  for depth in range(test_depth):
+    next_lins = []
+    for lin in last_lins:
+      if opts_list is None: actions = get_kernel_actions(lin, include_0=False)
+      else:
+        actions = {}
+        for oi,opts in enumerate(opts_list):
+          lin2 = lin.copy()
+          for o in opts: lin2.apply_opt(o)
+          actions[oi] = lin2
+
+      if not actions: continue
+      if depth == 0 and getenv("FUZZ_REQUIRE_TC", 0):
+        tc_acts = {i: k for k in actions.values() if k.applied_opts[0].op == OptOps.TC}
+        if len(tc_acts) == 0: return failures
+        else: actions = tc_acts
+
+      test_lins = list(actions.values())
+      if FUZZ_ALL_ACTIONS: print(f"testing {lin.applied_opts=} with {len(actions)} actions")
+      elif opts_list is None: test_lins = [random.choice(test_lins)]
+
+      for test_lin in test_lins:
+        if not FUZZ_ALL_ACTIONS and test_lin.applied_opts: print(f"applied opts: {test_lin.applied_opts}")
+
+        # stop if kernel uops repeat
+        try: tuops = tuplize_uops(get_program(test_lin.get_optimized_ast(), test_lin.ren).uops)
+        except KeyboardInterrupt: raise
+        except BaseException as e:
+          print(test_lin.ast)
+          print(test_lin.applied_opts)
+          print(e)
+          failures["LINEARIZE_ERROR"].append((test_lin.ast, test_lin.applied_opts))
+          continue
+
+        if tuops in seen_uops: continue
+        seen_uops[tuops] = tuple(test_lin.applied_opts)
+
+        if not FUZZ_ALL_ACTIONS: print(test_lin.colored_shape())
+
+        (msg, rawbufs, var_vals, ground_truth, state1) = compare_linearizer(test_lin, rawbufs, var_vals, ground_truth, rtol=rtol, atol=atol)
+        if state1 is not None and validate_device is not None:
+          validate_lin = test_lin.copy()
+          validate_lin.ren = validate_device.renderer
+          if validate_rawbufs is None:
+            validate_rawbufs = [get_fuzz_rawbuf_like(x, copy=True, force_device=validate_device.device) for x in rawbufs]
+          (_msg, _, _, _, state2) = compare_linearizer(validate_lin, validate_rawbufs, var_vals, ground_truth, rtol=rtol, atol=atol)
+
+          if _msg != "PASS": failures[f"VALIDATE_DEV_{_msg}"].append((validate_lin.ast, validate_lin.applied_opts))
+
+          ok, err_msg = compare_states(state1, state2)
+          if not ok: failures["HCQ_COMPARE_FAILURE"].append((err_msg, test_lin.ast, test_lin.applied_opts, state1, state2))
+
+        if msg != "PASS":
+          print(test_lin.ast)
+          print(test_lin.applied_opts)
+          print(msg)
+          failures[msg].append((test_lin.ast, test_lin.applied_opts))
+          continue
+
+        next_lins.append(test_lin)
+
+    last_lins = next_lins
+    if FUZZ_ALL_ACTIONS: print(f"depth={depth} total_lins={len(last_lins)} {failures=}")
+  return failures
+
+def _is_simple(lin: Kernel) -> bool:
+  if len(lin.ast.src) > 1: return False
+  ast:UOp = lin.ast.src[0]
+  if ast.src[0].op is Ops.CAST and ast.src[0].src[0].op is Ops.LOAD: return True
+  return False
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Run a fuzz testing on one or more kernels", formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter)
+  parser.add_argument("--ast", type=str, default=None, help="the ast for the kernel to be optimized")
+  parser.add_argument("--file", type=str, default=None, help="a file containing asts to be optimized, one per line")
+  parser.add_argument("--beamreplay", type=str, default=None, help="replay asts and opts got from beam with CAPTURE_BEAM")
+  parser.add_argument("--logfile", type=str, default=None, help="a file containing a tuple of ast and applied_opts, one per line")
+  parser.add_argument("--expected-failures", type=int, default=0, help="the number of expected failed kernels")
+  parser.add_argument("--rtol", type=float, default=1e-2, help="relative tolerance for numerical comparison")
+  parser.add_argument("--atol", type=float, default=1e-2, help="absolute tolerance for numerical comparison")
+  args = parser.parse_args()
+
+  opts_list = None
+  if args.ast is not None:
+    print("loaded AST from CLI")
+    ast_strs = [args.ast]
+  elif args.file is not None:
+    print(f"loading ASTs from file '{args.file}'")
+    with open(args.file, 'r') as file:
+      ast_strs = file.readlines()
+  elif args.beamreplay is not None:
+    print(f"loading BEAM replay from file '{args.beamreplay}'")
+    with open(args.beamreplay, 'r') as file: fdata = file.readlines()
+    ast_strs, opts_list = [x.split(' :: ')[0] for x in fdata if not x.startswith("#")], [x.split(' :: ')[1] for x in fdata if not x.startswith("#")]
+
+    # dedup ast_strs and opts_list
+    dct = defaultdict(list)
+    for i in range(len(ast_strs)): dct[ast_strs[i]].append(eval(opts_list[i]))
+    ast_strs_items = list(dct.keys())
+    opts_list = [dct[c] for c in ast_strs_items]
+  elif args.logfile is not None:
+    print(f"loading ASTs from LOGKERNS file '{args.file}'")
+    with open(args.logfile, 'r') as file:
+      kern_strs = file.readlines()
+      test_lins = [kern_str_to_lin(kern_str) for kern_str in kern_strs]
+      ast_strs = [f"{lin.ast}" for lin in test_lins]
+  else:
+    print("loading ASTs from world")
+    ast_strs = load_worlds(filter_reduce=False, filter_novariable=False)
+
+  print(f"{len(ast_strs)=}")
+  tested = 0
+  failed_ids = []
+  failures = defaultdict(list)
+  seen_ast_strs = set()
+
+  try:
+    for i, ast in enumerate(ast_strs[:getenv("FUZZ_N", len(ast_strs))]):
+      if (nth := getenv("FUZZ_NTH", -1)) != -1 and i != nth: continue
+      if getenv("FUZZ_IMAGEONLY") and "dtypes.image" not in ast: continue
+      if "dtypes.image" in ast and Device.DEFAULT not in {"CL", "QCOM"}: continue  # IMAGE is only for CL
+      if ast in seen_ast_strs: continue
+      seen_ast_strs.add(ast)
+
+      lin = ast_str_to_lin(ast)
+      if not all(is_dtype_supported(buf.dtype) for buf in lin.bufs):
+        print("skipping kernel due to not supported dtype")
+        continue
+
+      with Timing(f"tested ast {i}: "):
+        tested += 1
+        fuzz_failures = fuzz_linearizer(lin, rtol=args.rtol, atol=args.atol, opts_list=(opts_list[i] if opts_list else None))
+        if fuzz_failures: failed_ids.append(i)
+        for k, v in fuzz_failures.items():
+          for f in v:
+            failures[k].append(f)
+  except KeyboardInterrupt: print(colored("STOPPING...", 'red'))
+
+  for msg, errors in failures.items():
+    for i, payload in enumerate(errors):
+      print(f"{msg} {i} kernel: {payload}") # easier to use with output with verify_kernel.py
+
+  print(f"{tested=}")
+  if failures:
+    print(f"{failed_ids=}")
+    for msg, errors in failures.items():
+      print(f"{msg}: {len(errors)}")
+    if len(failed_ids) == args.expected_failures:
+      print(colored(f"{len(failed_ids)} failed as expected", "yellow"))
+  if len(failed_ids) != args.expected_failures:
+    print(colored(f"failed on {len(failed_ids)} kernels, expected {args.expected_failures}", "red"))
+    # TODO: fix this
+    # raise RuntimeError(f"failed on {len(failed_ids)} kernels, expected {args.expected_failures}")
+  else:
+    print(colored("all passed", "green"))

test/external/speed_compare_amd_am.py

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+from tinygrad import Device, dtypes
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, colorize_float, DEBUG
+from extra.optimization.helpers import load_worlds, ast_str_to_lin
+from test.external.fuzz_linearizer import get_fuzz_rawbufs
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.heuristic import hand_coded_optimizations
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import bufs_from_lin
+from tinygrad.engine.realize import CompiledRunner, get_program
+from tinygrad.tensor import _to_np_dtype
+from tinygrad.runtime.ops_amd import AMDDevice
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+import numpy as np
+import os, random, statistics
+
+am_signal_pages, am_signal_pool, am_devices = [], [], []
+amd_signal_pages, amd_signal_pool, amd_devices = [], [], []
+
+def rebind_vfio(pcibus="0000:44:00.0"):
+  print("rebind ", pcibus)
+  os.system("sudo rmmod amdgpu")
+  os.system("sudo modprobe vfio-pci")
+
+  base = f"/sys/bus/pci/devices/{pcibus}"
+  if os.path.exists(f"{base}/driver"):
+    with open(f"{base}/driver/unbind", "w") as f: f.write(pcibus)
+  with open(f"{base}/driver_override", "w") as f: f.write("vfio-pci")
+  with open("/sys/bus/pci/drivers_probe", "w") as f: f.write(pcibus)
+
+  os.system("sudo modprobe amdgpu")
+  os.system("rocm-smi --setprofile compute")
+  os.system("rocm-smi --setperflevel high")
+
+@contextmanager
+def run_amd():
+  global amd_signal_pages, amd_signal_pool, amd_devices
+  AMDDevice.driverless = False
+  AMDDevice.signal_pages, AMDDevice.signal_pool, AMDDevice.devices = amd_signal_pages, amd_signal_pool, amd_devices
+  yield
+  amd_signal_pages, amd_signal_pool, amd_devices = AMDDevice.signal_pages, AMDDevice.signal_pool, AMDDevice.devices
+  AMDDevice.signal_pages, AMDDevice.signal_pool, AMDDevice.devices = [], [], []
+
+@contextmanager
+def run_am():
+  global am_signal_pages, am_signal_pool, am_devices
+  AMDDevice.driverless = True
+  AMDDevice.signal_pages, AMDDevice.signal_pool, AMDDevice.devices = am_signal_pages, am_signal_pool, am_devices
+  yield
+  am_signal_pages, am_signal_pool, am_devices = AMDDevice.signal_pages, AMDDevice.signal_pool, AMDDevice.devices
+  AMDDevice.signal_pages, AMDDevice.signal_pool, AMDDevice.devices = [], [], []
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  CHECK_CPU = getenv("CHECK_CPU", 0)
+  SEED = getenv("SEED", 42)
+  CNT = getenv("CNT", 7)
+  random.seed(SEED)
+  np.random.seed(SEED)
+
+  # TODO: NUM=780 is super slow
+  # NUM=1907 is broken on AMD and AM have some mismatches (0 vs 1)
+  # kfd feels so bad when taking gpu out while it's running... Need hacks to rebind it before running.
+  rebind_vfio(pcibus="0000:44:00.0")
+
+  ast_strs = load_worlds(filter_reduce=False, filter_novariable=True)
+
+  with run_am():
+    amdev = Device["AMD:1"]
+
+  with run_amd():
+    amddev = Device["AMD"]
+
+  if CHECK_CPU: cpudev = Device["CPU"]
+
+  single = getenv("NUM", -1)
+  if single != -1: ast_strs = ast_strs[single:single+1]
+
+  average_tm_amd, average_tm_am = 0, 0
+  for num,ast in enumerate(ast_strs):
+    with run_amd():
+      amdlin = ast_str_to_lin(ast, opts=amddev.renderer)
+      amdlin.apply_opts(hand_coded_optimizations(amdlin))
+      has_bf16 = any(b.dtype == dtypes.bfloat16 for b in amdlin.bufs)
+
+      amd_prg = CompiledRunner(get_program(amdlin.get_optimized_ast(), amdlin.opts))
+      amdbufs = bufs_from_lin(amdlin)
+      test_amdbufs = get_fuzz_rawbufs(amdlin) if not has_bf16 else amdbufs
+      if not has_bf16: contents = [buf.as_buffer() for buf in test_amdbufs]
+
+    with run_am():
+      rdr = amdev.renderer
+      rdr.device = "AMD:1"
+      amlin = ast_str_to_lin(ast, opts=amdev.renderer)
+      amlin.apply_opts(hand_coded_optimizations(amlin))
+      am_prg = CompiledRunner(get_program(amlin.get_optimized_ast(), amlin.opts))
+      ambufs = bufs_from_lin(amlin)
+      test_ambufs = get_fuzz_rawbufs(amlin) if not has_bf16 else ambufs
+      if not has_bf16:
+        for i,rawbuf in enumerate(test_ambufs): rawbuf.copyin(contents[i])
+
+    if CHECK_CPU:
+      cpu_rdr = cpudev.renderer
+      cpu_rdr.device = "CPU"
+      cpulin = ast_str_to_lin(ast, opts=cpu_rdr)
+      cpulin.apply_opts(hand_coded_optimizations(cpulin))
+      cpu_prg = CompiledRunner(get_program(cpulin.get_optimized_ast(), cpulin.opts))
+      cpubufs = bufs_from_lin(cpulin)
+      test_cpubufs = get_fuzz_rawbufs(cpulin) if not has_bf16 else ambufs
+      if not has_bf16:
+        for i,rawbuf in enumerate(test_cpubufs): rawbuf.copyin(contents[i])
+
+    # warmup
+    tm_amd, tm_am, failed = [], [], False
+    with run_amd():
+      try:
+        amd_prg(test_amdbufs, {}, wait=True)
+        for i in range(CNT): tm_amd.append(amd_prg(amdbufs, {}, wait=True))
+      except RuntimeError:
+        print("AMD FAILED")
+        tm_amd = [1e9]
+        failed = True
+
+    with run_am():
+      try:
+        am_prg(test_ambufs, {}, wait=True)
+        for i in range(CNT): tm_am.append(am_prg(ambufs, {}, wait=True))
+      except RuntimeError:
+        print("AM FAILED")
+        tm_am = [1e9]
+        failed = True
+
+    if CHECK_CPU:
+      cpu_prg(test_cpubufs, {}, wait=True)
+      for i in range(1): cpu_prg(cpubufs, {}, wait=True)
+
+    if not failed and not has_bf16:
+      with run_amd():
+        curesult = np.frombuffer(test_amdbufs[0].as_buffer(), _to_np_dtype(test_amdbufs[0].dtype))
+
+      with run_am():
+        amresult = np.frombuffer(test_ambufs[0].as_buffer(), _to_np_dtype(test_ambufs[0].dtype))
+
+      if CHECK_CPU:
+        cpuresult = np.frombuffer(test_cpubufs[0].as_buffer(), _to_np_dtype(test_cpubufs[0].dtype))
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(amresult, cpuresult, rtol=1e-2, atol=1e-2)
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(curesult, cpuresult, rtol=1e-2, atol=1e-2)
+
+      try:
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(curesult, amresult, rtol=1e-2, atol=1e-2)
+      except AssertionError as e:
+        print("AM and AMD results do not match")
+        print(e)
+
+    bam = statistics.median(tm_am)
+    bamd = statistics.median(tm_amd)
+    average_tm_amd += bamd
+    average_tm_am += bam
+    ratio = bam/bamd
+    print(f"{average_tm_am/average_tm_amd:5.2f}x -- {num:4d} {colorize_float(ratio)} {bam*1e6:7.2f} vs {bamd*1e6:7.2f} us", amlin.name)
+    if DEBUG > 3 and ratio > 1.04: print(f"AM slower {ratio}", amlin.ast, amlin.applied_opts)

test/external/speed_compare_cuda_nv.py

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+from tinygrad import Device, dtypes
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, colorize_float
+from extra.optimization.helpers import load_worlds, ast_str_to_lin
+from test.external.fuzz_linearizer import get_fuzz_rawbufs
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.heuristic import hand_coded_optimizations
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import bufs_from_lin
+from tinygrad.engine.realize import CompiledRunner, get_program
+from tinygrad.tensor import _to_np_dtype
+import numpy as np
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  ast_strs = load_worlds(filter_reduce=False, filter_novariable=True)
+  cudev = Device["CUDA"]
+  nvdev = Device["NV"]
+
+  # NUM=112 python3 test/external/speed_compare_cuda_nv.py
+
+  single = getenv("NUM", -1)
+  if single != -1: ast_strs = ast_strs[single:single+1]
+
+  average_tm_cuda, average_tm_nv = 0, 0
+  for num,ast in enumerate(ast_strs):
+    # cuda compile
+    culin = ast_str_to_lin(ast, opts=cudev.renderer)
+    culin.apply_opts(hand_coded_optimizations(culin))
+    has_bf16 = any(b.dtype == dtypes.bfloat16 for b in culin.bufs)
+
+    cuda_prg = CompiledRunner(get_program(culin.get_optimized_ast(), culin.opts))
+    cubufs = bufs_from_lin(culin)
+    test_cubufs = get_fuzz_rawbufs(culin) if not has_bf16 else cubufs
+
+    rdr = nvdev.renderer
+    rdr.device = "NV"
+    nvlin = ast_str_to_lin(ast, opts=rdr)
+    nvlin.apply_opts(hand_coded_optimizations(nvlin))
+    nv_prg = CompiledRunner(get_program(nvlin.get_optimized_ast(), nvlin.opts))
+    nvbufs = bufs_from_lin(nvlin)
+    test_nvbufs = get_fuzz_rawbufs(nvlin) if not has_bf16 else nvbufs
+    if not has_bf16:
+      for i,rawbuf in enumerate(test_nvbufs): rawbuf.copyin(test_cubufs[i].as_buffer())
+
+    # warmup
+    tm_cuda, tm_nv, failed = [], [], False
+    try:
+      cuda_prg(test_cubufs, {}, wait=True)
+      for i in range(5): tm_cuda.append(cuda_prg(cubufs, {}, wait=True))
+    except RuntimeError:
+      print("CUDA FAILED")
+      tm_cuda = [1e9]
+      failed = True
+
+    try:
+      nv_prg(test_nvbufs, {}, wait=True)
+      for i in range(5): tm_nv.append(nv_prg(nvbufs, {}, wait=True))
+    except RuntimeError:
+      print("NV FAILED")
+      tm_nv = [1e9]
+      failed = True
+
+    if not failed and not has_bf16:
+      curesult = np.frombuffer(test_cubufs[0].as_buffer(), _to_np_dtype(test_cubufs[0].dtype))
+      nvresult = np.frombuffer(test_nvbufs[0].as_buffer(), _to_np_dtype(test_nvbufs[0].dtype))
+      np.testing.assert_allclose(curesult, nvresult, rtol=1e-2, atol=1e-2)
+
+    average_tm_cuda += min(tm_cuda)
+    average_tm_nv += min(tm_nv)
+    ratio = min(tm_nv)/min(tm_cuda)
+    print(f"{average_tm_nv/average_tm_cuda:5.2f}x -- {num:4d} {colorize_float(ratio)}  {min(tm_nv)*1e6:7.2f} us", nvlin.name)
+    if ratio > 1.04: print(f"NV slower {ratio}", nvlin.ast, nvlin.applied_opts)

test/external/speed_compare_cuda_ptx.py

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+import itertools
+from tinygrad import Device
+from tinygrad.engine.realize import CompiledRunner, get_program
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.heuristic import hand_coded_optimizations
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, colorize_float
+from extra.optimization.helpers import load_worlds, ast_str_to_lin
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.search import bufs_from_lin
+from tinygrad.runtime.ops_cuda import PTXCompiler, PTXRenderer, CUDACompiler
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  ast_strs = load_worlds(filter_reduce=False, filter_novariable=True)
+  # no bfloat16 for ptx at the moment
+  ast_strs = [x for x in ast_strs if "dtypes.bfloat16" not in x]
+  dev = Device["CUDA"]
+  ptx = PTXRenderer(dev.arch)
+
+  # NUM=112 python3 test/external/speed_compare_cuda_ptx.py
+
+  single = getenv("NUM", -1)
+  if single != -1: ast_strs = ast_strs[single:single+1]
+
+  average_tm_cuda, average_tm_ptx = 0, 0
+  for num,ast in enumerate(ast_strs):
+    # cuda compile
+    dev.compiler = CUDACompiler(dev.arch)
+    lin = ast_str_to_lin(ast, opts=dev.renderer)
+    lin.apply_opts(hand_coded_optimizations(lin))
+    cuda_prg = CompiledRunner(get_program(lin.get_optimized_ast(), lin.opts))
+
+    bufs = bufs_from_lin(lin)
+
+    # ptx compile
+    dev.compiler = PTXCompiler(dev.arch)
+    lin = ast_str_to_lin(ast, opts=ptx)
+    lin.apply_opts(hand_coded_optimizations(lin))
+    ptx_prg = CompiledRunner(get_program(lin.get_optimized_ast(), lin.opts))
+
+    # warmup
+    try:
+      cuda_prg(bufs, {}, wait=True)
+    except RuntimeError:
+      print("cuda failed ast:", num)
+      continue
+    ptx_prg(bufs, {}, wait=True)
+
+    tm_cuda, tm_ptx = [], []
+    for i in range(5):
+      tm_cuda.append(cuda_prg(bufs, {}, wait=True))
+      tm_ptx.append(ptx_prg(bufs, {}, wait=True))
+    average_tm_cuda += min(tm_cuda)
+    average_tm_ptx += min(tm_ptx)
+    ratio = min(tm_ptx)/min(tm_cuda)
+    print(f"{average_tm_ptx/average_tm_cuda:5.2f}x -- {num:4d} {colorize_float(ratio)}  {min(tm_ptx)*1e6:7.2f} us", lin.name)
+    if ratio > 1.5:
+      def fix(x): return x.replace('\t', ' ').strip()
+      ll1, ll2 = cuda_prg.lib.decode().split('\n'), ptx_prg.lib.decode().split('\n')
+      if single != -1:
+        for ln, (l1, l2) in enumerate(itertools.zip_longest(ll1, ll2, fillvalue='')):
+          print(f"{ln:5d} | {fix(l1):80s} | {fix(l2):80s}")
+      print(len(ll1), len(ll2), "RATIO", ratio, "us", min(tm_ptx)*1e6)

test/external/verify_kernel.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+import argparse
+from collections import defaultdict
+from extra.optimization.helpers import kern_str_to_lin, time_linearizer
+from test.external.fuzz_linearizer import compare_linearizer
+from tinygrad.helpers import colored
+from tinygrad.codegen.opt.kernel import Kernel
+
+# Use this with the LOGKERNS options to verify that all executed kernels are valid and evaluate to the same ground truth results
+
+# Example for GPT2:
+# 1) Run the model to log all kernels: `PYTHONPATH=. LOGKERNS=/tmp/gpt2_kerns.txt JIT=1 HALF=1 BEAM=2 CACHELEVEL=0 python3 examples/gpt2.py --count 10 --temperature 0 --timing`   # noqa: E501
+# 2) Validate the kernel correctness: `PYTHONPATH=. python3 ./test/external/verify_kernel.py --file /tmp/gpt2_kerns.txt`
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Verify the correctness of one or more kernel", formatter_class=argparse.ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter)    # noqa: E501
+  parser.add_argument("--kernel", type=str, default=None, help="a string of a tuple of (ast, applied_opts,)")
+  parser.add_argument("--file", type=str, default=None, help="a file containing a tuple of ast and applied_opts, one per line")
+  parser.add_argument("--pkl", type=str, default=None, help="a pickle file containing a single tuple of ast and applied_opts")
+  parser.add_argument("--rtol", type=float, default=1e-2, help="relative tolerance for numerical comparison")
+  parser.add_argument("--atol", type=float, default=1e-2, help="absolute tolerance for numerical comparison")
+  parser.add_argument("--timing", action='store_true', help="show final timing for the kernel")
+  parser.add_argument("--expected-failures", type=int, default=0, help="the number of expected failed kernels")
+  args = parser.parse_args()
+
+  if args.kernel is not None:
+    print("loading kernel from args")
+    test_lins = [kern_str_to_lin(args.kernel)]
+  elif args.file is not None:
+    print(f"loading kernel from file '{args.file}'")
+    with open(args.file, 'r') as file:
+      kern_strs = file.readlines()
+      test_lins = [kern_str_to_lin(kern_str) for kern_str in kern_strs]
+  elif args.pkl is not None:
+    print(f"loading kernel from pickle file '{args.file}'")
+    import pickle
+    with open(args.pkl, 'rb') as file:
+      (ast, applied_opts,) = pickle.load(file)
+      lin = Kernel(ast)
+      lin.apply_opts(applied_opts)
+      test_lins = [lin]
+
+  else:
+    raise RuntimeError("no kernel specified; use --kernel, --file, or --pkl options")
+
+  print(f"verifying {len(test_lins)} kernels")
+
+  failed_ids = []
+  failures = defaultdict(list)
+  for i, test_lin in enumerate(test_lins):
+    print(f"testing kernel {i}")
+    print(test_lin.ast)
+    print(test_lin.applied_opts)
+    unoptimized_lin = Kernel(test_lin.ast)
+    print(f"{unoptimized_lin.colored_shape()} -> {test_lin.colored_shape()}")
+    (msg,rb,vv,gt) = compare_linearizer(test_lin, None, None, None, rtol=args.rtol, atol=args.atol)
+    if msg != "PASS":
+      failed_ids.append(i)
+      failures[msg].append((test_lin.ast, test_lin.applied_opts))
+    if args.timing:
+      tm = time_linearizer(test_lin, rb, allow_test_size=False, cnt=10)
+      print(f"final time {tm*1e6:9.0f} us")
+
+  for msg, errors in failures.items():
+    for i, (ast, opts) in enumerate(errors):
+      print(f"{msg} {i} AST: {ast}")
+      print(f"{msg} {i} OPTS: {opts}\n")
+
+  print(f"tested {len(test_lins)} kernels")
+  if failures:
+    print(f"{failed_ids=}")
+    for msg, errors in failures.items():
+      print(f"{msg}: {len(errors)}")
+    if len(failed_ids) == args.expected_failures:
+      print(colored(f"{len(failed_ids)} failed as expected", "yellow"))
+  if len(failed_ids) != args.expected_failures:
+    raise RuntimeError(f"failed on {len(failed_ids)} kernels, expected {args.expected_failures}")
+  else:
+    print(colored("all passed", "green"))

test/helpers.py

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def eval_uop(uop:UOp, inputs:list[tuple[DType, list[Any]]]|None=None):
   for buf_dt, data in inputs or []:
     bufs.append(buf:=allocator.alloc(len(data) * buf_dt.itemsize))
     allocator._copyin(buf, memoryview(struct.pack(str(len(data)) + (buf_dt.fmt or ""), *data)))
-  g = UOp(Ops.PARAM, uop.dtype.ptr(), arg=0, src=())
+  g = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, uop.dtype.ptr(), arg=0, src=())
   prg = get_program(UOp.store(g.index(UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0)), uop).sink(), PythonRenderer())
   prog = PythonProgram("run", PythonCompiler().compile(prg.src))
   prog(out_buf:=allocator.alloc(uop.dtype.itemsize), *bufs)

test/models/test_onnx.py

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class TestHuggingFaceOnnxModels(unittest.TestCase):
     onnx_model_path = snapshot_download_with_retry(
       repo_id=repo_id,
       allow_patterns=["*.onnx", "*.onnx_data"],
-      local_dir=DOWNLOADS_DIR / repo_id
+      cache_dir=str(DOWNLOADS_DIR)
     )
     onnx_model_path = onnx_model_path / model_file
     file_size = onnx_model_path.stat().st_size

test/models/test_real_world.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from test.helpers import derandomize_model
 
 from examples.gpt2 import Transformer as GPT2Transformer
 from examples.hlb_cifar10 import SpeedyResNet, hyp
-from extra.models.llama import Transformer as LLaMaTransformer
+from examples.llama import Transformer as LLaMaTransformer
 from examples.stable_diffusion import UNetModel, unet_params
 from extra.models.unet import ResBlock
 from extra.models.bert import BertForPretraining

test/null/test_const_folding.py

@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-import unittest, itertools, math
-from tinygrad import Tensor, dtypes, Context
-from tinygrad.dtype import DType, ConstType
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops, UOp
-from tinygrad.codegen import full_rewrite_to_sink
-import numpy as np
-
-def _check_ast_count(desired_count:int, t:Tensor):
-  # NOTE: this has side effect because everything can be scheduled only once
-  schedule = t.schedule()
-  asts = [s for s in schedule if s.ast.op is Ops.SINK]
-  assert len(asts) == desired_count, f"{len(asts)} != {desired_count}"
-
-class TestUnaryOpsConstFolding(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_all_consts_ops(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4).exp())
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4).sqrt())
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4) + Tensor.ones(4))
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4) / Tensor.ones(4))
-
-  def test_cast(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4).cast(dtypes.int16))
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.full(4, fill_value=-1).cast(dtypes.uint16))
-
-  def test_neg_folding(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1, 2, 3]).mul(-1).neg())
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1, 2, 3]).neg().mul(-1))
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1, 2, 3]).neg().neg())
-
-  def test_neg_realized_no_fold(self):
-    x = Tensor.randn(32, 32)
-    x = x.clip(0, 1).realize()
-    _check_ast_count(1, x.neg())
-
-class TestBinaryOpsConstFolding(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_add_literal_zero(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) + 0)
-  def test_add_tensor_zero(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) + Tensor.zeros(4))
-  def test_literal_zero_add(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, 0 + Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
-  def test_tensor_zero_add(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.zeros(4) + Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
-
-  def test_sub_literal_zero(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) - 0)
-  def test_sub_tensor_zero(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) - Tensor.zeros(4))
-
-  def test_mul_literal_zero(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) * 0)
-  def test_mul_tensor_zero(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) * Tensor.zeros(4))
-  def test_literal_zero_mul(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, 0 * Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) * 0)
-  def test_tensor_zero_mul(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.zeros(4) * Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
-
-  def test_mul_literal_one(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) * 1)
-  def test_mul_tensor_one(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) * Tensor.ones(4))
-  def test_literal_one_mul(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, 1 * Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
-  def test_tensor_one_mul(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4) * Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
-
-  def test_bool_tensor_mul_bool(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([True, False]) * True)
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([True, False]) * False)
-  def test_bool_mul_bool_tensor(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, True * Tensor([True, False]))
-    _check_ast_count(0, False * Tensor([True, False]))
-
-  def test_div_literal_one(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) / 1)
-  def test_div_tensor_one(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) / Tensor.ones(4))
-
-  def test_idiv_literal_one(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4]) // 1)
-  def test_idiv_tensor_one(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4]) // Tensor.ones(4, dtype=dtypes.int32))
-
-  def test_pow_literal_zero(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) ** 0)
-  def test_pow_tensor_zero(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) ** Tensor.zeros(4))
-
-  def test_pow_literal_one(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) ** 1)
-  def test_pow_tensor_one(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) ** Tensor.ones(4))
-  def test_literal_one_pow(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, 1 ** Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
-  def test_tensor_one_pow(self):
-    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4) ** Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
-
-class TestBitcastConstFolding(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_scalar_bitcast(self):
-    def t(cases: dict[DType, ConstType]):
-      for (from_dt, from_v), (to_dt, to_v) in itertools.product(cases.items(), cases.items()):
-        if not math.isnan(from_v):
-          r = full_rewrite_to_sink(UOp.const(from_dt, from_v).bitcast(to_dt).sink()).src[0]
-          self.assertEqual(r.op, Ops.CONST, msg:=f"{from_dt} -> {to_dt} ({from_v} -> {to_v})")
-          self.assertEqual(r.dtype, to_dt, msg)
-          np.testing.assert_equal(r.arg, to_v, msg)
-
-    t({dtypes.int8: 0, dtypes.uint8: 0, dtypes.bool: False})
-    t({dtypes.int8: 1, dtypes.uint8: 1, dtypes.bool: True})
-
-    t({dtypes.int8:  -1, dtypes.uint8:  2**8-1})
-    t({dtypes.int16: -1, dtypes.uint16: 2**16-1, dtypes.float16: float('nan')})
-    t({dtypes.int32: -1, dtypes.uint32: 2**32-1, dtypes.float32: float('nan')})
-    t({dtypes.int64: -1, dtypes.uint64: 2**64-1, dtypes.float64: float('nan')})
-
-    t({dtypes.int8:  -2**7,  dtypes.uint8:  2**7})
-    t({dtypes.int16: -2**15, dtypes.uint16: 2**15})
-    t({dtypes.int32: -2**31, dtypes.uint32: 2**31})
-    t({dtypes.int64: -2**63, dtypes.uint64: 2**63})
-
-    t({dtypes.int16: 13496, dtypes.uint16: 13496, dtypes.float16: 0.294921875})
-    t({dtypes.int32: 1050081145, dtypes.uint32: 1050081145, dtypes.float32: 0.29485681653022766})
-    t({dtypes.int64: 4598983288165178391, dtypes.uint64: 4598983288165178391, dtypes.float64: 0.29485681936461233})
-
-  def test_vec_bitcast(self):
-    with Context(SPEC=0):
-      r = full_rewrite_to_sink(UOp.const(dtypes.int32.vec(3), (-1, -2**31, 75)).bitcast(dtypes.uint32.vec(3)).sink()).src[0]
-    self.assertEqual(r.op, Ops.VECTORIZE)
-    self.assertEqual(r.dtype, dtypes.uint32.vec(3))
-    self.assertEqual(tuple(x.arg for x in r.src), (2**32-1, 2**31, 75))
-
-# folds advance indexing into basic indexing
-class TestIndexingConstFolding(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_scalar_index(self):
-    t = Tensor.arange(16).float().reshape(1,1,4,4).realize()
-    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor(1),:])
-    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor(1)+2,:])
-    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor(1),Tensor(0)])
-
-  def test_const_tensor_index(self):
-    # TODO: these can be 0, implement const tensor folded indexing
-    t = Tensor.arange(16).float().reshape(1,1,4,4).realize()
-    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor.ones(2,1,dtype=dtypes.int),:])
-    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor.ones(1,2,dtype=dtypes.int)+2,:])
-    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor.ones(1,1,dtype=dtypes.int),Tensor.zeros(2,1,2,dtype=dtypes.int)])
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-  unittest.main()

test/null/test_gradient.py

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Callable
-import unittest, math
-import torch
-from tinygrad import Tensor
-from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp
-from tinygrad.gradient import compute_gradient
-
-class TestGradient(unittest.TestCase):
-  def _cmp_nan_okay(self, x, y):
-    if math.isnan(x) and math.isnan(y): return
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(x, y, places=5)
-
-  def _test_one_input_function(self, f:Callable, jf:Callable|None=None):
-    if jf is None: jf = f
-    x = UOp.variable('x', -math.inf, math.inf, dtype=dtypes.float)
-    gx = compute_gradient(f(x), UOp.const(dtypes.float, 1.0), set([x]))[x]
-
-    for val in [-5., -2.0, 0.0, 2.0, 5.]:
-      tg_out = gx.substitute({x: x.const_like(val)}).ssimplify()
-      tx = torch.tensor([val], dtype=torch.float, requires_grad=True)
-      torch_out = torch.autograd.grad(jf(tx), tx)[0].item()
-      self._cmp_nan_okay(tg_out, torch_out)
-
-  def _test_two_input_function(self, f:Callable, jf:Callable|None=None):
-    if jf is None: jf = f
-    x = UOp.variable('x', -math.inf, math.inf, dtype=dtypes.float)
-    y = UOp.variable('y', -math.inf, math.inf, dtype=dtypes.float)
-    grads = compute_gradient(f(x, y), UOp.const(dtypes.float, 1.0), set([x, y]))
-    gx, gy = grads[x], grads[y]
-
-    for valx in [-5., -2.0, 0.0, 2.0, 5.]:
-      for valy in [-5., -2.0, 0.0, 2.0, 5.]:
-        # Substitute the values into the gradient expressions
-        substitutions = {x: x.const_like(valx), y: y.const_like(valy)}
-        tg_out_x = gx.substitute(substitutions).ssimplify()
-        tg_out_y = gy.substitute(substitutions).ssimplify()
-
-        tx = torch.tensor([valx], dtype=torch.float, requires_grad=True)
-        ty = torch.tensor([valy], dtype=torch.float, requires_grad=True)
-        torch_grad = torch.autograd.grad(jf(tx, ty), [tx, ty])
-        torch_out_x, torch_out_y = [x.item() for x in torch_grad]
-
-        self._cmp_nan_okay(tg_out_x, torch_out_x)
-        self._cmp_nan_okay(tg_out_y, torch_out_y)
-
-  # unary ops unit
-  def test_recip(self): self._test_one_input_function(lambda x: 1.0/x)
-  def test_sin(self): self._test_one_input_function(lambda x: x.sin())
-  def test_sqrt(self): self._test_one_input_function(lambda x: x.sqrt())
-  def test_log2(self): self._test_one_input_function(lambda x: x.log2())
-  def test_exp2(self): self._test_one_input_function(lambda x: x.exp2())
-
-  # binary ops unit
-  def test_add(self): self._test_two_input_function(lambda x,y: x+y)
-  def test_mul(self): self._test_two_input_function(lambda x,y: x*y)
-
-  # chain rule
-  def test_chain(self): self._test_one_input_function(lambda x: x.sin().sqrt())
-  def test_chain_binop(self): self._test_two_input_function(lambda x,y: (x*y)+x*y)
-  def test_big_add_sin(self): self._test_two_input_function(lambda x,y: x.sin()+3.0/y)
-  def test_big_chain(self): self._test_two_input_function(lambda x,y: (1.0/x*y)+x*y)
-  def test_where(self): self._test_two_input_function(lambda x,y: (x<y).where(x,y), lambda x,y: torch.where(x<y,x,y))
-
-class TestRealizeMeansRealize(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_randn_realizes(self):
-    x = Tensor.randn(2, 3, 64, 64, requires_grad=True).realize()
-    assert x.uop is not x.uop.base
-    assert x.uop.is_realized
-
-  def test_uniform_realizes(self):
-    x = Tensor.uniform(16, 3, 3, 3, requires_grad=True).realize()
-    print(x.uop)
-    assert x.uop is not x.uop.base
-    assert x.uop.is_realized
-
-  def test_uniform_gradient(self):
-    x = Tensor.uniform(16, 3, 3, 3, requires_grad=True).realize()
-    y = x * 2
-    y.sum().gradient(x)[0].realize()
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-  unittest.main()

test/null/test_helpers.py

@@ -1,469 +0,0 @@
-import ctypes, gzip, unittest, timeit, pickle
-from tinygrad import Variable
-from tinygrad.helpers import Context, ContextVar, argfix, colored, word_wrap, is_numpy_ndarray, mv_address, get_contraction, count, all_same
-from tinygrad.helpers import merge_dicts, strip_parens, prod, round_up, fetch, fully_flatten, from_mv, to_mv, polyN, time_to_str, cdiv, cmod, getbits
-from tinygrad.helpers import ceildiv
-from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor, get_shape
-import numpy as np
-
-VARIABLE = ContextVar("VARIABLE", 0)
-
-class TestContextVars(unittest.TestCase):
-  # Ensuring that the test does not modify variables outside the tests.
-  ctx = Context()
-  def setUp(self): TestContextVars.ctx.__enter__()
-  def tearDown(self): TestContextVars.ctx.__exit__()
-
-  def test_initial_value_is_set(self):
-    _TMP = ContextVar("_TMP", 5)
-    self.assertEqual(_TMP.value, 5)
-
-  def test_cannot_recreate(self):
-    _TMP2 = ContextVar("_TMP2", 1)
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-      _TMP2 = ContextVar("_TMP2", 2)
-
-  def test_new_var_inside_context(self):
-    with Context(VARIABLE=1):
-      _TMP3 = ContextVar("_TMP3", 1)
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-      _TMP3 = ContextVar("_TMP3", 2)
-
-  def test_value_across_modules(self):
-    # Mocking module import by invoking the code but not in our globals().
-    exec('from tinygrad.helpers import ContextVar;C = ContextVar("C", 13)', {}) # pylint:disable=exec-used
-    # It should not matter that the first creation was in another module.
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-      _C = ContextVar("C", 0)
-
-  def test_assignment_across_modules(self):
-    B = ContextVar("B", 1)
-    # local assignment
-    B.value = 2
-    self.assertEqual(B.value, 2)
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-      # Assignment in another module.
-      exec('from tinygrad.helpers import ContextVar;B = ContextVar("B", 0);B.value = 3;', {}) # pylint:disable=exec-used
-
-  def test_context_assignment(self):
-    with Context(VARIABLE=1):
-      self.assertEqual(VARIABLE.value, 1)
-    self.assertEqual(VARIABLE.value, 0)
-
-  def test_unknown_param_to_context(self):
-    with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-      with Context(SOMETHING_ELSE=1):
-        pass
-
-  def test_nested_context(self):
-    with Context(VARIABLE=1):
-      with Context(VARIABLE=2):
-        MORE = ContextVar("MORE", 2)
-        with Context(VARIABLE=3, MORE=3):
-          self.assertEqual(VARIABLE.value, 3)
-          self.assertEqual(MORE.value, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(VARIABLE.value, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(MORE.value, 2)
-      self.assertEqual(VARIABLE.value, 1)
-      self.assertEqual(MORE.value, 2)  # TODO: should this raise?
-    self.assertEqual(VARIABLE.value, 0)
-
-  def test_decorator(self):
-    @Context(VARIABLE=1, DEBUG=4)
-    def test():
-      self.assertEqual(VARIABLE.value, 1)
-
-    self.assertEqual(VARIABLE.value, 0)
-    test()
-    self.assertEqual(VARIABLE.value, 0)
-
-  def test_context_exit_reverts_updated_values(self):
-    D = ContextVar("D", 1)
-    D.value = 2
-    with Context(D=3):
-      ...
-    assert D.value == 2, f"Expected D to be 2, but was {D.value}. Indicates that Context.__exit__ did not restore to the correct value."
-
-class TestAllSame(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_empty(self): self.assertTrue(all_same([]))
-  def test_single(self): self.assertTrue(all_same([1]))
-  def test_same(self): self.assertTrue(all_same([1, 1, 1]))
-  def test_different(self): self.assertFalse(all_same([1, 2, 1]))
-
-class TestMergeDicts(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_merge_dicts(self):
-    a = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
-    b = {"a": 1, "c": 3}
-    c = {}
-    d = {"a": 2, "b": 2}
-    assert merge_dicts([a, b]) == {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
-    assert merge_dicts([a, c]) == a
-    assert merge_dicts([a, b, c]) == {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-      merge_dicts([a, d])
-
-class TestStripParens(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_simple(self): self.assertEqual("1+2", strip_parens("(1+2)"))
-  def test_nested(self): self.assertEqual("1+(2+3)", strip_parens("(1+(2+3))"))
-  def test_casted_no_strip(self): self.assertEqual("(int)(1+2)", strip_parens("(int)(1+2)"))
-  def test_unmatched_parens(self): self.assertEqual("((c35+c39>>23&255)+-127).cast(dtypes.float)",
-    strip_parens("((c35+c39>>23&255)+-127).cast(dtypes.float)"))
-  def test_single_paren_left(self): self.assertEqual("(abc", strip_parens("(abc"))
-  def test_single_paren_right(self): self.assertEqual("abc)", strip_parens("abc)"))
-  def test_parens_at_different_depths(self): self.assertEqual("(a+(b))*(c)", strip_parens("(a+(b))*(c)"))
-
-class TestProd(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_empty(self): self.assertEqual(1, prod(tuple()))
-  def test_ints(self): self.assertEqual(30, prod((2, 3, 5)))
-  def test_variable(self): self.assertEqual("(a*12)", prod((Variable("a", 1, 5), 3, 4)).render())
-  def test_variable_order(self): self.assertEqual("(a*12)", prod((3, 4, Variable("a", 1, 5))).render())
-
-class TestRoundUp(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_round_up(self):
-    self.assertEqual(round_up(-3,4), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(round_up(-4,4), -4)
-    self.assertEqual(round_up(6,4), 8)
-    self.assertEqual(round_up(8,4), 8)
-    self.assertEqual(round_up(232, 24984), 24984)
-    self.assertEqual(round_up(24984, 232), 25056)
-
-class TestCeilDiv(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_int(self):
-    self.assertEqual(ceildiv(10, 3), 4)
-    self.assertEqual(ceildiv(9, 3), 3)
-    self.assertEqual(ceildiv(0, 5), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(ceildiv(1, 5), 1)
-  def test_symbolic(self):
-    # tests that ceildiv with UOp uses (num + amt - 1) // amt formula for non-negative num
-    v = Variable('v', 0, 100)
-    result = ceildiv(v, 6)
-    self.assertEqual(result.render(), "((v+5)//6)")
-  def test_symbolic_negative_offset(self):
-    # tests ceildiv(v-5, 6) which is used in conv2d output shape
-    # old implementation incorrectly simplified -(x//-y) to ((v+1)//6-1) for v-5
-    # new implementation uses (v-5+5)//6 = v//6 which is correct
-    v = Variable('v', 11, 100)
-    result = ceildiv(v - 5, 6)
-    self.assertEqual(result.render(), "(v//6)")
-
-class TestCount(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_count_basic(self):
-    c = count(3)
-    self.assertEqual(next(c), 3)
-    self.assertEqual(next(c), 4)
-
-  def test_count_step_pickle(self):
-    c = count(1, 2)
-    self.assertEqual(next(c), 1)
-    c2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(c))
-    self.assertEqual(next(c2), 3)
-
-@unittest.skip("no fetch tests because they need internet")
-class TestFetch(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_fetch_bad_http(self):
-    self.assertRaises(Exception, fetch, 'http://www.google.com/404', allow_caching=False)
-
-  def test_fetch_small(self):
-    assert (len(fetch('https://google.com', allow_caching=False).read_bytes())>0)
-
-  def test_fetch_img(self):
-    from PIL import Image
-    img = fetch("https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/132956020", allow_caching=False)
-    with Image.open(img) as pimg:
-      assert pimg.size == (77, 77), pimg.size
-
-  def test_fetch_subdir(self):
-    from PIL import Image
-    img = fetch("https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/132956020", allow_caching=False, subdir="images")
-    with Image.open(img) as pimg:
-      assert pimg.size == (77, 77), pimg.size
-    assert img.parent.name == "images"
-
-  def test_fetch_gunzip_valid(self):
-    # compare fetch(gunzip=True) to fetch(gunzip=False) plus decompressing afterwards
-    gzip_url: str = 'https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/gzip-1.13.tar.gz'
-    fp_gz = fetch(gzip_url, gunzip=True)
-    fp_no_gz = fetch(gzip_url, gunzip=False)
-    with open(fp_gz, 'rb') as f: content_gz = f.read()
-    with open(fp_no_gz, 'rb') as f: content_no_gz = gzip.decompress(f.read())
-    assert fp_gz.stat().st_size > fp_no_gz.stat().st_size
-    assert isinstance(content_gz, bytes) and isinstance(content_no_gz, bytes)
-    assert len(content_gz) == len(content_no_gz)
-    assert content_gz == content_no_gz
-
-  def test_fetch_gunzip_invalid(self):
-    # given a non-gzipped file, fetch(gunzip=True) fails
-    no_gzip_url: str = 'https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gzip/gzip-1.13.zip'
-    with self.assertRaises(gzip.BadGzipFile):
-      fetch(no_gzip_url, gunzip=True)
-
-  def test_fetch_user_agent(self):
-    fetch("https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Projects/lightweight-cryptography/documents/finalist-round/updated-submissions/sparkle.zip",
-          allow_caching=False)
-
-  def test_fetch_half_and_full_file(self):
-    x = fetch("https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Projects/lightweight-cryptography/documents/finalist-round/updated-submissions/sparkle.zip",
-          headers={"Range": "bytes=0-10"}).read_bytes()
-    assert len(x) == 11, f"{len(x) != 11}"
-    x = fetch("https://csrc.nist.gov/CSRC/media/Projects/lightweight-cryptography/documents/finalist-round/updated-submissions/sparkle.zip",
-          headers={"Range": "bytes=0-100"}).read_bytes()
-    assert len(x) == 101, f"{len(x) != 101}"
-
-class TestFullyFlatten(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_fully_flatten(self):
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([[1, 3], [1, 2]]), [1, 3, 1, 2])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten(((1, 3), (1, 2))), [1, 3, 1, 2])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([[[1], [3]], [[1], [2]]]), [1, 3, 1, 2])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([[[[1], 2], 3], 4]), [1, 2, 3, 4])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([[1, 2, [3, 4]], [5, 6], 7]), [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([[1, "ab"], [True, None], [3.14, [5, "b"]]]), [1, "ab", True, None, 3.14, 5, "b"])
-
-  def test_fully_flatten_numpy(self):
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([np.array([])]), [])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([np.array(3)]), [3])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([np.array([3])]), [3])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([np.array([[3]])]), [3])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([np.array([1, 3]), np.array([1, 2])]), [1, 3, 1, 2])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten((np.array([1, 3]), np.array([1, 2]))), [1, 3, 1, 2])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([np.array([[1], [3]]), np.array([[1], [2]])]), [1, 3, 1, 2])
-    self.assertEqual(fully_flatten([[1, "ab"], [True, None], np.array([[3.14], [6.28]])]), [1, "ab", True, None, 3.14, 6.28])
-
-class TestMemoryview(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_from_mv_to_mv(self):
-    base = memoryview(bytearray(b"\x11\x22\x33"*40))
-    ct = from_mv(base)
-    mv = to_mv(ctypes.addressof(ct), len(base))
-    mv[0] = 2
-    assert base[0] == 2
-
-  @unittest.skip("allocates tons of memory")
-  def test_to_mv(self):
-    sizes = [
-      (16, "16 B"),
-      (64, "64 B"),
-      (256, "256 B"),
-      (1024, "1 KB"),
-      (4 * 1024, "4 KB"),
-      (16 * 1024, "16 KB"),
-      (64 * 1024, "64 KB"),
-      (256 * 1024, "256 KB"),
-      (1 * 1024 * 1024, "1 MB"),
-      (10 * 1024 * 1024, "10 MB"),
-      (200 * 1024 * 1024, "200 MB"),
-    ]
-
-    for sz, label in sizes:
-      buf = np.random.randint(0, 256, sz, dtype=np.uint8)
-      ptr = buf.ctypes.data
-
-      iters = 100_000
-      t_us = timeit.timeit(lambda: to_mv(ptr, sz), number=iters) * 1e6 / iters
-      print(f"Size {label:>9} | Time: {t_us:8.3f} µs")
-
-  def test_speed_from_mv_vs_mv_address(self):
-    x = memoryview(bytearray(1))
-
-    iters = 100000
-    fmv_us = timeit.timeit(lambda: from_mv(x), number=iters) * 1e6 / iters
-    mva_us = timeit.timeit(lambda: mv_address(x), number=iters) * 1e6 / iters
-    print(f"from_mv vs mv_address: {fmv_us:8.3f} µs vs {mva_us:8.3f} µs")
-
-class TestGetContraction(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_contraction(self):
-    r = get_contraction((1,2,3,4), (2,3,4))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[0, 1], [2], [3]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((2,1,3,4), (2,3,4))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[0], [1, 2], [3]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,2,3,1,4), (1,2,3,4))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [0, 1], [2], [3, 4]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,2,3,1,4,1,1), (2,3,4))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[0, 1], [2], [3, 4, 5, 6]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,2,3,4), (1,2,3*4))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [0, 1], [2, 3]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,2,3,4), (2,1,3,4))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[0, 1], [], [2], [3]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,2,3,4), (1,1,2*3*4,1))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [], [0,1,2,3], []])
-
-    r = get_contraction((2,1,3,4), (1,2,3,4))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [0], [1, 2], [3]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,2,3,4), (2*3*4,1,1,1))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[0, 1, 2, 3], [], [], []])
-
-    r = get_contraction((4,4,4,4), (16,1,16))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[0, 1], [], [2, 3]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,2,3,4,1,1,1), (2,3,4))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[0, 1], [2], [3, 4, 5, 6]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,2,3,4), (1,2,3,4,1))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [0, 1], [2], [3], []])
-
-    r = get_contraction((14,1,384,14,1,1,1,1), (1,14,384,14))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [0], [1,2], [3,4,5,6,7]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((14,1,384,1,14,1,1,1,1), (1,14,384,14))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [0], [1,2], [3,4,5,6,7,8]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((512, 512), (1, 1, 512, 1, 1, 1, 1, 512))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [], [0], [], [], [], [], [1]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,2,3,4), (1,2,6,2))
-    self.assertEqual(r, None)
-
-  def test_contraction_ones(self):
-    r = get_contraction((1,), (1,1,1))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [], [0]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,1), (1,1,1))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [], [0, 1]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,1,1,1), (1,))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[0,1,2,3]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,1,1,1), (1,1))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [0,1,2,3]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,1,1,1), (1,1,1))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [], [0,1,2,3]])
-
-    r = get_contraction((1,1,1,1), (1,1,1,1))
-    self.assertEqual(r, [[], [], [], [0,1,2,3]])
-
-class TestGetShape(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_get_shape(self):
-    assert get_shape(2) == ()
-    assert get_shape([]) == (0,)
-    assert get_shape([[]]) == (1, 0)
-    assert get_shape([[1, 2]]) == (1, 2)
-    assert get_shape([[1, 2], (3, 4)]) == (2, 2)
-
-  def test_inhomogeneous_shape(self):
-    with self.assertRaises(ValueError): get_shape([[], [1]])
-    with self.assertRaises(ValueError): get_shape([[1, [2]], [1]])
-
-class TestPolyN(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_float(self):
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(polyN(1.0, [1.0, -2.0, 1.0]), 0.0)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(polyN(2.0, [1.0, -2.0, 1.0]), 1.0)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(polyN(3.0, [1.0, -2.0, 1.0]), 4.0)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(polyN(4.0, [1.0, -2.0, 1.0]), 9.0)
-
-  def test_uop(self):
-    from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes
-    from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp
-    from test.helpers import eval_uop
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(eval_uop(polyN(UOp.const(dtypes.float, 1.0), [1.0, -2.0, 1.0])), 0.0)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(eval_uop(polyN(UOp.const(dtypes.float, 2.0), [1.0, -2.0, 1.0])), 1.0)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(eval_uop(polyN(UOp.const(dtypes.float, 3.0), [1.0, -2.0, 1.0])), 4.0)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(eval_uop(polyN(UOp.const(dtypes.float, 4.0), [1.0, -2.0, 1.0])), 9.0)
-
-class TestTimeToStr(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_seconds(self):           self.assertEqual("   10.01s ", time_to_str(10.01))
-  def test_boundary_sec_ms(self):   self.assertEqual("10000.00ms", time_to_str(10))
-  def test_milliseconds(self):      self.assertEqual("  500.00ms", time_to_str(0.5))
-  def test_boundary_ms_us(self):    self.assertEqual("10000.00us", time_to_str(0.01))
-  def test_microseconds(self):      self.assertEqual("  100.00us", time_to_str(0.0001))
-  def test_zero(self):              self.assertEqual("    0.00us", time_to_str(0))
-  def test_width_formatting(self):  self.assertEqual(" 10.01s ", time_to_str(10.01, w=6))
-
-class TestCStyleDivMod(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_div_pos(self):
-    self.assertEqual(cdiv(-9, 5), -1)
-    self.assertEqual(cdiv(-4, 5), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(cdiv(0, 5), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(cdiv(4, 5), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(cdiv(9, 5), 1)
-  def test_div_neg(self):
-    self.assertEqual(cdiv(-9, -5), 1)
-    self.assertEqual(cdiv(-4, -5), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(cdiv(0, -5), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(cdiv(4, -5), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(cdiv(9, -5), -1)
-  def test_mod_pos(self):
-    self.assertEqual(cmod(-9, 5), -4)
-    self.assertEqual(cmod(-4, 5), -4)
-    self.assertEqual(cmod(0, 5), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(cmod(4, 5), 4)
-    self.assertEqual(cmod(9, 5), 4)
-  def test_mod_neg(self):
-    self.assertEqual(cmod(-9, -5), -4)
-    self.assertEqual(cmod(-4, -5), -4)
-    self.assertEqual(cmod(0, -5), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(cmod(4, -5), 4)
-    self.assertEqual(cmod(9, -5), 4)
-
-class TestGetBits(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_low_bits(self):
-    self.assertEqual(getbits(0b11010110, 0, 3), 0b0110)
-
-  def test_high_bits(self):
-    self.assertEqual(getbits(0b11010110, 4, 7), 0b1101)
-
-  def test_middle_bits(self):
-    self.assertEqual(getbits(0b11010110, 3, 5), 0b010)
-
-  def test_full_range(self):
-    self.assertEqual(getbits(0b11010110, 0, 7), 0b11010110)
-
-  def test_single_bit(self):
-    self.assertEqual(getbits(0b100000000, 8, 8), 1)
-
-class TestArgFix(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_none(self):
-    self.assertEqual(argfix(None), (None, ))
-    self.assertEqual(argfix(None, None), (None, None))
-  def test_positional_arguments(self):
-    self.assertEqual(argfix(1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 3))
-  def test_tuple(self):
-    self.assertEqual(argfix((1., 2., 3.)), (1., 2., 3.))
-  def test_list(self):
-    self.assertEqual(argfix([True, False]), (True, False))
-
-class TestWordWrap(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_wrap_simple(self):
-    wrap = 10
-    st = "x"*wrap*2
-    st2 = word_wrap(st, wrap)
-    self.assertEqual(len(st2.splitlines()), 2)
-
-  def test_wrap_colored(self):
-    wrap = 10
-    st = colored("x"*wrap*2, "red")
-    st2 = word_wrap(st, wrap=wrap)
-    self.assertEqual(len(st2.splitlines()), 2)
-
-  def test_wrap_explicit_newline(self):
-    wrap = 10
-    st = "\n".join(["x"*wrap, "x"*wrap, "x"*wrap])
-    st2 = word_wrap(st, wrap=wrap)
-    self.assertEqual(len(st2.splitlines()), len(st.splitlines()))
-
-    st = "\n".join(["x"*(wrap+1), "x"*wrap, "x"*wrap])
-    st2 = word_wrap(st, wrap=wrap)
-    self.assertEqual(len(st2.splitlines()), len(st.splitlines())+1)
-
-    st = "\n".join(["x"*(wrap+1), "x"*(wrap+1), "x"*(wrap+1)])
-    st2 = word_wrap(st, wrap=wrap)
-    self.assertEqual(len(st2.splitlines()), len(st.splitlines())+3)
-
-class TestIsNumpyNdarray(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_ndarray(self):
-    self.assertTrue(is_numpy_ndarray(np.array([1, 2, 3])))
-  def test_ndarray_tolist(self):
-    self.assertFalse(is_numpy_ndarray(np.array([1, 2, 3]).tolist()))
-  def test_list(self):
-    self.assertFalse(is_numpy_ndarray([1, 2, 3]))
-  def test_tensor(self):
-    self.assertFalse(is_numpy_ndarray(Tensor([1, 2, 3])))
-    self.assertFalse(is_numpy_ndarray(Tensor(np.array([1, 2, 3]))))
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-  unittest.main()

test/null/test_indexing.py

@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-# test cases are modified from pytorch test_indexing.py
-
-import unittest
-import numpy as np
-
-from tinygrad import Tensor, dtypes
-
-def numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(a, b):
-  if isinstance(a, Tensor): a = a.numpy()
-  if isinstance(b, Tensor): b = b.numpy()
-  np.testing.assert_equal(a, b)
-
-class TestIndexing(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_single_int(self):
-    v = Tensor.randn(5, 7, 3)
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[4].shape, (7, 3))
-
-  def test_multiple_int(self):
-    v = Tensor.randn(5, 7, 3)
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[4].shape, (7, 3))
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[4, :, 1].shape, (7,))
-
-  def test_none(self):
-    v = Tensor.randn(5, 7, 3)
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[None].shape, (1, 5, 7, 3))
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[:, None].shape, (5, 1, 7, 3))
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[:, None, None].shape, (5, 1, 1, 7, 3))
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[..., None].shape, (5, 7, 3, 1))
-
-  def test_int_indices(self):
-    v = Tensor.randn(5, 7, 3)
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[[0, 4, 2]].shape, (3, 7, 3))
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[:, [0, 4, 2]].shape, (5, 3, 3))
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[:, [[0, 1], [4, 3]]].shape, (5, 2, 2, 3))
-
-  def test_index_src_datatype(self):
-    src = Tensor.ones(3, 2, 4)
-    # test index
-    res = src[[0, 2, 1], :, :]
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(res.shape, src.shape)
-
-  def test_empty_slice(self):
-    x = Tensor.randn(2, 3, 4, 5)
-    y = x[:, :, :, 1]
-    z = y[:, 1:1, :]
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper((2, 0, 4), z.shape)
-
-  def test_invalid_index(self):
-    x = Tensor.arange(0, 16).reshape(4, 4)
-    self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: x["0":"1"])
-
-  def test_out_of_bound_index(self):
-    x = Tensor.arange(0, 100).reshape(2, 5, 10)
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: x[0, 5])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: x[4, 5])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: x[0, 1, 15])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: x[:, :, 12])
-
-  def test_take_along_dim(self):
-    # NOTE: the actual test logic is inside _test_against_numpy which is never called
-    # This test effectively does nothing but defines a function
-    def _test_against_numpy(t: Tensor, indices: Tensor, dim):
-      actual = t.gather(dim, indices)
-      t_np = t.numpy()
-      indices_np = indices.numpy()
-      expected = np.take_along_axis(t_np, indices_np, axis=dim)
-      numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(actual, expected)
-
-      # TODO argsort
-      '''
-      for shape in [(3, 2), (2, 3, 5), (2, 4, 0), (2, 3, 1, 4)]:
-        for noncontiguous in [True, False]:
-          for dtype in (dtypes.float32, dtypes.int64):
-            t = make_tensor(shape, dtype=dtype, noncontiguous=noncontiguous)
-            for dim in list(range(t.ndim)) + [None]:
-              if dim is None:
-                indices = argsort(t.reshape(-1))
-              else:
-                indices = argsort(t, dim=dim)
-
-          _test_against_numpy(t, indices, dim)
-      '''
-
-      # test broadcasting
-      t = Tensor.ones((3, 4, 1))
-      indices = Tensor.ones((1, 2, 5), dtype=dtypes.int64)
-
-      _test_against_numpy(t, indices, 1)
-
-      # test empty indices
-      t = Tensor.ones((3, 4, 5))
-      indices = Tensor.ones((3, 0, 5), dtype=dtypes.int64)
-
-      _test_against_numpy(t, indices, 1)
-
-class TestNumpy(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_index_no_floats(self):
-    a = Tensor([[[5.]]])
-
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0.0])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, 0])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, :])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, 0.0])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, 0.0, :])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, :, :])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0, 0.0])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, 0, 0])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0.0, 0])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, -1.4])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, 0])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, :])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, -1.4])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, -1.4, :])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, :, :])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0, -1.4])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, 0, 0])
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, -1.4, 0])
-    # these two trigger slice internal type verification first
-    self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a[0.0:, 0.0])
-    self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a[0.0:, 0.0,:])
-
-  def test_none_index(self):
-    # `None` index adds newaxis
-    a = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
-    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(a[None].ndim, a.ndim+1)
-
-  def test_everything_returns_views(self):
-    # Before `...` would return a itself.
-    a = Tensor([5])
-
-    self.assertIs(a, a[()])
-    self.assertIs(a, a[...])
-    self.assertIs(a, a[:])
-
-  def test_broaderrors_indexing(self):
-    a = Tensor.zeros(5, 5)
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ([0, 1], [0, 1, 2]))
-    self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.contiguous().__setitem__, ([0, 1], [0, 1, 2]), 0)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-  unittest.main()

test/null/test_llm_server.py

@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-import unittest, threading, time
-from unittest.mock import Mock
-
-class TestLLMServer(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Integration tests using the real OpenAI client."""
-
-  @classmethod
-  def setUpClass(cls):
-    cls.mock_tok = Mock()
-    cls.mock_tok.role = Mock(return_value=[100, 101])
-    cls.mock_tok.encode = Mock(return_value=[200, 201, 202])
-    cls.mock_tok.decode = Mock(return_value="Hello")
-    cls.mock_tok.end_turn = Mock(return_value=[998])
-
-    cls.mock_model = Mock()
-    cls.mock_model.generate = Mock(side_effect=lambda ids, **kwargs: iter([300, 301, 999]))
-
-    cls.bos_id = 1
-    cls.eos_id = 999
-
-    import tinygrad.apps.llm as llm_module
-    llm_module.model = cls.mock_model
-    llm_module.tok = cls.mock_tok
-    llm_module.bos_id = cls.bos_id
-    llm_module.eos_id = cls.eos_id
-
-    from tinygrad.apps.llm import Handler
-    from tinygrad.viz.serve import TCPServerWithReuse
-
-    cls.server = TCPServerWithReuse(('127.0.0.1', 0), Handler)
-    cls.port = cls.server.server_address[1]
-    cls.server_thread = threading.Thread(target=cls.server.serve_forever, daemon=True)
-    cls.server_thread.start()
-    time.sleep(0.1)
-
-    from openai import OpenAI
-    cls.client = OpenAI(base_url=f"http://127.0.0.1:{cls.port}/v1", api_key="test")
-
-  @classmethod
-  def tearDownClass(cls):
-    cls.server.shutdown()
-    cls.server.server_close()
-
-  def test_chat_completion_stream(self):
-    stream = self.client.chat.completions.create(
-      model="test",
-      messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}],
-      stream=True
-    )
-
-    chunks = list(stream)
-    self.assertGreater(len(chunks), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(chunks[0].choices[0].delta.role, "assistant")
-    self.assertEqual(chunks[-1].choices[0].finish_reason, "stop")
-
-  def test_openai_response_structure(self):
-    stream = self.client.chat.completions.create(
-      model="test-model",
-      messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Test"}],
-      stream=True
-    )
-
-    for chunk in stream:
-      self.assertTrue(chunk.id.startswith("chatcmpl-"))
-      self.assertEqual(chunk.object, "chat.completion.chunk")
-      self.assertIsNotNone(chunk.choices)
-      self.assertIsNotNone(chunk.created)
-      self.assertIsInstance(chunk.created, int)
-      self.assertEqual(chunk.model, "test-model")
-
-  def test_stream_with_usage(self):
-    stream = self.client.chat.completions.create(
-      model="test",
-      messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}],
-      stream=True,
-      stream_options={"include_usage": True}
-    )
-
-    chunks = list(stream)
-    last_chunk = chunks[-1]
-
-    self.assertIsNotNone(last_chunk.usage)
-    self.assertIsNotNone(last_chunk.usage.prompt_tokens)
-    self.assertIsNotNone(last_chunk.usage.completion_tokens)
-    self.assertIsNotNone(last_chunk.usage.total_tokens)
-
-  def test_multi_turn_conversation(self):
-    stream = self.client.chat.completions.create(
-      model="test",
-      messages=[
-        {"role": "system", "content": "You are helpful."},
-        {"role": "user", "content": "Hello"},
-        {"role": "assistant", "content": "Hi!"},
-        {"role": "user", "content": "How are you?"}
-      ],
-      stream=True
-    )
-
-    chunks = list(stream)
-    self.assertGreater(len(chunks), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(chunks[-1].choices[0].finish_reason, "stop")
-
-  def test_content_is_streamed(self):
-    stream = self.client.chat.completions.create(
-      model="test",
-      messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}],
-      stream=True
-    )
-
-    contents = []
-    for chunk in stream:
-      if chunk.choices and chunk.choices[0].delta.content:
-        contents.append(chunk.choices[0].delta.content)
-
-    self.assertGreater(len(contents), 0)
-
-  def test_non_streaming(self):
-    resp = self.client.chat.completions.create(
-      model="test-model",
-      messages=[{"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}],
-      stream=False
-    )
-
-    self.assertTrue(resp.id.startswith("chatcmpl-"))
-    self.assertEqual(resp.object, "chat.completion")
-    self.assertEqual(resp.model, "test-model")
-    self.assertIsNotNone(resp.created)
-    self.assertEqual(len(resp.choices), 1)
-    self.assertEqual(resp.choices[0].message.role, "assistant")
-    self.assertIsNotNone(resp.choices[0].message.content)
-    self.assertEqual(resp.choices[0].finish_reason, "stop")
-    self.assertIsNotNone(resp.usage)
-    self.assertIsNotNone(resp.usage.prompt_tokens)
-    self.assertIsNotNone(resp.usage.completion_tokens)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-  unittest.main()

test/null/test_multitensor.py

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-import unittest
-from tinygrad import Tensor, GlobalCounters, dtypes
-
-class TestMultiRamUsage(unittest.TestCase):
-  def setUp(self):
-    self.baseline = GlobalCounters.mem_used
-    self.N = 100
-  def assertUsed(self, amt, strict=True):
-    used = GlobalCounters.mem_used - self.baseline
-    print(f"used {used} bytes")
-    if strict: self.assertEqual(used, amt)
-    else: self.assertLessEqual(used, amt)
-
-  def test_zeros(self):
-    _ = Tensor.zeros(self.N, self.N).contiguous().realize()
-    self.assertUsed(self.N*self.N*4)
-
-  def test_zeros_del(self):
-    _ = Tensor.zeros(self.N, self.N).contiguous().realize()
-    del _
-    self.assertUsed(0)
-
-  @unittest.skip("flaky")
-  def test_zeros_copy(self):
-    devices_2 = ("NULL:1", "NULL:2")
-    _ = Tensor.zeros(self.N, self.N).contiguous().to(devices_2).realize()
-    # NOTE: the first one on the DEFAULT device should be freed
-    self.assertUsed(self.N*self.N*4*2)
-
-  @unittest.skip("flaky")
-  def test_zeros_shard(self, devices=("NULL:1", "NULL:2")):
-    _ = Tensor.zeros(self.N, self.N).contiguous().shard(devices, axis=0).realize()
-    self.assertUsed(self.N*self.N*4) # sharding should not increase total ram usage
-  def test_zeros_shard_self(self): self.test_zeros_shard(("NULL:0", "NULL:1"))
-
-  @unittest.skip("flaky")
-  def test_zeros_contiguous_shard(self):
-    devices_2 = ("NULL:1", "NULL:2")
-    _ = Tensor.zeros(self.N, self.N).contiguous().shard(devices_2, axis=0).contiguous().realize()
-    self.assertUsed(self.N*self.N*4) # sharding should not increase total ram usage
-
-  def _test_matmul_half(self, dev_count:int):
-    N = 32
-    total_mem = {}
-    devs = tuple(f"NULL:{i}" for i in range(dev_count))
-    for dtype in {dtypes.float, dtypes.half}:
-      GlobalCounters.reset()
-      a = Tensor.empty((N, N), dtype=dtype, device=devs[0]).shard(devs, axis=0)
-      b = Tensor.empty((N, N), dtype=dtype, device=devs[0]).shard(devs, axis=None)
-      (a @ b).realize()
-      total_mem[dtype] = GlobalCounters.global_mem
-    self.assertEqual(total_mem[dtypes.half], total_mem[dtypes.float] // 2)
-
-  def test_matmul_half(self): self._test_matmul_half(dev_count=2)
-  def test_matmul_half_alt(self): self._test_matmul_half(dev_count=4)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-  unittest.main()

test/null/test_rearrange_einops.py

@@ -1,171 +0,0 @@
-# modified from
-# https://github.com/arogozhnikov/einops/blob/master/tests/test_examples.py
-# https://github.com/arogozhnikov/einops/blob/master/tests/test_ops.py
-# https://github.com/arogozhnikov/einops/blob/master/tests/test_parsing.py
-
-import numpy as np
-import unittest
-from tinygrad import Tensor
-
-
-class test_rearrange_examples(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test1(self):
-    # transpose
-    x = Tensor(np.arange(10 * 20 * 30 * 40, dtype=np.int32).reshape([10, 20, 30, 40]))
-    y = x.rearrange("b c h w -> b h w c")
-    assert tuple(y.shape) == (10, 30, 40, 20)
-
-  def test2(self):
-    # view / reshape
-    x = Tensor(np.arange(10 * 20 * 30 * 40, dtype=np.int32).reshape([10, 20, 30, 40]))
-    y = x.rearrange("b c h w -> b (c h w)")
-    assert tuple(y.shape) == (10, 20 * 30 * 40)
-
-  def test3(self):
-    # depth-to-space
-    x = Tensor(np.arange(10 * 20 * 30 * 40, dtype=np.int32).reshape([10, 20, 30, 40]))
-    y = x.rearrange("b (c h1 w1) h w -> b c (h h1) (w w1)", h1=2, w1=2)
-    assert tuple(y.shape) == (10, 5, 30 * 2, 40 * 2)
-
-  def test4(self):
-    # space-to-depth
-    x = Tensor(np.arange(10 * 20 * 30 * 40, dtype=np.int32).reshape([10, 20, 30, 40]))
-    y = x.rearrange("b c (h h1) (w w1) -> b (h1 w1 c) h w", h1=2, w1=2)
-    assert tuple(y.shape) == (10, 20 * 4, 30 // 2, 40 // 2)
-
-  def test5(self):
-    # simple transposition
-    x = Tensor(np.arange(10 * 20 * 30 * 40, dtype=np.int32).reshape([10, 20, 30, 40]))
-    y = x.rearrange("b1 sound b2 letter -> b1 b2 sound letter")
-    assert tuple(y.shape) == (10, 30, 20, 40)
-
-  def test6(self):
-    # parsing parameters
-    x = Tensor(np.arange(10 * 20 * 30 * 40, dtype=np.int32).reshape([10, 20, 30, 40]))
-    t = x.rearrange("b c h w -> (b h w) c")
-    t = t[:, ::2]  # replacement for dot-product, just changes size of second axis
-    assert tuple(t.shape) == (10 * 30 * 40, 10)
-
-  def test7(self):
-    x = Tensor(np.arange(10 * 20 * 30 * 40, dtype=np.int32).reshape([10, 20, 30, 40]))
-    # split of embedding into groups
-    y1, y2 = x.rearrange("b (c g) h w -> g b c h w", g=2)
-    assert tuple(y1.shape) == (10, 10, 30, 40)
-    assert tuple(y2.shape) == (10, 10, 30, 40)
-
-  def test8(self):
-    x = Tensor(np.arange(10 * 20 * 1 * 1, dtype=np.int32).reshape([10, 20, 1, 1]))
-    # squeeze - unsqueeze
-    y = x.rearrange("b c () () -> b c")
-    assert tuple(y.shape) == (10, 20)
-    y = y.rearrange("b c -> c b () ()")
-    assert tuple(y.shape) == (20, 10, 1, 1)
-
-  def test9(self):
-    x = Tensor(np.arange(10 * 20 * 1 * 1, dtype=np.int32).reshape([10, 20, 1, 1]))
-    # squeeze - unsqueeze
-    y = x.rearrange("b c 1 1 -> b c")
-    assert tuple(y.shape) == (10, 20)
-    y = y.rearrange("b1 c -> c b1 1 1")
-    assert tuple(y.shape) == (20, 10, 1, 1)
-
-
-class test_rearrange_ops(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_rearrange_errors(self):
-    x = Tensor.zeros([1, 1, 1, 1, 1])
-    x.rearrange("a b c d ... ->  a b c ... d")
-    bad_patterns = [
-      "a b c d (...) ->  a b c ... d",  # collapsed ellipsis on input
-      "a b (c d ... ->  a b c ... d",   # unbalanced brackets
-      "a b* c d ... ->  a b c ... d",   # not alphanumeric
-      "a b c d ->  a b c d -> a b c d", # two "->"
-      "a ... c ... ->  ... a ... c",    # two "..."
-      "a b c d e -> f b c d e",         # name mismatch
-    ]
-    for pattern in bad_patterns:
-      with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-        x.rearrange(pattern)
-
-    x.rearrange("... ->  (...)")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      x.rearrange("(...) -> (...)")
-
-    y = Tensor.zeros([8, 1])
-    y.rearrange("(a1 a2 a3) b -> b a3 a2 a1", a1=2, a2=2)
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-      ## should fail as not enough dimensions specified
-      y.rearrange("(a1 a2 a3) b -> b a3 a2 a1", a1=2)
-    with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-      ## should fail as 6 does not divide 8
-      y.rearrange("(a1 a2 a3) b -> b a3 a2 a1", a1=3, a2=2)
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      ## incorrect dimension provided for an axis that is only permuted
-      y.rearrange("(a1 a2 a3) b -> b a3 a2 a1", a1=2, a2=2, b=2)
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      ## unused axis provided
-      y.rearrange("(a b c) d -> a b c d", b=2, c=2, e=2)
-
-
-class test_rearrange_parsing(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_elementary_axis_name(self):
-    for name in [
-      "a",
-      "b",
-      "h",
-      "dx",
-      "h1",
-      "zz",
-      "i9123",
-      "somelongname",
-      "Alex",
-      "camelCase",
-      "u_n_d_e_r_score",
-      "unreasonablyLongAxisName",
-    ]:
-      Tensor.ones((1,)).rearrange(f"{name} -> {name}")
-
-    for name in ["2b", "12", "_startWithUnderscore", "endWithUnderscore_", "_"]:
-      with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-        Tensor.ones((1,)).rearrange(f"{name} -> {name}")
-
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
-      Tensor.ones((1,)).rearrange(" -> ")
-
-  def test_invalid_expressions(self):
-    # double ellipsis should raise an error
-    def _test_expression(expression: str):
-      Tensor.ones((2, 3, 4, 5, 6)).rearrange(f"{expression} -> {expression}")
-
-    _test_expression("... a b c d")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("... a b c d ...")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("... a b c (d ...)")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("(... a) b c (d ...)")
-
-    # double/missing/enclosed parenthesis
-    Tensor.ones((2, 3, 4, 5, 6)).rearrange("a b c d ... -> (a) b c (d ...)")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("(a)) b c (d ...)")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("(a b c (d ...)")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("(a) (()) b c (d ...)")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("(a) ((b c) (d ...))")
-
-    # invalid identifiers
-    _test_expression("camelCase under_scored cApiTaLs ß ...")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("1a")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("_pre")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("...pre")
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
-      _test_expression("pre...")
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-  unittest.main()

test/null/test_schedule.py

@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-# schedule tests that pass on NULL backend (no copyout needed)
-import unittest
-from tinygrad import Tensor
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp
-from tinygrad.helpers import DEBUG, Context
-from tinygrad.engine.realize import CompiledRunner, run_schedule
-
-class KernelCountException(Exception): pass
-def check_schedule(t:Tensor|list[Tensor]|UOp, allowed:int, to_prerealize:list[Tensor]|None=None, filter_sink=True):
-  if to_prerealize:
-    with Context(DEBUG=0, TRACK_MATCH_STATS=0): Tensor.realize(*to_prerealize)
-  if isinstance(t, Tensor): sched = t.schedule()
-  elif isinstance(t, list) and isinstance(t[0], Tensor): sched = Tensor.schedule(*t)
-  else:
-    assert isinstance(t, UOp), f"can't schedule {t}"
-    sched = Tensor(t).schedule()
-  # test lowering all the ExecItems
-  for si in sched: si.lower()
-  kernel_cnt = len([si for si in sched if isinstance(si.prg, CompiledRunner) or not filter_sink])
-  if kernel_cnt != allowed:
-    print(f"SCHEDULE ISSUE, expecting {allowed} got {kernel_cnt}")
-    if DEBUG >= 3:
-      for i,s in enumerate(sched):
-        print("kernel", i+1)
-        print(s.ast)
-    raise KernelCountException(f"{kernel_cnt} != {allowed}")
-  return sched
-
-class TestBufferUOp(unittest.TestCase):
-  # BUFFER has a ShapeTracker of shape=(n,) and stride=(1,)
-  def test_buffer_has_buffer(self):
-    buf = Tensor.empty(10)
-    self.assertIsNotNone(buf.uop.buffer)
-    self.assertEqual(buf.uop.shape, (10,))
-    # the device Buffer remains unallocated until it's we run the schedule
-    self.assertFalse(buf.uop.buffer.is_allocated())
-    add = buf+1
-    sched = add.schedule()
-    self.assertFalse(buf.uop.buffer.is_allocated())
-    run_schedule(sched)
-    self.assertTrue(buf.uop.buffer.is_allocated())
-
-  def test_buffer_has_unique_buffer(self):
-    buf = Tensor.empty(10)
-    buf1 = buf.uop.buffer
-    buf2 = buf.uop.buffer
-    self.assertIs(buf1, buf2)
-
-  # we also allow VIEW(BUFFER) to access the underlying device Buffer, as long as it's contiguous
-  def test_buffer_view_allowed(self):
-    add = Tensor.empty(1, 1)+Tensor.empty(1, 1)
-    add.realize()
-    self.assertIsNotNone(add.uop.buffer)
-    self.assertEqual(add.uop.shape, (1, 1))
-
-  def test_buffer_view_not_allowed(self):
-    permuted_view = Tensor.empty(1, 2, 3).permute(0, 2, 1)
-    with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, "can only be RESHAPE"):
-      permuted_view.uop.buffer # cannot access Buffer of a non contiguous VIEW
-
-  def test_buffer_only_after_realize(self):
-    a = Tensor([1])+Tensor([2])
-    # accessing realized will return None
-    self.assertIsNone(a.uop.realized)
-    # accessing Buffer will assert
-    with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, "must be BUFFER"):
-      a.uop.buffer # there is no BUFFER on an unrealized ADD
-    # Buffer only exists once we realize it
-    a.realize()
-    self.assertIsNotNone(a.uop.buffer)
-
-  def test_const_does_not_realize(self):
-    a = Tensor(1)+Tensor(2)
-    run_schedule(check_schedule(a, 0))
-    self.assertIsNone(a.uop.base.realized)
-
-  def test_var_does_not_realize(self):
-    a = Tensor(UOp.variable("a", 0, 10).bind(1))
-    run_schedule(check_schedule(a, 0))
-    self.assertIsNone(a.uop.base.realized)
-
-  def test_unused_var_not_in_var_vals(self):
-    # unused variable should not appear in var_vals even when there's other work
-    a = Tensor(UOp.variable("unused", 0, 10).bind(1))
-    b = Tensor.empty(3) + 1
-    _, var_vals = Tensor.schedule_with_vars(a, b)
-    self.assertEqual(var_vals, {})
-    self.assertIsNone(a.uop.base.realized)
-
-  def test_view_does_not_realize(self):
-    a = Tensor.randn(1, 4).expand(4, 4)
-    a.realize()
-    self.assertEqual(a.uop.base.realized.size, 4)
-    a2 = a.contiguous().realize()
-    self.assertEqual(a2.uop.base.realized.size, 16)
-
-class TestContiguous(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_contiguous_buffer(self):
-    a = Tensor.empty(4)
-    b = a.contiguous()
-    check_schedule(b, 0)
-
-  def test_contiguous_buffer_view(self):
-    a = Tensor.empty(4)
-    b = a.reshape((2, 2)).contiguous()
-    check_schedule(b, 0)
-
-  def test_non_contiguous_buffer_view(self):
-    a = Tensor.empty(4, 1)
-    b = a.expand((4, 4)).contiguous()
-    check_schedule(b, 1)
-
-  def test_size_change_buffer_view(self):
-    a = Tensor.empty(4)
-    b = a.reshape((1, 1, 4)).shrink(((0, 1), (0, 1), (0, 3))).contiguous()
-    check_schedule(b, 1)
-
-  def test_double_contiguous_realizes_once(self):
-    a = Tensor.empty(4, 1)
-    b = a.expand((4, 4)).contiguous().contiguous()
-    check_schedule(b, 1)
-
-  def test_view_does_not_realize(self):
-    a = Tensor.empty(4)
-    b = a.expand((4, 4))
-    check_schedule(b, 0)
-    self.assertEqual(b.uop.base.buffer.size, 4)
-
-  def test_contiguous_view_realizes(self):
-    a = Tensor.empty(4)
-    b = a.expand((4, 4)).contiguous()
-    check_schedule(b, 1)
-    self.assertEqual(b.uop.base.buffer.size, 16)
-
-class TestSimpleSchedule(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_reduce_doesnt_split(self):
-    a = Tensor.empty(16,16).sum(axis=1)
-    a1 = a.reshape(4,4)
-    a2 = a.reshape(16,1,1)
-    self.assertEqual(len(Tensor.schedule(a1, a2)), 1)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-  unittest.main(verbosity=2)

test/null/test_schedule_cache.py

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-import unittest
-from tinygrad import Tensor, Variable, Context
-from tinygrad.helpers import cpu_events
-from tinygrad.engine.schedule import schedule_cache
-
-def schedule_one():
-  Tensor([1]).schedule()
-
-class TestScheduleCache(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_bound_variable_var_vals(self):
-    v = Variable('pos', 1, 100)
-    x = Tensor.ones(10).contiguous().realize()
-
-    t = x + Tensor(v.bind(42))
-    _, var_vals = t.schedule_with_vars()
-    self.assertEqual(var_vals, {'pos': 42})
-
-  def test_disable_schedule_cache(self):
-    schedule_cache.clear()
-
-    # test write
-    with Context(SCACHE=0): schedule_one()
-    self.assertEqual(len(schedule_cache), 0)
-    with Context(SCACHE=1):
-      schedule_one()
-      schedule_one()
-    self.assertEqual(len(schedule_cache), 1)
-
-    # test read
-    with Context(PROFILE=1):
-      cpu_events.clear()
-      with Context(SCACHE=0): schedule_one()
-      num_events_no_cache = len(cpu_events)
-
-      cpu_events.clear()
-      with Context(SCACHE=1): schedule_one()
-      num_events_cache = len(cpu_events)
-    self.assertLess(num_events_cache, num_events_no_cache)
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-  unittest.main()

test/null/test_tensor.py

@@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
-# tensor tests that pass on NULL backend (no copyout needed)
-import numpy as np
-import unittest
-from tinygrad import Tensor, Device, dtypes
-from tinygrad.device import is_dtype_supported
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops, UOp
-from tinygrad.renderer.ptx import PTXRenderer
-from tinygrad.renderer.nir import NIRRenderer
-from tinygrad.engine.realize import get_program
-from tinygrad.dtype import DType
-
-x_init = np.random.randn(1,3).astype(np.float32)
-W_init = np.random.randn(3,3).astype(np.float32)
-m_init = np.random.randn(1,3).astype(np.float32)
-
-class TestTrainMode(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_train_mode(self):
-    assert not Tensor.training
-    @Tensor.train()
-    def f():
-      assert Tensor.training
-    f()
-    assert not Tensor.training
-
-class TestInferenceMode(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_inference(self):
-    x = Tensor(x_init, requires_grad=True)
-    m = Tensor(m_init, requires_grad=True)
-    W = Tensor(W_init, requires_grad=True)
-    tmp = x.mul(m)
-    mm = tmp.matmul(W)
-    out = mm.relu()
-    out = out.sum()
-    #out.backward()
-    assert x.grad is None
-    assert m.grad is None
-    assert tmp.grad is None
-    assert mm.grad is None
-    assert W.grad is None
-    assert W.requires_grad
-
-  def test_no_grad_mode_context_manager(self):
-    x = Tensor(x_init, requires_grad=True)
-    m = Tensor(m_init, requires_grad=True)
-    W = Tensor(W_init, requires_grad=True)
-    def f(x, m, W):
-      tmp = x.mul(m)
-      mm = tmp.matmul(W)
-      out = mm.relu()
-      out = out.sum()
-      #out.backward()
-      assert x.grad is None
-      assert m.grad is None
-      assert tmp.grad is None
-      assert mm.grad is None
-      assert W.grad is None
-    f(x, m, W)
-
-class TestIdxUpcast(unittest.TestCase):
-  def _find_op(self, ast: UOp, op: Ops):
-    if ast.op is op: return ast
-    for src in ast.src:
-      if (ret:=self._find_op(src, op)) is not None: return ret
-  def _schedule_render(self, a: Tensor):
-    schedule, _ = a.schedule_with_vars()
-    for s in schedule:
-      if s.ast.op is Ops.SINK:
-        renderer = Device[s.bufs[0].device].renderer
-        prg = get_program(s.ast, renderer)
-        return prg.uops
-
-  def _assert(self, dtype: DType, a: Tensor):
-    uops = self._schedule_render(a)
-    # Assert the dtype of the INDEX value, This will need be updated if UOp spec changes
-    store = next(uop for uop in uops if uop.op is Ops.STORE)
-    assert store.op is Ops.STORE
-    idx = self._find_op(store, Ops.INDEX)
-    # PTX and NIR turn Ops.INDEX into pointer arithmetic earlier than cstyle, plus it's already cast to int64
-    if not isinstance(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, (PTXRenderer, NIRRenderer)):
-      assert idx.op is Ops.INDEX
-      idx_val = idx.src[1]
-      assert idx_val.dtype is dtype
-
-  # use expand to generate kernel that uses large idx
-  def do_op_then_assert(self, dtype: DType, dim1, dim2, dim3):
-    self._assert(dtype, Tensor.empty(dim1, dim2, 1).expand(-1, -1, dim3).contiguous())
-
-  @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.long), "int64 is supported")
-  def test_overflow(self):
-    # 2**11, 2**11, 2**11 -> 2**33 will overflow when indexed
-    self.do_op_then_assert(dtypes.long, 2048, 2048, 2048)
-
-  @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.long), "int64 is supported")
-  def test_overflow_sym(self):
-    self.do_op_then_assert(dtypes.long, 2048, 2048, UOp.variable("dim3", 1, 2048).bind(32))
-
-  def test_regular(self):
-    self.do_op_then_assert(dtypes.int, 64, 64, 64)
-
-  def test_regular_sym(self):
-    self.do_op_then_assert(dtypes.int, 2048, 2048, UOp.variable("dim3", 1, 64).bind(32))
-
-  @unittest.skipIf(isinstance(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, (PTXRenderer, NIRRenderer)), "PTX and NIR always converts Ops.INDEX to int64")
-  def test_symfold(self):
-    # This would cause an overflow, but after sym fold it's within int32
-    a = Tensor.arange(65535)
-    uops = self._schedule_render(a)
-    assert all(uop.dtype is not dtypes.long for uop in uops)
-
-  def test_arange_raise_overflow(self):
-    with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-      self._schedule_render(Tensor.arange(2**33, dtype=dtypes.int))
-
-  @unittest.skipIf(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.long), "int64 is supported")
-  def test_int64_unsupported_overflow_sym(self):
-    with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-      self.do_op_then_assert(dtypes.long, 2048, 2048, UOp.variable("dim3", 1, 2048).bind(32))
-
-  @unittest.skipIf(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.long), "int64 is supported")
-  @unittest.expectedFailure  # bug in gpu dims limiting
-  def test_int64_unsupported_overflow(self):
-    with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-      self.do_op_then_assert(dtypes.long, 2048, 2048, 2048)
-
-  @unittest.skip("This is kept for reference, it requires large memory to run")
-  def test_overflow_kernel_run(self):
-    # This creates a total of 2**31+10 elements, requiring at least 2147 MB memory to run
-    # Modified example from issue 3271
-    a = Tensor.empty(2**11, 2**11, 1, dtype=dtypes.int8).permute((2, 0, 1)).expand((2**9+10, -1, -1)).contiguous()
-    a.realize()
-
-class TestTensorUnique(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_empty_bufs_unique(self):
-    a = Tensor.empty(10, 10).contiguous()
-    b = Tensor.empty(10, 10).contiguous()
-    Tensor.realize(a,b)
-    self.assertIsNot(a.uop.buffer, b.uop.buffer)
-
-  def test_zeros_bufs_unique_sep(self):
-    a = Tensor.zeros(10, 10).contiguous()
-    Tensor.realize(a)
-    b = Tensor.zeros(10, 10).contiguous()
-    Tensor.realize(b)
-    self.assertIsNot(a.uop.buffer, b.uop.buffer)
-
-  def test_zeros_bufs_unique(self):
-    a = Tensor.zeros(10, 10).contiguous()
-    b = Tensor.zeros(10, 10).contiguous()
-    Tensor.realize(a,b)
-    self.assertIsNot(a.uop.buffer, b.uop.buffer)
-
-  def test_eye_bufs_unique(self):
-    a = Tensor.eye(10).contiguous()
-    b = Tensor.eye(10).contiguous()
-    Tensor.realize(a,b)
-    self.assertIsNot(a.uop.buffer, b.uop.buffer)
-
-  def test_times_2_not_unique(self):
-    a = Tensor.zeros(10, 10).contiguous()
-    b = a * 2
-    c = a * 2
-    Tensor.realize(b,c)
-    self.assertIs(b.uop.buffer, c.uop.buffer)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-  unittest.main()

test/null/test_uops.py

@@ -1,334 +0,0 @@
-# uops tests that pass on NULL backend (no copyout needed)
-import unittest
-import numpy as np
-from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor
-from tinygrad.helpers import Timing, Context
-from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, ConstFloat  # noqa: F401
-from tinygrad.device import Device
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops, UOp, UPat, KernelInfo, exec_alu
-from tinygrad.uop.spec import shared_spec
-from tinygrad.uop.symbolic import sym
-from test.helpers import get_uops
-
-def to_uops_list(u:list[UOp], ren=None) -> list[UOp]:
-  sink = UOp.group(*u)
-  for r in sink.ranges: sink = sink.end(r)
-  ret = get_uops(sink.sink(arg=KernelInfo(opts_to_apply=())), ren)
-  assert ret[-1].op is Ops.SINK
-  return ret
-
-class TestSafeCast(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_cast_folds(self):
-    a = UOp.variable("a", 1, 10, dtype=dtypes.int32)
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.int64).cast(dtypes.int32).simplify(), a)
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.double).cast(dtypes.int32).simplify(), a)
-    a = UOp.variable("a", 1, 10, dtype=dtypes.uint8)
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.int64).cast(dtypes.uint8).simplify(), a)
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint8).simplify(), a)
-
-  def test_remove_intermediate_cast(self):
-    a = UOp.variable("a", 0., 100., dtype=dtypes.half)
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.double).cast(dtypes.float).simplify(), a.cast(dtypes.float))
-    a = UOp.variable("a", 1, 10, dtype=dtypes.int32)
-    # TODO: double preserves certain int dtypes
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.double).cast(dtypes.float).simplify(), a.cast(dtypes.float))
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.int64).cast(dtypes.int16).simplify(), a.cast(dtypes.int16))
-    a = UOp.variable("a", 1, 10, dtype=dtypes.uint8)
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.int64).cast(dtypes.int32).simplify(), a.cast(dtypes.int32))
-
-  def test_safe_cast_using_bounds(self):
-    a = UOp.variable("a", 1, 10, dtype=dtypes.uint64)
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.int16).cast(dtypes.int).simplify(), a.cast(dtypes.int))
-    a = UOp.variable("a", -10, 10, dtype=dtypes.int32)
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.int8).cast(dtypes.int64).simplify(), a.cast(dtypes.int64))
-    self.assertEqual(a.cast(dtypes.int8).cast(dtypes.float).simplify(), a.cast(dtypes.float))
-
-class TestExecALU(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_sqrt(self):
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.SQRT, dtypes.float, (0.0,)), 0.0)
-
-  def test_div(self):
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.IDIV, dtypes.int8, (8, 2)), 4)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.IDIV, dtypes.int8, (7, 3)), 2)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.IDIV, dtypes.int8, (7, -3)), -2)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.IDIV, dtypes.int8, (-50, 6)), -8)
-
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(exec_alu(Ops.MUL, dtypes.float32, (7.0, exec_alu(Ops.RECIPROCAL, dtypes.float32, (3.0,)))), 2+(1.0/3.0))
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(exec_alu(Ops.MUL, dtypes.float32, (7.0, exec_alu(Ops.RECIPROCAL, dtypes.float32, (-3.0,)))), -2-(1.0/3.0))
-
-  def test_recip(self):
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(exec_alu(Ops.RECIPROCAL, dtypes.float32, (8,)), 1/8)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(exec_alu(Ops.RECIPROCAL, dtypes.float32, (7,)), 1/7)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(exec_alu(Ops.RECIPROCAL, dtypes.float32, (-3,)), 1/-3)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(exec_alu(Ops.RECIPROCAL, dtypes.float32, (-50,)), 1/-50)
-
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(exec_alu(Ops.RECIPROCAL, dtypes.float32, ((32+521+3),)), 1/(32+521+3))
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(exec_alu(Ops.RECIPROCAL, dtypes.float32, ((34**2),)), 1/(34**2))
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(exec_alu(Ops.RECIPROCAL, dtypes.float32, (10,)), 1/10)
-
-  def test_bool_cmplt(self):
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.CMPLT, dtypes.bool, (False, False)), False)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.CMPLT, dtypes.bool, (False, True)), True)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.CMPLT, dtypes.bool, (True, False)), False)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.CMPLT, dtypes.bool, (True, True)), False)
-
-  def test_bool_cmpne(self):
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.CMPNE, dtypes.bool, (False, False)), False)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.CMPNE, dtypes.bool, (False, True)), True)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.CMPNE, dtypes.bool, (True, False)), True)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.CMPNE, dtypes.bool, (True, True)), False)
-
-  def test_bool_where(self):
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.WHERE, dtypes.bool, (False, False, False)), False)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.WHERE, dtypes.int, (False, 2, 4)), 4)
-    np.testing.assert_allclose(exec_alu(Ops.WHERE, dtypes.float, (False, 2.2, 4.5)), 4.5)
-
-  def test_overflow(self):
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.uint8, (250, 250)), 244)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.uint8, (256, 0)), 0)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.uint8, (0, -1)), 255)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.uint8, (0, -1000)), 24)
-
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int8, (127, 0)), 127)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int8, (-128, 0)), -128)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int8, (-100, -100)), 56)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int8, (-1000, -0)), 24)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int8, (-130, -0)), 126)
-
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int8, (1, 1)), 2)
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int8, (-128, 0)), -128)
-
-    # test no truncate
-    self.assertEqual(exec_alu(Ops.ADD, dtypes.uint8, (250, 250), truncate_output=False), 500)
-
-class TestConstantFolding(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_cast_const(self):
-    t = Tensor(1, dtype=dtypes.float).cast(dtypes.int)
-    si = t.schedule()
-    assert len(si) == 0
-
-class TestGatedStoreRewrite(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_tiny_gate_store(self):
-    gmem = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(), (), 0)
-    gidx0 = UOp(Ops.SPECIAL, dtypes.int, (UOp.const(dtypes.int, 4),), 'gidx0')
-    gate = gidx0<UOp.const(dtypes.int, 1)
-    idx = UOp(Ops.INDEX, dtypes.float.ptr(), (gmem, (gidx0 * UOp.const(dtypes.int, 2)).valid(gate)))
-    val = UOp.const(dtypes.float, 42.0)
-    store = UOp(Ops.STORE, dtypes.void, (idx, val))
-    uops = to_uops_list([store])
-    if_uop = next(u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.IF)
-    endif = next(u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.ENDIF)
-    assert endif.src[0] is if_uop
-    gated_uops = tuple(uops[uops.index(if_uop)+1:uops.index(endif)])
-    self.assertEqual(len(gated_uops), 1)
-    self.assertIs(gated_uops[-1].op, Ops.STORE)
-
-  def test_gate_some_stores(self):
-    gmem0 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(), (), 0)
-    gmem1 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(), (), 1)
-    gidx0 = UOp(Ops.SPECIAL, dtypes.int, (UOp.const(dtypes.int, 4),), 'gidx0')
-    idx = gidx0 * UOp.const(dtypes.int, 2)
-    idx0 = UOp(Ops.INDEX, dtypes.float.ptr(), (gmem0, idx.valid(gidx0<UOp.const(dtypes.int, 1))))
-    idx1 = UOp(Ops.INDEX, dtypes.float.ptr(), (gmem1, idx))
-    val = UOp.const(dtypes.float, 42.0)
-    stores = [UOp.store(idx0, val), UOp.store(idx1, val)]
-    uops = to_uops_list(stores)
-    if_uop = next(u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.IF)
-    endif = next(u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.ENDIF)
-    assert endif.src[0] is if_uop
-    gated_uops = tuple(uops[uops.index(if_uop)+1:uops.index(endif)])
-    self.assertEqual(len(gated_uops), 1)
-    self.assertIs(gated_uops[-1].op, Ops.STORE)
-
-  # scaled down version of TestLinearizerDumb.test_unmerged_ifs
-  @unittest.skip("we don't merge ifs anymore")
-  def test_merge_ifs_alt(self):
-    gmem0 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(), (), 0)
-    gmem1 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(), (), 1)
-    gidx0 = UOp(Ops.SPECIAL, dtypes.int, (UOp.const(dtypes.int, 4),), 'gidx0')
-    idx = gidx0*UOp.const(dtypes.int, 2)
-    gate = gidx0<UOp.const(dtypes.int, 1)
-    idx0 = UOp(Ops.INDEX, dtypes.float.ptr(), (gmem0, idx, gate))
-    idx1 = UOp(Ops.INDEX, dtypes.float.ptr(), (gmem1, idx, gate))
-    val = UOp.const(dtypes.float, 42.0)
-    stores = [UOp.store(idx0, val), UOp.store(idx1, val)]
-    uops = to_uops_list(stores)
-    ifs = [u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.IF]
-    endifs = [u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.ENDIF]
-    self.assertEqual(len(ifs), 1)
-    self.assertEqual(len(endifs), 1)
-    gated_uops = tuple(uops[uops.index(ifs[0])+1:uops.index(endifs[0])])
-    self.assertEqual(len(gated_uops), 2)
-    for x in gated_uops: self.assertIs(x.op, Ops.STORE)
-
-@unittest.skipIf(Device.DEFAULT == "METAL", "compiler bug")
-@unittest.skipUnless(Ops.SHR in Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.code_for_op, "fast_idiv requires SHR")
-class TestFastIdiv(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_division_power_of_two(self):
-    for dt in (dtypes.int32, dtypes.uint32):
-      g = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dt.ptr(), (), 0)
-      c = UOp.const(dt, 2)
-      l = g.index(c)
-      a = UOp(Ops.IDIV, dt, (l, c))
-      uops = to_uops_list([a], ren=Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer)
-      Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.render(uops)
-      ops = [x.op for x in uops]
-      self.assertIn(Ops.SHR, ops, f"For dtype={dt} divison by power of two did not simplify to shift")
-      self.assertNotIn(Ops.IDIV, ops, f"For dtype={dt} divison by power of two did not simplify to shift")
-
-  @unittest.skipIf(Device.DEFAULT == "WEBGPU", "WEBGPU doesn't support long")
-  def test_fast_idiv_and_mod(self):
-    g = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint32.ptr(), (), 0)
-    c = UOp.const(dtypes.uint, 3)
-    l = g.index(c)
-    a = UOp(Ops.IDIV, dtypes.uint, (l, c))
-    uops = to_uops_list([a], ren=Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer)
-    Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.render(uops)
-    ops = [x.op for x in uops]
-    self.assertIn(Ops.SHR, ops)
-    self.assertNotIn(Ops.IDIV, ops)
-
-    b = UOp(Ops.MOD, dtypes.uint, (l, c))
-    uops = to_uops_list([b], ren=Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer)
-    Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.render(uops)
-    ops = [x.op for x in uops]
-    self.assertIn(Ops.SHR, ops)
-    self.assertNotIn(Ops.MOD, ops)
-
-  def test_fast_idiv_remove_powers_of_two(self):
-    ridx = UOp.range(2**20, 0)
-    uops = to_uops_list([ridx//(7*64)], ren=Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer)
-    ops = [x.op for x in uops]
-    # this requires shifting out the powers of two before doing fast_idiv
-    # (((ridx0>>6)*18725)>>17) instead of (int)((((long)(ridx0)*1198373)>>29))
-    self.assertNotIn(Ops.CAST, ops)
-
-  @unittest.expectedFailure
-  def test_fast_idiv_overflow(self):
-    # This will be possible with a slightly different method for fast_idiv
-    g = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint32.ptr(), (), 0)
-    c = UOp.const(dtypes.uint, 7)
-    l = UOp(Ops.LOAD, dtypes.uint, (g.index(c),))
-    a = UOp(Ops.IDIV, dtypes.uint, (l, c))
-    uops = to_uops_list([a], ren=Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer)
-    Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.render(uops)
-    ops = [x.op for x in uops]
-    self.assertIn(Ops.SHR, ops)
-    self.assertNotIn(Ops.IDIV, ops)
-
-  def test_disable_fast_idiv(self):
-    g = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uint32.ptr(), (), 0)
-    c = UOp.const(dtypes.uint, 3)
-    l = g.index(c)
-    a = UOp(Ops.IDIV, dtypes.uint, (l, c))
-    with Context(DISABLE_FAST_IDIV=1):
-      uops = to_uops_list([a], ren=Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer)
-    ops = [x.op for x in uops]
-    self.assertNotIn(Ops.SHR, ops)
-    self.assertIn(Ops.IDIV, ops)
-
-class TestUOpMethod(unittest.TestCase):
-  @unittest.skip("uops lt no longer ordered")
-  def test_compare_alu_same_src_different_arg(self):
-    a = UOp.const(dtypes.float, 2.0)
-    b = UOp.const(dtypes.float, 3.0)
-
-    add = UOp(Ops.ADD, dtypes.float, (a, b))
-    mul = UOp(Ops.MUL, dtypes.float, (a, b))
-    assert (add < mul) or (mul < add), "add and mul with same src should have an order"
-
-  def test_uop_variables(self):
-    a = UOp.variable("a", 1, 10)
-    uop_var = Tensor(a.bind(1))
-    st_var = Tensor.empty((2, 10))[:, :a.bind(1)]
-    _, var_vals = (uop_var+st_var).schedule_with_vars()
-    self.assertEqual(len(var_vals), 1)
-    self.assertEqual(list(var_vals)[0], a.expr)
-
-  def test_const_factor(self):
-    gidx0 = UOp(Ops.SPECIAL, dtypes.int, (UOp.const(dtypes.int, 8),), 'gidx0')
-    self.assertEqual(UOp.const(dtypes.int, 17).const_factor(), 17)
-    self.assertEqual(gidx0.const_factor(), 1)
-    self.assertEqual((gidx0*3).const_factor(), 3)
-    self.assertEqual((gidx0*3+6).const_factor(), 3)
-    self.assertEqual((gidx0*3+1).const_factor(), 1)
-
-  def test_replace(self):
-    x = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.int.ptr(), (), 0)
-    self.assertIs(x.replace(arg=None).arg, None)
-    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError): x.replace(field="a")
-
-  def test_const_zero_neg_zero_different(self):
-    # -0.0 and 0.0 must be different UOps (for IEEE754 correctness, e.g. 1/-0.0 = -inf)
-    pos_zero = UOp.const(dtypes.float, 0.0)
-    neg_zero = UOp.const(dtypes.float, -0.0)
-    self.assertIsNot(pos_zero, neg_zero)
-    self.assertNotEqual(hash(pos_zero.arg), hash(neg_zero.arg))
-
-  def test_const_nan_same(self):
-    # nan constants should be deduplicated
-    nan1 = UOp.const(dtypes.float, float('nan'))
-    nan2 = UOp.const(dtypes.float, float('nan'))
-    self.assertIs(nan1, nan2)
-
-class TestUOpStr(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_uop_str(self):
-    a = UOp.const(dtypes.float, 2.0) + UOp.const(dtypes.float, 3.0)
-    for _ in range(20): a = a + a
-    assert len(str(a)) < 10_000, "exponential string growth"
-    assert str(eval(str(a))) == str(a)
-
-  def test_vectorized_str(self):
-    vec = UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtypes.int.vec(4), tuple(UOp.const(dtypes.int, x) for x in range(4)))
-    assert str(eval(str(vec))) == str(vec)
-
-  def test_device_arg(self):
-    device = UOp(Ops.DEVICE, arg="CL")
-    assert str(eval(str(device))) == str(device)
-
-  def test_reduceop_arg(self):
-    sum_uop = Tensor.empty(32, 32).sum().uop
-    assert str(eval(str(sum_uop))) == str(sum_uop)
-
-class TestUPatHelpers(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_location(self):
-    self.assertEqual(sym.patterns[-1][0].location[0].replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1], "symbolic.py")
-    self.assertEqual(shared_spec.patterns[0][0].location[0].replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1], "spec.py")
-    test_upat = UPat(Ops.CONST, dtypes.bool)
-    self.assertEqual(test_upat.location[0].replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1], __file__.replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1])
-    test_upat_named = test_upat.named("test_name")
-    self.assertEqual(test_upat.location[0], test_upat_named.location[0])
-    self.assertNotEqual(test_upat.location[1], test_upat_named.location[1])
-
-class TestUopsObject(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_timing(self):
-    with Timing("create 10k uops:"): ret = [UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.int, arg=10000000+i) for i in range(10000)]
-    assert len(ret) == 10000
-
-  def test_nested(self):
-    a = UOp.new_buffer(Device.DEFAULT, 1, dtypes.char)
-    for _ in range(10_000): a = a+a
-    self.assertEqual(a.device, Device.DEFAULT)
-
-class TestUOpRender(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_render_vectorize_empty(self):
-    u = UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtype=dtypes.int.vec(0), src=())
-    self.assertEqual(u.render(simplify=False), "{}")
-  def test_render_vectorize_empty_simplified(self):
-    u = UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtype=dtypes.int.vec(0), src=())
-    self.assertEqual(u.render(), "{}")
-  def test_render_vectorize_same(self):
-    u = UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtype=dtypes.int.vec(3), src=(UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0), UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0), UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0)))
-    self.assertEqual(u.render(simplify=False), "{0, ...}")
-  def test_render_vectorize_different(self):
-    u = UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtype=dtypes.int.vec(3), src=(UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0), UOp.const(dtypes.int, 1), UOp.const(dtypes.int, 2)))
-    self.assertEqual(u.render(simplify=False), "{0,1,2}")
-  def test_render_vectorize_same_simplified(self):
-    u = UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtype=dtypes.int.vec(3), src=(UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0), UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0), UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0)))
-    self.assertEqual(u.render(), "0")
-  def test_render_vectorize_different_simplified(self):
-    u = UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtype=dtypes.int.vec(3), src=(UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0), UOp.const(dtypes.int, 1), UOp.const(dtypes.int, 2)))
-    self.assertEqual(u.render(), "(0, 1, 2)")
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-  unittest.main()

test/null/test_winograd.py

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
-import unittest, sys
-from tinygrad import Tensor, GlobalCounters, dtypes, Context
-from tinygrad.helpers import CI, Profiling, WINO
-
-@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "flaky on Windows")
-class TestWinograd(unittest.TestCase):
-  def setUp(self):
-    self.old = WINO.value
-    WINO.value = 1
-  def tearDown(self):
-    WINO.value = self.old
-
-  def test_profile(self):
-    x,w = Tensor.rand(1,4,9,9).realize(), Tensor.rand(4,4,3,3).realize()
-    with Profiling(enabled=not CI, sort='time'):
-      Tensor.conv2d(x,w).realize()
-
-  def test_forward_kernels(self):
-    x,w = Tensor.rand(1,4,9,9).realize(), Tensor.rand(4,4,3,3).realize()
-    out = Tensor.conv2d(x,w)
-    self.assertEqual(len(out.schedule()), 2)
-
-  def test_backward_kernels(self):
-    x,w = Tensor.empty(1,4,9,9,requires_grad=True).realize(), Tensor.empty(4,4,3,3,requires_grad=True).realize()
-    out = Tensor.conv2d(x,w, padding=1)
-    out.mean().backward()
-    backward_schedule = Tensor.schedule(x.grad, w.grad)
-    self.assertEqual(len(backward_schedule), 4)
-
-  def test_counters(self):
-    IC, OC, X, Y = 4,4,9,9
-    x,w = Tensor.rand(1,IC,Y,X).realize(), Tensor.rand(OC,IC,3,3).realize()
-    GlobalCounters.reset()
-    with Context(WINO=1):
-      Tensor.conv2d(x,w).realize()
-    ops_wino, mem_wino = GlobalCounters.global_ops, GlobalCounters.global_mem
-    GlobalCounters.reset()
-    with Context(WINO=0):
-      Tensor.conv2d(x,w).realize()
-    ops_normal, mem_normal = GlobalCounters.global_ops, GlobalCounters.global_mem
-
-    ops_ratio, mem_ratio = ops_wino/ops_normal, mem_wino/mem_normal
-    print(f"ops: normal {ops_normal:9d} wino {ops_wino:9d} ratio {ops_ratio:.2f}")
-    print(f"mem: normal {mem_normal:9d} wino {mem_wino:9d} ratio {mem_ratio:.2f}")
-
-    # TODO: what's optimal on this?
-    self.assertLess(ops_ratio, 4.3)
-    self.assertLess(mem_ratio, 3)
-
-  def test_dtype(self):
-    IC, OC, X, Y = 4,4,9,9
-    x,w = Tensor.empty(1,IC,Y,X), Tensor.empty(OC,IC,3,3)
-    self.assertEqual(Tensor.conv2d(x,w).dtype, dtypes.default_float)
-
-    x,w = Tensor.empty(1,IC,Y,X,dtype=dtypes.half), Tensor.empty(OC,IC,3,3,dtype=dtypes.half)
-    self.assertEqual(Tensor.conv2d(x,w).dtype, dtypes.half)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-  unittest.main(verbosity=2)

test/opt/test_tensor_cores.py

@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@ class TestTensorCores(unittest.TestCase):
         if _to_np_dtype(real_bufs[0].dtype) is None: continue
         real_bufs[0].copyin(np.zeros((real_bufs[0].size, ), dtype=_to_np_dtype(real_bufs[0].dtype)).data) # Zero to check that all values are filled
         prg.exec(real_bufs)
-        result = np.frombuffer(real_bufs[0].as_memoryview(), _to_np_dtype(real_bufs[0].dtype))
+        result = np.frombuffer(real_bufs[0].as_buffer(), _to_np_dtype(real_bufs[0].dtype))
 
         # ensure the results for each choice of axis matches
-        if golden_result is None: golden_result = np.frombuffer(real_bufs[0].as_memoryview(), _to_np_dtype(real_bufs[0].dtype))
+        if golden_result is None: golden_result = np.frombuffer(real_bufs[0].as_buffer(), _to_np_dtype(real_bufs[0].dtype))
         np.testing.assert_allclose(result, golden_result, atol=0.1, rtol=0.2)
 
   @Context(ALLOW_TF32=1)

test/test_arange.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 import numpy as np
 from tinygrad import Tensor, GlobalCounters, dtypes, nn, Device, Variable
-from tinygrad.helpers import Context, getenv, EMULATE
+from tinygrad.helpers import Context, getenv
 from tinygrad.engine.realize import run_schedule
 from tinygrad.engine.realize import CompiledRunner, get_program
 from tinygrad.engine.schedule import ExecItem
@@ -188,33 +188,5 @@ class TestIndexing(unittest.TestCase):
     for i in idx.flatten().numpy(): expected_grad[i] += 2
     np.testing.assert_allclose(emb.weight.grad.numpy(), expected_grad, rtol=1e-5, atol=1e-5)
 
-  # ~10x overhead in fused matmul bw with rope in bf16 vs float16
-  @unittest.skipUnless(Device.DEFAULT == "AMD" or (Device.DEFAULT == "NULL" and EMULATE.value.startswith("AMD")), "tests AMD bf16 cast overhead")
-  def base_test_llama_8b_rope_backward(self, dtype, ops_scale):
-    from extra.models.llama import precompute_freqs_cis, apply_rotary_emb
-    Tensor.training = True
-    bs, seqlen, dim, n_heads = 1, 512, 256, 4
-    head_dim = dim // n_heads
-    x = Tensor.randn(bs, seqlen, dim, dtype=dtype)
-    wq = Tensor.randn(dim, dim, dtype=dtype, requires_grad=True)
-    freqs_cis = precompute_freqs_cis(head_dim, seqlen).cast(dtype)
-    Tensor.realize(x, wq, freqs_cis)
-    xq = (x @ wq.T)
-    # main llama does not fuse it
-    #xq = xq.contiguous_backward()
-    xq = xq.reshape(bs, seqlen, n_heads, head_dim)
-    xq_rope, _ = apply_rotary_emb(xq, xq, freqs_cis)
-    xq_rope.sum().backward()
-    sched = wq.grad.schedule()
-    assert len(sched) == 1, f"expected one kernel for backward, got: {len(sched)}"
-    prg = sched[0].lower().prg.p
-    bwd_ops = prg.estimates.ops
-    expected_ops = bs*seqlen*dim*dim*ops_scale
-    print(f"rope matmul bwd ({dtype}): {GlobalCounters.kernel_count} kernels, {bwd_ops:,} ops")
-    self.assertLess(bwd_ops, expected_ops, f"rope bwd ops {bwd_ops:,} should be < {ops_scale} per (got {bwd_ops/(bs*seqlen*dim*dim):.1f})")
-
-  def test_llama_8b_rope_backward_f16(self): self.base_test_llama_8b_rope_backward(dtypes.float16, 1)
-  def test_llama_8b_rope_backward_bf16(self): self.base_test_llama_8b_rope_backward(dtypes.bfloat16, 11)
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
   unittest.main()

test/test_assign.py

@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ class TestAssign(unittest.TestCase):
 
   @unittest.skip("assign to contiguous shouldn't change the base buffer")
   def test_assign_changes_buffer_alt(self):
-    a, b = [Tensor(Tensor(0).contiguous().realize().uop.buf_uop) for _ in range(2)]
+    a, b = [Tensor(Tensor(0).contiguous().realize().uop.as_buf()) for _ in range(2)]
     Tensor.realize(a.contiguous().assign(1), b.contiguous().assign(2))
     self.assertEqual((a + b).item(), 3)
 

test/test_attention.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 from tinygrad import Tensor, dtypes, TinyJit, UOp
 from tinygrad.apps.llm import apply_rope as apply_rope_new, precompute_freqs_cis
+#from tinygrad.engine.realize import run_schedule
 
 def apply_rope(x:Tensor, start_pos:int):
   B, H, T, Hd = x.shape
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ def apply_rope(x:Tensor, start_pos:int):
   freqs_cis = precompute_freqs_cis(Hd, start_pos+T)[start_pos:start_pos+T]
   return apply_rope_new(x, freqs_cis)
 
+# TODO: test_scheduler, but just in uint
 class TestAttention(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_half_qkv_buffers(self):
     BS, seqlen, dim = 10, 4, 100
@@ -18,6 +20,17 @@ class TestAttention(unittest.TestCase):
     sched = attn.schedule()
     # attention has 4 kernels now
     self.assertEqual(len(sched), 4)
+    # softmax_inputs = sched[1:4]
+    # for i,si in enumerate(softmax_inputs):
+    #   assert all(b.dtype == dtypes.half for b in si.bufs), f"non half {si.bufs=} in kernel {i}"
+
+  def test_apply_rope(self):
+    x = Tensor.randn(1, 2, 4, 8, dtype=dtypes.float32)
+    result = apply_rope(x, 0)
+    self.assertEqual(result.shape, x.shape)
+    self.assertEqual(result.dtype, x.dtype)
+    self.assertGreater((result - apply_rope(x, 5)).abs().max().item(), 1e-6)
+    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError): apply_rope(Tensor.randn(1, 1, 4, 7, dtype=dtypes.float32), 0)
 
   def test_apply_rope_jit_prune(self):
     def rope_fn(x_in, pos): return apply_rope(x_in, pos)

test/test_const_folding.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-import unittest, math
-from tinygrad import Tensor, Device, dtypes
-from tinygrad.dtype import DTYPES_DICT
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops
+import unittest, itertools, math
+from tinygrad import Tensor, Device, dtypes, Context
+from tinygrad.dtype import DType, ConstType, DTYPES_DICT
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops, UOp
+from tinygrad.codegen import full_rewrite_to_sink
 from tinygrad.device import is_dtype_supported
 import numpy as np
 from test.helpers import not_support_multi_device
@@ -12,6 +13,140 @@ def _check_ast_count(desired_count:int, t:Tensor):
   asts = [s for s in schedule if s.ast.op is Ops.SINK]
   assert len(asts) == desired_count, f"{len(asts)} != {desired_count}"
 
+class TestUnaryOpsConstFolding(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_all_consts_ops(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4).exp())
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4).sqrt())
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4) + Tensor.ones(4))
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4) / Tensor.ones(4))
+
+  def test_cast(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4).cast(dtypes.int16))
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.full(4, fill_value=-1).cast(dtypes.uint16))
+
+  def test_neg_folding(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1, 2, 3]).mul(-1).neg())
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1, 2, 3]).neg().mul(-1))
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1, 2, 3]).neg().neg())
+
+  def test_neg_realized_no_fold(self):
+    x = Tensor.randn(32, 32)
+    x = x.clip(0, 1).realize()
+    _check_ast_count(1, x.neg())
+
+class TestBinaryOpsConstFolding(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_add_literal_zero(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) + 0)
+  def test_add_tensor_zero(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) + Tensor.zeros(4))
+  def test_literal_zero_add(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, 0 + Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
+  def test_tensor_zero_add(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.zeros(4) + Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
+
+  def test_sub_literal_zero(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) - 0)
+  def test_sub_tensor_zero(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) - Tensor.zeros(4))
+
+  def test_mul_literal_zero(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) * 0)
+  def test_mul_tensor_zero(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) * Tensor.zeros(4))
+  def test_literal_zero_mul(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, 0 * Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) * 0)
+  def test_tensor_zero_mul(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.zeros(4) * Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
+
+  def test_mul_literal_one(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) * 1)
+  def test_mul_tensor_one(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) * Tensor.ones(4))
+  def test_literal_one_mul(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, 1 * Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
+  def test_tensor_one_mul(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4) * Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
+
+  def test_bool_tensor_mul_bool(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([True, False]) * True)
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([True, False]) * False)
+  def test_bool_mul_bool_tensor(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, True * Tensor([True, False]))
+    _check_ast_count(0, False * Tensor([True, False]))
+
+  def test_div_literal_one(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) / 1)
+  def test_div_tensor_one(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) / Tensor.ones(4))
+
+  def test_idiv_literal_one(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4]) // 1)
+  def test_idiv_tensor_one(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4]) // Tensor.ones(4, dtype=dtypes.int32))
+
+  def test_pow_literal_zero(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) ** 0)
+  def test_pow_tensor_zero(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) ** Tensor.zeros(4))
+
+  def test_pow_literal_one(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) ** 1)
+  def test_pow_tensor_one(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) ** Tensor.ones(4))
+  def test_literal_one_pow(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, 1 ** Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
+  def test_tensor_one_pow(self):
+    _check_ast_count(0, Tensor.ones(4) ** Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]))
+
+class TestBitcastConstFolding(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_scalar_bitcast(self):
+    def t(cases: dict[DType, ConstType]):
+      for (from_dt, from_v), (to_dt, to_v) in itertools.product(cases.items(), cases.items()):
+        if not math.isnan(from_v):
+          r = full_rewrite_to_sink(UOp.const(from_dt, from_v).bitcast(to_dt).sink()).src[0]
+          self.assertEqual(r.op, Ops.CONST, msg:=f"{from_dt} -> {to_dt} ({from_v} -> {to_v})")
+          self.assertEqual(r.dtype, to_dt, msg)
+          np.testing.assert_equal(r.arg, to_v, msg)
+
+    t({dtypes.int8: 0, dtypes.uint8: 0, dtypes.bool: False})
+    t({dtypes.int8: 1, dtypes.uint8: 1, dtypes.bool: True})
+
+    t({dtypes.int8:  -1, dtypes.uint8:  2**8-1})
+    t({dtypes.int16: -1, dtypes.uint16: 2**16-1, dtypes.float16: float('nan')})
+    t({dtypes.int32: -1, dtypes.uint32: 2**32-1, dtypes.float32: float('nan')})
+    t({dtypes.int64: -1, dtypes.uint64: 2**64-1, dtypes.float64: float('nan')})
+
+    t({dtypes.int8:  -2**7,  dtypes.uint8:  2**7})
+    t({dtypes.int16: -2**15, dtypes.uint16: 2**15})
+    t({dtypes.int32: -2**31, dtypes.uint32: 2**31})
+    t({dtypes.int64: -2**63, dtypes.uint64: 2**63})
+
+    t({dtypes.int16: 13496, dtypes.uint16: 13496, dtypes.float16: 0.294921875})
+    t({dtypes.int32: 1050081145, dtypes.uint32: 1050081145, dtypes.float32: 0.29485681653022766})
+    t({dtypes.int64: 4598983288165178391, dtypes.uint64: 4598983288165178391, dtypes.float64: 0.29485681936461233})
+
+  def test_vec_bitcast(self):
+    with Context(SPEC=0):
+      r = full_rewrite_to_sink(UOp.const(dtypes.int32.vec(3), (-1, -2**31, 75)).bitcast(dtypes.uint32.vec(3)).sink()).src[0]
+    self.assertEqual(r.op, Ops.VECTORIZE)
+    self.assertEqual(r.dtype, dtypes.uint32.vec(3))
+    self.assertEqual(tuple(x.arg for x in r.src), (2**32-1, 2**31, 75))
+
+# folds advance indexing into basic indexing
+class TestIndexingConstFolding(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_scalar_index(self):
+    t = Tensor.arange(16).float().reshape(1,1,4,4).realize()
+    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor(1),:])
+    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor(1)+2,:])
+    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor(1),Tensor(0)])
+
+  def test_const_tensor_index(self):
+    # TODO: these can be 0, implement const tensor folded indexing
+    t = Tensor.arange(16).float().reshape(1,1,4,4).realize()
+    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor.ones(2,1,dtype=dtypes.int),:])
+    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor.ones(1,2,dtype=dtypes.int)+2,:])
+    _check_ast_count(1, t[:,:,Tensor.ones(1,1,dtype=dtypes.int),Tensor.zeros(2,1,2,dtype=dtypes.int)])
+
 class TestMovedConstFolding(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_add_shrunk_zero(self):
     _check_ast_count(0, Tensor([1.0, 2, 3, 4]) + Tensor.zeros(6).shrink(((1, 5),)))

test/test_dtype.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from tinygrad.dtype import DType, DTYPES_DICT, least_upper_dtype, fp8_to_float,
 from tinygrad.renderer.ptx import PTXRenderer
 from tinygrad.renderer.nir import NIRRenderer
 from tinygrad import Context, Device, Tensor, dtypes
+from tinygrad.uop import Ops
 from hypothesis import given, settings, strategies as strat
 from test.helpers import rand_for_dtype
 from test.unit.test_dtype_spec import _assert_eq, core_dtypes, dtype_ints, dtype_floats, FP8E4M3_MAX, FP8E5M2_MAX
@@ -246,17 +247,6 @@ class TestBFloat16DTypeCast(unittest.TestCase):
 
 class TestHalfDType(TestDType): DTYPE = dtypes.half
 
-class TestEmulatedHalf(TestHalfDType):
-  @classmethod
-  def setUpClass(cls):
-    cls.stack = contextlib.ExitStack()
-    cls.stack.enter_context(Context(EMULATED_DTYPES="half"))
-    cls.DATA = rand_for_dtype(cls.DTYPE, 10)
-
-  @classmethod
-  def tearDownClass(cls): cls.stack.close()
-
-
 class TestFloatDType(TestDType):
   DTYPE = dtypes.float
 
@@ -349,6 +339,7 @@ class TestUint32DType(TestDType): DTYPE = dtypes.uint32
 
 class TestInt64DType(TestDType): DTYPE = dtypes.int64
 
+@unittest.skipUnless(Ops.SHL in Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.code_for_op, "long decomp requires bitshift")
 @unittest.skipIf(isinstance(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, PTXRenderer), "PTX does indexing math with longs")
 class TestEmulatedInt64DType(TestInt64DType):
   @classmethod
@@ -365,6 +356,7 @@ class TestUint64DType(TestDType):
   def test_uint64_load(self):
     assert Tensor(2**64 - 1, dtype=dtypes.uint64).numpy() == 2**64 - 1
 
+@unittest.skipUnless(Ops.SHL in Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.code_for_op, "long decomp requires bitshift")
 @unittest.skipIf(isinstance(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, PTXRenderer), "PTX does indexing math with longs")
 class TestEmulatedUInt64DType(TestUint64DType):
   @classmethod

test/test_dtype_alu.py

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 import unittest, operator, math
 from tinygrad import Context, Tensor, dtypes, Device
 from tinygrad.dtype import DType, truncate
-from tinygrad.helpers import CI, EMULATED_DTYPES, getenv
+from tinygrad.helpers import CI, getenv
 from tinygrad.tensor import _to_np_dtype
 from tinygrad.device import is_dtype_supported
 from tinygrad.runtime.ops_python import from_storage_scalar
 from tinygrad.renderer.ptx import PTXRenderer
 from tinygrad.renderer.nir import NIRRenderer
+from tinygrad.uop import Ops
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 from hypothesis import assume, given, strategies as strat, settings
@@ -63,10 +64,7 @@ def universal_test(a, b, dtype, op):
   numpy_value = op[1](ta.numpy(), tb.numpy())
   if dtype in dtypes.fp8s: numpy_value = truncate[dtype](numpy_value.item())
   if dtype in dtypes.floats:
-    if not is_dtype_supported(dtype) or dtype in EMULATED_DTYPES.tolist(dtypes): # denormals are zero
-      fe, fm = dtypes.finfo(dtype)
-      atol, rtol = 2 ** (2 - (1 << (fe - 1))), 2 ** (-fm)
-    else: atol, rtol = {dtypes.bfloat16:(1e-3, 1e-2), dtypes.fp8e4m3:(1e-1, 1e-1), dtypes.fp8e5m2:(1.0, 5e-1)}.get(dtype, (1e-10, 1e-7))
+    atol, rtol = {dtypes.bfloat16:(1e-3, 1e-2), dtypes.fp8e4m3:(1e-1, 1e-1), dtypes.fp8e5m2:(1.0, 5e-1)}.get(dtype, (1e-10, 1e-7))
     np.testing.assert_allclose(tensor_value, numpy_value, atol=atol, rtol=rtol)
   else: np.testing.assert_equal(tensor_value, numpy_value)
 
@@ -119,10 +117,6 @@ class TestDTypeALU(unittest.TestCase):
   @given(ht.float16, ht.float16, strat.sampled_from(binary_operations))
   def test_float16(self, a, b, op): universal_test(a, b, dtypes.float16, op)
 
-  @given(ht.float16, ht.float16, strat.sampled_from(binary_operations))
-  @Context(EMULATED_DTYPES="half")
-  def test_emulated_float16(self, a, b, op): universal_test(a, b, dtypes.float16, op)
-
   @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.bfloat16), f"no bfloat16 on {Device.DEFAULT}")
   @given(ht.bfloat16, ht.bfloat16, strat.sampled_from(binary_operations))
   def test_bfloat16(self, a, b, op):
@@ -145,10 +139,6 @@ class TestDTypeALU(unittest.TestCase):
   @given(ht.float16, strat.sampled_from(unary_operations))
   def test_float16_unary(self, a, op): universal_test_unary(a, dtypes.float16, op)
 
-  @given(ht.float16, strat.sampled_from(unary_operations))
-  @Context(EMULATED_DTYPES="half")
-  def test_emulated_float16_unary(self, a, op): universal_test_unary(a, dtypes.float16, op)
-
   @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.bfloat16), f"no bfloat16 on {Device.DEFAULT}")
   @given(ht.bfloat16, strat.sampled_from(unary_operations))
   def test_bfloat16_unary(self, a, op): universal_test_unary(from_storage_scalar(a, dtypes.bfloat16), dtypes.bfloat16, op)
@@ -180,6 +170,7 @@ class TestDTypeALU(unittest.TestCase):
   @given(ht.uint64, ht.uint64, strat.sampled_from(integer_binary_operations))
   def test_uint64(self, a, b, op): universal_test(a, b, dtypes.uint64, op)
 
+  @unittest.skipUnless(Ops.SHL in Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.code_for_op, "long decomp requires bitshift")
   @unittest.skipIf(isinstance(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, PTXRenderer), "PTX does indexing math with longs")
   @given(ht.uint64, ht.uint64, strat.sampled_from(integer_binary_operations))
   @Context(EMULATED_DTYPES="long")
@@ -198,6 +189,7 @@ class TestDTypeALU(unittest.TestCase):
   @given(ht.int64, ht.int64, strat.sampled_from(integer_binary_operations))
   def test_int64(self, a, b, op): universal_test(a, b, dtypes.int64, op)
 
+  @unittest.skipUnless(Ops.SHL in Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.code_for_op, "long decomp requires bitshift")
   @unittest.skipIf(isinstance(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, PTXRenderer), "PTX does indexing math with longs")
   @given(ht.int64, ht.int64, strat.sampled_from(integer_binary_operations))
   @Context(EMULATED_DTYPES="long")
@@ -218,6 +210,7 @@ class TestDTypeALU(unittest.TestCase):
   @given(ht.uint64, strat.sampled_from(integer_unary_operations))
   def test_uint64_unary(self, a, op): universal_test_unary(a, dtypes.uint64, op)
 
+  @unittest.skipUnless(Ops.SHL in Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.code_for_op, "long decomp requires bitshift")
   @unittest.skipIf(isinstance(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, PTXRenderer), "PTX does indexing math with longs")
   @given(ht.uint64, strat.sampled_from(integer_unary_operations))
   @Context(EMULATED_DTYPES="long")
@@ -236,6 +229,7 @@ class TestDTypeALU(unittest.TestCase):
   @given(ht.int64, strat.sampled_from(integer_unary_operations))
   def test_int64_unary(self, a, op): universal_test_unary(a, dtypes.int64, op)
 
+  @unittest.skipUnless(Ops.SHL in Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.code_for_op, "long decomp requires bitshift")
   @unittest.skipIf(isinstance(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, PTXRenderer), "PTX does indexing math with longs")
   @given(ht.int64, strat.sampled_from(integer_unary_operations))
   @Context(EMULATED_DTYPES="long")

test/test_dtype_spec.py

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-import unittest, math, struct, operator
-from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor, dtypes
-from tinygrad.dtype import DTYPES_DICT, truncate, float_to_fp16, float_to_bf16, _to_np_dtype, least_upper_dtype, least_upper_float
+import unittest, math, operator, subprocess
+from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor, dtypes, Device
+from tinygrad.dtype import DType, DTYPES_DICT, least_upper_float
 from tinygrad.device import is_dtype_supported
-
-from tinygrad.helpers import getenv
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, DEBUG
+from test.helpers import slow
 from hypothesis import given, settings, strategies as strat
 import numpy as np
 import torch
@@ -15,207 +15,15 @@ core_dtypes = list(DTYPES_DICT.values())
 dtype_ints = [dt for dt in core_dtypes if dtypes.is_int(dt) and is_dtype_supported(dt)]
 dtype_floats = [dt for dt in core_dtypes if dtypes.is_float(dt) and is_dtype_supported(dt)]
 
-FP8E4M3_MAX = 448.0
-FP8E5M2_MAX = 57344.0
+def _assert_eq(tensor:Tensor, target_dtype:DType, target, tol_target_dtype:float=1e-7):
+  if DEBUG >= 2: print(tensor.numpy())
+  try:
+    assert tensor.dtype == target_dtype
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(tensor.numpy(), target, rtol={dtypes.float16:1e-3, dtypes.bfloat16:1e-2,
+      dtypes.fp8e4m3:1e-1, dtypes.fp8e5m2:5e-1}.get(target_dtype, tol_target_dtype))
 
-def u32_to_f32(u): return struct.unpack('f', struct.pack('I', u))[0]
-def f32_to_u32(f): return struct.unpack('I', struct.pack('f', f))[0]
-
-class TestHelpers(unittest.TestCase):
-  signed_ints = (dtypes.int8, dtypes.int16, dtypes.int32, dtypes.int64)
-  uints = (dtypes.uint8, dtypes.uint16, dtypes.uint32, dtypes.uint64)
-  floats = (dtypes.float16, dtypes.float32, dtypes.float64)
-
-  @given(strat.sampled_from(signed_ints+uints), strat.integers(min_value=1, max_value=8))
-  def test_is_int(self, dtype, amt):
-    assert dtypes.is_int(dtype.vec(amt) if amt > 1 else dtype)
-    assert not dtypes.is_float(dtype.vec(amt) if amt > 1 else dtype)
-
-  @given(strat.sampled_from(uints), strat.integers(min_value=1, max_value=8))
-  def test_is_unsigned_uints(self, dtype, amt):
-    assert dtypes.is_unsigned(dtype.vec(amt) if amt > 1 else dtype)
-
-  @given(strat.sampled_from(signed_ints), strat.integers(min_value=1, max_value=8))
-  def test_is_unsigned_signed_ints(self, dtype, amt):
-    assert not dtypes.is_unsigned(dtype.vec(amt) if amt > 1 else dtype)
-
-  @given(strat.sampled_from(floats), strat.integers(min_value=1, max_value=8))
-  def test_is_float(self, dtype, amt):
-    assert dtypes.is_float(dtype.vec(amt) if amt > 1 else dtype)
-    assert not dtypes.is_int(dtype.vec(amt) if amt > 1 else dtype)
-    assert not dtypes.is_unsigned(dtype.vec(amt) if amt > 1 else dtype)
-
-  def test_bf16_is_float(self):
-    assert dtypes.is_float(dtypes.bfloat16)
-
-  def test_fp8s_are_float(self):
-    assert dtypes.is_float(dtypes.fp8e4m3)
-    assert dtypes.is_float(dtypes.fp8e5m2)
-
-  @given(strat.sampled_from([d for d in DTYPES_DICT.values() if dtypes.is_float(d) or dtypes.is_int(d)]), strat.integers(min_value=2, max_value=8))
-  def test_scalar(self, dtype, amt):
-    assert dtype.vec(amt).scalar() == dtype
-
-  def test_from_py(self):
-    assert dtypes.from_py(True) == dtypes.bool
-    assert dtypes.from_py(2) == dtypes.default_int
-    assert dtypes.from_py(3.0) == dtypes.default_float
-    assert dtypes.from_py([]) == dtypes.default_float
-    assert dtypes.from_py(()) == dtypes.default_float
-    assert dtypes.from_py([True]) == dtypes.bool
-    assert dtypes.from_py([True, 2]) == dtypes.default_int
-    assert dtypes.from_py([True, 3.0]) == dtypes.default_float
-    assert dtypes.from_py([2, 3.0]) == dtypes.default_float
-    assert dtypes.from_py([True, 2, 3.0]) == dtypes.default_float
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): dtypes.from_py(None)
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): dtypes.from_py([None])
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): dtypes.from_py({})
-    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): dtypes.from_py(set())
-
-  def test_dtype_range(self):
-    for dt in core_dtypes:
-      if dtypes.is_float(dt):
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dtypes.min(dt), -math.inf)
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dtypes.max(dt), math.inf)
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dt.min, -math.inf)
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dt.max, math.inf)
-      elif dtypes.is_int(dt):
-        info = np.iinfo(_to_np_dtype(dt))
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dtypes.min(dt), info.min)
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dtypes.max(dt), info.max)
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dt.min, info.min)
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dt.max, info.max)
-      else:
-        assert dt == dtypes.bool, dt
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dtypes.min(dt), False)
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dtypes.max(dt), True)
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dt.min, False)
-        np.testing.assert_equal(dt.max, True)
-
-  def test_dtype_range_vec(self):
-    for dt in core_dtypes:
-      self.assertEqual(dt.min, dt.vec(4).min)
-      self.assertEqual(dt.max, dt.vec(4).max)
-
-  def test_float_to_fp16(self):
-    self.assertEqual(float_to_fp16(1), 1)
-    self.assertEqual(float_to_fp16(65504), 65504)
-    self.assertEqual(float_to_fp16(65519.999), 65504)
-    self.assertEqual(float_to_fp16(65520), math.inf)
-    self.assertEqual(float_to_fp16(1e-8), 0.0)
-    self.assertEqual(float_to_fp16(-65504), -65504)
-    self.assertEqual(float_to_fp16(-65519.999), -65504)
-    self.assertEqual(float_to_fp16(-65520), -math.inf)
-    self.assertTrue(math.isnan(float_to_fp16(math.nan)))
-
-  def test_float_to_bf16(self):
-    max_bf16 = torch.finfo(torch.bfloat16).max
-    for a in [1, 1.1, 1234, 23456, -777.777, max_bf16, max_bf16 * 1.00001, -max_bf16, -max_bf16 * 1.00001, math.inf, -math.inf]:
-      self.assertEqual(float_to_bf16(a), torch.tensor([a], dtype=torch.bfloat16).item())
-    self.assertTrue(math.isnan(float_to_bf16(math.nan)))
-
-  def test_float_to_bf16_nan(self):
-    patterns = [0x7FC00001, 0xFFC00001, 0x7F800001, 0xFF800001, 0x7FFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF]
-    for u in patterns:
-      x = u32_to_f32(u)
-      y = float_to_bf16(x)
-      t = torch.tensor([x], dtype=torch.bfloat16).item()
-      self.assertTrue(math.isnan(y))
-      self.assertTrue(math.isnan(t))
-
-  def test_float_to_bf16_round(self):
-    uppers = [0x3f800000, 0x41230000, 0xC1460000]
-    for upper in uppers:
-      base = upper & 0xFFFF0000
-      base_f32 = u32_to_f32(base)
-      base_f32_round_up = u32_to_f32(base + 0x00010000)
-
-      x = u32_to_f32(base | 0x00007000)
-      self.assertEqual(float_to_bf16(x), base_f32)
-      self.assertEqual(torch.tensor([x], dtype=torch.bfloat16).item(), base_f32)
-
-      x = u32_to_f32(base | 0x0000C000)
-      self.assertEqual(float_to_bf16(x), base_f32_round_up)
-      self.assertEqual(torch.tensor([x], dtype=torch.bfloat16).item(), base_f32_round_up)
-
-      if ((upper >> 16) & 1) == 0:
-        x = u32_to_f32(base | 0x00008000)
-        self.assertEqual(float_to_bf16(x), base_f32)
-        self.assertEqual(torch.tensor([x], dtype=torch.bfloat16).item(), base_f32)
-      else:
-        x = u32_to_f32(base | 0x00008000)
-        self.assertEqual(float_to_bf16(x), base_f32_round_up)
-        self.assertEqual(torch.tensor([x], dtype=torch.bfloat16).item(), base_f32_round_up)
-
-  def test_float_to_bf16_boundary(self):
-    base = 0x7F7F0000
-    inf_u32 = 0x7F800000
-
-    x = u32_to_f32(base | 0x00007FFF)
-    self.assertEqual(f32_to_u32(float_to_bf16(x)), base)
-    self.assertEqual(f32_to_u32(torch.tensor([x], dtype=torch.bfloat16).item()), base)
-
-    x = u32_to_f32(base | 0x0000C000)
-    self.assertEqual(f32_to_u32(float_to_bf16(x)), inf_u32)
-    self.assertEqual(f32_to_u32(torch.tensor([x], dtype=torch.bfloat16).item()), inf_u32)
-
-    x = u32_to_f32(base | 0x00008000)
-    self.assertEqual(f32_to_u32(float_to_bf16(x)), inf_u32)
-    self.assertEqual(f32_to_u32(torch.tensor([x], dtype=torch.bfloat16).item()), inf_u32)
-
-  @given(strat.floats(width=32, allow_subnormal=True, allow_nan=True, allow_infinity=True))
-  def test_truncate_fp8e4m3(self, x):
-    if math.isnan(x): np.testing.assert_equal(truncate[dtypes.fp8e4m3](x), x)
-    elif math.isinf(x): np.testing.assert_equal(truncate[dtypes.fp8e4m3](x), math.copysign(math.nan, x))
-    elif x > FP8E4M3_MAX: np.testing.assert_equal(truncate[dtypes.fp8e4m3](x), FP8E4M3_MAX)
-    elif x < -FP8E4M3_MAX: np.testing.assert_equal(truncate[dtypes.fp8e4m3](x), -FP8E4M3_MAX)
-    else: np.testing.assert_equal(truncate[dtypes.fp8e4m3](x), torch.tensor(x, dtype=torch.float8_e4m3fn).float().item())
-
-  @given(strat.floats(width=32, allow_subnormal=True, allow_nan=True, allow_infinity=True))
-  def test_truncate_fp8e5m2(self, x):
-    if math.isnan(x): np.testing.assert_equal(truncate[dtypes.fp8e5m2](x), x)
-    elif math.isinf(x): np.testing.assert_equal(truncate[dtypes.fp8e5m2](x), x)
-    elif x > FP8E5M2_MAX: np.testing.assert_equal(truncate[dtypes.fp8e5m2](x), FP8E5M2_MAX)
-    elif x < -FP8E5M2_MAX: np.testing.assert_equal(truncate[dtypes.fp8e5m2](x), -FP8E5M2_MAX)
-    else: np.testing.assert_equal(truncate[dtypes.fp8e5m2](x), torch.tensor(x, dtype=torch.float8_e5m2).float().item())
-
-class TestTypePromotion(unittest.TestCase):
-  @given(strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes))
-  def test_self_promo_to_self(self, dtype):
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtype) == dtype
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtype, dtype) == dtype
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtype, dtype, dtype) == dtype
-
-  @given(strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes), strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes))
-  def test_promo_resulted_higher_than_inputs(self, dtype1, dtype2):
-    result = least_upper_dtype(dtype1, dtype2)
-    assert not (result < dtype1) and not (result < dtype2)
-
-  def test_dtype_promo(self):
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.bool, dtypes.int8) == dtypes.int8
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.int8, dtypes.uint8) == dtypes.int16
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.uint8, dtypes.int16) == dtypes.int16
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.int16, dtypes.uint16) == dtypes.int32
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.uint16, dtypes.int32) == dtypes.int32
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.int32, dtypes.uint32) == dtypes.int64
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.uint32, dtypes.int64) == dtypes.int64
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.int64, dtypes.uint64) == dtypes.uint64
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.float16, dtypes.float32) == dtypes.float32
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.float32, dtypes.float64) == dtypes.float64
-
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.bool, dtypes.float32) == dtypes.float32
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.bool, dtypes.float64) == dtypes.float64
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.float16, dtypes.int64) == dtypes.float16
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.float16, dtypes.uint64) == dtypes.float16
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.fp8e4m3, dtypes.fp8e5m2) == dtypes.half
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.fp8e4m3, dtypes.bfloat16) == dtypes.bfloat16
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.fp8e5m2, dtypes.bfloat16) == dtypes.bfloat16
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.fp8e4m3, dtypes.float16) == dtypes.float16
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.fp8e5m2, dtypes.float16) == dtypes.float16
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.fp8e4m3, dtypes.int64) == dtypes.fp8e4m3
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.fp8e4m3, dtypes.uint64) == dtypes.fp8e4m3
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.fp8e5m2, dtypes.int64) == dtypes.fp8e5m2
-    assert least_upper_dtype(dtypes.fp8e5m2, dtypes.uint64) == dtypes.fp8e5m2
+  except AssertionError as e:
+    raise AssertionError(f"\ntensor {tensor.numpy()} dtype {tensor.dtype} does not match target {target} with dtype {target_dtype}") from e
 
 class TestTypeSpec(unittest.TestCase):
   def setUp(self):
@@ -232,6 +40,112 @@ class TestTypeSpec(unittest.TestCase):
       dtypes.default_float = default_float
       assert dtypes.default_float == default_float
 
+  @unittest.skip("this test is slow and spawning whole pythons")
+  def test_env_set_default_float(self):
+    # check default
+    subprocess.run(['python3 -c "from tinygrad import dtypes; assert dtypes.default_float == dtypes.float"'],
+                    shell=True, check=True)
+    # check change
+    subprocess.run(['DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF python3 -c "from tinygrad import dtypes; assert dtypes.default_float == dtypes.half"'],
+                    shell=True, check=True)
+    # check invalid
+    with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+      subprocess.run(['DEFAULT_FLOAT=INT32 python3 -c "from tinygrad import dtypes"'],
+                      shell=True, check=True)
+
+    with self.assertRaises(subprocess.CalledProcessError):
+      subprocess.run(['DEFAULT_FLOAT=TYPO python3 -c "from tinygrad import dtypes"'],
+                      shell=True, check=True)
+
+  @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.int8), f"no int8 on {Device.DEFAULT}")
+  def test_dtype_str_arg(self):
+    n = np.random.normal(0, 1, (10, 10)).astype(np.float32)
+    tested = 0
+    for dtype_str, dtype in [
+      ("bool", dtypes.bool), ("int8", dtypes.int8), ("int", dtypes.int), ("uint32", dtypes.uint32), ("float32", dtypes.float32)]:
+      np.testing.assert_equal(Tensor(n, dtype=dtype_str).numpy(), Tensor(n, dtype=dtype).numpy())
+      np.testing.assert_equal(Tensor(n).cast(dtype_str).numpy(), Tensor(n).cast(dtype).numpy())
+      if dtype.itemsize == 4:
+        np.testing.assert_equal(Tensor(n).bitcast(dtype_str).numpy(), Tensor(n).bitcast(dtype).numpy())
+        tested += 1
+    assert tested == 3
+
+    with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): Tensor([1, 2, 3], dtype="nonexistdtype")
+    with self.assertRaises(AttributeError): Tensor([1, 2, 3], dtype="")
+
+    np.testing.assert_equal(Tensor(n).sum(dtype="int16").numpy(), Tensor(n).sum(dtype=dtypes.int16).numpy())
+
+  @given(strat.sampled_from(dtype_ints), strat.sampled_from(dtype_floats))
+  def test_creation(self, default_int, default_float):
+    dtypes.default_int, dtypes.default_float = default_int, default_float
+    _assert_eq(Tensor(True), dtypes.bool, True)
+    _assert_eq(Tensor(None), dtypes.default_float, [])
+    _assert_eq(Tensor(2), dtypes.default_int, 2)
+    _assert_eq(Tensor(2.34), dtypes.default_float, 2.34)
+    _assert_eq(Tensor([]), dtypes.default_float, [])
+    _assert_eq(Tensor([1]), dtypes.default_int, [1])
+    _assert_eq(Tensor([1.1]), dtypes.default_float, [1.1])
+
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.eye(0), dtypes.default_float, np.eye(0))
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.eye(3), dtypes.default_float, np.eye(3))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.int64):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.eye(3, dtype=dtypes.int64), dtypes.int64, np.eye(3))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.float16):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.eye(3, dtype=dtypes.float16), dtypes.float16, np.eye(3))
+
+  @given(strat.sampled_from(dtype_ints), strat.sampled_from(dtype_floats))
+  def test_full(self, default_int, default_float):
+    dtypes.default_int, dtypes.default_float = default_int, default_float
+
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.zeros((2, 3)), dtypes.default_float, np.zeros((2, 3)))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.int64):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.zeros((2, 3), dtype=dtypes.int64), dtypes.int64, np.zeros((2, 3)))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.float16):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.zeros((2, 3), dtype=dtypes.float16), dtypes.float16, np.zeros((2, 3)))
+
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.ones((2, 3)), dtypes.default_float, np.ones((2, 3)))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.int64):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.ones((2, 3), dtype=dtypes.int64), dtypes.int64, np.ones((2, 3)))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.float16):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.ones((2, 3), dtype=dtypes.float16), dtypes.float16, np.ones((2, 3)))
+
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.full((2, 3), 3.0), dtypes.default_float, np.full((2, 3), 3.0))
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.full((2, 3), 3), dtypes.default_int, np.full((2, 3), 3))
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.full((2, 3), True), dtypes.bool, np.full((2, 3), True))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.int64):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.full((2, 3), 3, dtype=dtypes.int64), dtypes.int64, np.full((2, 3), 3))
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.full((2, 3), 3.0, dtype=dtypes.int64), dtypes.int64, np.full((2, 3), 3))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.float16):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.full((2, 3), 3, dtype=dtypes.float16), dtypes.float16, np.full((2, 3), 3))
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.full((2, 3), 3.0, dtype=dtypes.float16), dtypes.float16, np.full((2, 3), 3))
+
+  @given(strat.sampled_from(dtype_ints), strat.sampled_from(dtype_floats))
+  def test_reduce_0d_default(self, default_int, default_float):
+    dtypes.default_int, dtypes.default_float = default_int, default_float
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.ones((2,3,0)).sum(2), dtypes.default_float, np.zeros((2, 3)))
+    # TODO: what should this one be?
+    # _assert_eq(Tensor.ones((2,3,0), dtype=dtypes.default_int).sum(2), dtypes.default_int, np.zeros((2, 3)))
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.ones((2,3,0), dtype=dtypes.int32).sum(2), dtypes.int32, np.zeros((2, 3)))
+
+  @given(strat.sampled_from(dtype_ints), strat.sampled_from(dtype_floats))
+  def test_arange(self, default_int, default_float):
+    dtypes.default_int, dtypes.default_float = default_int, default_float
+
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.arange(5), dtypes.default_int, np.arange(5))
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.arange(120), dtypes.default_int, np.arange(120))
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.arange(5.0), dtypes.default_float, np.arange(5))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.int16):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.arange(5, dtype=dtypes.int16), dtypes.int16, np.arange(5))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.int64):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.arange(5, dtype=dtypes.int64), dtypes.int64, np.arange(5))
+    if is_dtype_supported(dtypes.float16):
+      _assert_eq(Tensor.arange(5, dtype=dtypes.float16), dtypes.float16, np.arange(5))
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.arange(3, 9, 0.7), dtypes.default_float, np.arange(3, 9, 0.7), 1e-6 if Device.DEFAULT == "WEBGPU" else 1e-7)
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.arange(3, 8.5, 3), dtypes.default_float, np.arange(3, 8.5, 3))
+    # stop-start and step have different signs
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.arange(3, 5, -2), dtypes.default_int, np.arange(3, 5, -2))
+    _assert_eq(Tensor.arange(5.0, 3.0), dtypes.default_float, np.arange(5.0, 3.0))
+
   @given(strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes), strat.sampled_from([operator.gt, operator.ge, operator.le, operator.lt, operator.eq, operator.ne]))
   def test_bool_ops(self, dtype, op):
     assert op(Tensor.ones(4, 4, dtype=dtype), Tensor.ones(4, 4, dtype=dtype)).dtype == dtypes.bool
@@ -284,6 +198,24 @@ class TestAutoCastType(unittest.TestCase):
     dtypes.default_float = default_float
     self.assertEqual(least_upper_float(input_dtype), default_float)
 
+  @given(strat.sampled_from([d for d in core_dtypes if dtypes.is_int(d) and is_dtype_supported(d)]))
+  def test_int_to_float_unary_func(self, dtype):
+    for func in [
+      lambda t: t.exp(),
+      lambda t: t.exp2(),
+      lambda t: t.log(),
+      lambda t: t.log2(),
+      lambda t: t.sqrt(),
+      lambda t: t.rsqrt(),
+      lambda t: t.sin(),
+      lambda t: t.cos(),
+      lambda t: t.tan(),
+      lambda t: t.sigmoid(),
+    ]:
+      a = [2, 3, 4]
+      # float16 can have larger precision errors
+      np.testing.assert_allclose(func(Tensor(a, dtype=dtype)).numpy(), func(torch.tensor(a)), rtol=1e-3, atol=1e-3)
+
   @given(strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes))
   def test_broadcast_scalar(self, dt):
     assert (Tensor.ones(4, 4, dtype=dt) + 2.3).dtype == (dt if dtypes.is_float(dt) else dtypes.default_float)
@@ -312,6 +244,23 @@ class TestAutoCastType(unittest.TestCase):
     assert (Tensor([0, 1], dtype=dtypes.float32)).sum().dtype == dtypes.float32
     assert (Tensor([0, 1], dtype=dtypes.float64)).sum().dtype == dtypes.float64
 
+  @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.float16), "need float16")
+  def test_sum_dtype_arg(self):
+    t = Tensor([40000, 40000], dtype=dtypes.float16)
+    # default float16 sum returns in float16, overflowed in this case
+    assert t.sum().dtype == dtypes.float16
+    assert math.isinf(t.sum().numpy().item())
+    # specifiying dtype and it's not downcasted
+    assert t.sum(dtype=dtypes.float32).dtype == dtypes.float32
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(t.sum(dtype=dtypes.float32).numpy(), 80000)
+
+  def test_prod_dtype_arg(self):
+    t = Tensor([100, 200], dtype=dtypes.int32)
+    assert t.prod().dtype == dtypes.int32
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(t.prod().numpy(), 20000)
+    assert t.prod(dtype=dtypes.float32).dtype == dtypes.float32
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(t.prod(dtype=dtypes.float32).numpy(), 20000)
+
   def test_mean(self):
     assert (Tensor([0, 1], dtype=dtypes.bool)).mean().dtype == dtypes.float32
     assert (Tensor([0, 1], dtype=dtypes.int8)).mean().dtype == dtypes.float32
@@ -350,7 +299,9 @@ class TestAutoCastType(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_matmul(self, dt1, dt2, acc_dt):
     t1 = Tensor([0, 1], dtype=dt1)
     t2 = Tensor([0, 1], dtype=dt2)
+    from tinygrad.dtype import least_upper_dtype
     self.assertEqual(t1.matmul(t2).dtype, least_upper_dtype(t1.dtype, t2.dtype))
+    # if dtype is specified, return in dtype
     self.assertEqual(t1.matmul(t2, dtype=acc_dt).dtype, acc_dt)
 
   @given(strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes), strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes), strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes), strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes))
@@ -358,8 +309,10 @@ class TestAutoCastType(unittest.TestCase):
     x = Tensor([0, 1], dtype=dt1)
     w = Tensor([0, 1], dtype=dt2)
     b = Tensor([0, 1], dtype=dt3)
+    from tinygrad.dtype import least_upper_dtype
     self.assertEqual(x.linear(w).dtype, least_upper_dtype(x.dtype, w.dtype))
     self.assertEqual(x.linear(w, b).dtype, least_upper_dtype(least_upper_dtype(x.dtype, w.dtype), b.dtype))
+    # if dtype is specified, return in dtype
     self.assertEqual(x.linear(w, dtype=acc_dt).dtype, acc_dt)
     self.assertEqual(x.linear(w, b, dtype=acc_dt).dtype, acc_dt)
 
@@ -370,6 +323,7 @@ class TestAutoCastType(unittest.TestCase):
 
   @given(strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes), strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes))
   def test_where_no_scalar(self, dt1, dt2):
+    from tinygrad.dtype import least_upper_dtype
     self.check_where_alternate_input_other(Tensor(2, dtype=dt1), Tensor(3, dtype=dt2), least_upper_dtype(dt1, dt2))
 
   @given(strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes))
@@ -389,6 +343,7 @@ class TestAutoCastType(unittest.TestCase):
 
   @given(strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes), strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes))
   def test_maximum(self, dt1, dt2):
+    from tinygrad.dtype import least_upper_dtype
     assert Tensor([0, 1, 2], dtype=dt1).maximum(Tensor([2, 0, 5], dtype=dt2)).dtype == least_upper_dtype(dt1, dt2)
 
   @given(strat.sampled_from(core_dtypes))
@@ -409,5 +364,62 @@ class TestAutoCastType(unittest.TestCase):
     assert (Tensor([1, 2], dtype=dtypes.float16) / 2).dtype == dtypes.float16
     assert (Tensor([1, 2], dtype=dtypes.float16) / 2.0).dtype == dtypes.float16
 
+  def test_gradient_dtype(self):
+    old_default_float = dtypes.default_float
+
+    for default_dtype in dtypes.floats:
+      if not is_dtype_supported(default_dtype): continue
+      dtypes.default_float = default_dtype
+      for dtype in  dtypes.floats:
+        if not is_dtype_supported(dtype): continue
+        if DEBUG >= 2:
+          print(f"testing {default_dtype=}, {dtype=}")
+        a = Tensor([1, 2, 3], dtype=dtype, requires_grad=True)
+        b = (a * 5).sum()
+        b.backward()  # if there is dtype mismatch, lazy should assert
+        assert a.grad.dtype == a.dtype
+        np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.numpy(), [5, 5, 5])
+
+    dtypes.default_float = old_default_float
+
+  @unittest.skipIf(Device.DEFAULT == "PYTHON", "very slow")
+  @slow
+  @unittest.skipIf(Device.DEFAULT == "WEBGPU", "Binding size is larger than the maximum storage buffer binding size")
+  @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.half), "need half")
+  def test_mean_half_precision_underflow(self):
+    N = 10000
+    x = 0.001
+    t = Tensor([[x]], dtype=dtypes.half, requires_grad=True).expand(N, N).contiguous()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(t.mean(axis=1).numpy(), np.array([x] * N, dtype=np.float16), rtol=1e-3)
+
+  @unittest.skip("this test only works with SPLIT_REDUCEOP=1")
+  @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.half), "need half")
+  def test_mean_half_precision_overflow(self):
+    N = 256
+    t = Tensor([60000] * N*N, dtype=dtypes.half, requires_grad=True).reshape(N, N)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(t.mean().numpy(), 60000)
+    t.square().mean().backward()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(t.grad.numpy().flatten(), [60000 * 2 / (N*N)] * N*N)
+
+  @unittest.skipIf(Device.DEFAULT == "WEBGPU", "Precision error")
+  @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.half), "need half")
+  def test_softmax_dtype(self):
+    data = [1, 2, 3]
+    t = Tensor(data, dtype=dtypes.half)
+    tt = torch.tensor(data, dtype=torch.half)
+
+    out = t.softmax(0)
+    self.assertEqual(out.dtype, dtypes.half)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(out.numpy(), tt.softmax(0).numpy(), rtol=1e-3)
+    out = t.softmax(0, dtype=dtypes.float)
+    self.assertEqual(out.dtype, dtypes.float)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(out.numpy(), tt.softmax(0, dtype=torch.float).numpy(), rtol=1e-3)
+    out = t.log_softmax(0)
+    self.assertEqual(out.dtype, dtypes.half)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(out.numpy(), tt.log_softmax(0).numpy(), rtol=1e-3)
+    out = t.log_softmax(0, dtype=dtypes.float)
+    self.assertEqual(out.dtype, dtypes.float)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(out.numpy(), tt.log_softmax(0, dtype=torch.float).numpy(), rtol=1e-3)
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()

test/test_gradient.py

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+import unittest
+import numpy as np
+from tinygrad import Tensor
+from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes
+
+class TestTensorGradient(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_example(self):
+    x = Tensor.eye(3)
+    y = Tensor([[2.0,0,-2.0]])
+    z = y.matmul(x).sum()
+    dx, dy = z.gradient(x, y)
+    self.assertListEqual(dx.tolist(), [[2.0, 2.0, 2.0], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0], [-2.0, -2.0, -2.0]])
+    self.assertListEqual(dy.tolist(), [[1.0, 1.0, 1.0]])
+
+  def test_raises(self):
+    x = Tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+    w = Tensor.randn((3,))
+    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): x.sum().gradient(w)
+
+  def test_with_custom_gradient(self):
+    x = Tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+    z = (x * x).sum()
+    dx = z.gradient(x, gradient=Tensor([3.0]))[0]
+    self.assertListEqual(dx.tolist(), [6.0, 12.0, 18.0])
+
+  def test_broadcast_gradient(self):
+    x = Tensor([[1.0], [2.0], [3.0]])
+    y = Tensor([[10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0]])
+    z = (x + y).sum()
+    dx, dy = z.gradient(x, y)
+    self.assertListEqual(dx.tolist(), [[4.0], [4.0], [4.0]])
+    self.assertListEqual(dy.tolist(), [[3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0]])
+
+  def test_non_scalar_output(self):
+    x = Tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+    z = x * x
+    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError): z.gradient(x)
+    dz = Tensor([1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
+    dx = z.gradient(x, gradient=dz)[0]
+    self.assertListEqual(dx.tolist(), [2.0, 4.0, 6.0])
+
+  def test_cast_before_view(self):
+    x = Tensor([1.0, 1, 1, 1])
+    x_reshaped = x.reshape(2,2)
+    x_casted = x_reshaped.cast(dtypes.float16)
+    x_casted.mean().gradient(x_reshaped)
+
+  def test_non_float_tensor_raise(self):
+    x = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
+    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): x.sum().gradient(x)
+    with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError): x.float().sum().gradient(x)
+
+  def test_copy_to_device_gradient(self):
+    t = Tensor([1.0, 2, 3], requires_grad=True).realize()
+    t.to("CPU:1").square().sum().backward()
+    self.assertEqual(t.grad.device, t.device)
+    self.assertListEqual(t.grad.tolist(), [2.0, 4.0, 6.0])
+
+  def test_multiple_backward(self):
+    x = Tensor([3.], requires_grad=True)
+    (x*2)[0].backward()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(x.grad.numpy(), [2.0])
+    old_grad = x.grad
+    (x*3)[0].backward()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(x.grad.numpy(), [2.0+3.0])
+    self.assertIs(x.grad, old_grad)
+    (x*x)[0].backward()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(x.grad.numpy(), [2.0+3.0+2*3.0])
+    self.assertIs(x.grad, old_grad)
+
+class TestViewGradient(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_expand(self):
+    # this test shows that if Tensors collapse to the views and create a disconnected graph
+    # there's no way to recover the proper gradient
+    x = Tensor.randn(5,2)
+    a = Tensor([3.], requires_grad=True)
+    aex = a.expand(10)
+    (aex.reshape(5,2) * x).sum().backward()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(aex.grad.numpy(), x.reshape(10).numpy())
+    # NOTE: aex.grad is *not* a.grad.expand(10)!
+    with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+      np.testing.assert_allclose(aex.grad.numpy(), a.grad.expand(10).numpy())
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  unittest.main()

test/test_graph.py

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def helper_alloc_rawbuffer(device, fill=False):
   if fill:
     with Context(DEBUG=0):
       data = np.random.randint(-10000, 10000, size=rawbuf.size, dtype=_to_np_dtype(rawbuf.dtype))
-      rawbuf.copyin(Tensor(data).realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview())
+      rawbuf.copyin(Tensor(data).realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer())
   return rawbuf
 
 def helper_create_offset_rawbuffer(base, offset=0):
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def helper_run_jit(jis, bufs, out_buffers):
     rawbuf.copyin(mv)
 
   for ei in jis: ei.run({}, jit=True)
-  return [rawbuf.as_memoryview() for rawbuf in bufs]
+  return [rawbuf.as_buffer() for rawbuf in bufs]
 
 def helper_test_graphs(graph_impl, graphs, runs=RUN_CNT):
   reg_ji = []

test/test_helpers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+import unittest
+import numpy as np
+from tinygrad.helpers import polyN
+
+class TestPolyN(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_tensor(self):
+    from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(polyN(Tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]), [1.0, -2.0, 1.0]).numpy(), [0.0, 1.0, 4.0, 9.0])
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  unittest.main()

test/test_image_dtype.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ class TestImageCopy(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_image_copyout_1x8(self, img_type=dtypes.imagef):
     it = Tensor.arange(32).cast(img_type((1,8,4))).realize()
     buf = it.uop.buffer
-    out = buf.as_memoryview()
+    out = buf.as_buffer()
     np.testing.assert_equal(out.cast(it.dtype.fmt).tolist(), np.arange(32))
 
   @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.half, device="PYTHON"), "need half")
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ class TestImageCopy(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_image_copyout_2x4(self):
     it = Tensor.arange(2*4*4).cast(dtypes.imagef((2,4,4))).realize()
     buf = it.uop.buffer
-    out = buf.as_memoryview()
+    out = buf.as_buffer()
     np.testing.assert_equal(out.cast('f').tolist(), np.arange(2*4*4))
 
   def test_image_roundtrip(self):
     sz = (4,2,4)
     it = Tensor.rand(prod(sz)).cast(dtypes.imagef(sz)).realize()
     buf = it.uop.buffer
-    out = buf.as_memoryview()
+    out = buf.as_buffer()
 
     it2 = Tensor.rand(prod(sz)).cast(dtypes.imagef(sz)).realize()
     buf2 = it2.uop.buffer
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class TestImageDType(unittest.TestCase):
       for s in sched:
         s.run()
         if s.bufs[0].dtype == dtypes.float:
-          lst = s.bufs[0].as_memoryview().cast("f").tolist()
+          lst = s.bufs[0].as_buffer().cast("f").tolist()
           print(lst)
           assert not np.any(np.isnan(lst))
       # NOTE: the w1 grad must realize to a separate kernel

test/test_indexing.py

@@ -193,6 +193,22 @@ class TestIndexing(unittest.TestCase):
     numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(w.grad, m * a)
   '''
 
+  def test_single_int(self):
+    v = Tensor.randn(5, 7, 3)
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[4].shape, (7, 3))
+
+  def test_multiple_int(self):
+    v = Tensor.randn(5, 7, 3)
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[4].shape, (7, 3))
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[4, :, 1].shape, (7,))
+
+  def test_none(self):
+    v = Tensor.randn(5, 7, 3)
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[None].shape, (1, 5, 7, 3))
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[:, None].shape, (5, 1, 7, 3))
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[:, None, None].shape, (5, 1, 1, 7, 3))
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[..., None].shape, (5, 7, 3, 1))
+
   def test_step(self):
     v = Tensor.arange(10)
     numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[::1], v)
@@ -402,6 +418,34 @@ class TestIndexing(unittest.TestCase):
     out = scripted_fn2(clone(data))
     numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(out, ref)
 
+  def test_int_indices(self):
+    v = Tensor.randn(5, 7, 3)
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[[0, 4, 2]].shape, (3, 7, 3))
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[:, [0, 4, 2]].shape, (5, 3, 3))
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(v[:, [[0, 1], [4, 3]]].shape, (5, 2, 2, 3))
+
+  # TODO fancy setitem
+  '''
+  def test_index_put_src_datatype(self, dtype):
+    src = Tensor.ones(3, 2, 4, dtype=dtype)
+    vals = Tensor.ones(3, 2, 4, dtype=dtype)
+    indices = (np.array([0, 2, 1]),)
+    res = index_put_(src, indices, vals, accumulate=True)
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(res.shape, src.shape)
+  '''
+
+  def test_index_src_datatype(self):
+    src = Tensor.ones(3, 2, 4)
+    # test index
+    res = src[[0, 2, 1], :, :]
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(res.shape, src.shape)
+    # test index_put, no accum
+    # TODO fancy setitem
+    '''
+    src[[0, 2, 1], :, :] = res
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(res.shape, src.shape)
+    '''
+
   def test_int_indices2d(self):
     # From the NumPy indexing example
     x = Tensor.arange(0, 12).reshape(4, 3)
@@ -452,6 +496,12 @@ class TestIndexing(unittest.TestCase):
     with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
       x[:, [0, 1]]
 
+  def test_empty_slice(self):
+    x = Tensor.randn(2, 3, 4, 5)
+    y = x[:, :, :, 1]
+    z = y[:, 1:1, :]
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper((2, 0, 4), z.shape)
+
   @unittest.skip("bool indexing not supported")
   def test_index_getitem_copy_bools_slices(self):
     true = Tensor(1, dtype=dtypes.uint8)
@@ -688,6 +738,17 @@ class TestIndexing(unittest.TestCase):
         (2, -3))
   '''
 
+  def test_invalid_index(self):
+    x = Tensor.arange(0, 16).reshape(4, 4)
+    self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: x["0":"1"])
+
+  def test_out_of_bound_index(self):
+    x = Tensor.arange(0, 100).reshape(2, 5, 10)
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: x[0, 5])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: x[4, 5])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: x[0, 1, 15])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: x[:, :, 12])
+
   def test_zero_dim_index(self):
     x = Tensor(10)
     numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(x, x.item())
@@ -712,6 +773,41 @@ class TestIndexing(unittest.TestCase):
     numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(out, Tensor.zeros(2))
   '''
 
+  def test_take_along_dim(self):
+    def _test_against_numpy(t: Tensor, indices: Tensor, dim):
+      actual = t.gather(dim, indices)
+      t_np = t.numpy()
+      indices_np = indices.numpy()
+      expected = np.take_along_axis(t_np, indices_np, axis=dim)
+      numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(actual, expected)
+
+      # TODO argsort
+      '''
+      for shape in [(3, 2), (2, 3, 5), (2, 4, 0), (2, 3, 1, 4)]:
+        for noncontiguous in [True, False]:
+          for dtype in (dtypes.float32, dtypes.int64):
+            t = make_tensor(shape, dtype=dtype, noncontiguous=noncontiguous)
+            for dim in list(range(t.ndim)) + [None]:
+              if dim is None:
+                indices = argsort(t.reshape(-1))
+              else:
+                indices = argsort(t, dim=dim)
+
+          _test_against_numpy(t, indices, dim)
+      '''
+
+      # test broadcasting
+      t = Tensor.ones((3, 4, 1))
+      indices = Tensor.ones((1, 2, 5), dtype=dtypes.int64)
+
+      _test_against_numpy(t, indices, 1)
+
+      # test empty indices
+      t = Tensor.ones((3, 4, 5))
+      indices = Tensor.ones((3, 0, 5), dtype=dtypes.int64)
+
+      _test_against_numpy(t, indices, 1)
+
   # TODO argsort
   '''
   def test_take_along_dim_invalid(self):
@@ -744,6 +840,38 @@ class TestIndexing(unittest.TestCase):
   '''
 
 class TestNumpy(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_index_no_floats(self):
+    a = Tensor([[[5.]]])
+
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0.0])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, 0])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, :])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, 0.0])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, 0.0, :])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, :, :])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0, 0.0])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0.0, 0, 0])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0.0, 0])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, -1.4])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, 0])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, :])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, -1.4])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[:, -1.4, :])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, :, :])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, 0, -1.4])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[-1.4, 0, 0])
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: a[0, -1.4, 0])
+    # these two trigger slice internal type verification first
+    self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a[0.0:, 0.0])
+    self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a[0.0:, 0.0,:])
+
+  def test_none_index(self):
+    # `None` index adds newaxis
+    a = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
+    numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(a[None].ndim, a.ndim+1)
+
   def test_empty_tuple_index(self):
     # Empty tuple index creates a view
     a = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
@@ -906,6 +1034,19 @@ class TestNumpy(unittest.TestCase):
     numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(a[c], Tensor([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]]))
     numpy_testing_assert_equal_helper(a[c, c], Tensor([1, 5]))
 
+  def test_everything_returns_views(self):
+    # Before `...` would return a itself.
+    a = Tensor([5])
+
+    self.assertIs(a, a[()])
+    self.assertIs(a, a[...])
+    self.assertIs(a, a[:])
+
+  def test_broaderrors_indexing(self):
+    a = Tensor.zeros(5, 5)
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.__getitem__, ([0, 1], [0, 1, 2]))
+    self.assertRaises(IndexError, a.contiguous().__setitem__, ([0, 1], [0, 1, 2]), 0)
+
   # TODO out of bound getitem does not raise error
   '''
   def test_trivial_fancy_out_of_bounds(self):

test/test_linearizer.py

@@ -188,8 +188,9 @@ class TestLinearizer(unittest.TestCase):
     assert any(x.op is Ops.DEFINE_LOCAL for x in stores[0].toposort())
     # the second store is to gds with no upcasts
     assert stores[1].src[1].dtype == dtypes.float
-    assert any(x.op is Ops.PARAM for x in stores[1].toposort())
+    assert any(x.op is Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL for x in stores[1].toposort())
 
+  @unittest.skipIf(Device.DEFAULT=="CPU", "CPU splits the cat so cant upcast")
   def test_zero_fold(self):
     a, b = Tensor.randn(1).realize(), Tensor.randn(1).realize()
     r = Tensor.stack(a, b)
@@ -449,7 +450,7 @@ class TestLinearizer(unittest.TestCase):
     def get_recursive(uop): return set.union(set(uop.src), [uop], *[get_recursive(v) for v in uop.src])
     uops = get_program(ast, renderer=Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, opts=opt).uops
     local_stores = [u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.STORE and any(x.op is Ops.DEFINE_LOCAL for x in get_recursive(u.src[0]))]
-    global_stores = [u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.STORE and any(x.op is Ops.PARAM for x in get_recursive(u.src[0]))]
+    global_stores = [u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.STORE and any(x.op is Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL for x in get_recursive(u.src[0]))]
     barrier = [u for u in uops if u.op is Ops.BARRIER]
     assert len(barrier) == 1
     # check that the float4 cast collapses for all stores
@@ -504,7 +505,7 @@ def helper_linearizer_opt(r:Tensor|list[Tensor], *args, **kwargs):
   return realized_ast
 
 def copyout_outputs(outbufs:list[Buffer]) -> list[np.ndarray]:
-  return [np.frombuffer(x.as_memoryview(), _to_np_dtype(x.dtype)) for x in outbufs]
+  return [np.frombuffer(x.as_buffer(), _to_np_dtype(x.dtype)) for x in outbufs]
 
 def reset_bufs(bufs:list[Buffer]):
   for buf in bufs: buf.copyin(np.zeros((buf.size*buf.dtype.itemsize,), dtype=np.uint8).data)

test/test_linearizer_dumb.py

@@ -11,16 +11,16 @@ from tinygrad.engine.realize import get_program
 class TestLinearizerFailure(unittest.TestCase):
   @unittest.skipUnless(Device.DEFAULT == "METAL", "only tested on METAL")
   def test_failure_beam_mnist(self):
-    c0 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uchar.ptr(4014080), arg=0, src=())
+    c0 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.uchar.ptr(4014080), arg=0, src=())
     c1 = UOp.range(UOp.const(dtypes.index, 512), 0, AxisType.GLOBAL)
     c2 = UOp.range(UOp.const(dtypes.index, 784), 1, AxisType.GLOBAL)
     c3 = UOp.range(UOp.const(dtypes.index, 10), 3, AxisType.GLOBAL)
-    c4 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.int.ptr(512), arg=1, src=())
+    c4 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.int.ptr(512), arg=1, src=())
     c5 = c4.index(c1.valid(UOp.const(dtypes.bool, True)))
     c6 = UOp.range(UOp.const(dtypes.index, 6000), 1004, AxisType.REDUCE)
     c7 = UOp.range(UOp.const(dtypes.index, 3750), 2006, AxisType.REDUCE)
     c8 = UOp.range(UOp.const(dtypes.index, 16), 2007, AxisType.GROUP_REDUCE)
-    c9 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.uchar.ptr(47040000), arg=2, src=())
+    c9 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.uchar.ptr(47040000), arg=2, src=())
     c10 = c9.index((((c3*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 4704000))+c2)+(c6*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 784))).valid(UOp.const(dtypes.bool, True)))
     c11 = c5.alu(Ops.CMPNE, ((((c3*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 6000))+c6)+((c7*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 16))+c8)).alu(Ops.CMPLT, UOp.const(dtypes.index, 59999)).where(UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0), UOp.const(dtypes.int, 1)).reduce(c7, c8, arg=Ops.ADD)+UOp.const(dtypes.int, -1))).where(UOp.const(dtypes.uchar, 0), c10).reduce(c6, arg=Ops.ADD)
     c12 = c0.index((((c1*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 7840))+(c2*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 10)))+c3).valid(UOp.const(dtypes.bool, True))).store(c11).end(c1, c2, c3)

test/test_linearizer_failures.py

@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ from tinygrad.device import Device
 
 class TestLinearizerFailures(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_fail_1(self):
-    c0 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(64), arg=0, src=())
+    c0 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.float.ptr(64), arg=0, src=())
     c1 = UOp.range(UOp.const(dtypes.index, 2), 1, AxisType.LOOP)
     c2 = UOp.range(UOp.const(dtypes.index, 32), 2, AxisType.LOOP)
     c3 = ((c1*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 32))+c2)
-    c4 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(163840), arg=1, src=())
+    c4 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.float.ptr(163840), arg=1, src=())
     c5 = UOp.range(UOp.const(dtypes.index, 2560), 0, AxisType.REDUCE)
     c6 = c4.index(((((((c5//UOp.const(dtypes.index, 8))%UOp.const(dtypes.index, 8))*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 8))+(c5%UOp.const(dtypes.index, 8)))+(((c2*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 40))+(c5//UOp.const(dtypes.index, 64)))*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 64)))+(c1*UOp.const(dtypes.index, 81920))))
-    c7 = UOp(Ops.PARAM, dtypes.float.ptr(64), arg=2, src=())
+    c7 = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.float.ptr(64), arg=2, src=())
     c8 = c7.index(c3)
     c9 = ((((c6+(c8*UOp.const(dtypes.float, -1.0)))*(c6+(c8*UOp.const(dtypes.float, -1.0)))).reduce(c5, arg=Ops.ADD)*UOp.const(dtypes.float, 0.000390625))+UOp.const(dtypes.float, 1e-05)).sqrt().reciprocal()
     c10 = c0.index(c3).store(c9).end(c1, c2)

test/test_multitensor.py

@@ -1248,6 +1248,58 @@ class TestTensorOps(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_bitcast(self):
     helper_test_shard_op([(256,), (256,)], lambda x: x.bitcast(dtypes.int))
 
+@unittest.skipIf(not_support_multi_device(), "no multi")
+class TestMultiRamUsage(unittest.TestCase):
+  def setUp(self):
+    self.baseline = GlobalCounters.mem_used
+    self.N = 100
+  def assertUsed(self, amt, strict=True):
+    used = GlobalCounters.mem_used - self.baseline
+    print(f"used {used} bytes")
+    if strict: self.assertEqual(used, amt)
+    else: self.assertLessEqual(used, amt)
+
+  def test_zeros(self):
+    _ = Tensor.zeros(self.N, self.N).contiguous().realize()
+    self.assertUsed(self.N*self.N*4)
+
+  def test_zeros_del(self):
+    _ = Tensor.zeros(self.N, self.N).contiguous().realize()
+    del _
+    self.assertUsed(0)
+
+  @unittest.skip("flaky")
+  def test_zeros_copy(self):
+    _ = Tensor.zeros(self.N, self.N).contiguous().to(devices_2).realize()
+    # NOTE: the first one on the DEFAULT device should be freed
+    self.assertUsed(self.N*self.N*4*2)
+
+  @unittest.skip("flaky")
+  def test_zeros_shard(self, devices=(d1, d2)):
+    _ = Tensor.zeros(self.N, self.N).contiguous().shard(devices, axis=0).realize()
+    self.assertUsed(self.N*self.N*4) # sharding should not increase total ram usage
+  def test_zeros_shard_self(self): self.test_zeros_shard((d0, d1))
+
+  @unittest.skip("flaky")
+  def test_zeros_contiguous_shard(self):
+    _ = Tensor.zeros(self.N, self.N).contiguous().shard(devices_2, axis=0).contiguous().realize()
+    self.assertUsed(self.N*self.N*4) # sharding should not increase total ram usage
+
+  def _test_matmul_half(self, dev_count:int):
+    N = 32
+    total_mem = {}
+    devs = tuple(f"NULL:{i}" for i in range(dev_count))
+    for dtype in {dtypes.float, dtypes.half}:
+      GlobalCounters.reset()
+      a = Tensor.empty((N, N), dtype=dtype, device=devs[0]).shard(devs, axis=0)
+      b = Tensor.empty((N, N), dtype=dtype, device=devs[0]).shard(devs, axis=None)
+      (a @ b).realize()
+      total_mem[dtype] = GlobalCounters.global_mem
+    self.assertEqual(total_mem[dtypes.half], total_mem[dtypes.float] // 2)
+
+  def test_matmul_half(self): self._test_matmul_half(dev_count=2)
+  def test_matmul_half_alt(self): self._test_matmul_half(dev_count=4)
+
 @unittest.skipIf(not_support_multi_device(), "need multi")
 class TestMultiFromUnrenderable(unittest.TestCase):
   @needs_second_gpu