add lds double buffering to amd_asm_matmul

2026-01-17 16:26:07 +09:00
535 changed files with 20298 additions and 76829 deletions
@@ -11,5 +11,5 @@ runs:
        git fetch origin $CURRENT_SHA
        export COMMIT_MESSAGE=$(git show -s --format=%B "$CURRENT_SHA")
        export CURRENT_HEAD=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
-        cp test/external/process_replay/process_replay.py ./process_replay.py && git fetch origin master && git -c advice.detachedHead=false checkout origin/master && CHECK_OOB=0 PYTHONPATH=. python3 process_replay.py
+        cp test/external/process_replay/process_replay.py ./process_replay.py && git fetch origin master && git -c advice.detachedHead=false checkout origin/master && IGNORE_OOB=1 PYTHONPATH=. python3 process_replay.py
        git checkout $CURRENT_HEAD  # restore to branch
@@ -56,15 +56,7 @@ runs:

    # **** Caching packages ****

-    - name: Cache Python packages (PR)
-      if: github.event_name == 'pull_request'
-      id: restore-venv-pr
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
-      with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/.venv
-        key: venv-${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ steps.setup-python.outputs.python-version }}-${{ inputs.deps }}-${{ inputs.pydeps }}-${{ env.CACHE_VERSION }}
    - name: Cache Python packages
-      if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
      id: restore-venv
      uses: actions/cache@v4
      with:
@@ -73,23 +65,23 @@ runs:

    # **** Caching downloads ****

-    - name: Cache downloads (PR)
-      if: inputs.key != '' && github.event_name == 'pull_request'
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
-      with:
-        path: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && '~/.cache/tinygrad/downloads/' || '~/Library/Caches/tinygrad/downloads/' }}
-        key: downloads-${{ github.job }}-${{ inputs.key }}-${{ env.CACHE_VERSION }}
-    - name: Cache downloads
-      if: inputs.key != '' && github.event_name != 'pull_request'
+    - name: Cache downloads (Linux)
+      if: inputs.key != '' && runner.os == 'Linux'
      uses: actions/cache@v4
      with:
-        path: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && '~/.cache/tinygrad/downloads/' || '~/Library/Caches/tinygrad/downloads/' }}
+        path: ~/.cache/tinygrad/downloads/
+        key: downloads-${{ github.job }}-${{ inputs.key }}-${{ env.CACHE_VERSION }}
+    - name: Cache downloads (macOS)
+      if: inputs.key != '' && runner.os == 'macOS'
+      uses: actions/cache@v4
+      with:
+        path: ~/Library/Caches/tinygrad/downloads/
        key: downloads-${{ github.job }}-${{ inputs.key }}-${{ env.CACHE_VERSION }}

    # **** Python deps ****

    - name: Install dependencies in venv (with extra)
-      if: inputs.deps != '' && steps.restore-venv-pr.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && steps.restore-venv.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      if: inputs.deps != '' && steps.restore-venv.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      shell: bash
      run: |
        python -m venv .venv
@@ -100,7 +92,7 @@ runs:
        fi
        python -m pip install -e ".[${{ inputs.deps }}]" ${{ inputs.pydeps }} --extra-index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cpu --extra-index-url https://aiinfra.pkgs.visualstudio.com/PublicPackages/_packaging/Triton-Nightly/pypi/simple/
    - name: Install dependencies in venv (without extra)
-      if: inputs.deps == '' && steps.restore-venv-pr.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && steps.restore-venv.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      if: inputs.deps == '' && steps.restore-venv.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      shell: bash
      run: |
        python -m venv .venv
@@ -190,14 +182,8 @@ runs:
        echo "pkgs=$pkgs" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
        echo "hash=$(echo -n "$pkgs" | sha256sum | cut -d' ' -f1)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"

-    - name: Cache apt (PR)
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && (inputs.opencl == 'true' || inputs.amd == 'true' || inputs.cuda == 'true' || inputs.webgpu == 'true' || inputs.llvm == 'true') && github.event_name == 'pull_request'
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
-      with:
-        path: /var/cache/apt/archives/
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-apt-${{ steps.apt-pkgs.outputs.hash }}-${{ env.CACHE_VERSION }}
    - name: Cache apt
-      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && (inputs.opencl == 'true' || inputs.amd == 'true' || inputs.cuda == 'true' || inputs.webgpu == 'true' || inputs.llvm == 'true') && github.event_name != 'pull_request'
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && (inputs.opencl == 'true' || inputs.amd == 'true' || inputs.cuda == 'true' || inputs.webgpu == 'true' || inputs.llvm == 'true')
      uses: actions/cache@v4
      with:
        path: /var/cache/apt/archives/
@@ -253,17 +239,8 @@ runs:
        ln -s /opt/homebrew/opt/[email protected] /opt/homebrew/opt/boost || true
        ln -s /opt/homebrew/opt/boost/lib/libboost_atomic-mt.dylib /opt/homebrew/opt/boost/lib/libboost_atomic.dylib || true
        ln -s /opt/homebrew/opt/boost/lib/libboost_thread-mt.dylib /opt/homebrew/opt/boost/lib/libboost_thread.dylib || true
-    - name: Cache gpuocelot (PR)
-      if: inputs.ocelot == 'true' && github.event_name == 'pull_request'
-      id: cache-build-pr
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
-      env:
-        cache-name: cache-gpuocelot-build-1
-      with:
-        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/gpuocelot/ocelot
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-gpuocelot-b16039dc940dc6bc4ea0a98380495769ff35ed99-rebuild-${{ env.CACHE_VERSION }}
    - name: Cache gpuocelot
-      if: inputs.ocelot == 'true' && github.event_name != 'pull_request'
+      if: inputs.ocelot == 'true'
      id: cache-build
      uses: actions/cache@v4
      env:
@@ -272,7 +249,7 @@ runs:
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/gpuocelot/ocelot
        key: ${{ runner.os }}-gpuocelot-b16039dc940dc6bc4ea0a98380495769ff35ed99-rebuild-${{ env.CACHE_VERSION }}
    - name: Clone/compile gpuocelot
-      if: inputs.ocelot == 'true' && steps.cache-build-pr.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && steps.cache-build.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      if: inputs.ocelot == 'true' && steps.cache-build.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
      shell: bash
      run: |
        git clone --recurse-submodules https://github.com/gpuocelot/gpuocelot.git ${{ github.workspace }}/gpuocelot
@@ -40,13 +40,13 @@ jobs:
        mesa: 'true'
        pydeps: 'pyyaml mako'
    - name: Install autogen support packages
-      run: sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends libclang-20-dev llvm-20-dev hip-dev libusb-1.0-0-dev libdrm-dev
+      run: sudo apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends libclang-20-dev llvm-20-dev hip-dev libusb-1.0-0-dev
    - name: Regenerate autogen files
      run: |
-        find tinygrad/runtime/autogen -type f -name "*.py" -not -path "*/amd/*" -not -name "__init__.py" -not -name "comgr_3.py" -not -name "metal.py" -not -name "iokit.py" -not -name "corefoundation.py" -not -name "libclang.py" -delete
+        find tinygrad/runtime/autogen -type f -name "*.py" -not -name "__init__.py" -not -name "comgr_3.py" -not -name "metal.py" -not -name "libclang.py" -delete
        python3 -c "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import opencl"
        python3 -c "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import cuda, nvrtc, nvjitlink, nv_570, nv_580, nv"
-        python3 -c "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import comgr, hsa, hip, amd_gpu, sqtt, rocprof, amdgpu_kd, amdgpu_drm"
+        python3 -c "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import comgr, hsa, hip, amd_gpu, sqtt, rocprof, amdgpu_kd"
        python3 -c "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.am import am, pm4_soc15, pm4_nv, sdma_4_0_0, sdma_5_0_0, sdma_6_0_0, smu_v13_0_0, smu_v13_0_6, smu_v14_0_2"
        python3 -c "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import libc, kfd, io_uring, ib, pci, vfio"
        python3 -c "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import llvm"
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ jobs:
        llvm: 'true'
    - name: Regenerate autogen files
      run: |
-        rm tinygrad/runtime/autogen/metal.py tinygrad/runtime/autogen/iokit.py tinygrad/runtime/autogen/corefoundation.py
-        python3 -c "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import metal, iokit, corefoundation"
+        rm tinygrad/runtime/autogen/metal.py
+        LIBCLANG_PATH=/opt/homebrew/opt/llvm@20/lib/libclang.dylib python3 -c "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import metal"
    - name: Check for differences
      run: |
        if ! git diff --quiet; then
@@ -16,48 +16,6 @@ on:
  workflow_dispatch:

 jobs:
-  # the goal of this test is to replicate a normal person on a laptop running the test
-  # no process replay, no benchmarks, no CI, just a normal laptop person
-  # the 3 minute timeout should not be raised
-  testmacpytest:
-    name: Mac pytest
-    runs-on: [self-hosted, macOS]
-    timeout-minutes: 3
-    defaults:
-      run:
-        shell: bash -e -o pipefail {0}
-    if: github.repository_owner == 'tinygrad'
-    steps:
-    - name: Checkout Code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v4
-    # brew install uv
-    - name: setup python environment
-      run: |
-        rm -rf /tmp/tinygrad_pytest_ci
-        uv venv /tmp/tinygrad_pytest_ci
-        source /tmp/tinygrad_pytest_ci/bin/activate
-        uv pip install .[testing]
-    - name: setup staging db
-      run: |
-        echo "CACHEDB=/tmp/pytest-db-ci.db" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-        rm -f /tmp/pytest-db-ci*
-    # TODO: remove this step once all old caches are migrated
-    - name: Migrate old huggingface cache (symlinks break onnxruntime 1.24+)
-      run: |
-        cd ~/Library/Caches/tinygrad/downloads/models 2>/dev/null || exit 0
-        for old_dir in models--*; do
-          [ -d "$old_dir" ] || continue
-          repo_id=$(echo "$old_dir" | sed 's/models--//; s/--/\//g')
-          snapshot=$(ls -1 "$old_dir/snapshots" 2>/dev/null | head -1)
-          [ -n "$snapshot" ] || continue
-          mkdir -p "$repo_id"
-          cp -RLn "$old_dir/snapshots/$snapshot/"* "$repo_id/" 2>/dev/null || true
-        done
-    - name: Run pytest -nauto
-      run: |
-        source /tmp/tinygrad_pytest_ci/bin/activate
-        pytest -nauto --durations=20
-
  testmacbenchmark:
    name: Mac Benchmark
    env:
@@ -187,10 +145,6 @@ jobs:
      run: |
        echo "CACHEDB=/tmp/staging.db" >> $GITHUB_ENV
        rm -f /tmp/staging.db /tmp/staging.db-shm /tmp/staging.db-wal
-    - name: Kill stale pids
-      run: |
-        PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd kill_pids
-        PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py nv kill_pids
    - name: UsbGPU boot time
      run: sudo -E PYTHONPATH=. DEBUG=2 AM_RESET=1 AMD=1 AMD_IFACE=USB time python3.11 test/test_tiny.py TestTiny.test_plus
    - name: UsbGPU tiny tests
@@ -378,9 +332,9 @@ jobs:
    - name: Setcap to python
      run: ./extra/amdpci/setup_python_cap.sh
    - name: Remove amd modules
-      run: PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd rmmod
+      run: ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd rmmod
    - name: Kill stale pids
-      run: PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd kill_pids
+      run: ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd kill_pids
    #- name: Insert amdgpu
    #  run: sudo modprobe amdgpu
    - name: Symlink models and datasets
@@ -490,9 +444,9 @@ jobs:
    - name: Setcap to python
      run: ./extra/amdpci/setup_python_cap.sh
    - name: Remove amd modules
-      run: PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd rmmod
+      run: ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd rmmod
    - name: Kill stale pids
-      run: PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd kill_pids
+      run: ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd kill_pids
    - name: Symlink models and datasets
      run: |
        mkdir -p weights
@@ -525,8 +479,6 @@ jobs:
      run: time BENCHMARK_LOG=cifar AMD=1 DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF STEPS=1000 TARGET_EVAL_ACC_PCT=93.0 python3 examples/hlb_cifar10.py
    - name: Run full CIFAR training steps w 6 GPUS
      run: time BENCHMARK_LOG=cifar_6gpu AMD=1 DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF STEPS=350 BS=1536 GPUS=6 TARGET_EVAL_ACC_PCT=93.0 python3 examples/hlb_cifar10.py
-    - name: Test full tinyfs load
-      run: TINYFS_ENDPOINT=10.0.52.11:6767 PYTHONPATH=. python extra/tinyfs/fetch_file.py --hash d734f5e3be9f1e9d863bfaa4fc6c1ef2 --len 175866113 --dest mapping.json --check
    - name: Run process replay tests
      run: cp test/external/process_replay/process_replay.py ./process_replay.py && git fetch origin master && git -c advice.detachedHead=false checkout origin/master && PYTHONPATH=. python3 process_replay.py

@@ -544,9 +496,9 @@ jobs:
    - name: Setcap to python
      run: ./extra/amdpci/setup_python_cap.sh
    - name: Remove amd modules
-      run: PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd rmmod
+      run: ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd rmmod
    - name: Kill stale pids
-      run: PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd kill_pids
+      run: ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd kill_pids
    - name: Symlink models and datasets
      run: |
        mkdir -p weights
@@ -609,7 +561,7 @@ jobs:
    - name: openpilot compile3 0.10.1 driving_policy
      run: BENCHMARK_LOG=openpilot_0_10_1_policy PYTHONPATH="." ASSERT_MIN_STEP_TIME=3 DEV=QCOM FLOAT16=1 IMAGE=2 NOLOCALS=1 taskset -c 4-7 python3 examples/openpilot/compile3.py https://github.com/commaai/openpilot/raw/720392c9a5b986981fdbed1bb8c47a6c5573a50e/selfdrive/modeld/models/driving_policy.onnx
    - name: openpilot compile3 0.10.1 dmonitoring
-      run: BENCHMARK_LOG=openpilot_0_10_1_dmonitoring PYTHONPATH="." ASSERT_MIN_STEP_TIME=11 DEV=QCOM FLOAT16=1 IMAGE=2 NOLOCALS=1 taskset -c 4-7 python3 examples/openpilot/compile3.py https://github.com/commaai/openpilot/raw/720392c9a5b986981fdbed1bb8c47a6c5573a50e/selfdrive/modeld/models/dmonitoring_model.onnx
+      run: BENCHMARK_LOG=openpilot_0_10_1_dmonitoring PYTHONPATH="." ASSERT_MIN_STEP_TIME=10 DEV=QCOM FLOAT16=1 IMAGE=2 NOLOCALS=1 taskset -c 4-7 python3 examples/openpilot/compile3.py https://github.com/commaai/openpilot/raw/720392c9a5b986981fdbed1bb8c47a6c5573a50e/selfdrive/modeld/models/dmonitoring_model.onnx
    - name: benchmark MobileNetV2 on DSP
      run: |
        # generate quantized weights
@@ -635,9 +587,9 @@ jobs:
    - name: Setcap to python
      run: ./extra/amdpci/setup_python_cap.sh
    - name: Remove amd modules
-      run: PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd rmmod
+      run: ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd rmmod
    - name: Kill stale pids
-      run: PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd kill_pids
+      run: ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py amd kill_pids
    - name: Symlink models and datasets
      run: |
        mkdir -p weights
@@ -699,9 +651,9 @@ jobs:
    - name: Setcap to python
      run: ./extra/amdpci/setup_python_cap.sh
    - name: Remove nv modules
-      run: PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py nv rmmod
+      run: ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py nv rmmod
    - name: Kill stale pids
-      run: PYTHONPATH=. ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py nv kill_pids
+      run: ./extra/hcq/hcq_smi.py nv kill_pids
    - name: Symlink models and datasets
      run: |
        mkdir -p weights
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 name: Unit Tests
 env:
  # increment this when downloads substantially change to avoid the internet
-  CACHE_VERSION: '16'
+  CACHE_VERSION: '15'
  CAPTURE_PROCESS_REPLAY: 1
  GH_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
  PYTHONPATH: ${{ github.workspace }}
-  CHECK_OOB: 1
+  IGNORE_OOB: 0

 on:
  push:
@@ -26,19 +26,19 @@ jobs:
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
      with:
        key: llvm-speed
-        deps: testing_unit
+        deps: testing_minimal
        llvm: 'true'
    - name: Speed Test
-      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 THREADS=0 python3 test/speed/external_test_speed_v_torch.py
+      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 python3 test/speed/external_test_speed_v_torch.py
    - name: Speed Test (BEAM=2)
-      run: BEAM=2 CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 THREADS=0 python3 test/speed/external_test_speed_v_torch.py
+      run: BEAM=2 CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 python3 test/speed/external_test_speed_v_torch.py

  docs:
    name: Docs
    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
    timeout-minutes: 10
    env:
-      CHECK_OOB: 0
+      IGNORE_OOB: 1
    steps:
    - name: Checkout Code
      uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ jobs:
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
      with:
        key: torch-backend-pillow-torchvision-et-pt
-        deps: testing_unit
+        deps: testing_minimal
        pydeps: "pillow torchvision expecttest"
        llvm: 'true'
    - name: Install ninja
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ jobs:
        sudo apt update || true
        sudo apt install -y --no-install-recommends ninja-build
    - name: Test one op
-      run: FORWARD_ONLY=1 TINY_BACKEND=1 python3 test/test_tiny.py TestTiny.test_plus
+      run: FORWARD_ONLY=1 TINY_BACKEND=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
    - name: Test ResNet-18
      run: DEBUG=2 python3 extra/torch_backend/example.py
    - name: custom tests
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ jobs:
    - name: Test one op in torch tests
      run: DEBUG=2 python3 extra/torch_backend/torch_tests.py TestTinyBackendPRIVATEUSE1.test_unary_log_tiny_float32
    - name: Test Ops with TINY_BACKEND
-      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 LLVMOPT=0 TINY_BACKEND=1 python3 -m pytest -n auto test/backend/test_ops.py --durations=20
+      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 LLVMOPT=0 TINY_BACKEND=1 python3 -m pytest -n auto test/test_ops.py --durations=20
    - name: Test in-place operations on views
      run: TORCH_DEBUG=1 python3 extra/torch_backend/test_inplace.py
    - name: Test multi-gpu
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ jobs:
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
      with:
        key: torch-backend-pillow-torchvision-et-pt
-        deps: testing_unit
+        deps: testing_minimal
        llvm: 'true'
    - name: Install ninja
      run: |
@@ -156,27 +156,27 @@ jobs:
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
      with:
        key: be-minimal
-        deps: testing_unit
+        deps: testing_minimal
    - name: Test dtype with Python emulator
-      run: DEBUG=1 PYTHON=1 python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_dtype.py test/backend/test_dtype_alu.py
+      run: DEBUG=1 PYTHON=1 python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/test_dtype.py test/test_dtype_alu.py
    - name: Test ops with Python emulator
-      run: DEBUG=2 SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 PYTHON=1 python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_ops.py --durations=20
+      run: DEBUG=2 SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 PYTHON=1 python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py --durations=20
    - name: Test uops with Python emulator
-      run: PYTHON=1 python3 -m pytest test/backend/test_uops.py --durations=20
+      run: PYTHON=1 python3 -m pytest test/test_uops.py --durations=20
    - name: Test symbolic with Python emulator
-      run: PYTHON=1 python3 test/backend/test_symbolic_ops.py
+      run: PYTHON=1 python3 test/test_symbolic_ops.py
    - name: test_renderer_failures with Python emulator
-      run: PYTHON=1 python3 -m pytest -rA test/backend/test_renderer_failures.py::TestRendererFailures
+      run: PYTHON=1 python3 -m pytest -rA test/test_renderer_failures.py::TestRendererFailures
    - name: Test IMAGE=2 support
      run: |
-        IMAGE=2 PYTHON=1 python3 test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm
-        IMAGE=2 PYTHON=1 python3 test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_simple_conv2d
+        IMAGE=2 PYTHON=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm
+        IMAGE=2 PYTHON=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_simple_conv2d
    - name: Test emulated METAL tensor cores
      run: |
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=METAL FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_big_gemm
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=METAL FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_big_gemm
        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=METAL FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/opt/test_tensor_cores.py
    - name: Test emulated AMX tensor cores
-      run: DEBUG=2 AMX=1 EMULATE=AMX FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm
+      run: DEBUG=2 AMX=1 EMULATE=AMX FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm
    - name: Test emulated AMD tensor cores
      run: |
        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=AMD FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 N=16 HALF=1 ACC_HALF=0 python3 ./extra/gemm/simple_matmul.py
@@ -197,9 +197,9 @@ jobs:
        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=AMD_RDNA4 FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/opt/test_tensor_cores.py
    - name: Test emulated CUDA tensor cores
      run: |
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm_fp16
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA ALLOW_TF32=1 FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA_SM75 FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm_fp16
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm_fp16
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA ALLOW_TF32=1 FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA_SM75 FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm_fp16
        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA_SM89 ALLOW_TF32=1 FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/opt/test_tensor_cores.py
    - name: Test emulated INTEL OpenCL tensor cores
      run: DEBUG=2 EMULATE=INTEL FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 HALF=1 N=64 python3 ./extra/gemm/simple_matmul.py
@@ -207,11 +207,11 @@ jobs:
      run: DEBUG=2 AMX=1 EMULATE=AMX FORWARD_ONLY=1 PYTHON=1 python3 test/opt/test_tensor_cores.py
    - name: Test device flop counts
      run: |
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=METAL PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/null/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=AMD PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/null/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/null/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
-        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=INTEL PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/null/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
-        DEBUG=2 AMX=1 EMULATE=AMX PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/null/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStats.test_simple_matmul
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=METAL PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=AMD PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=CUDA PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
+        DEBUG=2 EMULATE=INTEL PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStatsMatmulHalf
+        DEBUG=2 AMX=1 EMULATE=AMX PYTHON=1 python3 ./test/test_uops_stats.py TestUOpsStats.test_simple_matmul

  linter:
    name: Linters
@@ -229,20 +229,19 @@ jobs:
        deps: linting
    - name: Lint bad-indentation and trailing-whitespace with pylint
      run: python -m pylint --disable=all -e W0311 -e C0303 --jobs=0 --indent-string='  ' --recursive=y .
-    - name: Run pre-commit linting hooks
-      run: SKIP=tiny,tests,example pre-commit run --all-files
-    - name: Lint additional files with ruff
+    - name: Lint with ruff
      run: |
+        pip3 install --upgrade --force-reinstall ruff==0.14.10
+        pre-commit run ruff --all-files
        python3 -m ruff check examples/mlperf/ --ignore E501
        python3 -m ruff check extra/thunder/tiny/ --ignore E501 --ignore F841 --ignore E722
        python3 -m ruff check extra/torch_backend/backend.py
-    - name: Run mypy with lineprecision report
+    - name: Run mypy
      run: |
        python -m mypy --lineprecision-report .
-        grep -v autogen lineprecision.txt | awk 'NR>2 {lines+=$2; precise+=$3; imprecise+=$4; any+=$5; empty+=$6} END {t=lines-empty; printf "TOTAL: %d lines, %d precise (%.1f%%), %d imprecise (%.1f%%), %d any (%.1f%%)\n", t, precise, 100*precise/t, imprecise, 100*imprecise/t, any, 100*any/t}'
        cat lineprecision.txt
    - name: Run TYPED=1
-      run: CHECK_OOB=0 DEV=CPU TYPED=1 python test/test_tiny.py
+      run: TYPED=1 python -c "import tinygrad"

  unittest:
    name: Unit Tests
@@ -255,30 +254,25 @@ jobs:
    - name: Setup Environment
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
      with:
-        key: unittest-13
-        pydeps: "pillow ftfy regex pre-commit"
+        key: unittest-12
+        pydeps: "pillow numpy ftfy regex"
        deps: testing_unit
        llvm: 'true'
-        amd: 'true'
-    - name: Run pre-commit test hooks
-      run: SKIP=ruff,mypy pre-commit run --all-files
    - name: Check Device.DEFAULT
      run: python -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT == 'CPU', Device.DEFAULT"
    - name: Run unit tests
      run: |
-        CPU=1 python test/null/test_device.py TestRunAsModule.test_module_runs
-        CPU=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/unit/ --durations=20
-    - name: Run NULL backend tests
-      run: NULL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/null/ --durations=20
+        CPU=1 python test/unit/test_device.py TestRunAsModule.test_module_runs
+        CPU=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/unit/ --durations=20 --deselect=test/unit/test_device.py::TestRunAsModule::test_module_runs
    - name: Run targetted tests on NULL backend
-      run: NULL=1 python3 -m unittest test.backend.test_multitensor.TestMultiTensor.test_data_parallel_resnet_train_step
+      run: NULL=1 python3 -m unittest test.test_multitensor.TestMultiTensor.test_data_parallel_resnet_train_step test/device/test_null.py
    # TODO: too slow
    # - name: Run SDXL on NULL backend
    #   run: NULL=1 DEBUG=1 python3 examples/sdxl.py --seed 0 --noshow --timing --fakeweights
    - name: Run Clip tests for SD MLPerf on NULL backend
      run: NULL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/external/mlperf_stable_diffusion/external_test_models.py::TestOpenClip --durations=20
    - name: Run AMD emulated BERT training on NULL backend
-      run: EMULATE=AMD_RDNA4 NULL=1 NULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1 CAPTURE_PROCESS_REPLAY=0 DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF BENCHMARK=10 BS=66 GPUS=1 BERT_LAYERS=2 MODEL=bert python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
+      run: EMULATE=AMD_RDNA4 NULL=1 CAPTURE_PROCESS_REPLAY=0 DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF BENCHMARK=10 BS=66 GPUS=1 BERT_LAYERS=2 MODEL=bert python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
    # TODO: support fake weights
    #- name: Run LLaMA 7B on 4 fake devices
    #  run: NULL=1 python3 examples/llama.py --gen 1 --size 7B --shard 4 --prompt "Hello." --count 3 --temperature 0 --timing
@@ -295,8 +289,8 @@ jobs:
        python extra/optimization/extract_dataset.py
        gzip -c /tmp/sops > extra/datasets/sops.gz
        #DEBUG=1 MIN_ASTS=1 python extra/optimization/get_action_space.py
-    - name: Repo line count < 24000 lines
-      run: MAX_LINE_COUNT=24000 python sz.py
+    - name: Repo line count < 20000 lines
+      run: MAX_LINE_COUNT=20000 python sz.py

  spec:
    strategy:
@@ -316,7 +310,7 @@ jobs:
        deps: testing_unit
        python-version: '3.14'
    - name: Test SPEC=2
-      run: SPEC=2 pytest --maxfail=10 -n auto --durations=30 test/unit test/backend test/opt --ignore test/backend/test_custom_kernel.py --ignore test/unit/test_hashing.py --timeout 60 -k "not test_setitem_big" --splits 2 --group ${{ matrix.group }}
+      run: SPEC=2 pytest --maxfail=10 -n auto --durations=30 --ignore=test/models --ignore test/test_custom_kernel.py --ignore test/unit/test_hashing.py --ignore test/unit/test_autogen.py --timeout 60 -k "not test_setitem_big" --splits 2 --group ${{ matrix.group }}

  fuzzing:
    name: Fuzzing
@@ -350,11 +344,11 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
        with:
          key: gpu-image
-          deps: testing_unit
+          deps: testing_minimal
          opencl: 'true'
      - name: Test CL IMAGE=2 ops
        run: |
-          CL=1 IMAGE=2 python -m pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_ops.py --durations=20
+          CL=1 IMAGE=2 python -m pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py --durations=20
        # TODO: training is broken
        # CL=1 IMAGE=2 python test/models/test_end2end.py TestEnd2End.test_linear_mnist
      - name: Run process replay tests
@@ -371,14 +365,14 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
        with:
          key: gen-dataset
-          deps: testing
+          deps: testing_minimal
          opencl: 'true'
      - name: Generate Dataset
        run: CL=1 extra/optimization/generate_dataset.sh
      - name: Run Kernel Count Test
        run: CL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/external/external_test_opt.py
      - name: Run fused optimizer tests
-        run: CL=1 FUSE_OPTIM=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/models/test_mnist.py test/backend/test_optim.py -k "not muon"
+        run: CL=1 FUSE_OPTIM=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/models/test_mnist.py test/test_optim.py -k "not muon"
      - name: Upload artifact
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
@@ -426,7 +420,7 @@ jobs:
        with:
          key: onnxoptc
          deps: testing
-          python-version: '3.12'
+          python-version: '3.11'
          llvm: 'true'
      - name: Test ONNX (CPU)
        run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=0 python -m pytest -n=auto test/external/external_test_onnx_backend.py --durations=20
@@ -437,7 +431,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Test Additional ONNX Ops (CPU)
        run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=0 python3 test/external/external_test_onnx_ops.py
      - name: Test Quantize ONNX
-        run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=0 python3 test/backend/test_quantize_onnx.py
+        run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=0 python3 test/test_quantize_onnx.py
      - name: Run process replay tests
        uses: ./.github/actions/process-replay

@@ -454,7 +448,7 @@ jobs:
          key: onnxoptl
          deps: testing
          pydeps: "tensorflow==2.19"
-          python-version: '3.12'
+          python-version: '3.11'
          opencl: 'true'
      - name: Test ONNX (CL)
        run: CL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/external/external_test_onnx_backend.py --durations=20
@@ -467,11 +461,11 @@ jobs:
      - name: Test MLPerf stuff
        run: CL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/external/external_test_optim.py test/external/external_test_losses.py test/external/external_test_metrics.py test/external/external_test_datasets.py --durations=20
      - name: NULL=1 beautiful_mnist_multigpu
-        run: NULL=1 NULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1 python examples/beautiful_mnist_multigpu.py
+        run: NULL=1 python examples/beautiful_mnist_multigpu.py
      - name: Test Bert training
-        run: NULL=1 NULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1 DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF BENCHMARK=10 BS=24 GPUS=4 BERT_LAYERS=2 MODEL=bert python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
+        run: NULL=1 DEFAULT_FLOAT=HALF BENCHMARK=10 BS=24 GPUS=4 BERT_LAYERS=2 MODEL=bert python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
      - name: Test llama 3 training
-        run: NULL=1 NULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1 SAMPLES=300 BS=8 SEQLEN=512 GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS=1 FAKEDATA=1 DEFAULT_FLOAT=bfloat16 OPTIM_DTYPE=bfloat16 LLAMA3_SIZE=1B MODEL=llama3 python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
+        run: NULL=1 SAMPLES=300 BS=8 SEQLEN=512 GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS=1 FAKEDATA=1 DEFAULT_FLOAT=bfloat16 OPTIM_DTYPE=bfloat16 LLAMA3_SIZE=1B MODEL=llama3 python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
      - name: Run process replay tests
        uses: ./.github/actions/process-replay

@@ -480,7 +474,7 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    timeout-minutes: 15
    env:
-      CHECK_OOB: 0
+      IGNORE_OOB: 1
    steps:
      - name: Checkout Code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -528,7 +522,7 @@ jobs:
      with:
        key: metal
        deps: testing
-        python-version: '3.12'
+        python-version: '3.11'
    - name: Test models (Metal)
      run: METAL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/models --durations=20
    - name: Test LLaMA compile speed
@@ -547,15 +541,15 @@ jobs:
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
      with:
        key: devectorize-minimal
-        deps: testing_unit
+        deps: testing_minimal
        pydeps: "pillow"
        llvm: "true"
    - name: Test LLVM=1 DEVECTORIZE=0
-      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 DEVECTORIZE=0 python3 -m pytest -n auto test/test_tiny.py test/backend/test_ops.py
+      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 DEVECTORIZE=0 python3 -m pytest -n auto test/test_tiny.py test/test_ops.py
    - name: Test LLVM=1 DEVECTORIZE=0 for model
      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 DEVECTORIZE=0 python3 test/models/test_efficientnet.py
    - name: Test CPU=1 DEVECTORIZE=0
-      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=0 DEVECTORIZE=0 python3 -m pytest -n auto test/test_tiny.py test/backend/test_ops.py
+      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=0 DEVECTORIZE=0 python3 -m pytest -n auto test/test_tiny.py test/test_ops.py

  testdsp:
    name: Linux (DSP)
@@ -568,8 +562,8 @@ jobs:
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
      with:
        key: dsp-minimal
-        deps: testing_unit
-        pydeps: "onnx==1.18.0 onnxruntime ml_dtypes"
+        deps: testing_minimal
+        pydeps: "onnx==1.18.0 onnxruntime pillow"
        llvm: "true"
    - name: Set up Docker Buildx
      uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
@@ -581,15 +575,15 @@ jobs:
        load: true
        tags: qemu-hexagon:latest
        cache-from: type=gha
-        cache-to: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' && 'type=gha,mode=min' || '' }}
+        cache-to: type=gha,mode=min
    - name: Set MOCKDSP env
      run: printf "MOCKDSP=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
    - name: Run test_tiny on DSP
      run: DEBUG=2 DSP=1 python test/test_tiny.py
    - name: Test transcendentals
-      run: CC=clang-20 DEBUG=2 DSP=1 python test/backend/test_transcendental.py TestTranscendentalVectorized
+      run: CC=clang-20 DEBUG=2 DSP=1 python test/test_transcendental.py TestTranscendentalVectorized
    - name: Test quantize onnx
-      run: DEBUG=2 DSP=1 python3 test/backend/test_quantize_onnx.py
+      run: DEBUG=2 DSP=1 python3 test/test_quantize_onnx.py

  testwebgpu:
    name: Linux (WebGPU)
@@ -602,16 +596,16 @@ jobs:
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
      with:
        key: webgpu-minimal
-        deps: testing_unit
-        python-version: '3.12'
+        deps: testing_minimal
+        python-version: '3.11'
        webgpu: 'true'
    - name: Check Device.DEFAULT (WEBGPU) and print some source
      run: |
        WEBGPU=1 python -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT == 'WEBGPU', Device.DEFAULT"
-        WEBGPU=1 DEBUG=4 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_tiny.py TestTiny.test_plus
+        WEBGPU=1 DEBUG=4 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
    - name: Run selected webgpu tests
      run: |
-          WEBGPU=1 WEBGPU_BACKEND="WGPUBackendType_Vulkan" python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/backend --durations=20
+          WEBGPU=1 WEBGPU_BACKEND="WGPUBackendType_Vulkan" python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --durations=20
    - name: Run process replay tests
      uses: ./.github/actions/process-replay

@@ -636,41 +630,34 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
        with:
          key: ${{ matrix.backend }}-minimal
-          deps: testing_unit
+          deps: testing_minimal
          amd: 'true'
          llvm: ${{ matrix.backend == 'amdllvm' && 'true' }}
      - name: Check Device.DEFAULT and print some source
        run: |
          python3 -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT in ['AMD'], Device.DEFAULT"
-          DEBUG=5 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_tiny.py TestTiny.test_plus
+          DEBUG=5 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
      - name: Run LLVM test
        if: matrix.backend=='amdllvm'
        run: python test/device/test_amd_llvm.py
      - name: Run pytest (amd)
-        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_ops.py test/backend/test_dtype.py test/backend/test_dtype_alu.py test/backend/test_linearizer.py test/backend/test_randomness.py test/backend/test_jit.py test/backend/test_graph.py test/backend/test_multitensor.py test/device/test_hcq.py test/testextra/test_cfg_viz.py --durations=20
+        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py test/test_dtype.py test/test_dtype_alu.py test/test_linearizer.py test/test_randomness.py test/test_jit.py test/test_graph.py test/test_multitensor.py test/device/test_hcq.py test/testextra/test_cfg_viz.py --durations=20
      - name: Run pytest (amd)
        run: python -m pytest test/external/external_test_am.py --durations=20
      - name: Run TRANSCENDENTAL math
-        run: TRANSCENDENTAL=2 python -m pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_sin test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_cos test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_tan test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_exp test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_log --durations=20
+        run: TRANSCENDENTAL=2 python -m pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_sin test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_cos test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_tan test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_exp test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_log --durations=20
      - name: Run TestOps.test_add with SQTT
        run: |
-          VIZ=-2 DEBUG=5 python3 test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
+          VIZ=1 PMC=1 DEBUG=5 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
+          VIZ=1 SQTT=1 DEBUG=5 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
          extra/sqtt/rgptool.py create "/tmp/profile.pkl.$USER" -o /tmp/gpu0.rgp
-      - name: Run AMD emulated mmapeak on NULL backend
-        env:
-          AMD: 0
-        run: PYTHONPATH=. NULL=1 EMULATE=AMD python extra/mmapeak/mmapeak.py
      - name: Run process replay tests
        uses: ./.github/actions/process-replay

  testamdasm:
    name: AMD ASM IDE
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
-    timeout-minutes: 20
-    env:
-      AMD: 1
-      PYTHON_REMU: 1
-      MOCKGPU: 1
+    timeout-minutes: 10
    steps:
      - name: Checkout Code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -678,13 +665,13 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
        with:
          key: rdna3-emu
-          deps: testing_unit
+          deps: testing_minimal
          amd: 'true'
-          python-version: '3.14'
+          python-version: '3.13'
      - name: Verify AMD autogen is up to date
        run: |
-          python -m tinygrad.renderer.amd.generate
-          git diff --exit-code tinygrad/runtime/autogen/amd/
+          python -m extra.assembly.amd.amdxml
+          git diff --exit-code extra/assembly/amd/autogen/
      - name: Install LLVM 21
        run: |
          wget -qO- https://apt.llvm.org/llvm-snapshot.gpg.key | sudo tee /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/apt.llvm.org.asc
@@ -692,24 +679,20 @@ jobs:
          sudo apt-get update
          sudo apt-get install llvm-21 llvm-21-tools cloc
      - name: RDNA3 Line Count
-        run: cloc --by-file tinygrad/renderer/amd/*.py
+        run: cloc --by-file extra/assembly/amd/*.py
      - name: Install rocprof-trace-decoder
        run: sudo PYTHONPATH="." ./extra/sqtt/install_sqtt_decoder.py
      - name: Run RDNA3 emulator tests
-        run: AMD_LLVM=0 python -m pytest -n=auto test/amd/ --durations 20
+        run: python -m pytest -n=auto extra/assembly/amd/ --durations 20
      - name: Run RDNA3 emulator tests (AMD_LLVM=1)
-        run: AMD_LLVM=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/amd/ --durations 20
+        run: AMD_LLVM=1 python -m pytest -n=auto extra/assembly/amd/ --durations 20
      - name: Run RDNA3 dtype tests
-        run: AMD_LLVM=0 pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_dtype_alu.py test/backend/test_dtype.py --durations 20
+        run: AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=0 pytest -n=auto test/test_dtype_alu.py test/test_dtype.py
      - name: Run RDNA3 dtype tests (AMD_LLVM=1)
-        run: AMD_LLVM=1 pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_dtype_alu.py test/backend/test_dtype.py --durations 20
+        run: AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=1 pytest -n=auto test/test_dtype_alu.py test/test_dtype.py
      # TODO: run all once emulator is faster
      - name: Run RDNA3 ops tests
-        run: SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 AMD_LLVM=0 pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_ops.py -k "test_sparse_categorical_crossentropy or test_tril or test_nonzero or test_softmax_argmax" --durations 20
-      - name: Run RDNA4 emulator tests
-        run: MOCKGPU_ARCH=rdna4 python -m pytest test/test_tiny.py -v --durations 20
-      - name: Run CDNA4 emulator tests
-        run: AMD_LLVM=1 MOCKGPU_ARCH=cdna4 python -m pytest test/test_tiny.py -v --durations 20
+        run: SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=0 pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py -k "test_sparse_categorical_crossentropy or test_tril"

  testnvidia:
    strategy:
@@ -730,7 +713,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
        with:
          key: ${{ matrix.backend }}-minimal
-          deps: testing_unit
+          deps: testing_minimal
          cuda: 'true'
          ocelot: 'true'
      - name: Set env
@@ -738,12 +721,10 @@ jobs:
      - name: Check Device.DEFAULT and print some source
        run: |
          python3 -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT in ['CUDA','NV'], Device.DEFAULT"
-          DEBUG=5 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_tiny.py TestTiny.test_plus
+          DEBUG=5 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
      - name: Run pytest (cuda)
        # skip multitensor because it's slow
-        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/backend --ignore test/backend/test_multitensor.py --durations=20
-      - name: Run TestOps.test_add with PMA
-        run: VIZ=-1 PMA=1 DEBUG=5 python3 test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
+        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --ignore test/test_gc.py --ignore test/test_multitensor.py --durations=20
      - name: Run process replay tests
        uses: ./.github/actions/process-replay

@@ -763,7 +744,7 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
        with:
          key: ${{ matrix.backend }}-minimal
-          deps: testing_unit
+          deps: testing_minimal
          opencl: ${{ matrix.backend == 'opencl' && 'true' }}
          llvm: ${{ matrix.backend == 'llvm' || matrix.backend == 'lvp' }}
          mesa: ${{ matrix.backend == 'lvp' && 'true' }}
@@ -772,11 +753,11 @@ jobs:
      - name: Check Device.DEFAULT and print some source
        run: |
          python3 -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT in ['CPU','CL'], Device.DEFAULT"
-          DEBUG=5 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_tiny.py TestTiny.test_plus
+          DEBUG=5 FORWARD_ONLY=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
      - name: Run pytest (${{ matrix.backend }})
-        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/backend --durations=20
+        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --durations=20
      - name: Run TRANSCENDENTAL math
-        run: TRANSCENDENTAL=2 python -m pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_sin test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_cos test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_tan test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_exp test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_log --durations=20
+        run: TRANSCENDENTAL=2 python -m pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_sin test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_cos test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_tan test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_exp test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_log --durations=20
      - name: Run process replay tests
        uses: ./.github/actions/process-replay

@@ -794,27 +775,27 @@ jobs:
      with:
        key: metal
        deps: testing
-        python-version: '3.12'
+        python-version: '3.11'
        amd: 'true'
        cuda: 'true'
        ocelot: 'true'
        llvm: 'true'
    - name: Run unit tests
+      env:
+        LIBCLANG_PATH: '/opt/homebrew/opt/llvm@20/lib/libclang.dylib'
      run: METAL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/unit/ --durations=20
-    - name: Run NULL backend tests
-      run: NULL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/null/ --durations=20
    - name: Run ONNX
      run: METAL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/external/external_test_onnx_backend.py --durations=20
    - name: Test tensor core ops (fake)
-      run: METAL=1 DEBUG=3 TC=2 python test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm
+      run: METAL=1 DEBUG=3 TC=2 python test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_gemm
    - name: Test tensor core ops (real)
-      run: METAL=1 DEBUG=3 python test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_big_gemm
+      run: METAL=1 DEBUG=3 python test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_big_gemm
    - name: Test Beam Search
      run: METAL=1 IGNORE_BEAM_CACHE=1 python3 -m pytest extra/optimization/test_beam_search.py
    #- name: Fuzz Test linearizer
    #  run: METAL=1 DEPTH=4 FUZZ_N=50 FUZZ_MAX_SIZE=1000000 python test/external/fuzz_linearizer.py
    - name: Run TRANSCENDENTAL math
-      run: METAL=1 TRANSCENDENTAL=2 python -m pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_sin test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_cos test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_tan test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_exp test/backend/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_log --durations=20
+      run: METAL=1 TRANSCENDENTAL=2 python -m pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_sin test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_cos test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_tan test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_exp test/test_ops.py::TestOps::test_log --durations=20
    - name: Run pytest (amd)
      env:
        MOCKGPU: 1
@@ -855,14 +836,14 @@ jobs:
        key: osx-webgpu
        deps: testing
        webgpu: 'true'
+    - name: Test infinity math in WGSL
+      run: WEBGPU=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/test_renderer_failures.py::TestWGSLFailures::test_multiply_infinity --durations=20
    - name: Build WEBGPU Efficientnet
      run: WEBGPU=1 WEBGPU_BACKEND="WGPUBackendType_Metal" python3 -m examples.compile_efficientnet
-    - name: Run selected webgpu tests
-      run: WEBGPU=1 WEBGPU_BACKEND="WGPUBackendType_Metal" python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/backend --durations=20
-    #- name: Clean npm cache
-    #  run: npm cache clean --force
-    #- name: Install Puppeteer
-    #  run: npm install puppeteer
+    - name: Clean npm cache
+      run: npm cache clean --force
+    - name: Install Puppeteer
+      run: npm install puppeteer
    # this is also flaky
    #- name: Run WEBGPU Efficientnet
    #  run: node test/web/test_webgpu.js
@@ -894,7 +875,8 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
        with:
          key: macos-${{ matrix.backend }}-minimal
-          deps: testing_unit
+          deps: testing_minimal
+          pydeps: "capstone"
          llvm: ${{ matrix.backend == 'llvm' || matrix.backend == 'lvp' }}
          mesa: ${{ matrix.backend == 'lvp' && 'true' }}
      - name: Set env
@@ -904,7 +886,7 @@ jobs:
          python -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT == {'LLVM':'CPU','LVP':'CPU'}.get(x:='${{ matrix.backend }}'.upper(), x), Device.DEFAULT"
          DEBUG=4 python3 test/test_tiny.py TestTiny.test_plus
      - name: Run pytest (${{ matrix.backend }})
-        run: python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/backend --durations=20
+        run: python3 -m pytest -n=auto test/ --ignore=test/models --ignore=test/unit --durations=20
      - name: Run process replay tests
        uses: ./.github/actions/process-replay
      - name: Run macOS-specific unit test
@@ -937,16 +919,12 @@ jobs:
      - name: Run unit tests
        if: matrix.backend=='llvm'
        # test_newton_schulz hits RecursionError
-        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/unit/ --ignore=test/unit/test_disk_tensor.py --ignore=test/unit/test_tar.py --ignore=test/unit/test_linalg.py --durations=20
-      - name: Run NULL backend tests
-        if: matrix.backend=='llvm'
-        shell: bash
-        run: CPU=0 CPU_LLVM=0 NULL=1 python -m pytest -n=auto test/null/ --ignore=test/null/test_elf.py --durations=20
+        run: python -m pytest -n=auto test/unit/ --ignore=test/unit/test_disk_tensor.py --ignore=test/unit/test_elf.py --ignore=test/unit/test_tar.py --ignore=test/unit/test_linalg.py --durations=20
      - name: Run pytest (${{ matrix.backend }})
        shell: bash
        run: |
          python -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT == {'LLVM':'CPU'}.get(x:='${{ matrix.backend }}'.upper(), x), Device.DEFAULT"
-          python -m pytest -n=auto test/test_tiny.py test/backend/test_ops.py --durations=20
+          python -m pytest -n=auto test/test_tiny.py test/test_ops.py --durations=20

 # ****** Compile-only Tests ******

@@ -965,15 +943,15 @@ jobs:
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
        with:
          key: compile-${{ matrix.backend }}
-          deps: testing_unit
+          deps: testing_minimal
          mesa: ${{ (matrix.backend == 'ir3' || matrix.backend == 'nak') && 'true' }}
-          python-version: '3.12'
+          python-version: '3.14'
      - name: Set env
        shell: bash
-        run: printf "NULL=1\nNULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1\n${{ matrix.backend == 'ir3' && 'NULL_IR3=1' || matrix.backend == 'nak' && 'NULL_NAK=1' }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+        run: printf "NULL=1\n${{ matrix.backend == 'ir3' && 'NULL_IR3=1' || matrix.backend == 'nak' && 'NULL_NAK=1' }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
      - name: Run test_ops
        shell: bash
        run: |
          python -c "from tinygrad import Device; assert Device.DEFAULT == 'NULL'"
-          DEBUG=4 python3 test/backend/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
-          python -m pytest -n=auto test/backend/test_ops.py --durations=20
+          DEBUG=4 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
+          python -m pytest -n=auto test/test_ops.py --durations=20
@@ -58,11 +58,10 @@ weights
 *.lprof
 comgr_*
 *.pkl
-!extra/sqtt/examples/**/*.pkl
 site/
 profile_stats
 *.log
 target
 .mypy_cache
 mutants
-.mutmut-cache
+.mutmut-cache
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ repos:
        pass_filenames: false
      - id: tests
        name: comprehensive test suite
-        entry: env OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 PYTHONPATH="." python3 -m pytest -n=6 test/backend/test_ops.py test/backend/test_schedule.py test/unit/test_assign.py test/backend/test_tensor.py test/backend/test_jit.py test/unit/test_schedule_cache.py test/null/test_pattern_matcher.py test/null/test_uop_symbolic.py test/unit/test_helpers.py
+        entry: env OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 PYTHONPATH="." python3 -m pytest -n=6 test/test_ops.py test/test_schedule.py test/test_assign.py test/test_tensor.py test/test_jit.py test/unit/test_schedule_cache.py test/unit/test_pattern_matcher.py test/unit/test_uop_symbolic.py test/unit/test_helpers.py
        language: system
        always_run: true
        pass_filenames: false
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ Schedules are cached by graph structure. BIND nodes (variables with bound values
 python -m pytest test/unit/test_schedule_cache.py -xvs

 # Run with timeout
-python -m pytest test/backend/test_symbolic_ops.py -x --timeout=60
+python -m pytest test/test_symbolic_ops.py -x --timeout=60

 # Debug with print
-DEBUG=2 python -m pytest test/backend/test_schedule.py::test_name -xvs
+DEBUG=2 python -m pytest test/test_schedule.py::test_name -xvs

 # Visualize UOp graphs
 VIZ=1 python -c "from tinygrad import Tensor; Tensor.ones(10).sum().realize()"
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ VIZ=1 python -c "from tinygrad import Tensor; Tensor.ones(10).sum().realize()"
 ## Auto-generated Files (DO NOT EDIT)

 The following files are auto-generated and should never be edited manually:
- `tinygrad/runtime/autogen/amd/{arch}/__init__.py` - Generated by `python -m tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl --arch {arch}`
- `tinygrad/runtime/autogen/amd/{arch}/gen_pcode.py` - Generated by `python -m tinygrad.renderer.amd.pcode --arch {arch}`
+- `extra/assembly/amd/autogen/{arch}/__init__.py` - Generated by `python -m extra.assembly.amd.dsl --arch {arch}`
+- `extra/assembly/amd/autogen/{arch}/gen_pcode.py` - Generated by `python -m extra.assembly.amd.pcode --arch {arch}`

 Where `{arch}` is one of: `rdna3`, `rdna4`, `cdna`

-To add missing instruction implementations, add them to `tinygrad/renderer/amd/emu.py` instead.
+To add missing instruction implementations, add them to `extra/assembly/amd/emu.py` instead.

 ## Style Notes

@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ For more examples on how to run the full test suite please refer to the [CI work
 Some examples of running tests locally:
 ```sh
 python3 -m pip install -e '.[testing]'  # install extra deps for testing
-python3 test/backend/test_ops.py        # just the ops tests
+python3 test/test_ops.py                # just the ops tests
 python3 -m pytest test/                 # whole test suite
 ```

@@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
-from tinygrad import Tensor, dtypes, Context, getenv, UOp, fetch
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops, PatternMatcher, UPat
-from tinygrad.uop.symbolic import symbolic
-from tinygrad.codegen import Renderer
-from tinygrad.codegen.opt import Opt, OptOps
-
-# ************************* implementation of the problem ************************
-
-def myhash(a: Tensor) -> Tensor:
-  a = (a + 0x7ED55D16) + (a << 12)
-  a = (a ^ 0xC761C23C) ^ (a >> 19)
-  a = (a + 0x165667B1) + (a << 5)
-  a = (a + 0xD3A2646C) ^ (a << 9)
-  a = (a + 0xFD7046C5) + (a << 3)
-  a = (a ^ 0xB55A4F09) ^ (a >> 16)
-  return a
-
-def select_with_where_tree(values: Tensor, relative_idx: Tensor) -> Tensor:
-  n = values.shape[0]
-  if n == 1: return values[0].expand(relative_idx.shape)
-
-  mid = n // 2
-  left = select_with_where_tree(values[:mid], relative_idx)
-  right = select_with_where_tree(values[mid:], relative_idx - mid)
-
-  go_left = relative_idx < mid
-  return go_left.where(left, right)
-
-def tree_traversal(forest: Tensor, val: Tensor, height: int, rounds: int, where_tree_threshold=3) -> Tensor:
-  # All walkers start at idx=0
-  idx = Tensor.zeros(val.shape, device=val.device, dtype=dtypes.uint32)
-
-  for r in range(rounds):
-    level = r % (height + 1)
-    level_start = (1 << level) - 1
-    level_size = 1 << level
-
-    if level == 0:
-      # At root (level 0), all walkers are at idx=0
-      # No gather needed, just broadcast the root value
-      node_val = forest[0].expand(val.shape)
-      idx = idx * 0  # Reset to 0
-    elif level <= where_tree_threshold:
-      # Small level: use where-tree
-      level_values = forest[level_start : level_start + level_size]
-      relative_idx = (idx - level_start)
-      node_val = select_with_where_tree(level_values, relative_idx)
-    else:
-      # Large level: use gather
-      node_val = forest.gather(0, idx)
-
-    val = myhash(val ^ node_val)
-    idx = (idx << 1) + (1 + (val & 1))
-
-    # No wrap check needed! At round 10 (level becomes 0), we reset idx above.
-
-  return val.contiguous(arg=(Opt(OptOps.UPCAST, 0, 8),))
-
-# ************************* renderer for VLIW machine *************************
-
-def loop_unrolling(sink:UOp):
-  rng = [x for x in sink.toposort() if x.op is Ops.RANGE]
-  if len(rng) == 0: return None
-  print(f"unrolling loop with size {rng[0].vmax+1}")
-  unrolled_sinks = [sink.substitute({rng[0]:rng[0].const_like(i)}).src[0] for i in range(rng[0].vmax+1)]
-  return UOp.sink(*unrolled_sinks, arg=sink.arg)
-
-global_addrs = []
-vliw_prepare = PatternMatcher([
-  # loop unrolling (should be a part of tinygrad)
-  (UPat(Ops.SINK, name="sink"), loop_unrolling),
-  # cast is fake
-  (UPat(Ops.CAST, name="c"), lambda c: c.src[0]),
-  # rewrites to hardcode the addresses in memory
-  (UPat(Ops.PARAM, name="dg"), lambda dg: UOp.const(dtypes.uint, global_addrs[dg.arg])),
-  # INDEX is just plus
-  (UPat(Ops.INDEX, name="i"), lambda i: i.src[0]+i.src[1]),
-])+symbolic
-
-class VLIWRenderer(Renderer):
-  has_local = False  # TODO: this should be the default / cleaned up
-  # this says this backend supports MULACC + more. decompositions uses this
-  code_for_op: dict = {Ops.MULACC: None, Ops.ADD: "+", Ops.MUL: "*",
-                       Ops.XOR: "^", Ops.AND: "&", Ops.OR: "|",
-                       Ops.SHL: "<<", Ops.SHR: ">>", Ops.CMPLT: "<"}
-  # this matcher runs while still in graph form
-  pre_matcher = vliw_prepare
-
-  def render(self, uops:list[UOp]):
-
-    # TODO: this is a minimal renderer. for low cycle count, make it good
-    # to get speed, you need to add VLIW packing
-    # to get under 1536 regs, you need to add a register allocator
-    # we left the fun parts to you
-
-    print(f"rendering with {len(uops)} uops")
-    reg, inst = 0, []
-    r: dict[UOp, int] = {}
-    for u in uops:
-      assert u.dtype.count in (1,8), "dtype count must be 1 or 8"
-
-      # dumb register allocator
-      if u.op not in {Ops.STORE, Ops.SINK, Ops.GEP}:
-        r[u] = reg
-        reg += u.dtype.count
-
-      # render UOps to instructions
-      match u.op:
-        case Ops.SINK:
-          inst.append({"flow": [("halt",)]})
-        case Ops.CONST:
-          inst.append({"load": [("const", r[u], u.arg)]})
-        case Ops.GEP:
-          # a GEP is just an alias to a special register in the vector
-          r[u] = r[u.src[0]] + u.arg[0]
-        case Ops.VECTORIZE:
-          if all(s == u.src[0] for s in u.src):
-            # if all sources are the same, we can broadcast
-            inst.append({"valu": [("vbroadcast", r[u], r[u.src[0]])]})
-          else:
-            # this is a copy into a contiguous chunk of registers
-            inst.extend({"flow": [("add_imm", r[u]+i, r[s], 0)]} for i,s in enumerate(u.src) if r[s] != r[u]+i)
-        case Ops.LOAD:
-          op = "vload" if u.dtype.count > 1 else "load"
-          inst.append({"load": [(op, r[u], r[u.src[0]])]})
-        case Ops.STORE:
-          op = "vstore" if u.src[1].dtype.count > 1 else "store"
-          inst.append({"store": [(op, r[u.src[0]], r[u.src[1]])]})
-        case Ops.MULACC:
-          assert u.dtype.count == 8
-          inst.append({"valu": [("multiply_add", r[u], r[u.src[0]], r[u.src[1]], r[u.src[2]])]})
-        case Ops.WHERE:
-          assert u.dtype.count == 8
-          inst.append({"flow": [("vselect", r[u], r[u.src[0]], r[u.src[1]], r[u.src[2]])]})
-        case _ if u.op in self.code_for_op:
-          cat = "valu" if u.dtype.count > 1 else "alu"
-          inst.append({cat: [(self.code_for_op[u.op], r[u], r[u.src[0]], r[u.src[1]])]})
-        case _:
-          raise NotImplementedError(f"unhandled op {u.op}")
-    return repr(inst)
-
-# ************************* test and render *************************
-
-import sys, types
-PROBLEM_URL = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/anthropics/original_performance_takehome/refs/heads/main/tests/frozen_problem.py"
-sys.modules["problem"] = problem = types.ModuleType("problem")
-exec(fetch(PROBLEM_URL).read_text(), problem.__dict__)
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-  batch_size = getenv("BS", 256)
-  height = 10
-  rounds = getenv("ROUNDS", 16)
-
-  # build problem
-  tree = problem.Tree.generate(height)
-  inp = problem.Input.generate(tree, batch_size, rounds)
-  mem = problem.build_mem_image(tree, inp)
-  global_addrs.extend([mem[6], mem[6], mem[4]])  # output, input, forest
-
-  # *** verify the kernel in tinygrad compared to reference ***
-
-  forest_t = Tensor(tree.values, dtype=dtypes.uint32)
-  val_t = Tensor(inp.values, dtype=dtypes.uint32)
-
-  if getenv("VERIFY", 1):
-    # verify on normal tinygrad device
-    with Context(PCONTIG=2):
-      out = tree_traversal(forest_t, val_t, height, rounds)
-      val_out = out.tolist()
-    problem.reference_kernel(tree, inp)
-    assert val_out == inp.values
-    print("verification passed")
-
-  # *** render to device ***
-
-  from tinygrad.codegen import get_program
-  with Context(PCONTIG=2, DEVECTORIZE=2, SPEC=0):
-    out = tree_traversal(forest_t, val_t, height, rounds)
-    sink = out.schedule()[-1].ast
-    prg = get_program(sink, VLIWRenderer())
-
-  # *** run on Machine and compare ***
-
-  # NOTE: the scratch size needs to be reduced to 1536 when you have a register allocator
-  src = eval(prg.src)
-  max_regs = max(t[1] for instr in src for v in instr.values() for t in v if len(t) > 1) + 8
-  print(f"{max_regs:5d} regs used" + ("" if max_regs <= 1536 else "       <-- WARNING: TOO MANY REGISTERS, MUST BE <= 1536"))
-  machine = problem.Machine(mem, src, problem.DebugInfo(scratch_map={}), n_cores=1, trace=False, scratch_size=max_regs)
-  machine.run()
-  print(f"ran for {machine.cycle:5d} cycles" + ("" if machine.cycle <= 1363 else "  <-- EVEN CLAUDE GOT 1363"))
-
-  # compare to reference
-  ref_mem = mem.copy()
-  for _ in problem.reference_kernel2(ref_mem, {}): pass
-  assert machine.mem[mem[6]:mem[6]+mem[2]] == ref_mem[mem[6]:mem[6]+mem[2]]
-  print("compare passed!")
@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Optional
-from tinygrad import Tensor
-from tinygrad.dtype import DTypeLike, dtypes
-import math
-
-# rewritten from numpy
-def rfftfreq(n: int, d: float = 1.0, device=None) -> Tensor:
-  val = 1.0 / (n * d)
-  N = n // 2 + 1
-  results = Tensor.arange(N, device=device)
-  return results * val
-
-# just like in librosa
-def fft_frequencies(sr: float, n_fft: int) -> Tensor:
-  return rfftfreq(n=n_fft, d=1.0 / sr)
-
-def hz_to_mel(freq: Tensor) -> Tensor:
-  # linear part
-  f_min = 0.0
-  f_sp = 200.0 / 3
-  mels = (freq - f_min) / f_sp
-
-  # log-scale part
-  min_log_hz = 1000.0  # beginning of log region (Hz)
-  mask = freq >= min_log_hz
-  return mask.where(((min_log_hz - f_min) / f_sp) + (freq / min_log_hz).log() / (math.log(6.4) / 27.0), mels)
-
-def mel_to_hz(mels: Tensor) -> Tensor:
-  # linear scale
-  f_min = 0.0
-  f_sp = 200.0 / 3
-  freqs = f_min + f_sp * mels
-
-  # nonlinear scale
-  min_log_hz = 1000.0  # beginning of log region (Hz)
-  min_log_mel = (min_log_hz - f_min) / f_sp  # same (Mels)
-  logstep = math.log(6.4) / 27.0  # step size for log region
-
-  log_t = mels >= min_log_mel
-  freqs = log_t.where(min_log_hz * ((logstep * (mels - min_log_mel)).exp()), freqs)
-  return freqs
-
-def mel_frequencies(n_mels: int = 128, *, fmin: float = 0.0, fmax: float = 11025.0) -> Tensor:
-  # center freqs of mel bands - uniformly spaced between limits
-  min_max_mel = hz_to_mel(Tensor([fmin, fmax]))
-
-  mels = Tensor.linspace(min_max_mel[0], min_max_mel[1], n_mels)
-  hz = mel_to_hz(mels)
-  return hz
-
-def mel(
-  *,
-  sr: float,
-  n_fft: int,
-  n_mels: int = 128,
-  fmin: float = 0.0,
-  fmax: Optional[float] = None,
-  dtype: DTypeLike = dtypes.default_float,
-) -> Tensor:
-  if fmax is None:
-    fmax = float(sr) / 2
-
-  n_mels = int(n_mels)
-
-  fftfreqs = fft_frequencies(sr=sr, n_fft=n_fft)  # center freqs of each FFT bin
-  mel_f = mel_frequencies(n_mels + 2, fmin=fmin, fmax=fmax)  # center freqs of mel bands
-
-  fdiff = mel_f[1:] - mel_f[:-1]
-  ramps = mel_f[None].T.expand(-1, fftfreqs.shape[-1]) - fftfreqs
-
-  lower = -ramps[:n_mels] / fdiff[:n_mels][None].T
-  upper = ramps[2 : n_mels + 2] / fdiff[1 : n_mels + 1][None].T
-  weights = lower.minimum(upper).maximum(0)
-
-  # Slaney-style mel is scaled to be approx constant energy per channel
-  enorm = 2.0 / (mel_f[2 : n_mels + 2] - mel_f[:n_mels])
-  weights *= enorm[:, None]
-
-  return weights
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def loader_process(q_in, q_out, X:Tensor, seed):
      #storage_tensor._copyin(img_tensor.numpy())

      # faster
-      X[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = img.tobytes()
+      X[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = img.tobytes()

      # ideal
      #X[idx].assign(img.tobytes())   # NOTE: this is slow!
@@ -264,8 +264,8 @@ def load_unet3d_data(preprocessed_dataset_dir, seed, queue_in, queue_out, X:Tens
      x = random_brightness_augmentation(x)
      x = gaussian_noise(x)

-    X[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = x.tobytes()
-    Y[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = y.tobytes()
+    X[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = x.tobytes()
+    Y[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = y.tobytes()

    queue_out.put(idx)
  queue_out.put(None)
@@ -379,12 +379,12 @@ def load_retinanet_data(base_dir:Path, val:bool, queue_in:Queue, queue_out:Queue
      clipped_match_idxs = np.clip(match_idxs, 0, None)
      clipped_boxes, clipped_labels = tgt["boxes"][clipped_match_idxs], tgt["labels"][clipped_match_idxs]

-      boxes[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = clipped_boxes.tobytes()
-      labels[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = clipped_labels.tobytes()
-      matches[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = match_idxs.tobytes()
-      anchors[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = anchor.tobytes()
+      boxes[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = clipped_boxes.tobytes()
+      labels[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = clipped_labels.tobytes()
+      matches[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = match_idxs.tobytes()
+      anchors[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = anchor.tobytes()

-    imgs[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_memoryview(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = img.tobytes()
+    imgs[idx].contiguous().realize().uop.base.realized.as_buffer(force_zero_copy=True)[:] = img.tobytes()

    queue_out.put(idx)
  queue_out.put(None)
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ class BinIdxDataset:
    version, = struct.unpack("<Q", self.idx.read(8))
    assert version == 1, "unsupported index version"
    dtype_code, = struct.unpack("<B", self.idx.read(1))
-    self.dtype = {1:np.dtype(np.uint8), 2:np.dtype(np.int8), 3:np.dtype(np.int16), 4:np.dtype(np.int32), 5:np.dtype(np.int64), 6:np.dtype(np.float64), 7:np.dtype(np.double), 8:np.dtype(np.uint16)}[dtype_code]
+    self.dtype = {1:dtypes.uint8, 2:dtypes.int8, 3:dtypes.int16, 4:dtypes.int32, 5:dtypes.int64, 6:dtypes.float64, 7:dtypes.double, 8:dtypes.uint16}[dtype_code]
    self.count, = struct.unpack("<Q", self.idx.read(8))
    doc_count, = struct.unpack("<Q", self.idx.read(8))

@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ class BinIdxDataset:
    self.doc_idx = self.idx_t[start:end].bitcast(dtypes.int64).numpy()

    # bin file
-    self.bin_t = Tensor(base_path.with_name(f"{base_path.name}.bin")).numpy()
+    self.bin_t = Tensor(base_path.with_name(f"{base_path.name}.bin"))

  def _index(self, idx) -> tuple[int, int]:
    return int(self.pointers[idx]), int(self.sizes[idx])
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ class BinIdxDataset:
    ptr, size = self._index(idx)
    if length is None: length = size - offset
    ptr += offset * self.dtype.itemsize
-    return self.bin_t[ptr:ptr+length*self.dtype.itemsize].view(self.dtype)
+    return self.bin_t[ptr:ptr+length*self.dtype.itemsize].bitcast(self.dtype).to(None)

 # https://docs.nvidia.com/megatron-core/developer-guide/latest/api-guide/datasets.html
 class GPTDataset:
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ class GPTDataset:
        sample_parts.append(self.indexed_dataset.get(int(self.doc_idx[i]), offset=int(offset), length=length))

    # concat all parts
-    text = np.concatenate(sample_parts, axis=0)
+    text = Tensor.cat(*sample_parts)

    return text

@@ -780,8 +780,7 @@ def get_llama3_dataset(samples:int, seqlen:int, base_dir:Path, seed:int=0, val:b
 def iterate_llama3_dataset(dataset:BlendedGPTDataset, bs:int):
  for b in range(math.ceil(dataset.samples / bs)):
    batch = [dataset.get(b * bs + i) for i in range(bs)]
-    stacked = np.stack(batch, axis=0)
-    yield Tensor(stacked, device="NPY")
+    yield Tensor.stack(batch, dim=0)

 def batch_load_llama3(bs:int, samples:int, seqlen:int, base_dir:Path, seed:int=0, val:bool=True, small:bool=False):
  return iterate_llama3_dataset(get_llama3_dataset(samples, seqlen, base_dir, seed, val, small), bs)
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from pathlib import Path
 import multiprocessing

 from tinygrad import Device, GlobalCounters, Tensor, TinyJit, dtypes
-from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, BEAM, WINO, round_up, diskcache_clear, Profiling, profile_marker
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, BEAM, WINO, round_up, diskcache_clear, Profiling
 from tinygrad.nn.state import get_parameters, get_state_dict, load_state_dict, safe_load, safe_save
 from tinygrad.nn.optim import LAMB, LARS, SGD, OptimizerGroup, Adam, AdamW

@@ -1286,24 +1286,17 @@ def train_llama3():
  from examples.llama3 import MODEL_PARAMS
  from examples.mlperf.lr_schedulers import CosineAnnealingLRWithWarmup

-  BENCHMARK = getenv("BENCHMARK")
-
  config = {}
  BASEDIR            = config["BASEDIR"]                = Path(getenv("BASEDIR", "/raid/datasets/c4/"))
  BS                 = config["BS"]                     = getenv("BS", 16)
  grad_acc           = config["GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS"]     = getenv("GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS", 1)
+  assert grad_acc == 1, f"{grad_acc=} is not supported"
  GBS                = config["GLOBAL_BATCH_SIZE"]      = BS * grad_acc
  SEED               = config["SEED"]                   = getenv("SEED", 5760)
-  DATA_SEED          = config["DATA_SEED"]              = getenv("DATA_SEED", SEED)
  SEQLEN             = config["SEQLEN"]                 = getenv("SEQLEN", 8192)
  TRAIN_ON_VAL       = config["TRAIN_ON_VAL"]           = getenv("TRAIN_ON_VAL", 0)
  SMALL              = config["SMALL"]                  = getenv("SMALL", 0)
  SAMPLES            = config["SAMPLES"]                = getenv("SAMPLES", 5_760 if TRAIN_ON_VAL else 1_200_000 * 1152)
-  EVAL_SAMPLES       = config["EVAL_SAMPLES"]           = getenv("EVAL_SAMPLES", 5760 if not SMALL else 1024)
-  MAX_STEPS          = config["MAX_STEPS"]              = getenv("MAX_STEPS", math.ceil(1_200_000 * 1152 / GBS))
-  WARMUP_STEPS       = config["WARMUP_STEPS"]           = getenv("WARMUP_STEPS", math.ceil(8000 * 1152 / GBS))
-  LR                 = config["LR"]                     = getenv("LR", 8e-5 * GBS / 1152)
-  END_LR             = config["END_LR"]                 = getenv("END_LR", 8e-7)
  EVAL_FREQ          = config["EVAL_FREQ"]              = getenv("EVAL_FREQ", 46080)
  EVAL_BS            = config["EVAL_BS"]                = getenv("EVAL_BS", 16)
  EVAL_TARGET        = config["EVAL_TARGET"]            = getenv("EVAL_TARGET", 5.6)
@@ -1317,12 +1310,10 @@ def train_llama3():
  opt_adamw_weight_decay = 0.1

  opt_gradient_clip_norm = 1.0
-  opt_learning_rate_warmup_steps = WARMUP_STEPS
-  opt_learning_rate_decay_steps = MAX_STEPS - opt_learning_rate_warmup_steps
-  opt_base_learning_rate = LR
-  opt_end_learning_rate = END_LR
-
-  Tensor.manual_seed(SEED)  # seed for weight initialization
+  opt_learning_rate_warmup_steps = getenv("WARMUP_STEPS", math.ceil(8000 * 1152 / GBS))
+  opt_learning_rate_decay_steps = getenv("MAX_STEPS", math.ceil(1_200_000 * 1152 / GBS)) - opt_learning_rate_warmup_steps
+  opt_base_learning_rate = getenv("LR", 8e-5 * GBS / 1152)  # NOTE: cannot change for benchmark
+  opt_end_learning_rate = getenv("END_LR", 8e-7)

  # ** init wandb **
  WANDB = getenv("WANDB")
@@ -1335,8 +1326,6 @@ def train_llama3():
  # vocab_size from the mixtral tokenizer
  if not SMALL: model_params |= {"vocab_size": 32000}
  if (llama_layers:=getenv("LLAMA_LAYERS")) != 0: model_params['n_layers'] = llama_layers
-  print(f"model parameters: {model_params}")
-
  model = Transformer(**model_params, max_context=SEQLEN, jit=False, disable_kv_cache=True)
  params = get_parameters(model)
  # weights are all bfloat16 for now
@@ -1372,12 +1361,6 @@ def train_llama3():

  optim = AdamW(get_parameters(model), lr=0.0,
                b1=opt_adamw_beta_1, b2=opt_adamw_beta_2, eps=opt_adamw_epsilon, weight_decay=opt_adamw_weight_decay)
-
-  # init grads
-  for p in optim.params:
-    p.grad = p.zeros_like().contiguous().realize()
-  grads = [p.grad for p in optim.params]
-
  scheduler = CosineAnnealingLRWithWarmup(optim, opt_base_learning_rate, opt_end_learning_rate, opt_learning_rate_warmup_steps, opt_learning_rate_decay_steps)

  if resume_ckpt := getenv("RESUME_CKPT"):
@@ -1390,8 +1373,9 @@ def train_llama3():
    load_state_dict(scheduler, safe_load(fn), realize=False)

  @TinyJit
-  def minibatch(tokens:Tensor):
-    tokens = tokens.to(None)
+  @Tensor.train()
+  def train_step(model, tokens:Tensor):
+    optim.zero_grad()
    if (DP := getenv("DP", 1)) > 1:
      device = tuple(f"{Device.DEFAULT}:{i}" for i in range(DP))
      tokens = tokens.shard(device, 0)
@@ -1401,41 +1385,27 @@ def train_llama3():
    logits:Tensor = model(tokens[:, :-1], start_pos=0, temperature=math.nan)
    loss = logits.sparse_categorical_crossentropy(tokens[:, 1:])
    loss.backward()
-    assert all(p.grad is g for p,g in zip(optim.params, grads))
-    Tensor.realize(loss, *grads)
-    return loss.flatten().float().to("CPU")
-
-  @TinyJit
-  def optim_step():
-    for p in optim.params:
-      p.grad.assign(p.grad / grad_acc)
-
    # L2 norm grad clip
    # https://github.com/NVIDIA/NeMo/blob/3368c3fc0b4a186ab33a1d68a504315100c0b2a6/nemo/collections/nlp/modules/common/megatron/clip_grads.py#L57
    # https://docs.pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_.html
    if not getenv("DISABLE_GRAD_CLIP_NORM"):
      total_norm = Tensor(0.0, dtype=dtypes.float32, device=optim.params[0].device)
-      for g in grads:
-        total_norm += g.float().square().sum()
-      total_norm = total_norm.sqrt().contiguous().realize()
-      for g in grads:
-        g.assign((g * (opt_gradient_clip_norm / (total_norm + 1e-6)).clamp(max_=1.0)).cast(g.dtype)).realize()
+      for p in optim.params:
+        total_norm += p.grad.float().square().sum()
+      total_norm = total_norm.sqrt().contiguous()
+      for p in optim.params:
+        p.grad = p.grad * (opt_gradient_clip_norm / (total_norm + 1e-6)).clamp(max_=1.0)

    optim.step()
    scheduler.step()

-    for g in grads:
-      g.assign(g.zeros_like().contiguous()).realize()
-
    lr = optim.lr
-    Tensor.realize(lr, *grads)
-
-    return lr.float().to("CPU")
+    loss.realize(lr)
+    return loss, lr

  @TinyJit
  @Tensor.train(False)
-  def eval_step(tokens:Tensor):
-    tokens = tokens.to(None)
+  def eval_step(model, tokens:Tensor):
    if (DP := getenv("DP", 1)) > 1:
      device = tuple(f"{Device.DEFAULT}:{i}" for i in range(DP))
      tokens = tokens.shard(device, 0)
@@ -1444,7 +1414,7 @@ def train_llama3():
      tokens = tokens.shard(device)
    logits:Tensor = model(tokens[:, :-1], start_pos=0, temperature=math.nan)
    loss = logits.sparse_categorical_crossentropy(tokens[:, 1:])
-    return loss.flatten().float().to("CPU")
+    return loss.flatten().float()

  # ** data iters **
  def fake_data(bs, samples):
@@ -1456,79 +1426,45 @@ def train_llama3():
      return fake_data(BS, SAMPLES)
    else:
      from examples.mlperf.dataloader import batch_load_llama3
-      return batch_load_llama3(BS, SAMPLES, SEQLEN, BASEDIR, seed=DATA_SEED, val=bool(TRAIN_ON_VAL), small=bool(SMALL))
+      return batch_load_llama3(BS, SAMPLES, SEQLEN, BASEDIR, seed=SEED, val=bool(TRAIN_ON_VAL), small=bool(SMALL))

  if getenv("FAKEDATA", 0):
    eval_dataset = None
  else:
    from examples.mlperf.dataloader import get_llama3_dataset
-    eval_dataset = get_llama3_dataset(EVAL_SAMPLES, SEQLEN, BASEDIR, val=True, small=bool(SMALL))
+    eval_dataset = get_llama3_dataset(5760, SEQLEN, BASEDIR, val=True, small=bool(SMALL))

  def get_eval_iter():
    if eval_dataset is None:
-      return fake_data(EVAL_BS, EVAL_SAMPLES)
+      return fake_data(EVAL_BS, 5760)
    from examples.mlperf.dataloader import iterate_llama3_dataset
    return iterate_llama3_dataset(eval_dataset, EVAL_BS)

-  num_params = sum(p.numel() for p in params) - model_params["vocab_size"]*model_params["dim"]
-  train_iter = get_train_iter()
+  iter = get_train_iter()
  i, sequences_seen = resume_ckpt, 0
-  step_times = []
-  while i < MAX_STEPS:
+  for tokens in tqdm(iter, total=SAMPLES//GBS):
    GlobalCounters.reset()
    if getenv("TRAIN", 1):
-      profile_marker(f"train @ {i}")
-      st = time.perf_counter()
-
-      stopped = False
-      for _ in range(grad_acc):
-        ist = time.perf_counter()
-        try: tokens = next(train_iter)
-        except StopIteration:
-          stopped = True
-          break
-        dt = time.perf_counter()
-        loss = minibatch(tokens)
-      if stopped: break
-
-      gt = time.perf_counter()
-      lr = optim_step()
-      ot = time.perf_counter()
-
+      t = time.perf_counter()
+      loss, lr = train_step(model, tokens)
      loss = loss.float().item()
      lr = lr.item()

-      et = time.perf_counter()
-      step_time = et - st
-      gbs_time = gt - st
-      optim_time = ot - gt
-      data_time = dt - ist
-      dev_time = step_time - data_time * grad_acc
-      if BENCHMARK: step_times.append(step_time)
-
      i += 1
-      sequences_seen += GBS
+      sequences_seen += tokens.shape[0]

+      sec = time.perf_counter()-t
      mem_gb = GlobalCounters.mem_used / 1e9
-      gflops = GlobalCounters.global_ops / 1e9 / dev_time
-      mfu = ((6 * num_params * SEQLEN * GBS) / (dev_time * max(getenv("DP", 1), getenv("MP", 1)) * 2.3e15)) * 100
+      gflops = GlobalCounters.global_ops / 1e9 / sec
      tqdm.write(
-          f"{i:5} {step_time:.3f} s step, {gbs_time:.3f} s gbs, {optim_time:.3f} s optim, {data_time:.3f} s data, {loss:.4f} loss, " \
-          f"{lr:.12f} LR, {mem_gb:.2f} GB used, {gflops:9.2f} GFLOPS, {mfu:5.2f}% MFU")
+        f"{i:5} {sec:.2f} s run, {loss:.4f} loss, {lr:.12f} LR, {mem_gb:.2f} GB used, {gflops:9.2f} GFLOPS")
+
+      if (fname:=getenv("LOSS_FILE", "")):
+        with open(fname, "a") as f:
+          f.write(f"{i} {loss:.4f} {lr:.12f} {mem_gb:.2f}\n")

      if WANDB:
-        wandb.log({
-          "lr": lr, "train/loss": loss,
-          "train/step_time": step_time,
-          "train/gbs_time": gbs_time,
-          "train/optim_time": optim_time,
-          "train/dev_time": dev_time,
-          "train/data_time": data_time,
-          "train/mem": mem_gb,
-          "train/GFLOPS": gflops,
-          "train/MFU": mfu,
-          "train/sequences_seen": sequences_seen
-        })
+        wandb.log({"lr": lr, "train/loss": loss, "train/step_time": sec, "train/GFLOPS": gflops, "train/sequences_seen": sequences_seen})

      if (ckpt_freq := getenv("CKPT")) and (i % ckpt_freq == 0 and (i != 1 or ckpt_freq == 1)):
        tqdm.write("saving checkpoint")
@@ -1540,29 +1476,16 @@ def train_llama3():
        fn = f"{ckpt_dir}/llama3_{i}_optim.safe"
        safe_save(get_state_dict(scheduler), fn)

-      if i == BENCHMARK:
-        median_step_time = sorted(step_times)[(BENCHMARK + 1) // 2]
-        estimated_total_minutes = int(median_step_time * (SAMPLES // GBS) / 60)
-        print(f"Estimated training time: {estimated_total_minutes // 60}h{estimated_total_minutes % 60}m")
-        print(f"epoch global_ops: {GlobalCounters.global_ops:_}, "
-              f"epoch global_mem: {GlobalCounters.global_mem:_}")
-
-    if (sequences_seen % EVAL_FREQ == 0 and (i != 1 or EVAL_FREQ == 1)) or (BENCHMARK and i == BENCHMARK):
-      if EVAL_BS == 0: return
+    if sequences_seen % EVAL_FREQ == 0 and (i != 1 or EVAL_FREQ == 1):
      tqdm.write(f"evaluating after {sequences_seen} sequences")
-      profile_marker(f"eval @ {i}")

      # run eval
      eval_losses = []
      eval_iter = get_eval_iter()
      tqdm.write(f"evaluating {5760//EVAL_BS} batches of {EVAL_BS} sequences")

-      for j,tokens in tqdm(enumerate(eval_iter), total=EVAL_SAMPLES//EVAL_BS):
-        eval_losses += eval_step(tokens).tolist()
-
-        if BENCHMARK and (j+1) == min(BENCHMARK, EVAL_SAMPLES//EVAL_BS):
-          return
-
+      for tokens in tqdm(eval_iter, total=5760//EVAL_BS):
+        eval_losses += eval_step(model, tokens).tolist()
      log_perplexity = Tensor(eval_losses).mean().float().item()

      tqdm.write(f"eval log perplexity: {log_perplexity:.4f}")
@@ -1648,7 +1571,7 @@ def train_stable_diffusion():
    loss, out_lr = loss.detach().to("CPU"), optimizer.lr.to("CPU")
    Tensor.realize(loss, out_lr)
    return loss, out_lr
-
+    
  # checkpointing takes ~9 minutes without this, and ~1 minute with this
  @TinyJit
  def ckpt_to_cpu():
@@ -1687,7 +1610,7 @@ def train_stable_diffusion():
    if i == 3:
      for _ in range(3): ckpt_to_cpu() # do this at the beginning of run to prevent OOM surprises when checkpointing
      print("BEAM COMPLETE", flush=True) # allows wrapper script to detect BEAM search completion and retry if it failed
-
+      
    total_train_time = time.perf_counter() - train_start_time
    if WANDB:
      wandb.log({"train/loss": loss_item, "train/lr": lr_item, "train/loop_time_prev": loop_time, "train/dl_time": dl_time, "train/step": i,
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ export PYTHONPATH="." AMD=1
 export MODEL="bert"
 export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" GPUS=1 BS=128 EVAL_BS=128

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1

 export BEAM=3 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=4000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
 export IGNORE_JIT_FIRST_BEAM=1
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ export MODEL="bert"
 export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" GPUS=8 BS=1024 EVAL_BS=1024
 export OPT_BASE_LEARNING_RATE=0.0011 OPT_LAMB_BETA_1=0.60466 OPT_LAMB_BETA_2=0.85437 DECAY=0.1

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=500000

 export BEAM=3 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=6000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" GPUS=8 BS=1024 EVAL_BS=1024
 export OPT_BASE_LEARNING_RATE=0.0011 OPT_LAMB_BETA_1=0.60466 OPT_LAMB_BETA_2=0.85437 DECAY=0.1
 export TRAIN_STEPS=3900

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=500000

 export BEAM=3 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=6000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" GPUS=8 BS=1024 EVAL_BS=1024
 export OPT_BASE_LEARNING_RATE=0.0011 OPT_LAMB_BETA_1=0.60466 OPT_LAMB_BETA_2=0.85437 DECAY=0.1
 export TRAIN_STEPS=3900

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=500000

 export BEAM=3 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=6000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" GPUS=8 BS=1024 EVAL_BS=1024
 export OPT_BASE_LEARNING_RATE=0.0011 OPT_LAMB_BETA_1=0.60466 OPT_LAMB_BETA_2=0.85437 DECAY=0.1
 export TRAIN_STEPS=3900

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=5000000

 export BEAM=0 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=6000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" GPUS=8 BS=1024 EVAL_BS=1024
 export OPT_BASE_LEARNING_RATE=0.0011 OPT_LAMB_BETA_1=0.60466 OPT_LAMB_BETA_2=0.85437 DECAY=0.1
 export TRAIN_STEPS=3900

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=5000000

 export BEAM=3 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=6000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" GPUS=8 BS=1024 EVAL_BS=1024
 export OPT_BASE_LEARNING_RATE=0.0011 OPT_LAMB_BETA_1=0.60466 OPT_LAMB_BETA_2=0.85437 DECAY=0.1
 export TRAIN_STEPS=3900

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=5000000

 export BEAM=3 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=6000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ export PYTHONPATH="." NV=1
 export MODEL="bert"
 export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" SUM_DTYPE="HALF" GPUS=6 BS=72 EVAL_BS=72

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=500000

 export BEAM=8 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=10000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ export PYTHONPATH="." NV=1
 export MODEL="bert"
 export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" SUM_DTYPE="HALF" GPUS=6 BS=72 EVAL_BS=72

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=500000

 export BEAM=8 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=10000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export MODEL="bert"
 export SUBMISSION_PLATFORM="tinybox_green"
 export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" SUM_DTYPE="HALF" GPUS=6 BS=72 EVAL_BS=72

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=500000

 export BEAM=8 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=10000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ export PYTHONPATH="." AMD=1
 export MODEL="bert"
 export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" SUM_DTYPE="HALF" GPUS=6 BS=96 EVAL_BS=96

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=500000

 export BEAM=5 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=8000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ export PYTHONPATH="." AMD=1
 export MODEL="bert"
 export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" SUM_DTYPE="HALF" GPUS=6 BS=96 EVAL_BS=96

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=500000

 export BEAM=5 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=8000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export MODEL="bert"
 export SUBMISSION_PLATFORM="tinybox_red"
 export DEFAULT_FLOAT="HALF" SUM_DTYPE="HALF" GPUS=6 BS=96 EVAL_BS=96

-export CHECK_OOB=0
+export IGNORE_OOB=1
 export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=500000

 export BEAM=5 BEAM_UOPS_MAX=8000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-export PYTHONPATH="."
-export DEV=${DEV:-AMD}
-export EMULATE="AMD_CDNA4"
-export CHECK_OOB=0
-export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=5000000 HCQDEV_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS=240000
-
-export DEBUG=${DEBUG:-2}
-export FLASH_ATTENTION=${FLASH_ATTENTION:-1}
-export ALL2ALL=${ALL2ALL:-1}
-export USE_ATOMICS=${USE_ATOMICS:-1}
-export ASM_GEMM=${ASM_GEMM:-1}
-
-export DEFAULT_FLOAT="bfloat16" OPTIM_DTYPE="bfloat16"
-export DP=${DP:-8} BS=${BS:-8} EVAL_BS=${EVAL_BS:-8} GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS=${GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS:-1}
-export GBS=$((BS * GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS))
-
-export MODEL="llama3"
-export BASEDIR="/raid/datasets/c4-8b/"
-export SMALL=1
-export LLAMA3_SIZE=${LLAMA3_SIZE:-"8B"}
-export EVAL_TARGET=3.3 EVAL_FREQ=12288
-export LR="4e-4" END_LR="4e-5" WARMUP_SAMPLES=256 MAX_STEPS=1200000
-export WARMUP_STEPS=$((WARMUP_SAMPLES / GBS))
-export SAMPLES=$((MAX_STEPS * GBS))
-export SEQLEN=${SEQLEN:-8192}
-
-export SEED=${SEED:-5760}
-export DATA_SEED=${DATA_SEED:-5760}
-
-export JITBEAM=${JITBEAM:-3}
-export BEAM_UOPS_MAX=6000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
-
-export FAKEDATA=1 BENCHMARK=10 LLAMA_LAYERS=2
-
-python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-export PYTHONPATH="."
-export DEV=${DEV:-AMD}
-export EMULATE="AMD_CDNA4"
-export CHECK_OOB=0
-export REWRITE_STACK_LIMIT=5000000 HCQDEV_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS=240000
-
-export DEBUG=${DEBUG:-0}
-export FLASH_ATTENTION=${FLASH_ATTENTION:-1}
-export ALL2ALL=${ALL2ALL:-1}
-export USE_ATOMICS=${USE_ATOMICS:-1}
-export ASM_GEMM=${ASM_GEMM:-1}
-
-export DEFAULT_FLOAT="bfloat16" OPTIM_DTYPE="bfloat16"
-export DP=${DP:-8} BS=${BS:-8} EVAL_BS=${EVAL_BS:-8} GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS=${GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS:-1}
-export GBS=$((BS * GRADIENT_ACC_STEPS))
-
-export MODEL="llama3"
-export BASEDIR="/raid/datasets/c4-8b/"
-export SMALL=1
-export LLAMA3_SIZE=${LLAMA3_SIZE:-"8B"}
-export EVAL_TARGET=3.3 EVAL_FREQ=12288
-export LR="4e-4" END_LR="4e-5" WARMUP_SAMPLES=256 MAX_STEPS=1200000
-export WARMUP_STEPS=$((WARMUP_SAMPLES / GBS))
-export SAMPLES=$((MAX_STEPS * GBS))
-export SEQLEN=${SEQLEN:-8192}
-
-export SEED=${SEED:-$RANDOM}
-export DATA_SEED=${DATA_SEED:-5760}
-
-export JITBEAM=${JITBEAM:-3}
-export BEAM_UOPS_MAX=6000 BEAM_UPCAST_MAX=256 BEAM_LOCAL_MAX=1024 BEAM_MIN_PROGRESS=5
-
-python3 examples/mlperf/model_train.py
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-export BENCHMARK=5
-export EVAL_BS=0
-export VIZ=${VIZ:--1}
-examples/mlperf/training_submission_v6.0/tinycorp/benchmarks/llama8b/implementations/tinybox_8xMI350X/dev_run.sh
-PYTHONPATH="." extra/viz/cli.py --profile --device "AMD" --top 20
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-export BENCHMARK=5
-export EVAL_BS=0
-export FAKEDATA=1
-export NULL_ALLOW_COPYOUT=1
-export HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES=""
-export DEV=NULL
-export JITBEAM=0
-export LLAMA_LAYERS=${LLAMA_LAYERS:-"2"}
-time examples/mlperf/training_submission_v6.0/tinycorp/benchmarks/llama8b/implementations/tinybox_8xMI350X/dev_run.sh
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import argparse, time
 from collections import namedtuple
 from typing import Dict, Any

+from PIL import Image
 import numpy as np
 from tinygrad import Device, GlobalCounters, dtypes, Tensor, TinyJit
 from tinygrad.helpers import Timing, Context, getenv, fetch, colored, tqdm, flatten, profile_marker
@@ -335,7 +336,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
  print(x.shape)

  profile_marker("save image")
-  from PIL import Image
  im = Image.fromarray(x.numpy())
  print(f"saving {args.out}")
  im.save(args.out)
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def prepare_browser_chunks(model):
        weight_metadata = metadata.get(name, default)
        weight_metadata["parts"][part_num] = {"file": i, "file_start_pos": cursor, "size": size}
        metadata[name] = weight_metadata
-        data = bytes(state_dict[name].uop.base.realized.as_memoryview())
+        data = bytes(state_dict[name].uop.base.realized.as_buffer())
        data = data if not offsets else data[offsets[0]:offsets[1]]
        writer.write(data)
        cursor += size
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    forward: Any = None

  sub_steps = [
-    Step(name = "textModel", input = [Tensor.randint(1, 77, low=0, high=49408, dtype=dtypes.int32)], forward = model.cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model),
+    Step(name = "textModel", input = [Tensor.randn(1, 77)], forward = model.cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model),
    Step(name = "diffusor", input = [Tensor.randn(1, 77, 768), Tensor.randn(1, 77, 768), Tensor.randn(1,4,64,64), Tensor.rand(1), Tensor.randn(1), Tensor.randn(1), Tensor.randn(1)], forward = model),
    Step(name = "decoder", input = [Tensor.randn(1,4,64,64)], forward = model.decode),
    Step(name = "f16tof32", input = [Tensor.randn(2097120, dtype=dtypes.uint32)], forward = u32_to_f16)
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from tinygrad import Tensor, TinyJit, Variable, nn, dtypes
 from tinygrad.nn.state import torch_load, load_state_dict
 from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, fetch

-from examples.audio_helpers import mel
 import numpy as np
 import librosa

@@ -160,7 +159,7 @@ def prep_audio(waveforms: List[np.ndarray], batch_size: int, truncate=False) ->

  stft = librosa.stft(waveforms, n_fft=N_FFT, hop_length=HOP_LENGTH, window='hann', dtype=np.csingle)
  magnitudes = np.absolute(stft[..., :-1]) ** 2
-  mel_spec = mel(sr=RATE, n_fft=N_FFT, n_mels=N_MELS).numpy() @ magnitudes
+  mel_spec = librosa.filters.mel(sr=RATE, n_fft=N_FFT, n_mels=N_MELS) @ magnitudes

  log_spec = np.log10(np.clip(mel_spec, 1e-10, None))
  log_spec = np.maximum(log_spec, log_spec.max((1,2), keepdims=True) - 8.0)
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class SMICtx:
    self.prev_terminal_width = 0
    self.prev_terminal_height = 0

-    remove_parts = ["Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI]", "VGA compatible controller:", "Processing accelerators:"]
+    remove_parts = ["Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI]", "VGA compatible controller:"]
    lspci = subprocess.check_output(["lspci"]).decode("utf-8").splitlines()
    self.lspci = {l.split()[0]: l.split(" ", 1)[1] for l in lspci}
    for k,v in self.lspci.items():
@@ -153,8 +153,7 @@ class SMICtx:
    tables = {}
    for dev in self.devs:
      match dev.ip_ver[am.MP1_HWIP]:
-        case (13,0,6): table_t = dev.smu.smu_mod.MetricsTableV0_t
-        case (13,0,12): table_t = dev.smu.smu_mod.MetricsTableV2_t
+        case (13,0,6)|(13,0,12): table_t = dev.smu.smu_mod.MetricsTableX_t
        case _: table_t = dev.smu.smu_mod.SmuMetricsExternal_t
      tables[dev] = dev.smu.read_table(table_t, dev.smu.smu_mod.SMU_TABLE_SMU_METRICS) if dev.pci_state == "D0" else None
    return tables
@@ -280,7 +279,7 @@ class SMICtx:
      device_line = [f"{bold(dev.pcibus)} {trim(self.lspci[dev.pcibus[5:]], col_size - 20)}"] + [pad("", col_size)]
      activity_line = [f"GFX Activity {draw_bar(self.get_gfx_activity(dev, metrics) / 100, activity_line_width)}"] \
                    + [f"MEM Activity {draw_bar(self.get_mem_activity(dev, metrics) / 100, activity_line_width)}"] \
-                    + [f"MEM Usage    {draw_bar(mem_used / mem_total, activity_line_width, opt_text=mem_fmt)}"] \
+                    + [f"MEM Usage    {draw_bar((mem_used / mem_total) / 100, activity_line_width, opt_text=mem_fmt)}"] \

      temps_data, temps_data_compact = self.get_temps(dev, metrics), self.get_temps(dev, metrics, compact=True)
      temps_table = ["=== Temps (°C) ==="] + [f"{name:<16}: {color_temp(val)}" for name, val in temps_data.items()]
@@ -1,18 +1,12 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3

-import os
 from tinygrad.helpers import Context
 from tinygrad.runtime.support.system import System, PCIDevice, PCIDevImplBase
-from tinygrad.runtime.support.hcq import FileIOInterface
 from tinygrad.runtime.support.am.amdev import AMDev

 if __name__ == "__main__":
  gpus = System.pci_scan_bus(0x1002, [(0xffff, [0x74a1, 0x75a0])])
-  for gpu in gpus:
-    drv_path = f"/sys/bus/pci/devices/{gpu}/driver"
-    if FileIOInterface.exists(drv_path) and os.path.basename(os.readlink(drv_path)) == "amdgpu":
-      raise RuntimeError(f"amdgpu is bound to {gpu}. Stopping...")
-  pcidevs = [PCIDevice("AM", gpu, bars=[0, 2, 5]) for gpu in gpus]
+  pcidevs = [PCIDevice(f"reset:{gpu}", gpu, bars=[0, 2, 5]) for gpu in gpus]
  amdevs = []
  with Context(DEBUG=2):
    for pcidev in pcidevs:
@@ -19,9 +19,8 @@ amdev = importlib.import_module("tinygrad.runtime.support.am.amdev")
 amdev.AMDev = AMDFake
 from tinygrad.runtime.ops_amd import PCIIface

-def parse_amdgpu_logs(log_content, register_names=None, register_objects=None, *, only_xcc0: bool = False):
+def parse_amdgpu_logs(log_content, register_names=None, *, only_xcc0: bool = False):
  register_map = register_names or {}
-  register_objs = register_objects or {}

  def replace_register(match):
    reg = match.group(1)
@@ -38,28 +37,6 @@ def parse_amdgpu_logs(log_content, register_names=None, register_objects=None, *
  # remove timing prefix
  processed_log = re.sub(r'^\[\s*\d+(?:\.\d+)?\]\s*', '', processed_log, flags=re.MULTILINE)

-  # decode register values into field dicts
-  def decode_value(match):
-    reg_name = match.group(1)
-    xcc_part = match.group(2)  # "xcc=0 " or ""
-    val_str = match.group(3)
-    val = int(val_str, 16)
-
-    reg_obj = register_objs.get(reg_name)
-    if reg_obj is not None and reg_obj.fields:
-      fields = reg_obj.decode(val)
-      # show raw for unaccounted bits
-      accounted = 0
-      for name, (start, end) in reg_obj.fields.items():
-        accounted |= (((1 << (end - start + 1)) - 1) << start)
-      unaccounted = val & ~accounted
-      parts = {k: v for k, v in fields.items() if v != 0}
-      if unaccounted: parts['_raw_unaccounted'] = hex(unaccounted)
-      return f"register {reg_name}, {xcc_part}with value {val_str} {parts}"
-    return match.group(0)
-
-  processed_log = re.sub(r'register (reg\w+), ((?:xcc=\d+ )?)with value (0x[0-9a-fA-F]+)', decode_value, processed_log)
-
  # keep only xcc=0 lines (but keep lines with no xcc at all)
  if only_xcc0:
    kept = []
@@ -73,18 +50,16 @@ def main():
  only_xcc0 = bool(getenv("ONLY_XCC0", 0))

  reg_names = {}
-  reg_objs = {}
  dev = PCIIface(None, 0)
  for x, y in dev.dev_impl.__dict__.items():
    if isinstance(y, AMRegister):
      for xcc, addr in y.addr.items():
        reg_names[addr] = f"{x}, xcc={xcc}"
-      reg_objs[x] = y

  with open(sys.argv[1], 'r') as f:
    log_content = f.read()

-  processed_log = parse_amdgpu_logs(log_content, reg_names, reg_objs, only_xcc0=only_xcc0)
+  processed_log = parse_amdgpu_logs(log_content, reg_names, only_xcc0=only_xcc0)

  with open(sys.argv[2], 'w') as f:
    f.write(processed_log)
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 An integrated environment for AMD GPU assembly and emulation

-Test with `pytest -n12 test/amd/`
-`AMD_LLVM=1 pytest -n12 test/amd/`
+Test with `PYTHONPATH="." pytest -n12 extra/assembly/amd/`
+`AMD_LLVM=1 PYTHONPATH="." pytest -n12 extra/assembly/amd/`

+* pdf.py -- extract assembly format + instruction pseudocode from AMD PDF
 * dsl.py -- helpers for the autogen instruction classes in `__init__.py`. should be standalone with init
+* pcode.py -- pseudocode execution environment. pseudocode should be transformed as little as possible.
+* asm.py -- an asm/disasm function to transform to and from AMD assembly syntax
 * emu.py -- an emulator for RDNA that runs in tinygrad with `AMD=1 MOCKGPU=1 PYTHON_REMU=1`
-* generate.py -- extract assembly format + instruction pseudocode from AMD XML + PDF
-* pcode.py -- pseudocode to UOp transformation
-* sqtt.py -- SQTT parser

 The code should be as readable and deduplicated as possible. asm and emu shouldn't be required for dsl.

-The autogen folder is autogenerated from the AMD PDFs with `python3 -m tinygrad.renderer.amd.pdf --arch all`
+The autogen folder is autogenerated from the AMD PDFs with `python3 -m extra.assembly.amd.pdf --arch all`

 test_emu.py has a good set of instruction tests for the emulation, with USE_HW=1 it will compare to real hardware.
 Whenever an instruction is fixed, regression tests should be added here and confirmed with real hardware.
@@ -20,20 +20,20 @@ test_llvm.py tests asm/disasm on the LLVM tests, confirming it behaves the same

 tinygrad's dtype tests should pass with and without LLVM. they run in about 12 seconds.

-`AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=0 pytest -n=12 test/backend/test_dtype_alu.py test/backend/test_dtype.py`
-`AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=1 pytest -n=12 test/backend/test_dtype_alu.py test/backend/test_dtype.py`
+`PYTHONPATH="." AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=0 pytest -n=12 test/test_dtype_alu.py test/test_dtype.py`
+`PYTHONPATH="." AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=1 pytest -n=12 test/test_dtype_alu.py test/test_dtype.py`

 The ops tests also pass, but they are very slow, so you should run them one at a time.

-`SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=0 pytest -n=12 test/backend/test_ops.py`
-`SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=1 pytest -n=12 test/backend/test_ops.py`
+`SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 PYTHONPATH="." AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=0 pytest -n=12 test/test_ops.py`
+`SKIP_SLOW_TEST=1 PYTHONPATH="." AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1 AMD_LLVM=1 pytest -n=12 test/test_ops.py`

-When something is caught by main tinygrad tests, a local regression test should be added to `test/amd`.
+When something is caught by main tinygrad tests, a local regression test should be added to `extra/assembly/amd/test`.
 While working with tinygrad, you can dump the assembly with `DEBUG=7`. These tests all pass on real hardware
 If a test is failing with `AMD=1 PYTHON_REMU=1 MOCKGPU=1` it's because an instruction is emulated incorrectly.
 You can test without `MOCKGPU=1` to test on real hardware, if it works on real hardware there's a bug in the emulator.
 IMPORTANT: if a test is failing in the emulator, it's an instruction bug. Use DEBUG=7, get the instructions, and debug.

-Currently, only RDNA3 is well supported, but when finished, this will support RDNA3+RDNA4+CDNA in ~3000 lines.
-Get line count with `cloc --by-file tinygrad/renderer/amd/*.py`
+Currently, only RDNA3 is well supported, but when finished, this will support RDNA3+RDNA4+CDNA in ~2000 lines.
+Get line count with `cloc --by-file extra/assembly/amd/*.py`

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # AMD ISA code generator - generates enum.py, ins.py, operands.py, str_pcode.py
 # Sources: XML from https://gpuopen.com/download/machine-readable-isa/latest/
 #          PDF manuals from AMD documentation
-import re, zlib, xml.etree.ElementTree as ET, zipfile, pathlib
+import re, zlib, xml.etree.ElementTree as ET, zipfile
 from tinygrad.helpers import fetch

 # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
@@ -14,39 +14,28 @@ ARCHS = {
  "cdna": {"xml": "amdgpu_isa_cdna4.xml", "pdf": "https://www.amd.com/content/dam/amd/en/documents/instinct-tech-docs/instruction-set-architectures/amd-instinct-cdna4-instruction-set-architecture.pdf"},
 }
 XML_URL = "https://gpuopen.com/download/machine-readable-isa/latest/"
-# Map XML encoding names to codebase names
-NAME_MAP = {"VOP3_SDST_ENC": "VOP3SD", "VOP3_SDST_ENC_LIT": "VOP3SD_LIT", "VOP3_SDST_ENC_DPP16": "VOP3SD_DPP16",
-            "VOP3_SDST_ENC_DPP8": "VOP3SD_DPP8", "VOPDXY": "VOPD", "VOPDXY_LIT": "VOPD_LIT", "VDS": "DS"}
+# Map XML encoding names to codebase names (arch-specific overrides in ARCH_NAME_MAP)
+NAME_MAP = {"VOP3_SDST_ENC": "VOP3SD", "VOPDXY": "VOPD", "VDS": "DS"}
+ARCH_NAME_MAP = {"cdna": {"VOP3": "VOP3A", "VOP3_SDST_ENC": "VOP3B"}}
 # Instructions missing from XML but present in PDF
 FIXES = {"rdna3": {"SOPK": {22: "S_SUBVECTOR_LOOP_BEGIN", 23: "S_SUBVECTOR_LOOP_END"}, "FLAT": {55: "FLAT_ATOMIC_CSUB_U32"}},
-         "rdna4": {"SOP1": {80: "S_GET_BARRIER_STATE", 81: "S_BARRIER_INIT", 82: "S_BARRIER_JOIN"}, "SOPP": {9: "S_WAITCNT", 21: "S_BARRIER_LEAVE"}},
-         "cdna": {"DS": {152: "DS_GWS_SEMA_RELEASE_ALL", 154: "DS_GWS_SEMA_V", 156: "DS_GWS_SEMA_P"},
-                  "VOP3P": {44: "V_MFMA_LD_SCALE_B32", 62: "V_MFMA_F32_16X16X8_XF32", 63: "V_MFMA_F32_32X32X4_XF32"}}}
-# Fields missing from XML but present in hardware (format: {arch: {encoding: [(name, hi, lo), ...]}})
-FIELD_FIXES = {"cdna": {"VOP3P": [("opsel_hi2", 14, 14)]}}
+         "rdna4": {"SOP1": {80: "S_GET_BARRIER_STATE", 81: "S_BARRIER_INIT", 82: "S_BARRIER_JOIN"}, "SOPP": {9: "S_WAITCNT", 21: "S_BARRIER_LEAVE"}}}
 # Encoding suffixes to strip (variants we don't generate separate classes for)
-_ENC_SUFFIXES = ("_NSA1",)
-# Encoding suffix to class suffix mapping (for variants we DO generate)
-_ENC_SUFFIX_MAP = {"_INST_LITERAL": "_LIT", "_VOP_DPP16": "_DPP16", "_VOP_DPP": "_DPP16", "_VOP_DPP8": "_DPP8",
-                   "_VOP_SDWA": "_SDWA", "_VOP_SDWA_SDST_ENC": "_SDWA_SDST", "_MFMA": "_MFMA"}
+_ENC_SUFFIXES = ("_INST_LITERAL", "_VOP_DPP16", "_VOP_DPP8", "_VOP_DPP", "_VOP_SDWA", "_NSA1", "_MFMA")
 # Field name normalization
 _FIELD_RENAMES = {"opsel_hi_2": "opsel_hi2", "op_sel_hi_2": "opsel_hi2", "op_sel": "opsel", "bound_ctrl": "bc",
-                  "tgt": "target", "row_en": "row", "unorm": "unrm", "clamp": "clmp", "wait_exp": "waitexp",
-                  "simm32": "literal", "dpp_ctrl": "dpp", "acc_cd": "acc_cd", "acc": "acc",
-                  "dst_sel": "dst_sel", "dst_unused": "dst_unused", "src0_sel": "src0_sel", "src1_sel": "src1_sel"}
-# Encoding variants to skip entirely (NSA is for MIMG graphics instructions)
-_SKIP_ENCODINGS = ("NSA",)
+                  "tgt": "target", "row_en": "row", "unorm": "unrm", "clamp": "clmp", "wait_exp": "waitexp"}
+# Encoding variants to skip entirely
+_SKIP_ENCODINGS = ("LITERAL", "NSA", "DPP", "SDWA", "MFMA")

 # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 # XML parsing helpers
 # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

 def _strip_enc(name: str) -> str:
-  """Strip ENC_ prefix and normalize encoding suffixes."""
+  """Strip ENC_ prefix and encoding variant suffixes."""
  name = name.removeprefix("ENC_")
  for sfx in _ENC_SUFFIXES: name = name.replace(sfx, "")
-  # Process longer suffixes first to avoid partial matches (e.g., _VOP_DPP8 before _VOP_DPP)
-  for old, new in sorted(_ENC_SUFFIX_MAP.items(), key=lambda x: -len(x[0])): name = name.replace(old, new)
  return name

 def _norm_field(name: str) -> str:
@@ -69,21 +58,10 @@ def _map_flat(enc_name: str, instr_name: str) -> str:
 # XML parsing
 # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

-def parse_xml(filename: str):
+def parse_xml(filename: str, arch: str):
  root = ET.fromstring(zipfile.ZipFile(fetch(XML_URL)).read(filename))
+  name_map = {**NAME_MAP, **ARCH_NAME_MAP.get(arch, {})}
  encodings, enums, types, fmts, op_types_set = {}, {}, {}, {}, set()
-  # Extract HWREG and MSG enums from OperandTypes
-  op_enum_map = {("OPR_HWREG", "ID"): "HWREG", ("OPR_SENDMSG_RTN", "MSG"): "MSG"}
-  for ot in root.findall(".//OperandTypes/OperandType"):
-    ot_name = ot.findtext("OperandTypeName")
-    for field in ot.findall(".//Field"):
-      key = (ot_name, field.findtext("FieldName"))
-      if (enum_name := op_enum_map.get(key)):  # type: ignore[arg-type]
-        def _pv_val(pv: ET.Element) -> tuple[int, str]:
-          v, n = pv.findtext("Value"), pv.findtext("Name")
-          assert v is not None and n is not None
-          return int(v), n.upper()
-        enums[enum_name] = dict(_pv_val(pv) for pv in field.findall(".//PredefinedValue"))
  # Extract DataFormats with BitCount
  for df in root.findall("ISA/DataFormats/DataFormat"):
    name, bits = df.findtext("DataFormatName"), df.findtext("BitCount")
@@ -91,67 +69,36 @@ def parse_xml(filename: str):
  # Extract encoding definitions
  for enc in root.findall("ISA/Encodings/Encoding"):
    name = enc.findtext("EncodingName")
-    assert name is not None
-    is_base = name.startswith("ENC_") or name in ("VOP3_SDST_ENC", "VOPDXY")
-    is_variant = any(sfx in name for sfx in _ENC_SUFFIX_MAP)
-    if not is_base and not is_variant: continue
+    if not name.startswith("ENC_") and name not in ("VOP3_SDST_ENC", "VOPDXY"): continue
    if any(s in name for s in _SKIP_ENCODINGS): continue
-    fields: list[tuple[str, int, int]] = []
-    for f in enc.findall(".//MicrocodeFormat/BitMap/Field"):
-      br = f.find("BitLayout/Range")
-      if br is None: continue
-      fn = f.findtext("FieldName")
-      assert fn is not None
-      fields.append((_norm_field(fn.lower()),
-        int(br.findtext("BitOffset") or 0) + int(br.findtext("BitCount") or 0) - 1, int(br.findtext("BitOffset") or 0)))
-    ident_list = enc.findall("EncodingIdentifiers/EncodingIdentifier")
-    ident = ident_list[0] if ident_list else None
+    fields = [(_norm_field(f.findtext("FieldName").lower()), int(f.find("BitLayout/Range").findtext("BitOffset") or 0) + int(f.find("BitLayout/Range").findtext("BitCount") or 0) - 1,
+               int(f.find("BitLayout/Range").findtext("BitOffset") or 0))
+              for f in enc.findall(".//MicrocodeFormat/BitMap/Field") if f.find("BitLayout/Range") is not None]
+    ident = (enc.findall("EncodingIdentifiers/EncodingIdentifier") or [None])[0]
    enc_field = next((f for f in fields if f[0] == "encoding"), None)
-    # For multi-dword formats, encoding field may be in higher dword but identifier is always in dword0; use % 32
-    enc_bits: str | None = None
-    if ident is not None and ident.text is not None and enc_field:
-      enc_bits = "".join(ident.text[len(ident.text)-1-b] for b in range(enc_field[1] % 32, (enc_field[2] % 32)-1, -1))
+    enc_bits = "".join(ident.text[len(ident.text)-1-b] for b in range(enc_field[1], enc_field[2]-1, -1)) if ident is not None and enc_field else None
    base_name = _strip_enc(name)
-    encodings[NAME_MAP.get(base_name, base_name)] = (fields, enc_bits)
+    encodings[name_map.get(base_name, base_name)] = (fields, enc_bits)
  # Extract instruction opcodes and operand info
-  # Track which encodings each opcode appears in (for detecting LIT-only ops)
-  opcode_encs: dict[str, dict[int, set[str]]] = {}  # {base_fmt: {opcode: {enc_names}}}
  for instr in root.findall("ISA/Instructions/Instruction"):
    name = instr.findtext("InstructionName")
-    assert name is not None
    for enc in instr.findall("InstructionEncodings/InstructionEncoding"):
      if enc.findtext("EncodingCondition") != "default": continue
-      enc_enc_name = enc.findtext("EncodingName")
-      assert enc_enc_name is not None
-      base, opcode = _map_flat(_strip_enc(enc_enc_name), name), int(enc.findtext("Opcode") or 0)
-      enc_name = NAME_MAP.get(base, base)
-      # Encoding variants use the same Op enum as the base format
-      base_enum = enc_name
-      for sfx in ("_SDWA_SDST", "_DPP16", "_DPP8", "_SDWA", "_LIT", "_MFMA"):
-        base_enum = base_enum.replace(sfx, "")
-      # Track which encodings this opcode appears in
-      opcode_encs.setdefault(base_enum, {}).setdefault(opcode, set()).add(enc_name)
+      base, opcode = _map_flat(_strip_enc(enc.findtext("EncodingName")), name), int(enc.findtext("Opcode") or 0)
+      enc_name = name_map.get(base, base)
      # ADDTID instructions go in both FLAT and GLOBAL enums (pcode uses FLATOp for these)
      if "ADDTID" in name:
        if base == "GLOBAL": enums.setdefault("FLAT", {})[opcode] = name
        elif base == "VGLOBAL": enums.setdefault("VFLAT", {})[opcode] = name
-      enums.setdefault(base_enum, {})[opcode] = name
+      enums.setdefault(enc_name, {})[opcode] = name
      # Extract operand info
-      op_info: dict[str, tuple[str | None, int, str | None]] = {}
-      for op in enc.findall("Operands/Operand"):
-        fn = op.findtext("FieldName")
-        if fn: op_info[fn.lower()] = (op.findtext("DataFormatName"), int(op.findtext("OperandSize") or 0), op.findtext("OperandType"))
+      op_info = {op.findtext("FieldName").lower(): (op.findtext("DataFormatName"), int(op.findtext("OperandSize") or 0), op.findtext("OperandType"))
+                 for op in enc.findall("Operands/Operand") if op.findtext("FieldName")}
      for fmt, _, otype in op_info.values():
        if fmt and fmt not in fmts: fmts[fmt] = 0
        if otype: op_types_set.add(otype)
-      if op_info: types[(name, base_enum)] = op_info
-  # Find opcodes that only exist in a specific variant encoding (no base format version)
-  suffix_only_ops: dict[str, dict[str, set[int]]] = {}  # {suffix: {base_fmt: {opcodes}}}
-  for base_fmt, opcodes in opcode_encs.items():
-    for opcode, encs in opcodes.items():
-      suffix = next((s for s in _ENC_SUFFIX_MAP.values() if all(s in e for e in encs)), None)
-      if suffix is not None: suffix_only_ops.setdefault(suffix, {}).setdefault(base_fmt, set()).add(opcode)
-  return encodings, enums, types, fmts, op_types_set, suffix_only_ops
+      if op_info: types[(name, enc_name)] = op_info
+  return encodings, enums, types, fmts, op_types_set

 # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 # PDF parsing
@@ -162,9 +109,7 @@ def extract_pdf_text(url: str) -> list[list[tuple[float, float, str, str]]]:
  data = fetch(url).read_bytes()
  # Parse xref table to locate objects
  xref: dict[int, int] = {}
-  xref_match = re.search(rb'startxref\s+(\d+)', data)
-  assert xref_match is not None
-  pos = int(xref_match.group(1)) + 4
+  pos = int(re.search(rb'startxref\s+(\d+)', data).group(1)) + 4
  while data[pos:pos+7] != b'trailer':
    while data[pos:pos+1] in b' \r\n': pos += 1
    line_end = data.find(b'\n', pos)
@@ -185,19 +130,14 @@ def extract_pdf_text(url: str) -> list[list[tuple[float, float, str, str]]]:
    if not (m := re.search(rb'/Contents (\d+) 0 R', data[xref[n]:xref[n]+500])): continue
    stream = get_stream(int(m.group(1))).decode('latin-1')
    elements, font = [], ''
-    _RE_BT = (r'(/F[\d.]+) [\d.]+ Tf|([\d.+-]+) ([\d.+-]+) Td|[\d.+-]+ [\d.+-]+ [\d.+-]+ [\d.+-]+ ([\d.+-]+) ([\d.+-]+) Tm'
-              r'|<([0-9A-Fa-f]+)>.*?Tj|\[([^\]]+)\] TJ')
    for bt in re.finditer(r'BT(.*?)ET', stream, re.S):
      x, y = 0.0, 0.0
-      for sm in re.finditer(_RE_BT, bt.group(1)):
-        if sm.group(1): font = sm.group(1)
-        elif sm.group(2): x, y = x + float(sm.group(2)), y + float(sm.group(3))
-        elif sm.group(4): x, y = float(sm.group(4)), float(sm.group(5))
-        elif sm.group(6) and (t := bytes.fromhex(sm.group(6)).decode('latin-1')).strip():
-          elements.append((x, y, t, font))
-        elif sm.group(7):
-          t = ''.join(bytes.fromhex(h).decode('latin-1') for h in re.findall(r'<([0-9A-Fa-f]+)>', sm.group(7)))
-          if t.strip(): elements.append((x, y, t, font))
+      for m in re.finditer(r'(/F[\d.]+) [\d.]+ Tf|([\d.+-]+) ([\d.+-]+) Td|[\d.+-]+ [\d.+-]+ [\d.+-]+ [\d.+-]+ ([\d.+-]+) ([\d.+-]+) Tm|<([0-9A-Fa-f]+)>.*?Tj|\[([^\]]+)\] TJ', bt.group(1)):
+        if m.group(1): font = m.group(1)
+        elif m.group(2): x, y = x + float(m.group(2)), y + float(m.group(3))
+        elif m.group(4): x, y = float(m.group(4)), float(m.group(5))
+        elif m.group(6) and (t := bytes.fromhex(m.group(6)).decode('latin-1')).strip(): elements.append((x, y, t, font))
+        elif m.group(7) and (t := ''.join(bytes.fromhex(h).decode('latin-1') for h in re.findall(r'<([0-9A-Fa-f]+)>', m.group(7)))).strip(): elements.append((x, y, t, font))
    pages.append(sorted(elements, key=lambda e: (-e[1], e[0])))
  return pages

@@ -223,7 +163,7 @@ def extract_pcode(pages: list[list[tuple[float, float, str, str]]], name_to_op:
    else:
      next_page, next_y = page_idx, 0
    # Collect F6 text from current position to next instruction (pseudocode is at x ≈ 69)
-    lines: list[tuple[int, float, str]] = []
+    lines = []
    for p in range(page_idx, next_page + 1):
      start_y = y if p == page_idx else 800
      end_y = next_y if p == next_page else 0
@@ -246,12 +186,8 @@ def extract_pcode(pages: list[list[tuple[float, float, str, str]]], name_to_op:
 # Code generation
 # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

-def write_common(all_fmts: dict[str, int], all_op_types: set[str], path: pathlib.Path) -> None:
-  lines: list[str] = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit", "from enum import Enum, auto", ""]
-  lines.append("class ReprEnum(Enum):")
-  lines.append('  """Enum with clean repr that roundtrips with eval()."""')
-  lines.append('  def __repr__(self): return f"{type(self).__name__}.{self.name}"')
-  lines.append("")
+def write_common(all_fmts, all_op_types, path):
+  lines = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit", "from enum import Enum, auto", ""]
  lines.append("class Fmt(Enum):")
  for fmt in sorted(all_fmts.keys()): lines.append(f"  {fmt} = auto()")
  lines.append("")
@@ -264,12 +200,11 @@ def write_common(all_fmts: dict[str, int], all_op_types: set[str], path: pathlib
  with open(path, "w") as f: f.write("\n".join(lines))

 def write_enum(enums, path):
-  lines: list[str] = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit",
-    "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.common import ReprEnum, Fmt, FMT_BITS, OpType  # noqa: F401", ""]
+  lines = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit", "from enum import Enum", "from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.common import Fmt, FMT_BITS, OpType  # noqa: F401", ""]
  for name, ops in sorted(enums.items()):
    if not ops: continue
    suffix = "_E32" if name in ("VOP1", "VOP2", "VOPC") else "_E64" if name == "VOP3" else ""
-    lines.append(f"class {name}(ReprEnum):" if name in ("HWREG", "MSG") else f"class {name}Op(ReprEnum):")
+    lines.append(f"class {name}Op(Enum):")
    aliases = []
    for op, mem in sorted(ops.items()):
      msuf = suffix if name != "VOP3" or op < 512 else ""
@@ -279,17 +214,12 @@ def write_enum(enums, path):
    lines.append("")
  with open(path, "w") as f: f.write("\n".join(lines))

-def write_ins(encodings, enums, suffix_only_ops, types, arch, path):
-  _VGPR_FIELDS = {"vdst", "vdstx", "vsrc0", "vsrc1", "vsrc2", "vsrc3", "vsrcx1", "vsrcy1", "vaddr", "vdata", "data", "data0", "data1", "addr", "vsrc"}
-  _VARIANT_SUFFIXES = ("_LIT", "_DPP16", "_DPP8", "_SDWA_SDST", "_SDWA", "_MFMA")
-  def get_base_fmt(fmt):
-    for sfx in _VARIANT_SUFFIXES: fmt = fmt.replace(sfx, "")
-    return fmt
+def write_ins(encodings, enums, arch, path):
+  _VGPR_FIELDS = {"vdst", "vdstx", "vsrc0", "vsrc1", "vsrc2", "vsrc3", "vsrcx1", "vsrcy1", "vaddr", "vdata", "data", "data0", "data1", "addr"}
  def field_def(name, hi, lo, fmt, enc_bits=None):
    bits = hi - lo + 1
-    base_fmt = get_base_fmt(fmt)
    if name == "encoding" and enc_bits: return f"FixedBitField({hi}, {lo}, 0b{enc_bits})"
-    if name == "op" and fmt not in ("DPP", "SDWA"): return f"EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {base_fmt}Op)"
+    if name == "op" and fmt not in ("DPP", "SDWA"): return f"EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {fmt}Op)"
    if name in ("opx", "opy"): return f"EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, VOPDOp)"
    if name == "vdsty": return f"VDSTYField({hi}, {lo})"
    if name in _VGPR_FIELDS and bits == 8: return f"VGPRField({hi}, {lo})"
@@ -300,164 +230,53 @@ def write_ins(encodings, enums, suffix_only_ops, types, arch, path):
    if name.startswith("ssrc") and bits == 8: return f"SSrcField({hi}, {lo})"
    if name in ("saddr", "soffset") and bits == 8: return f"SSrcField({hi}, {lo}, default=NULL)"
    if name.startswith("src") and bits == 9: return f"SrcField({hi}, {lo})"
-    # GLOBAL/SCRATCH: offset is 13-bit signed [12:0], FLAT: 12-bit unsigned (XML has 12-bit for all)
-    if name == "offset" and base_fmt in ("GLOBAL", "SCRATCH"): return f"BitField(12, {lo})"
-    if base_fmt == "VOP3P" and name == "opsel_hi": return f"BitField({hi}, {lo}, default=3)"
-    if base_fmt == "VOP3P" and name == "opsel_hi2": return f"BitField({hi}, {lo}, default=1)"
+    if fmt == "VOP3P" and name == "opsel_hi": return f"BitField({hi}, {lo}, default=3)"
+    if fmt == "VOP3P" and name == "opsel_hi2": return f"BitField({hi}, {lo}, default=1)"
    return f"BitField({hi}, {lo})"
  ORDER = ['encoding', 'op', 'opx', 'opy', 'vdst', 'vdstx', 'vdsty', 'sdst', 'vdata', 'sdata', 'addr', 'vaddr', 'data', 'data0', 'data1',
           'src0', 'srcx0', 'srcy0', 'vsrc0', 'ssrc0', 'src1', 'vsrc1', 'vsrcx1', 'vsrcy1', 'ssrc1', 'src2', 'vsrc2', 'src3', 'vsrc3',
-           'saddr', 'sbase', 'srsrc', 'ssamp', 'soffset', 'offset', 'simm16', 'literal', 'en', 'target', 'attr', 'attr_chan',
+           'saddr', 'sbase', 'srsrc', 'ssamp', 'soffset', 'offset', 'simm16', 'en', 'target', 'attr', 'attr_chan',
           'omod', 'neg', 'neg_hi', 'abs', 'clmp', 'opsel', 'opsel_hi', 'waitexp', 'wait_va',
-           'dmask', 'dim', 'seg', 'format', 'offen', 'idxen', 'glc', 'dlc', 'slc', 'tfe', 'unrm', 'done', 'row',
-           'dpp', 'fi', 'bc', 'row_mask', 'bank_mask', 'src0_neg', 'src0_abs', 'src1_neg', 'src1_abs',
-           'cbsz', 'abid', 'acc_cd', 'acc', 'blgp', 'lane_sel_0', 'lane_sel_1', 'lane_sel_2', 'lane_sel_3',
-           'lane_sel_4', 'lane_sel_5', 'lane_sel_6', 'lane_sel_7', 'dst_sel', 'dst_unused', 'src0_sel', 'src1_sel']
-  def sort_fields(fields): return sorted(fields, key=lambda f: (ORDER.index(f[0]) if f[0] in ORDER else 999, f[2]))
+           'dmask', 'dim', 'seg', 'format', 'offen', 'idxen', 'glc', 'dlc', 'slc', 'tfe', 'unrm', 'done', 'row']
+  sort_fields = lambda fields: sorted(fields, key=lambda f: (ORDER.index(f[0]) if f[0] in ORDER else 999, f[2]))

-  # Separate base encodings from variants
-  base_encodings, variant_encodings = {}, {}
-  for enc_name, data in encodings.items():
-    base = get_base_fmt(enc_name)
-    if base == enc_name: base_encodings[enc_name] = data
-    else: variant_encodings[enc_name] = data
-
-  # Build sets of ops by their vdst type from operand metadata
-  sdst_opcodes: dict[str, set[int]] = {}  # ops where vdst is OPR_SREG (writes to SGPR)
-  for fmt, ops in enums.items():
-    for op, name in ops.items():
-      op_types = types.get((name, fmt), {})
-      vdst_type = op_types.get("vdst", (None, None, None))[2]
-      if vdst_type == "OPR_SREG": sdst_opcodes.setdefault(fmt, set()).add(op)
-
-  # collect only the XxxOp enums that are actually referenced in this arch's instruction definitions
-  enum_names = sorted(f"{k}Op" for k in enums if enums[k] and k not in ("HWREG", "MSG"))
-  # also re-export HWREG/MSG enums (plain enums, not instruction format ops)
-  enum_names += sorted(k for k in enums if k in ("HWREG", "MSG") and enums[k])
-  # collect DSL field types actually used by scanning generated field definitions
-  all_field_defs = " ".join(field_def(fn, hi, lo, enc, eb) for enc, (flds, eb) in encodings.items() for fn, hi, lo in flds)
-  _ALL_DSL = ["BitField", "EnumBitField", "FixedBitField", "NULL", "SBaseField", "SGPRField", "SRsrcField",
-              "SSrcField", "SrcField", "VDSTYField", "VGPRField"]
-  dsl_names = ["Inst"] + [n for n in _ALL_DSL if n in all_field_defs]
-  # also re-export register names so `from ins import *` still provides them to downstream users
-  _DSL_REGS = ["s", "v", "src", "VCC_LO", "VCC_HI", "VCC", "EXEC_LO", "EXEC_HI", "EXEC", "NULL", "OFF", "M0",
-               "SCC", "VCCZ", "EXECZ", "ttmp", "INV_2PI", "SDWA", "DPP", "DPP16", "LIT", "SRC_LDS_DIRECT"]
-  dsl_reexport = sorted(set(dsl_names + _DSL_REGS))
-  lines: list[str] = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit", "# ruff: noqa: E501,F401",
-    f"from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import {', '.join(dsl_reexport)}",
-    f"from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.{arch}.enum import {', '.join(enum_names)}", "import functools", ""]
-
-  def fmt_allowed(op_enum: str, ops: set[int]) -> str:
-    """Format allowed ops as {EnumName.MEMBER, ...}."""
-    names = [f"{op_enum}.{enums[op_enum.removesuffix('Op')][op]}" for op in sorted(ops)]
-    return "{" + ", ".join(names) + "}"
-
-  # Generate base classes first
-  for enc_name, (fields, enc_bits) in sorted(base_encodings.items()):
-    all_ops = set(enums.get(enc_name, {}).keys())
-    # Get suffix-only ops for this format (these can't be used in base class)
-    base_suffix_ops = set().union(*(d.get(enc_name, set()) for d in suffix_only_ops.values()))
-    # Exclude SDST ops from base class (they need VOP1_SDST/VOP3_SDST/VOP3B)
-    base_allowed = all_ops - base_suffix_ops - sdst_opcodes.get(enc_name, set())
-    # RDNA3 FLAT/GLOBAL/SCRATCH share encoding bits, differentiated by seg field
-    # RDNA4 VFLAT/VGLOBAL/VSCRATCH have distinct encoding bits, no seg field needed
-    has_seg_field = any(fn == "seg" for fn, _, _ in fields)
-    if enc_name in ("FLAT", "VFLAT") and has_seg_field:
+  lines = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit", "# ruff: noqa: F401,F403",
+           "from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import *", f"from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.{arch}.enum import *", "import functools", ""]
+  for enc_name, (fields, enc_bits) in sorted(encodings.items()):
+    if enc_name in ("FLAT", "VFLAT"):
      prefix = "V" if enc_name == "VFLAT" else ""
-      flat_variants = [(f"{prefix}FLAT", 0, f"{prefix}FLATOp"), (f"{prefix}GLOBAL", 2, f"{prefix}GLOBALOp"),
-                       (f"{prefix}SCRATCH", 1, f"{prefix}SCRATCHOp")]
-      for cls, seg, op_enum in flat_variants:
-        cls_ops = set(enums.get(cls, {}).keys())
+      for cls, seg, op_enum in [(f"{prefix}FLAT", 0, f"{prefix}FLATOp"), (f"{prefix}GLOBAL", 2, f"{prefix}GLOBALOp"), (f"{prefix}SCRATCH", 1, f"{prefix}SCRATCHOp")]:
        lines.append(f"class {cls}(Inst):")
        for fn, hi, lo in sort_fields(fields):
          if fn == "seg": lines.append(f"  seg = FixedBitField({hi}, {lo}, {seg})")
-          elif fn == "op": lines.append(f"  op = EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {op_enum}, {fmt_allowed(op_enum, cls_ops)})")
+          elif fn == "op": lines.append(f"  op = EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {op_enum})")
          else: lines.append(f"  {fn} = {field_def(fn, hi, lo, cls, enc_bits)}")
        lines.append("")
-    elif enc_name not in ("FLAT_GLOBAL", "FLAT_SCRATCH", "FLAT_GLBL", "DPP", "SDWA"):
+    elif enc_name not in ("FLAT_GLOBAL", "FLAT_SCRATCH", "FLAT_GLBL", "VGLOBAL", "VSCRATCH", "DPP", "SDWA"):
      lines.append(f"class {enc_name}(Inst):")
      for fn, hi, lo in sort_fields(fields):
-        if fn == "op":
-          base_fmt = get_base_fmt(enc_name)
-          lines.append(f"  op = EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {base_fmt}Op, {fmt_allowed(f'{base_fmt}Op', base_allowed)})")
-        else:
-          lines.append(f"  {fn} = {field_def(fn, hi, lo, enc_name, enc_bits if fn == 'encoding' else None)}")
+        lines.append(f"  {fn} = {field_def(fn, hi, lo, enc_name, enc_bits if fn == 'encoding' else None)}")
      lines.append("")
-
-  # Generate variant classes that inherit from base (only add extra fields)
-  for enc_name, (fields, enc_bits) in sorted(variant_encodings.items()):
-    base = get_base_fmt(enc_name)
-    if base not in base_encodings: continue  # skip if no base class
-    base_fields = {f[0] for f in base_encodings[base][0]}
-    extra_fields = [(fn, hi, lo) for fn, hi, lo in fields if fn not in base_fields]
-    # Check if this is a suffix-only variant
-    variant_suffix = next((sfx for sfx in _VARIANT_SUFFIXES if enc_name.endswith(sfx)), None)
-    is_suffix_variant = variant_suffix in suffix_only_ops
-    all_ops = set(enums.get(base, {}).keys())
-    if extra_fields or is_suffix_variant:
-      lines.append(f"class {enc_name}({base}):")
-      op_field = next((f for f in base_encodings[base][0] if f[0] == "op"), None)
-      # _LIT classes: override op to allow all opcodes (base excludes lit-only ops)
-      # other classes override op to only suffix-only opcodes
-      if op_field and is_suffix_variant:
-        _, hi, lo = op_field
-        allowed_ops = all_ops if variant_suffix == "_LIT" else suffix_only_ops[variant_suffix][base]
-        lines.append(f"  op = EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {base}Op, {fmt_allowed(f'{base}Op', allowed_ops)})")
-      for fn, hi, lo in sort_fields(extra_fields):
-        lines.append(f"  {fn} = {field_def(fn, hi, lo, enc_name)}")
-      lines.append("")
-
-  # SDST variants (special case - redefine vdst field type, restrict to SDST ops)
-  for base, field_hi, field_lo in [("VOP1", 24, 17), ("VOP3", 7, 0)]:
-    if base not in base_encodings: continue
-    sdst_ops = sdst_opcodes.get(base, set())
-    if not sdst_ops: continue
-    # For VOP3, all ops < 256 (compare/cmpx ops) use SDST encoding
-    all_base_ops = set(enums.get(base, {}).keys())
-    if base == "VOP3": sdst_ops = sdst_ops | {op for op in all_base_ops if op < 256}
-    op_field = next((f for f in base_encodings[base][0] if f[0] == "op"), None)
-    lines.append(f"class {base}_SDST({base}):")
-    if op_field:
-      _, hi, lo = op_field
-      lines.append(f"  op = EnumBitField({hi}, {lo}, {base}Op, {fmt_allowed(f'{base}Op', sdst_ops)})")
-    lines.append(f"  vdst = SSrcField({field_hi}, {field_lo})")
-    lines.append("")
-    # SDST_LIT class (for literals with SDST destination) - same ops, just adds literal field
-    lit_enc = variant_encodings.get(f"{base}_LIT")
-    if lit_enc:
-      lit_field = next((f for f in lit_enc[0] if f[0] == "literal"), None)
-      if lit_field:
-        lines.append(f"class {base}_SDST_LIT({base}_SDST):")
-        lines.append(f"  literal = BitField({lit_field[1]}, {lit_field[2]})")
-        lines.append("")
-
+  # SDST variants
+  for base, field in [("VOP1", "vdst = SSrcField(24, 17)"), ("VOP3", "vdst = SSrcField(7, 0)")]:
+    if base in encodings: lines += [f"class {base}_SDST({base}):", f"  {field}", ""]
  # Instruction helpers
  lines.append("# instruction helpers")
+  SDST_OPS = {"V_READFIRSTLANE_B32", "V_READLANE_B32"}
  for fmt, ops in sorted(enums.items()):
-    if fmt not in base_encodings and fmt not in ("GLOBAL", "SCRATCH", "VGLOBAL", "VSCRATCH"): continue
+    if fmt not in encodings and fmt not in ("GLOBAL", "SCRATCH", "VGLOBAL", "VSCRATCH"): continue
    suffix = "_E32" if fmt in ("VOP1", "VOP2", "VOPC") else "_E64" if fmt == "VOP3" else ""
-    op_to_suffix = {op:suffix for suffix,ops in suffix_only_ops.items() for op in ops.get(fmt, set())}
-    fmt_sdst_ops = sdst_opcodes.get(fmt, set())
    for op, name in sorted(ops.items()):
-      # ADDTID ops are in both FLAT and GLOBAL enums (for pcode); only generate helper for GLOBAL/VGLOBAL
-      if "ADDTID" in name and fmt in ("FLAT", "VFLAT"): continue
      msuf = suffix if fmt != "VOP3" or op < 512 else ""
-      # Determine class: SDST variants, suffix-specific variants (e.g., _MFMA, _LIT), or base
-      if fmt == "VOP1" and op in fmt_sdst_ops: cls = "VOP1_SDST"
-      elif fmt == "VOP3" and (op in fmt_sdst_ops or op < 256): cls = "VOP3_SDST"
-      elif op_to_suffix.get(op): cls = f"{fmt}{op_to_suffix[op]}"
-      else: cls = fmt
+      cls = "VOP1_SDST" if fmt == "VOP1" and name in SDST_OPS else "VOP3_SDST" if fmt == "VOP3" and (name in SDST_OPS or op < 256) else fmt
      lines.append(f"{name.lower()}{msuf.lower()} = functools.partial({cls}, {fmt}Op.{name}{msuf})")
  with open(path, "w") as f: f.write("\n".join(lines))

-def write_operands(types: dict, enums: dict, arch: str, path: pathlib.Path) -> None:
+def write_operands(types, enums, arch, path):
  valid = {(name, fmt) for fmt, ops in enums.items() for name in ops.values()}
-  # only import enums that are actually used as keys in OPERANDS
-  used_bases = {eb for (nm, eb) in types if (nm, eb) in valid}
-  enum_names = sorted(f"{k}Op" for k in used_bases)
-  lines: list[str] = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit",
-    "from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.common import Fmt, OpType",
-    f"from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.{arch}.enum import {', '.join(enum_names)}", ""]
+  lines = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit",
+           "from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.common import Fmt, OpType",
+           f"from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.{arch}.enum import *", ""]
  lines.append("# instruction operand info: {Op: {field: (Fmt, size_bits, OpType)}}")
  lines.append("OPERANDS = {")
  def fmt_val(v):
@@ -470,7 +289,7 @@ def write_operands(types: dict, enums: dict, arch: str, path: pathlib.Path) -> N
  lines.append("}")
  with open(path, "w") as f: f.write("\n".join(lines))

-def write_pcode(pcode: dict[tuple[str, int], str], enums: dict[str, dict[int, str]], arch: str, path: pathlib.Path) -> None:
+def write_pcode(pcode: dict[tuple[str, int], str], enums: dict[str, dict[int, str]], arch: str, path: str):
  """Write str_pcode.py file from extracted pseudocode."""
  entries: list[tuple[str, str, int, str]] = []
  for fmt_name, ops in enums.items():
@@ -481,7 +300,7 @@ def write_pcode(pcode: dict[tuple[str, int], str], enums: dict[str, dict[int, st
        entries.append((f"{fmt_name}Op", f"{name}{msuf}", opcode, pcode[(name, opcode)]))
  enum_names = sorted(set(e[0] for e in entries))
  lines = ["# autogenerated from AMD ISA PDF - do not edit", "# ruff: noqa: E501",
-           f"from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.{arch}.enum import {', '.join(enum_names)}", "", "PCODE = {"]
+           f"from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.{arch}.enum import {', '.join(enum_names)}", "", "PCODE = {"]
  for enum_name, name, opcode, code in sorted(entries, key=lambda x: (x[0], x[2])):
    lines.append(f"  {enum_name}.{name}: {code!r},")
  lines.append("}")
@@ -492,31 +311,27 @@ def write_pcode(pcode: dict[tuple[str, int], str], enums: dict[str, dict[int, st
 # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

 if __name__ == "__main__":
-  all_fmts: dict[str, int] = {}
-  all_op_types: set[str] = set()
-  arch_data: dict[str, dict] = {}
+  import pathlib
+  all_fmts, all_op_types, arch_data = {}, set(), {}
  # First pass: parse XML for all architectures
  for arch, cfg in ARCHS.items():
    print(f"Parsing XML: {cfg['xml']} -> {arch}")
-    encodings, enums, types, fmts, op_types_set, suffix_only_ops = parse_xml(cfg["xml"])
+    encodings, enums, types, fmts, op_types_set = parse_xml(cfg["xml"], arch)
    for fmt, ops in FIXES.get(arch, {}).items(): enums.setdefault(fmt, {}).update(ops)
-    for fmt, fields in FIELD_FIXES.get(arch, {}).items():
-      if fmt in encodings: encodings[fmt] = (encodings[fmt][0] + fields, encodings[fmt][1])
-    arch_data[arch] = {"encodings": encodings, "enums": enums, "types": types, "suffix_only_ops": suffix_only_ops}
+    arch_data[arch] = {"encodings": encodings, "enums": enums, "types": types}
    for fmt, bits in fmts.items():
      assert fmt not in all_fmts or all_fmts[fmt] == bits, f"FMT_BITS mismatch for {fmt}: {all_fmts[fmt]} vs {bits}"
      all_fmts[fmt] = bits
    all_op_types.update(op_types_set)
  # Write common.py
-  autogen_base = pathlib.Path(__file__).parents[2] / "runtime" / "autogen" / "amd"
-  common_path = autogen_base / "common.py"
+  common_path = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "autogen" / "common.py"
  write_common(all_fmts, all_op_types, common_path)
  print(f"Wrote common.py: {len(all_fmts)} formats, {len(all_op_types)} op types")
  # Write per-arch files from XML
  for arch, data in arch_data.items():
-    base = autogen_base / arch
+    base = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "autogen" / arch
    write_enum(data["enums"], base / "enum.py")
-    write_ins(data["encodings"], data["enums"], data["suffix_only_ops"], data["types"], arch, base / "ins.py")
+    write_ins(data["encodings"], data["enums"], arch, base / "ins.py")
    write_operands(data["types"], data["enums"], arch, base / "operands.py")
    print(f"  {arch}: {len(data['encodings'])} encodings, {sum(len(v) for v in data['enums'].values())} instructions")
  # Second pass: parse PDFs and write pcode
@@ -525,6 +340,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
    pages = extract_pdf_text(cfg["pdf"])
    name_to_op = {name: op for ops in arch_data[arch]["enums"].values() for op, name in ops.items()}
    pcode = extract_pcode(pages, name_to_op)
-    base = autogen_base / arch
+    base = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "autogen" / arch
    write_pcode(pcode, arch_data[arch]["enums"], arch, base / "str_pcode.py")
    print(f"  {arch}: {len(pcode)} pcode entries")
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # autogenerated from AMD ISA PDF - do not edit
 # ruff: noqa: E501
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.cdna.enum import DSOp, FLATOp, GLOBALOp, MTBUFOp, MUBUFOp, SCRATCHOp, SMEMOp, SOP1Op, SOP2Op, SOPCOp, SOPKOp, SOPPOp, VOP1Op, VOP2Op, VOP3Op, VOP3POp, VOP3SDOp, VOPCOp
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.cdna.enum import DSOp, FLATOp, GLOBALOp, MTBUFOp, MUBUFOp, SCRATCHOp, SMEMOp, SOP1Op, SOP2Op, SOPCOp, SOPKOp, SOPPOp, VOP1Op, VOP2Op, VOP3AOp, VOP3BOp, VOP3POp, VOPCOp

 PCODE = {
  DSOp.DS_ADD_U32: 'addr = CalcDsAddr(ADDR.b32, OFFSET0.b32, OFFSET1.b32);\ntmp = MEM[addr].u32;\nMEM[addr].u32 += DATA.u32;\nRETURN_DATA.u32 = tmp',
@@ -722,418 +722,428 @@ PCODE = {
  VOP2Op.V_FMAC_F32_E32: 'D0.f32 = fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, D0.f32)',
  VOP2Op.V_PK_FMAC_F16_E32: 'D0[15 : 0].f16 = fma(S0[15 : 0].f16, S1[15 : 0].f16, D0[15 : 0].f16);\nD0[31 : 16].f16 = fma(S0[31 : 16].f16, S1[31 : 16].f16, D0[31 : 16].f16)',
  VOP2Op.V_XNOR_B32_E32: 'D0.u32 = ~(S0.u32 ^ S1.u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_CLASS_F32_E64: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) == 255 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif 64'F(abs(S0.f32)) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nD0.u64[laneId] = result;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_CLASS_F32_E64: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) == 255 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif 64'F(abs(S0.f32)) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nEXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = result",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_CLASS_F64_E64: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(S0.f64) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(S0.f64) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f64) == 2047 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f64) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif abs(S0.f64) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nD0.u64[laneId] = result;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_CLASS_F64_E64: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(S0.f64) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(S0.f64) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f64) == 2047 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f64) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif abs(S0.f64) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nEXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = result",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_CLASS_F16_E64: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f16) == 31 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f16) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif 64'F(abs(S0.f16)) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nD0.u64[laneId] = result;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_CLASS_F16_E64: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f16) == 31 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f16) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif 64'F(abs(S0.f16)) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nEXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = result",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_F_F16_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LT_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 < S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_EQ_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 == S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LE_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 <= S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GT_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 > S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LG_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 <> S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GE_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 >= S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_O_F16_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) && !isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_U_F16_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NGE_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 >= S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NLG_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 <> S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NGT_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 > S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NLE_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 <= S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NEQ_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 == S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NLT_F16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 < S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_TRU_F16_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_F_F16_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LT_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 < S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_EQ_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 == S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LE_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 <= S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GT_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 > S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LG_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 <> S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GE_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 >= S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_O_F16_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) && !isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_U_F16_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NGE_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 >= S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NLG_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 <> S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NGT_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 > S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NLE_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 <= S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NEQ_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 == S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NLT_F16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 < S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_TRU_F16_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_F_F32_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LT_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 < S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_EQ_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 == S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LE_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 <= S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GT_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 > S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LG_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 <> S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GE_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 >= S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_O_F32_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) && !isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_U_F32_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NGE_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 >= S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NLG_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 <> S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NGT_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 > S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NLE_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 <= S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NEQ_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 == S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NLT_F32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 < S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_TRU_F32_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_F_F32_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LT_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 < S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_EQ_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 == S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LE_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 <= S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GT_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 > S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LG_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 <> S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GE_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 >= S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_O_F32_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) && !isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_U_F32_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NGE_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 >= S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NLG_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 <> S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NGT_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 > S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NLE_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 <= S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NEQ_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 == S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NLT_F32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 < S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_TRU_F32_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_F_F64_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LT_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 < S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_EQ_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 == S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LE_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 <= S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GT_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 > S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LG_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 <> S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GE_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 >= S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_O_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(S0.f64) && !isNAN(S1.f64));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_U_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(S0.f64) || isNAN(S1.f64));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NGE_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 >= S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NLG_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 <> S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NGT_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 > S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NLE_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 <= S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NEQ_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 == S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NLT_F64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 < S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_TRU_F64_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_F_F64_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LT_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 < S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_EQ_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 == S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LE_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 <= S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GT_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 > S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LG_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 <> S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GE_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 >= S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_O_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(S0.f64) && !isNAN(S1.f64));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_U_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(S0.f64) || isNAN(S1.f64));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NGE_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 >= S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NLG_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 <> S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NGT_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 > S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NLE_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 <= S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NEQ_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 == S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NLT_F64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 < S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_TRU_F64_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_F_I16_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LT_I16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 < S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_EQ_I16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 == S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LE_I16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 <= S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GT_I16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 > S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NE_I16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 <> S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GE_I16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 >= S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_T_I16_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_F_U16_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LT_U16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 < S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_EQ_U16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 == S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LE_U16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 <= S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GT_U16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 > S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NE_U16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 <> S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GE_U16_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 >= S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_T_U16_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_F_I16_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LT_I16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 < S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_EQ_I16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 == S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LE_I16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 <= S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GT_I16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 > S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NE_I16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 <> S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GE_I16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 >= S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_T_I16_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_F_U16_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LT_U16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 < S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_EQ_U16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 == S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LE_U16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 <= S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GT_U16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 > S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NE_U16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 <> S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GE_U16_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 >= S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_T_U16_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_F_I32_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LT_I32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 < S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_EQ_I32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 == S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LE_I32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 <= S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GT_I32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 > S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NE_I32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 <> S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GE_I32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 >= S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_T_I32_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_F_U32_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LT_U32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 < S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_EQ_U32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 == S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LE_U32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 <= S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GT_U32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 > S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NE_U32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 <> S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GE_U32_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 >= S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_T_U32_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_F_I32_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LT_I32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 < S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_EQ_I32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 == S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LE_I32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 <= S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GT_I32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 > S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NE_I32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 <> S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GE_I32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 >= S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_T_I32_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_F_U32_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LT_U32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 < S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_EQ_U32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 == S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LE_U32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 <= S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GT_U32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 > S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NE_U32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 <> S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GE_U32_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 >= S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_T_U32_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_F_I64_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LT_I64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 < S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_EQ_I64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 == S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LE_I64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 <= S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GT_I64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 > S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NE_I64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 <> S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GE_I64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 >= S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_T_I64_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_F_U64_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LT_U64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 < S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_EQ_U64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 == S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_LE_U64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 <= S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GT_U64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 > S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_NE_U64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 <> S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_GE_U64_E64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 >= S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMP_T_U64_E64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_F_I64_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LT_I64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 < S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_EQ_I64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 == S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LE_I64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 <= S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GT_I64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 > S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NE_I64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 <> S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GE_I64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 >= S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_T_I64_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_F_U64_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LT_U64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 < S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_EQ_U64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 == S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_LE_U64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 <= S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GT_U64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 > S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_NE_U64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 <> S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_GE_U64_E64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 >= S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CMPX_T_U64_E64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
-  VOP3Op.V_CNDMASK_B32_E64: 'D0.u32 = VCC.u64[laneId] ? S1.u32 : S0.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_ADD_F32_E64: 'D0.f32 = S0.f32 + S1.f32',
-  VOP3Op.V_SUB_F32_E64: 'D0.f32 = S0.f32 - S1.f32',
-  VOP3Op.V_SUBREV_F32_E64: 'D0.f32 = S1.f32 - S0.f32',
-  VOP3Op.V_FMAC_F64_E64: 'D0.f64 = fma(S0.f64, S1.f64, D0.f64)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_F32_E64: 'D0.f32 = S0.f32 * S1.f32',
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_I32_I24_E64: "D0.i32 = 32'I(S0.i24) * 32'I(S1.i24)",
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_HI_I32_I24_E64: "D0.i32 = 32'I((64'I(S0.i24) * 64'I(S1.i24)) >> 32U)",
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_U32_U24_E64: "D0.u32 = 32'U(S0.u24) * 32'U(S1.u24)",
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_HI_U32_U24_E64: "D0.u32 = 32'U((64'U(S0.u24) * 64'U(S1.u24)) >> 32U)",
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN_F32_E64: "if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f32)))\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S1.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f32)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = S1.f32\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f32) == +0.0) && (64'F(S1.f32) == -0.0)) then\nD0.f32 = S1.f32\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f32) == -0.0) && (64'F(S1.f32) == +0.0)) then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nelse\n// Note: there's no IEEE case here like there is for V_MAX_F32.\nD0.f32 = S0.f32 < S1.f32 ? S0.f32 : S1.f32\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX_F32_E64: "if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f32)))\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S1.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f32)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = S1.f32\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f32) == +0.0) && (64'F(S1.f32) == -0.0)) then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f32) == -0.0) && (64'F(S1.f32) == +0.0)) then\nD0.f32 = S1.f32\nelsif WAVE_MODE.IEEE then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32 >= S1.f32 ? S0.f32 : S1.f32\nelse\nD0.f32 = S0.f32 > S1.f32 ? S0.f32 : S1.f32\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN_I32_E64: 'D0.i32 = S0.i32 < S1.i32 ? S0.i32 : S1.i32',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX_I32_E64: 'D0.i32 = S0.i32 >= S1.i32 ? S0.i32 : S1.i32',
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 < S1.u32 ? S0.u32 : S1.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 >= S1.u32 ? S0.u32 : S1.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_LSHRREV_B32_E64: 'D0.u32 = (S1.u32 >> S0[4 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_ASHRREV_I32_E64: 'D0.i32 = (S1.i32 >> S0[4 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_LSHLREV_B32_E64: 'D0.u32 = (S1.u32 << S0[4 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_AND_B32_E64: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 & S1.u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_OR_B32_E64: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 | S1.u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_XOR_B32_E64: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 ^ S1.u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_DOT2C_F32_BF16_E64: 'tmp = D0.f32;\ntmp += bf16_to_f32(S0[15 : 0].bf16) * bf16_to_f32(S1[15 : 0].bf16);\ntmp += bf16_to_f32(S0[31 : 16].bf16) * bf16_to_f32(S1[31 : 16].bf16);\nD0.f32 = tmp',
-  VOP3Op.V_ADD_F16_E64: 'D0.f16 = S0.f16 + S1.f16',
-  VOP3Op.V_SUB_F16_E64: 'D0.f16 = S0.f16 - S1.f16',
-  VOP3Op.V_SUBREV_F16_E64: 'D0.f16 = S1.f16 - S0.f16',
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_F16_E64: 'D0.f16 = S0.f16 * S1.f16',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAC_F16_E64: "tmp = S0.f16 * S1.f16 + D0.f16;\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.f16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.f16 }\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_ADD_U16_E64: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 + S1.u16',
-  VOP3Op.V_SUB_U16_E64: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 - S1.u16',
-  VOP3Op.V_SUBREV_U16_E64: 'D0.u16 = S1.u16 - S0.u16',
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_LO_U16_E64: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 * S1.u16',
-  VOP3Op.V_LSHLREV_B16_E64: 'D0.u16 = (S1.u16 << S0[3 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_LSHRREV_B16_E64: 'D0.u16 = (S1.u16 >> S0[3 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_ASHRREV_I16_E64: 'D0.i16 = (S1.i16 >> S0[3 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX_F16_E64: "if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f16))) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f16)))\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S1.f16))) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f16)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = S1.f16\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = S0.f16\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f16) == +0.0) && (64'F(S1.f16) == -0.0)) then\nD0.f16 = S0.f16\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f16) == -0.0) && (64'F(S1.f16) == +0.0)) then\nD0.f16 = S1.f16\nelsif WAVE_MODE.IEEE then\nD0.f16 = S0.f16 >= S1.f16 ? S0.f16 : S1.f16\nelse\nD0.f16 = S0.f16 > S1.f16 ? S0.f16 : S1.f16\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN_F16_E64: "if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f16))) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f16)))\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S1.f16))) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f16)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = S1.f16\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = S0.f16\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f16) == +0.0) && (64'F(S1.f16) == -0.0)) then\nD0.f16 = S1.f16\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f16) == -0.0) && (64'F(S1.f16) == +0.0)) then\nD0.f16 = S0.f16\nelse\n// Note: there's no IEEE case here like there is for V_MAX_F16.\nD0.f16 = S0.f16 < S1.f16 ? S0.f16 : S1.f16\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX_U16_E64: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 >= S1.u16 ? S0.u16 : S1.u16',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX_I16_E64: 'D0.i16 = S0.i16 >= S1.i16 ? S0.i16 : S1.i16',
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN_U16_E64: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 < S1.u16 ? S0.u16 : S1.u16',
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN_I16_E64: 'D0.i16 = S0.i16 < S1.i16 ? S0.i16 : S1.i16',
-  VOP3Op.V_LDEXP_F16_E64: "D0.f16 = S0.f16 * 16'F(2.0F ** 32'I(S1.i16))",
-  VOP3Op.V_ADD_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 + S1.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_SUB_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 - S1.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_SUBREV_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = S1.u32 - S0.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_DOT2C_F32_F16_E64: 'tmp = D0.f32;\ntmp += f16_to_f32(S0[15 : 0].f16) * f16_to_f32(S1[15 : 0].f16);\ntmp += f16_to_f32(S0[31 : 16].f16) * f16_to_f32(S1[31 : 16].f16);\nD0.f32 = tmp',
-  VOP3Op.V_DOT2C_I32_I16_E64: 'tmp = D0.i32;\ntmp += i16_to_i32(S0[15 : 0].i16) * i16_to_i32(S1[15 : 0].i16);\ntmp += i16_to_i32(S0[31 : 16].i16) * i16_to_i32(S1[31 : 16].i16);\nD0.i32 = tmp',
-  VOP3Op.V_DOT4C_I32_I8_E64: 'tmp = D0.i32;\ntmp += i8_to_i32(S0[7 : 0].i8) * i8_to_i32(S1[7 : 0].i8);\ntmp += i8_to_i32(S0[15 : 8].i8) * i8_to_i32(S1[15 : 8].i8);\ntmp += i8_to_i32(S0[23 : 16].i8) * i8_to_i32(S1[23 : 16].i8);\ntmp += i8_to_i32(S0[31 : 24].i8) * i8_to_i32(S1[31 : 24].i8);\nD0.i32 = tmp',
-  VOP3Op.V_DOT8C_I32_I4_E64: 'tmp = D0.i32;\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[3 : 0].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[3 : 0].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[7 : 4].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[7 : 4].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[11 : 8].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[11 : 8].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[15 : 12].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[15 : 12].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[19 : 16].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[19 : 16].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[23 : 20].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[23 : 20].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[27 : 24].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[27 : 24].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[31 : 28].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[31 : 28].i4);\nD0.i32 = tmp',
-  VOP3Op.V_FMAC_F32_E64: 'D0.f32 = fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, D0.f32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_PK_FMAC_F16_E64: 'D0[15 : 0].f16 = fma(S0[15 : 0].f16, S1[15 : 0].f16, D0[15 : 0].f16);\nD0[31 : 16].f16 = fma(S0[31 : 16].f16, S1[31 : 16].f16, D0[31 : 16].f16)',
-  VOP3Op.V_XNOR_B32_E64: 'D0.u32 = ~(S0.u32 ^ S1.u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAD_I32_I24_E64: "D0.i32 = 32'I(S0.i24) * 32'I(S1.i24) + S2.i32",
-  VOP3Op.V_MAD_U32_U24_E64: "D0.u32 = 32'U(S0.u24) * 32'U(S1.u24) + S2.u32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CUBEID_F32_E64: '// Set D0.f = cubemap face ID ({0.0, 1.0, ..., 5.0}).\n// XYZ coordinate is given in (S0.f, S1.f, S2.f).\n// S0.f = x\n// S1.f = y\n// S2.f = z\nif ((abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S0.f32)) && (abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S1.f32))) then\nif S2.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = 5.0F\nelse\nD0.f32 = 4.0F\nendif\nelsif abs(S1.f32) >= abs(S0.f32) then\nif S1.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = 3.0F\nelse\nD0.f32 = 2.0F\nendif\nelse\nif S0.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = 1.0F\nelse\nD0.f32 = 0.0F\nendif\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_CUBESC_F32_E64: '// D0.f = cubemap S coordinate.\n// XYZ coordinate is given in (S0.f, S1.f, S2.f).\n// S0.f = x\n// S1.f = y\n// S2.f = z\nif ((abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S0.f32)) && (abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S1.f32))) then\nif S2.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = -S0.f32\nelse\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nendif\nelsif abs(S1.f32) >= abs(S0.f32) then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nelse\nif S0.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = S2.f32\nelse\nD0.f32 = -S2.f32\nendif\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_CUBETC_F32_E64: '// D0.f = cubemap T coordinate.\n// XYZ coordinate is given in (S0.f, S1.f, S2.f).\n// S0.f = x\n// S1.f = y\n// S2.f = z\nif ((abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S0.f32)) && (abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S1.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = -S1.f32\nelsif abs(S1.f32) >= abs(S0.f32) then\nif S1.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = -S2.f32\nelse\nD0.f32 = S2.f32\nendif\nelse\nD0.f32 = -S1.f32\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_CUBEMA_F32_E64: '// D0.f = 2.0 * cubemap major axis.\n// XYZ coordinate is given in (S0.f, S1.f, S2.f).\n// S0.f = x\n// S1.f = y\n// S2.f = z\nif ((abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S0.f32)) && (abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S1.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = S2.f32 * 2.0F\nelsif abs(S1.f32) >= abs(S0.f32) then\nD0.f32 = S1.f32 * 2.0F\nelse\nD0.f32 = S0.f32 * 2.0F\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_BFE_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = ((S0.u32 >> S1[4 : 0].u32) & ((1U << S2[4 : 0].u32) - 1U))',
-  VOP3Op.V_BFE_I32_E64: 'tmp.i32 = ((S0.i32 >> S1[4 : 0].u32) & ((1 << S2[4 : 0].u32) - 1));\nD0.i32 = signext_from_bit(tmp.i32, S2[4 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_BFI_B32_E64: 'D0.u32 = ((S0.u32 & S1.u32) | (~S0.u32 & S2.u32))',
-  VOP3Op.V_FMA_F32_E64: 'D0.f32 = fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_FMA_F64_E64: 'D0.f64 = fma(S0.f64, S1.f64, S2.f64)',
-  VOP3Op.V_LERP_U8_E64: 'tmp = ((S0.u32[31 : 24] + S1.u32[31 : 24] + S2.u32[24].u8) >> 1U << 24U);\ntmp += ((S0.u32[23 : 16] + S1.u32[23 : 16] + S2.u32[16].u8) >> 1U << 16U);\ntmp += ((S0.u32[15 : 8] + S1.u32[15 : 8] + S2.u32[8].u8) >> 1U << 8U);\ntmp += ((S0.u32[7 : 0] + S1.u32[7 : 0] + S2.u32[0].u8) >> 1U);\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_ALIGNBIT_B32_E64: "D0.u32 = 32'U(({ S0.u32, S1.u32 } >> S2.u32[4 : 0]) & 0xffffffffLL)",
-  VOP3Op.V_ALIGNBYTE_B32_E64: "D0.u32 = 32'U(({ S0.u32, S1.u32 } >> (S2.u32[1 : 0] * 8U)) & 0xffffffffLL)",
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN3_F32_E64: 'D0.f32 = v_min_f32(v_min_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32), S2.f32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN3_I32_E64: 'D0.i32 = v_min_i32(v_min_i32(S0.i32, S1.i32), S2.i32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN3_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = v_min_u32(v_min_u32(S0.u32, S1.u32), S2.u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX3_F32_E64: 'D0.f32 = v_max_f32(v_max_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32), S2.f32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX3_I32_E64: 'D0.i32 = v_max_i32(v_max_i32(S0.i32, S1.i32), S2.i32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX3_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = v_max_u32(v_max_u32(S0.u32, S1.u32), S2.u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MED3_F32_E64: "if (isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)) || isNAN(64'F(S2.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = v_min3_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)\nelsif v_max3_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32) == S0.f32 then\nD0.f32 = v_max_f32(S1.f32, S2.f32)\nelsif v_max3_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32) == S1.f32 then\nD0.f32 = v_max_f32(S0.f32, S2.f32)\nelse\nD0.f32 = v_max_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32)\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_MED3_I32_E64: 'if v_max3_i32(S0.i32, S1.i32, S2.i32) == S0.i32 then\nD0.i32 = v_max_i32(S1.i32, S2.i32)\nelsif v_max3_i32(S0.i32, S1.i32, S2.i32) == S1.i32 then\nD0.i32 = v_max_i32(S0.i32, S2.i32)\nelse\nD0.i32 = v_max_i32(S0.i32, S1.i32)\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_MED3_U32_E64: 'if v_max3_u32(S0.u32, S1.u32, S2.u32) == S0.u32 then\nD0.u32 = v_max_u32(S1.u32, S2.u32)\nelsif v_max3_u32(S0.u32, S1.u32, S2.u32) == S1.u32 then\nD0.u32 = v_max_u32(S0.u32, S2.u32)\nelse\nD0.u32 = v_max_u32(S0.u32, S1.u32)\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_SAD_U8_E64: "ABSDIFF = lambda(x, y) (\nx > y ? x - y : y - x);\n// UNSIGNED comparison\ntmp = S2.u32;\ntmp += 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[7 : 0], S1.u32[7 : 0]));\ntmp += 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[15 : 8], S1.u32[15 : 8]));\ntmp += 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[23 : 16], S1.u32[23 : 16]));\ntmp += 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[31 : 24], S1.u32[31 : 24]));\nD0.u32 = tmp",
-  VOP3Op.V_SAD_HI_U8_E64: "D0.u32 = (32'U(v_sad_u8(S0, S1, 0U)) << 16U) + S2.u32",
-  VOP3Op.V_SAD_U16_E64: 'ABSDIFF = lambda(x, y) (\nx > y ? x - y : y - x);\n// UNSIGNED comparison\ntmp = S2.u32;\ntmp += ABSDIFF(S0[15 : 0].u16, S1[15 : 0].u16);\ntmp += ABSDIFF(S0[31 : 16].u16, S1[31 : 16].u16);\nD0.u32 = tmp',
-  VOP3Op.V_SAD_U32_E64: 'ABSDIFF = lambda(x, y) (\nx > y ? x - y : y - x);\n// UNSIGNED comparison\nD0.u32 = ABSDIFF(S0.u32, S1.u32) + S2.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PK_U8_F32_E64: "tmp = (S2.u32 & 32'U(~(0xff << (S1.u32[1 : 0].u32 * 8U))));\ntmp = (tmp | ((32'U(f32_to_u8(S0.f32)) & 255U) << (S1.u32[1 : 0].u32 * 8U)));\nD0.u32 = tmp",
-  VOP3Op.V_DIV_FIXUP_F32_E64: "sign_out = (sign(S1.f32) ^ sign(S2.f32));\nif isNAN(64'F(S2.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S2.f32)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f32)))\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f32) == 0.0) && (64'F(S2.f32) == 0.0)) then\n// 0/0\nD0.f32 = 32'F(0xffc00000)\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f32)) == +INF) && (64'F(abs(S2.f32)) == +INF)) then\n// inf/inf\nD0.f32 = 32'F(0xffc00000)\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f32) == 0.0) || (64'F(abs(S2.f32)) == +INF)) then\n// x/0, or inf/y\nD0.f32 = sign_out ? -INF.f32 : +INF.f32\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f32)) == +INF) || (64'F(S2.f32) == 0.0)) then\n// x/inf, 0/y\nD0.f32 = sign_out ? -0.0F : 0.0F\nelsif exponent(S2.f32) - exponent(S1.f32) < -150 then\nD0.f32 = sign_out ? -UNDERFLOW_F32 : UNDERFLOW_F32\nelsif exponent(S1.f32) == 255 then\nD0.f32 = sign_out ? -OVERFLOW_F32 : OVERFLOW_F32\nelse\nD0.f32 = sign_out ? -abs(S0.f32) : abs(S0.f32)\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_DIV_FIXUP_F64_E64: "sign_out = (sign(S1.f64) ^ sign(S2.f64));\nif isNAN(S2.f64) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S2.f64)\nelsif isNAN(S1.f64) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S1.f64)\nelsif ((S1.f64 == 0.0) && (S2.f64 == 0.0)) then\n// 0/0\nD0.f64 = 64'F(0xfff8000000000000LL)\nelsif ((abs(S1.f64) == +INF) && (abs(S2.f64) == +INF)) then\n// inf/inf\nD0.f64 = 64'F(0xfff8000000000000LL)\nelsif ((S1.f64 == 0.0) || (abs(S2.f64) == +INF)) then\n// x/0, or inf/y\nD0.f64 = sign_out ? -INF : +INF\nelsif ((abs(S1.f64) == +INF) || (S2.f64 == 0.0)) then\n// x/inf, 0/y\nD0.f64 = sign_out ? -0.0 : 0.0\nelsif exponent(S2.f64) - exponent(S1.f64) < -1075 then\nD0.f64 = sign_out ? -UNDERFLOW_F64 : UNDERFLOW_F64\nelsif exponent(S1.f64) == 2047 then\nD0.f64 = sign_out ? -OVERFLOW_F64 : OVERFLOW_F64\nelse\nD0.f64 = sign_out ? -abs(S0.f64) : abs(S0.f64)\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_DIV_FMAS_F32_E64: 'if VCC.u64[laneId] then\nD0.f32 = 2.0F ** 32 * fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)\nelse\nD0.f32 = fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_DIV_FMAS_F64_E64: 'if VCC.u64[laneId] then\nD0.f64 = 2.0 ** 64 * fma(S0.f64, S1.f64, S2.f64)\nelse\nD0.f64 = fma(S0.f64, S1.f64, S2.f64)\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_MSAD_U8_E64: "ABSDIFF = lambda(x, y) (\nx > y ? x - y : y - x);\n// UNSIGNED comparison\ntmp = S2.u32;\ntmp += S1.u32[7 : 0] == 8'0U ? 0U : 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[7 : 0], S1.u32[7 : 0]));\ntmp += S1.u32[15 : 8] == 8'0U ? 0U : 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[15 : 8], S1.u32[15 : 8]));\ntmp += S1.u32[23 : 16] == 8'0U ? 0U : 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[23 : 16], S1.u32[23 : 16]));\ntmp += S1.u32[31 : 24] == 8'0U ? 0U : 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[31 : 24], S1.u32[31 : 24]));\nD0.u32 = tmp",
-  VOP3Op.V_QSAD_PK_U16_U8_E64: "tmp[63 : 48] = 16'B(v_sad_u8(S0[55 : 24], S1[31 : 0], S2[63 : 48].u32));\ntmp[47 : 32] = 16'B(v_sad_u8(S0[47 : 16], S1[31 : 0], S2[47 : 32].u32));\ntmp[31 : 16] = 16'B(v_sad_u8(S0[39 : 8], S1[31 : 0], S2[31 : 16].u32));\ntmp[15 : 0] = 16'B(v_sad_u8(S0[31 : 0], S1[31 : 0], S2[15 : 0].u32));\nD0.b64 = tmp.b64",
-  VOP3Op.V_MQSAD_PK_U16_U8_E64: "tmp[63 : 48] = 16'B(v_msad_u8(S0[55 : 24], S1[31 : 0], S2[63 : 48].u32));\ntmp[47 : 32] = 16'B(v_msad_u8(S0[47 : 16], S1[31 : 0], S2[47 : 32].u32));\ntmp[31 : 16] = 16'B(v_msad_u8(S0[39 : 8], S1[31 : 0], S2[31 : 16].u32));\ntmp[15 : 0] = 16'B(v_msad_u8(S0[31 : 0], S1[31 : 0], S2[15 : 0].u32));\nD0.b64 = tmp.b64",
-  VOP3Op.V_MQSAD_U32_U8_E64: "tmp[127 : 96] = 32'B(v_msad_u8(S0[55 : 24], S1[31 : 0], S2[127 : 96].u32));\ntmp[95 : 64] = 32'B(v_msad_u8(S0[47 : 16], S1[31 : 0], S2[95 : 64].u32));\ntmp[63 : 32] = 32'B(v_msad_u8(S0[39 : 8], S1[31 : 0], S2[63 : 32].u32));\ntmp[31 : 0] = 32'B(v_msad_u8(S0[31 : 0], S1[31 : 0], S2[31 : 0].u32));\nD0.b128 = tmp.b128",
-  VOP3Op.V_MAD_LEGACY_F16_E64: "tmp = S0.f16 * S1.f16 + S2.f16;\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.f16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.f16 }\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_MAD_LEGACY_U16_E64: "tmp = S0.u16 * S1.u16 + S2.u16;\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.u16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.u16 }\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_MAD_LEGACY_I16_E64: "tmp = S0.i16 * S1.i16 + S2.i16;\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.i16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.i16 }\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_PERM_B32_E64: "BYTE_PERMUTE = lambda(data, sel) (\ndeclare in : 8'B[8];\nfor i in 0 : 7 do\nin[i] = data[i * 8 + 7 : i * 8].b8\nendfor;\nif sel.u32 >= 13U then\nreturn 8'0xff\nelsif sel.u32 == 12U then\nreturn 8'0x0\nelsif sel.u32 == 11U then\nreturn in[7][7].b8 * 8'0xff\nelsif sel.u32 == 10U then\nreturn in[5][7].b8 * 8'0xff\nelsif sel.u32 == 9U then\nreturn in[3][7].b8 * 8'0xff\nelsif sel.u32 == 8U then\nreturn in[1][7].b8 * 8'0xff\nelse\nreturn in[sel]\nendif);\nD0[31 : 24] = BYTE_PERMUTE({ S0.u32, S1.u32 }, S2.u32[31 : 24]);\nD0[23 : 16] = BYTE_PERMUTE({ S0.u32, S1.u32 }, S2.u32[23 : 16]);\nD0[15 : 8] = BYTE_PERMUTE({ S0.u32, S1.u32 }, S2.u32[15 : 8]);\nD0[7 : 0] = BYTE_PERMUTE({ S0.u32, S1.u32 }, S2.u32[7 : 0])",
-  VOP3Op.V_FMA_LEGACY_F16_E64: "tmp = fma(S0.f16, S1.f16, S2.f16);\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.f16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.f16 }\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_DIV_FIXUP_LEGACY_F16_E64: "sign_out = (sign(S1.f16) ^ sign(S2.f16));\nif isNAN(64'F(S2.f16)) then\ntmp = cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S2.f16))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)) then\ntmp = cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f16))\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f16) == 0.0) && (64'F(S2.f16) == 0.0)) then\n// 0/0\ntmp = 16'F(0xfe00)\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f16)) == +INF) && (64'F(abs(S2.f16)) == +INF)) then\n// inf/inf\ntmp = 16'F(0xfe00)\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f16) == 0.0) || (64'F(abs(S2.f16)) == +INF)) then\n// x/0, or inf/y\ntmp = sign_out ? -INF : +INF\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f16)) == +INF) || (64'F(S2.f16) == 0.0)) then\n// x/inf, 0/y\ntmp = sign_out ? -0.0 : 0.0\nelse\ntmp = sign_out ? -abs(S0.f16) : abs(S0.f16)\nendif;\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.f16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.f16 }\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PKACCUM_U8_F32_E64: "byte = S1.u32[1 : 0];\nbit = byte.u32 * 8U;\nD0.u32[bit + 7U : bit] = 32'U(f32_to_u8(S0.f32))",
-  VOP3Op.V_MAD_U32_U16_E64: "D0.u32 = 32'U(S0.u16) * 32'U(S1.u16) + S2.u32",
-  VOP3Op.V_MAD_I32_I16_E64: "D0.i32 = 32'I(S0.i16) * 32'I(S1.i16) + S2.i32",
-  VOP3Op.V_XAD_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 ^ S1.u32) + S2.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN3_F16_E64: 'D0.f16 = v_min_f16(v_min_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16), S2.f16)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN3_I16_E64: 'D0.i16 = v_min_i16(v_min_i16(S0.i16, S1.i16), S2.i16)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN3_U16_E64: 'D0.u16 = v_min_u16(v_min_u16(S0.u16, S1.u16), S2.u16)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX3_F16_E64: 'D0.f16 = v_max_f16(v_max_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16), S2.f16)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX3_I16_E64: 'D0.i16 = v_max_i16(v_max_i16(S0.i16, S1.i16), S2.i16)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX3_U16_E64: 'D0.u16 = v_max_u16(v_max_u16(S0.u16, S1.u16), S2.u16)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MED3_F16_E64: "if (isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)) || isNAN(64'F(S2.f16))) then\nD0.f16 = v_min3_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16, S2.f16)\nelsif v_max3_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16, S2.f16) == S0.f16 then\nD0.f16 = v_max_f16(S1.f16, S2.f16)\nelsif v_max3_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16, S2.f16) == S1.f16 then\nD0.f16 = v_max_f16(S0.f16, S2.f16)\nelse\nD0.f16 = v_max_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16)\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_MED3_I16_E64: 'if v_max3_i16(S0.i16, S1.i16, S2.i16) == S0.i16 then\nD0.i16 = v_max_i16(S1.i16, S2.i16)\nelsif v_max3_i16(S0.i16, S1.i16, S2.i16) == S1.i16 then\nD0.i16 = v_max_i16(S0.i16, S2.i16)\nelse\nD0.i16 = v_max_i16(S0.i16, S1.i16)\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_MED3_U16_E64: 'if v_max3_u16(S0.u16, S1.u16, S2.u16) == S0.u16 then\nD0.u16 = v_max_u16(S1.u16, S2.u16)\nelsif v_max3_u16(S0.u16, S1.u16, S2.u16) == S1.u16 then\nD0.u16 = v_max_u16(S0.u16, S2.u16)\nelse\nD0.u16 = v_max_u16(S0.u16, S1.u16)\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_LSHL_ADD_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 << S1.u32[4 : 0].u32) + S2.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_ADD_LSHL_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = ((S0.u32 + S1.u32) << S2.u32[4 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_ADD3_U32_E64: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 + S1.u32 + S2.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_LSHL_OR_B32: 'D0.u32 = ((S0.u32 << S1.u32[4 : 0].u32) | S2.u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_AND_OR_B32: 'D0.u32 = ((S0.u32 & S1.u32) | S2.u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_OR3_B32: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 | S1.u32 | S2.u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAD_F16: 'D0.f16 = S0.f16 * S1.f16 + S2.f16',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAD_U16: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 * S1.u16 + S2.u16',
-  VOP3Op.V_MAD_I16: 'D0.i16 = S0.i16 * S1.i16 + S2.i16',
-  VOP3Op.V_FMA_F16: 'D0.f16 = fma(S0.f16, S1.f16, S2.f16)',
-  VOP3Op.V_DIV_FIXUP_F16: "sign_out = (sign(S1.f16) ^ sign(S2.f16));\nif isNAN(64'F(S2.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S2.f16)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f16)))\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f16) == 0.0) && (64'F(S2.f16) == 0.0)) then\n// 0/0\nD0.f16 = 16'F(0xfe00)\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f16)) == +INF) && (64'F(abs(S2.f16)) == +INF)) then\n// inf/inf\nD0.f16 = 16'F(0xfe00)\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f16) == 0.0) || (64'F(abs(S2.f16)) == +INF)) then\n// x/0, or inf/y\nD0.f16 = sign_out ? -INF.f16 : +INF.f16\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f16)) == +INF) || (64'F(S2.f16) == 0.0)) then\n// x/inf, 0/y\nD0.f16 = sign_out ? -16'0.0 : 16'0.0\nelse\nD0.f16 = sign_out ? -abs(S0.f16) : abs(S0.f16)\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_LSHL_ADD_U64: 'D0.u64 = (S0.u64 << S1.u32[2 : 0].u32) + S2.u64',
-  VOP3Op.V_BITOP3_B16: "TTBL = { INST.OMOD[1 : 0], INST.ABS[2 : 0], INST.NEG[2 : 0] };\ntmp = 16'0U;\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x1) != 0 ? 16'U(~S0.b16 & ~S1.b16 & ~S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x2) != 0 ? 16'U(~S0.b16 & ~S1.b16 & S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x4) != 0 ? 16'U(~S0.b16 & S1.b16 & ~S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x8) != 0 ? 16'U(~S0.b16 & S1.b16 & S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x10) != 0 ? 16'U(S0.b16 & ~S1.b16 & ~S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x20) != 0 ? 16'U(S0.b16 & ~S1.b16 & S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x40) != 0 ? 16'U(S0.b16 & S1.b16 & ~S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x80) != 0 ? 16'U(S0.b16 & S1.b16 & S2.b16) : 16'0U));\nD.b16 = tmp.b16",
-  VOP3Op.V_BITOP3_B32: "TTBL = { INST.OMOD[1 : 0], INST.ABS[2 : 0], INST.NEG[2 : 0] };\ntmp = 0U;\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x1) != 0 ? 32'U(~S0.b32 & ~S1.b32 & ~S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x2) != 0 ? 32'U(~S0.b32 & ~S1.b32 & S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x4) != 0 ? 32'U(~S0.b32 & S1.b32 & ~S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x8) != 0 ? 32'U(~S0.b32 & S1.b32 & S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x10) != 0 ? 32'U(S0.b32 & ~S1.b32 & ~S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x20) != 0 ? 32'U(S0.b32 & ~S1.b32 & S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x40) != 0 ? 32'U(S0.b32 & S1.b32 & ~S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x80) != 0 ? 32'U(S0.b32 & S1.b32 & S2.b32) : 0U));\nD.b32 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP8_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp0 = f32_to_fp8_scale(S0.f32, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f32_to_fp8_scale(S1.f32, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF8_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp0 = f32_to_bf8_scale(S0.f32, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f32_to_bf8_scale(S1.f32, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_FP8_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = f32_to_fp8_sr_scale(S0.f32, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].fp8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_BF8_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = f32_to_bf8_sr_scale(S0.f32, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].bf8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F32_FP8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = fp8_to_f32_scale(src[7 : 0].fp8, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = fp8_to_f32_scale(src[15 : 8].fp8, scale.u8);\nD0[31 : 0].f32 = tmp0;\nD0[63 : 32].f32 = tmp1",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F32_BF8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = bf8_to_f32_scale(src[7 : 0].bf8, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = bf8_to_f32_scale(src[15 : 8].bf8, scale.u8);\nD0[31 : 0].f32 = tmp0;\nD0[63 : 32].f32 = tmp1",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_F32_FP8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].fp8;\ntmp = fp8_to_f32_scale(src, scale.u8);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_F32_BF8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].bf8;\ntmp = bf8_to_f32_scale(src, scale.u8);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP4_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp0 = f32_to_fp4_scale(S0.f32, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f32_to_fp4_scale(S1.f32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK_FP4_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ntmp0 = f32_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[31 : 0].f32, randomVal, scale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32));\ntmp1 = f32_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[63 : 32].f32, randomVal, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F32_FP4: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].b8;\ntmp0 = fp4_to_f32_scale(src[3 : 0].fp4, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = fp4_to_f32_scale(src[7 : 4].fp4, scale.u8);\nD0[31 : 0].f32 = tmp0;\nD0[63 : 32].f32 = tmp1",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP8_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = f16_to_fp8_scale(S0[15 : 0].f16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f16_to_fp8_scale(S0[31 : 16].f16, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF8_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = f16_to_bf8_scale(S0[15 : 0].f16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f16_to_bf8_scale(S0[31 : 16].f16, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_FP8_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = f16_to_fp8_sr_scale(S0.f16, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].fp8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_BF8_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = f16_to_bf8_sr_scale(S0.f16, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].bf8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP8_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = bf16_to_fp8_scale(S0[15 : 0].bf16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = bf16_to_fp8_scale(S0[31 : 16].bf16, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF8_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = bf16_to_bf8_scale(S0[15 : 0].bf16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = bf16_to_bf8_scale(S0[31 : 16].bf16, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_FP8_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = bf16_to_fp8_sr_scale(S0.bf16, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].fp8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_BF8_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = bf16_to_bf8_sr_scale(S0.bf16, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].bf8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F16_FP8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = fp8_to_f16_scale(src[7 : 0].fp8, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = fp8_to_f16_scale(src[15 : 8].fp8, scale.u8);\nD0[15 : 0].f16 = tmp0;\nD0[31 : 16].f16 = tmp1",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F16_BF8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = bf8_to_f16_scale(src[7 : 0].bf8, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = bf8_to_f16_scale(src[15 : 8].bf8, scale.u8);\nD0[15 : 0].f16 = tmp0;\nD0[31 : 16].f16 = tmp1",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_F16_FP8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].fp8;\ntmp = fp8_to_f16_scale(src, scale.u8);\n// OPSEL[3] controls destination hi/lo\nD0 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_F16_BF8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].bf8;\ntmp = bf8_to_f16_scale(src, scale.u8);\n// OPSEL[3] controls destination hi/lo\nD0 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP4_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = f16_to_fp4_scale(S0[15 : 0].f16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f16_to_fp4_scale(S0[31 : 16].f16, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP4_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = bf16_to_fp4_scale(S0[15 : 0].bf16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = bf16_to_fp4_scale(S0[31 : 16].bf16, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK_FP4_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ntmp0 = f16_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[15 : 0].f16, randomVal, scale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32));\ntmp1 = f16_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[31 : 16].f16, randomVal, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK_FP4_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ntmp0 = bf16_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[15 : 0].bf16, randomVal, scale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32));\ntmp1 = bf16_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[31 : 16].bf16, randomVal, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F16_FP4: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].b8;\ntmp0 = fp4_to_f16_scale(src[3 : 0].fp4, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = fp4_to_f16_scale(src[7 : 4].fp4, scale.u8);\nD0[15 : 0].f16 = tmp0;\nD0[31 : 16].f16 = tmp1",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF16_FP4: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].b8;\ntmp0 = fp4_to_bf16_scale(src[3 : 0].fp4, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = fp4_to_bf16_scale(src[7 : 4].fp4, scale.u8);\nD0[15 : 0].bf16 = tmp0;\nD0[31 : 16].bf16 = tmp1",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_2XPK16_FP6_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 15 do\ndOffset = pass * 12;\nsOffset = pass * 32;\n// Note that S0 and S1 inputs are interleaved in the packed result.\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = f32_to_fp6_scale(S0[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, scale.u8);\ntmp[dOffset + 11 : dOffset + 6].fp6 = f32_to_fp6_scale(S1[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_2XPK16_BF6_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 15 do\ndOffset = pass * 12;\nsOffset = pass * 32;\n// Note that S0 and S1 inputs are interleaved in the packed result.\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = f32_to_bf6_scale(S0[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, scale.u8);\ntmp[dOffset + 11 : dOffset + 6].bf6 = f32_to_bf6_scale(S1[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_FP6_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 32;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = f32_to_fp6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_BF6_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 32;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = f32_to_bf6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_F32_FP6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 1024'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 32;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 31 : dOffset].f32 = fp6_to_f32_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].fp6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[1023 : 0] = tmp.b1024",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_F32_BF6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 1024'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 32;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 31 : dOffset].f32 = bf6_to_f32_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].bf6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[1023 : 0] = tmp.b1024",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_FP6_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = f16_to_fp6_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].f16, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_FP6_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = bf16_to_fp6_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].bf16, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_BF6_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = f16_to_bf6_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].f16, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_BF6_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = bf16_to_bf6_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].bf16, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_FP6_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = f16_to_fp6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].f16, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_FP6_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = bf16_to_fp6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].bf16, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_BF6_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = f16_to_bf6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].f16, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_BF6_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = bf16_to_bf6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].bf16, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_F16_FP6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 512'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 16;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 15 : dOffset].f16 = fp6_to_f16_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].fp6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[511 : 0] = tmp.b512",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_BF16_FP6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 512'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 16;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 15 : dOffset].bf16 = fp6_to_bf16_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].fp6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[511 : 0] = tmp.b512",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_F16_BF6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 512'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 16;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 15 : dOffset].f16 = bf6_to_f16_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].bf6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[511 : 0] = tmp.b512",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_BF16_BF6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 512'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 16;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 15 : dOffset].bf16 = bf6_to_bf16_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].bf6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[511 : 0] = tmp.b512",
-  VOP3Op.V_ASHR_PK_I8_I32: "SAT8 = lambda(n) (\nif n <= -128 then\nreturn 8'0x80\nelsif n >= 127 then\nreturn 8'0x7f\nelse\nreturn n[7 : 0].b8\nendif);\ndeclare tmp : 16'B;\ntmp[7 : 0] = SAT8(S0.i32 >> S2[4 : 0].u32);\ntmp[15 : 8] = SAT8(S1.i32 >> S2[4 : 0].u32);\nD0[15 : 0] = tmp",
-  VOP3Op.V_ASHR_PK_U8_I32: "SAT8 = lambda(n) (\nif n <= 0 then\nreturn 8'0x0\nelsif n >= 255 then\nreturn 8'0xff\nelse\nreturn n[7 : 0].b8\nendif);\ndeclare tmp : 16'B;\ntmp[7 : 0] = SAT8(S0.i32 >> S2[4 : 0].u32);\ntmp[15 : 8] = SAT8(S1.i32 >> S2[4 : 0].u32);\nD0[15 : 0] = tmp",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PK_F16_F32: 'prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\ntmp[15 : 0].f16 = f32_to_f16(S0.f32);\ntmp[31 : 16].f16 = f32_to_f16(S1.f32);\nD0 = tmp.b32;\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode',
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PK_BF16_F32: 'prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\ntmp[15 : 0].bf16 = f32_to_bf16(S0.f32);\ntmp[31 : 16].bf16 = f32_to_bf16(S1.f32);\nD0 = tmp.b32;\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode',
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF16_FP8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = fp8_to_bf16_scale(src[7 : 0].fp8, scale);\ntmp1 = fp8_to_bf16_scale(src[15 : 8].fp8, scale);\nD0[15 : 0].bf16 = tmp0.bf16;\nD0[31 : 16].bf16 = tmp1.bf16",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF16_BF8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = bf8_to_bf16_scale(src[7 : 0].bf8, scale);\ntmp1 = bf8_to_bf16_scale(src[15 : 8].bf8, scale);\nD0[15 : 0].bf16 = tmp0.bf16;\nD0[31 : 16].bf16 = tmp1.bf16",
-  VOP3Op.V_ADD_F64: 'D0.f64 = S0.f64 + S1.f64',
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_F64: 'D0.f64 = S0.f64 * S1.f64',
-  VOP3Op.V_MIN_F64: "if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(S0.f64)) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S0.f64)\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(S1.f64)) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S1.f64)\nelsif isNAN(S0.f64) then\nD0.f64 = S1.f64\nelsif isNAN(S1.f64) then\nD0.f64 = S0.f64\nelsif ((S0.f64 == +0.0) && (S1.f64 == -0.0)) then\nD0.f64 = S1.f64\nelsif ((S0.f64 == -0.0) && (S1.f64 == +0.0)) then\nD0.f64 = S0.f64\nelse\n// Note: there's no IEEE case here like there is for V_MAX_F64.\nD0.f64 = S0.f64 < S1.f64 ? S0.f64 : S1.f64\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_MAX_F64: 'if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(S0.f64)) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S0.f64)\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(S1.f64)) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S1.f64)\nelsif isNAN(S0.f64) then\nD0.f64 = S1.f64\nelsif isNAN(S1.f64) then\nD0.f64 = S0.f64\nelsif ((S0.f64 == +0.0) && (S1.f64 == -0.0)) then\nD0.f64 = S0.f64\nelsif ((S0.f64 == -0.0) && (S1.f64 == +0.0)) then\nD0.f64 = S1.f64\nelsif WAVE_MODE.IEEE then\nD0.f64 = S0.f64 >= S1.f64 ? S0.f64 : S1.f64\nelse\nD0.f64 = S0.f64 > S1.f64 ? S0.f64 : S1.f64\nendif',
-  VOP3Op.V_LDEXP_F64: 'D0.f64 = S0.f64 * 2.0 ** S1.i32',
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_LO_U32: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 * S1.u32',
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_HI_U32: "D0.u32 = 32'U((64'U(S0.u32) * 64'U(S1.u32)) >> 32U)",
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_HI_I32: "D0.i32 = 32'I((64'I(S0.i32) * 64'I(S1.i32)) >> 32U)",
-  VOP3Op.V_LDEXP_F32: 'D0.f32 = S0.f32 * 2.0F ** S1.i32',
-  VOP3Op.V_READLANE_B32: 'lane = S1.u32[5 : 0];\n// Lane select\nD0.b32 = VGPR[lane][SRC0.u32]',
-  VOP3Op.V_WRITELANE_B32: 'lane = S1.u32[5 : 0];\n// Lane select\nVGPR[lane][VDST.u32] = S0.b32',
-  VOP3Op.V_BCNT_U32_B32: "tmp = S1.u32;\nfor i in 0 : 31 do\ntmp += S0[i].u32;\n// count i'th bit\nendfor;\nD0.u32 = tmp",
-  VOP3Op.V_MBCNT_LO_U32_B32: "ThreadMask = (1LL << laneId.u32) - 1LL;\nMaskedValue = (S0.u32 & ThreadMask[31 : 0].u32);\ntmp = S1.u32;\nfor i in 0 : 31 do\ntmp += MaskedValue[i] == 1'1U ? 1U : 0U\nendfor;\nD0.u32 = tmp",
-  VOP3Op.V_MBCNT_HI_U32_B32: "ThreadMask = (1LL << laneId.u32) - 1LL;\nMaskedValue = (S0.u32 & ThreadMask[63 : 32].u32);\ntmp = S1.u32;\nfor i in 0 : 31 do\ntmp += MaskedValue[i] == 1'1U ? 1U : 0U\nendfor;\nD0.u32 = tmp",
-  VOP3Op.V_LSHLREV_B64: 'D0.u64 = (S1.u64 << S0[5 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_LSHRREV_B64: 'D0.u64 = (S1.u64 >> S0[5 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_ASHRREV_I64: 'D0.i64 = (S1.i64 >> S0[5 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_TRIG_PREOP_F64: "shift = 32'I(S1[4 : 0].u32) * 53;\nif exponent(S0.f64) > 1077 then\nshift += exponent(S0.f64) - 1077\nendif;\n// (2.0/PI) == 0.{b_1200, b_1199, b_1198, ..., b_1, b_0}\n// b_1200 is the MSB of the fractional part of 2.0/PI\n// Left shift operation indicates which bits are brought\n// into the whole part of the number.\n// Only whole part of result is kept.\nresult = 64'F((1201'B(2.0 / PI)[1200 : 0] << shift.u32) & 1201'0x1fffffffffffff);\nscale = -53 - shift;\nif exponent(S0.f64) >= 1968 then\nscale += 128\nendif;\nD0.f64 = ldexp(result, scale)",
-  VOP3Op.V_BFM_B32: 'D0.u32 = (((1U << S0[4 : 0].u32) - 1U) << S1[4 : 0].u32)',
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PKNORM_I16_F32: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].i16 = f32_to_snorm(S0.f32);\ntmp[31 : 16].i16 = f32_to_snorm(S1.f32);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PKNORM_U16_F32: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].u16 = f32_to_unorm(S0.f32);\ntmp[31 : 16].u16 = f32_to_unorm(S1.f32);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PKRTZ_F16_F32: 'prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_TOWARD_ZERO;\ntmp[15 : 0].f16 = f32_to_f16(S0.f32);\ntmp[31 : 16].f16 = f32_to_f16(S1.f32);\nD0 = tmp.b32;\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode;\n// Round-toward-zero regardless of current round mode setting in hardware.',
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PK_U16_U32: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].u16 = u32_to_u16(S0.u32);\ntmp[31 : 16].u16 = u32_to_u16(S1.u32);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PK_I16_I32: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].i16 = i32_to_i16(S0.i32);\ntmp[31 : 16].i16 = i32_to_i16(S1.i32);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PKNORM_I16_F16: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].i16 = f16_to_snorm(S0.f16);\ntmp[31 : 16].i16 = f16_to_snorm(S1.f16);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PKNORM_U16_F16: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].u16 = f16_to_unorm(S0.f16);\ntmp[31 : 16].u16 = f16_to_unorm(S1.f16);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
-  VOP3Op.V_ADD_I32: 'D0.i32 = S0.i32 + S1.i32',
-  VOP3Op.V_SUB_I32: 'D0.i32 = S0.i32 - S1.i32',
-  VOP3Op.V_ADD_I16: 'D0.i16 = S0.i16 + S1.i16',
-  VOP3Op.V_SUB_I16: 'D0.i16 = S0.i16 - S1.i16',
-  VOP3Op.V_PACK_B32_F16: 'D0[31 : 16].f16 = S1.f16;\nD0[15 : 0].f16 = S0.f16',
-  VOP3Op.V_MUL_LEGACY_F32: "if ((64'F(S0.f32) == 0.0) || (64'F(S1.f32) == 0.0)) then\n// DX9 rules, 0.0 * x = 0.0\nD0.f32 = 0.0F\nelse\nD0.f32 = S0.f32 * S1.f32\nendif",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PK_FP8_F32: 'prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\nif OPSEL[3].u32 == 0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 0].b16 = { f32_to_fp8(S1.f32), f32_to_fp8(S0.f32) };\n// D0[31:16] are preserved\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 16].b16 = { f32_to_fp8(S1.f32), f32_to_fp8(S0.f32) };\n// D0[15:0] are preserved\nendif;\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode',
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_PK_BF8_F32: 'prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\nif OPSEL[3].u32 == 0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 0].b16 = { f32_to_bf8(S1.f32), f32_to_bf8(S0.f32) };\n// D0[31:16] are preserved\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 16].b16 = { f32_to_bf8(S1.f32), f32_to_bf8(S0.f32) };\n// D0[15:0] are preserved\nendif;\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode',
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SR_FP8_F32: "prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\ns = sign(S0.f32);\ne = exponent(S0.f32);\nm = 23'U(32'U(23'B(mantissa(S0.f32))) + S1[31 : 12].u32);\ntmp = float32(s, e, m);\n// Add stochastic value to mantissa, wrap around on overflow\nif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][7 : 0].fp8 = f32_to_fp8(tmp.f32)\nelsif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'1U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 8].fp8 = f32_to_fp8(tmp.f32)\nelsif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'2U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][23 : 16].fp8 = f32_to_fp8(tmp.f32)\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 24].fp8 = f32_to_fp8(tmp.f32)\nendif;\n// Unwritten bytes of D are preserved.\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SR_BF8_F32: "prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\ns = sign(S0.f32);\ne = exponent(S0.f32);\nm = 23'U(32'U(23'B(mantissa(S0.f32))) + S1[31 : 11].u32);\ntmp = float32(s, e, m);\n// Add stochastic value to mantissa, wrap around on overflow\nif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][7 : 0].bf8 = f32_to_bf8(tmp.f32)\nelsif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'1U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 8].bf8 = f32_to_bf8(tmp.f32)\nelsif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'2U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][23 : 16].bf8 = f32_to_bf8(tmp.f32)\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 24].bf8 = f32_to_bf8(tmp.f32)\nendif;\n// Unwritten bytes of D are preserved.\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SR_F16_F32: "prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\nif OPSEL[3].u2 == 2'0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 0].f16 = 16'F(f32_to_f16_SR(S0.f32, S1.u32))\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 16].f16 = 16'F(f32_to_f16_sr(S0.f32, S1.u32))\nendif;\n// Unwritten bytes of D are preserved.\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode",
-  VOP3Op.V_CVT_SR_BF16_F32: "prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\nif OPSEL[3].u2 == 2'0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 0].bf16 = 16'BF(f32_to_bf16_SR(S0.f32, S1.u32))\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 16].bf16 = 16'BF(f32_to_bf16_sr(S0.f32, S1.u32))\nendif;\n// Unwritten bytes of D are preserved.\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode",
-  VOP3Op.V_MINIMUM3_F32: "D0.f32 = 32'F(v_minimum_f32(v_minimum_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32), S2.f32))",
-  VOP3Op.V_MAXIMUM3_F32: "D0.f32 = 32'F(v_maximum_f32(v_maximum_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32), S2.f32))",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_CLASS_F32: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) == 255 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif 64'F(abs(S0.f32)) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nD0.u64[laneId] = result;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_CLASS_F32: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) == 255 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif 64'F(abs(S0.f32)) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nEXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = result",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_CLASS_F64: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(S0.f64) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(S0.f64) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f64) == 2047 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f64) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif abs(S0.f64) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nD0.u64[laneId] = result;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_CLASS_F64: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(S0.f64) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(S0.f64) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f64) == 2047 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f64) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif abs(S0.f64) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nEXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = result",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_CLASS_F16: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f16) == 31 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f16) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif 64'F(abs(S0.f16)) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nD0.u64[laneId] = result;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_CLASS_F16: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f16) == 31 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f16) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif 64'F(abs(S0.f16)) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f16) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nEXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = result",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_F_F16: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LT_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 < S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_EQ_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 == S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LE_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 <= S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GT_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 > S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LG_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 <> S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GE_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 >= S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_O_F16: "D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) && !isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_U_F16: "D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NGE_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 >= S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NLG_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 <> S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NGT_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 > S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NLE_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 <= S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NEQ_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 == S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NLT_F16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 < S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_TRU_F16: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_F_F16: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LT_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 < S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_EQ_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 == S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LE_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 <= S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GT_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 > S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LG_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 <> S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GE_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f16 >= S1.f16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_O_F16: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) && !isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_U_F16: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NGE_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 >= S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NLG_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 <> S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NGT_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 > S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NLE_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 <= S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NEQ_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 == S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NLT_F16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f16 < S1.f16);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_TRU_F16: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_F_F32: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LT_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 < S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_EQ_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 == S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LE_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 <= S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GT_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 > S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LG_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 <> S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GE_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 >= S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_O_F32: "D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) && !isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_U_F32: "D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NGE_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 >= S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NLG_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 <> S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NGT_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 > S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NLE_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 <= S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NEQ_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 == S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NLT_F32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 < S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_TRU_F32: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_F_F32: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LT_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 < S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_EQ_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 == S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LE_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 <= S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GT_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 > S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LG_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 <> S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GE_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f32 >= S1.f32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_O_F32: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) && !isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_U_F32: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NGE_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 >= S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NLG_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 <> S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NGT_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 > S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NLE_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 <= S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NEQ_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 == S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NLT_F32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f32 < S1.f32);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_TRU_F32: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_F_F64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LT_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 < S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_EQ_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 == S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LE_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 <= S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GT_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 > S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LG_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 <> S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GE_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 >= S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_O_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(S0.f64) && !isNAN(S1.f64));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_U_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(S0.f64) || isNAN(S1.f64));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NGE_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 >= S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NLG_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 <> S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NGT_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 > S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NLE_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 <= S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NEQ_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 == S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NLT_F64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 < S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_TRU_F64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_F_F64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LT_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 < S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_EQ_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 == S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LE_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 <= S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GT_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 > S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LG_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 <> S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GE_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.f64 >= S1.f64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_O_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (!isNAN(S0.f64) && !isNAN(S1.f64));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_U_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = (isNAN(S0.f64) || isNAN(S1.f64));\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NGE_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 >= S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NLG_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 <> S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as ==\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NGT_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 > S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as <=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NLE_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 <= S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NEQ_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 == S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as !=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NLT_F64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = !(S0.f64 < S1.f64);\n// With NAN inputs this is not the same operation as >=\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_TRU_F64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_F_I16: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LT_I16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 < S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_EQ_I16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 == S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LE_I16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 <= S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GT_I16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 > S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NE_I16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 <> S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GE_I16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 >= S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_T_I16: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_F_U16: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LT_U16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 < S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_EQ_U16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 == S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LE_U16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 <= S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GT_U16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 > S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NE_U16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 <> S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GE_U16: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 >= S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_T_U16: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_F_I16: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LT_I16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 < S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_EQ_I16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 == S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LE_I16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 <= S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GT_I16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 > S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NE_I16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 <> S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GE_I16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i16 >= S1.i16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_T_I16: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_F_U16: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LT_U16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 < S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_EQ_U16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 == S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LE_U16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 <= S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GT_U16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 > S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NE_U16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 <> S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GE_U16: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u16 >= S1.u16;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_T_U16: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_F_I32: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LT_I32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 < S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_EQ_I32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 == S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LE_I32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 <= S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GT_I32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 > S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NE_I32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 <> S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GE_I32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 >= S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_T_I32: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_F_U32: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LT_U32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 < S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_EQ_U32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 == S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LE_U32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 <= S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GT_U32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 > S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NE_U32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 <> S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GE_U32: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 >= S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_T_U32: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_F_I32: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LT_I32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 < S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_EQ_I32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 == S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LE_I32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 <= S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GT_I32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 > S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NE_I32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 <> S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GE_I32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i32 >= S1.i32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_T_I32: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_F_U32: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LT_U32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 < S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_EQ_U32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 == S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LE_U32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 <= S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GT_U32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 > S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NE_U32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 <> S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GE_U32: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 >= S1.u32;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_T_U32: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_F_I64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LT_I64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 < S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_EQ_I64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 == S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LE_I64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 <= S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GT_I64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 > S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NE_I64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 <> S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GE_I64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 >= S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_T_I64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_F_U64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LT_U64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 < S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_EQ_U64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 == S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_LE_U64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 <= S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GT_U64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 > S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_NE_U64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 <> S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_GE_U64: 'D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 >= S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMP_T_U64: "D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_F_I64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LT_I64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 < S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_EQ_I64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 == S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LE_I64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 <= S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GT_I64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 > S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NE_I64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 <> S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GE_I64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.i64 >= S1.i64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_T_I64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_F_U64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'0U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LT_U64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 < S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_EQ_U64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 == S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_LE_U64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 <= S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GT_U64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 > S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_NE_U64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 <> S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_GE_U64: 'EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = S0.u64 >= S1.u64;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CMPX_T_U64: "EXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = 1'1U;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CNDMASK_B32: 'D0.u32 = VCC.u64[laneId] ? S1.u32 : S0.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_ADD_F32: 'D0.f32 = S0.f32 + S1.f32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SUB_F32: 'D0.f32 = S0.f32 - S1.f32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SUBREV_F32: 'D0.f32 = S1.f32 - S0.f32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_FMAC_F64: 'D0.f64 = fma(S0.f64, S1.f64, D0.f64)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_F32: 'D0.f32 = S0.f32 * S1.f32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_I32_I24: "D0.i32 = 32'I(S0.i24) * 32'I(S1.i24)",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_HI_I32_I24: "D0.i32 = 32'I((64'I(S0.i24) * 64'I(S1.i24)) >> 32U)",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_U32_U24: "D0.u32 = 32'U(S0.u24) * 32'U(S1.u24)",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_HI_U32_U24: "D0.u32 = 32'U((64'U(S0.u24) * 64'U(S1.u24)) >> 32U)",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN_F32: "if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f32)))\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S1.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f32)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = S1.f32\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f32) == +0.0) && (64'F(S1.f32) == -0.0)) then\nD0.f32 = S1.f32\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f32) == -0.0) && (64'F(S1.f32) == +0.0)) then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nelse\n// Note: there's no IEEE case here like there is for V_MAX_F32.\nD0.f32 = S0.f32 < S1.f32 ? S0.f32 : S1.f32\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX_F32: "if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f32)))\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S1.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f32)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = S1.f32\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f32) == +0.0) && (64'F(S1.f32) == -0.0)) then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f32) == -0.0) && (64'F(S1.f32) == +0.0)) then\nD0.f32 = S1.f32\nelsif WAVE_MODE.IEEE then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32 >= S1.f32 ? S0.f32 : S1.f32\nelse\nD0.f32 = S0.f32 > S1.f32 ? S0.f32 : S1.f32\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN_I32: 'D0.i32 = S0.i32 < S1.i32 ? S0.i32 : S1.i32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX_I32: 'D0.i32 = S0.i32 >= S1.i32 ? S0.i32 : S1.i32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN_U32: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 < S1.u32 ? S0.u32 : S1.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX_U32: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 >= S1.u32 ? S0.u32 : S1.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_LSHRREV_B32: 'D0.u32 = (S1.u32 >> S0[4 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_ASHRREV_I32: 'D0.i32 = (S1.i32 >> S0[4 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_LSHLREV_B32: 'D0.u32 = (S1.u32 << S0[4 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_AND_B32: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 & S1.u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_OR_B32: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 | S1.u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_XOR_B32: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 ^ S1.u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_DOT2C_F32_BF16: 'tmp = D0.f32;\ntmp += bf16_to_f32(S0[15 : 0].bf16) * bf16_to_f32(S1[15 : 0].bf16);\ntmp += bf16_to_f32(S0[31 : 16].bf16) * bf16_to_f32(S1[31 : 16].bf16);\nD0.f32 = tmp',
+  VOP3AOp.V_ADD_F16: 'D0.f16 = S0.f16 + S1.f16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SUB_F16: 'D0.f16 = S0.f16 - S1.f16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SUBREV_F16: 'D0.f16 = S1.f16 - S0.f16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_F16: 'D0.f16 = S0.f16 * S1.f16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAC_F16: "tmp = S0.f16 * S1.f16 + D0.f16;\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.f16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.f16 }\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_ADD_U16: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 + S1.u16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SUB_U16: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 - S1.u16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SUBREV_U16: 'D0.u16 = S1.u16 - S0.u16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_LO_U16: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 * S1.u16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_LSHLREV_B16: 'D0.u16 = (S1.u16 << S0[3 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_LSHRREV_B16: 'D0.u16 = (S1.u16 >> S0[3 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_ASHRREV_I16: 'D0.i16 = (S1.i16 >> S0[3 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX_F16: "if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f16))) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f16)))\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S1.f16))) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f16)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = S1.f16\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = S0.f16\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f16) == +0.0) && (64'F(S1.f16) == -0.0)) then\nD0.f16 = S0.f16\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f16) == -0.0) && (64'F(S1.f16) == +0.0)) then\nD0.f16 = S1.f16\nelsif WAVE_MODE.IEEE then\nD0.f16 = S0.f16 >= S1.f16 ? S0.f16 : S1.f16\nelse\nD0.f16 = S0.f16 > S1.f16 ? S0.f16 : S1.f16\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN_F16: "if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f16))) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f16)))\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(64'F(S1.f16))) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f16)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = S1.f16\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = S0.f16\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f16) == +0.0) && (64'F(S1.f16) == -0.0)) then\nD0.f16 = S1.f16\nelsif ((64'F(S0.f16) == -0.0) && (64'F(S1.f16) == +0.0)) then\nD0.f16 = S0.f16\nelse\n// Note: there's no IEEE case here like there is for V_MAX_F16.\nD0.f16 = S0.f16 < S1.f16 ? S0.f16 : S1.f16\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX_U16: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 >= S1.u16 ? S0.u16 : S1.u16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX_I16: 'D0.i16 = S0.i16 >= S1.i16 ? S0.i16 : S1.i16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN_U16: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 < S1.u16 ? S0.u16 : S1.u16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN_I16: 'D0.i16 = S0.i16 < S1.i16 ? S0.i16 : S1.i16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_LDEXP_F16: "D0.f16 = S0.f16 * 16'F(2.0F ** 32'I(S1.i16))",
+  VOP3AOp.V_ADD_U32: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 + S1.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SUB_U32: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 - S1.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SUBREV_U32: 'D0.u32 = S1.u32 - S0.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_DOT2C_F32_F16: 'tmp = D0.f32;\ntmp += f16_to_f32(S0[15 : 0].f16) * f16_to_f32(S1[15 : 0].f16);\ntmp += f16_to_f32(S0[31 : 16].f16) * f16_to_f32(S1[31 : 16].f16);\nD0.f32 = tmp',
+  VOP3AOp.V_DOT2C_I32_I16: 'tmp = D0.i32;\ntmp += i16_to_i32(S0[15 : 0].i16) * i16_to_i32(S1[15 : 0].i16);\ntmp += i16_to_i32(S0[31 : 16].i16) * i16_to_i32(S1[31 : 16].i16);\nD0.i32 = tmp',
+  VOP3AOp.V_DOT4C_I32_I8: 'tmp = D0.i32;\ntmp += i8_to_i32(S0[7 : 0].i8) * i8_to_i32(S1[7 : 0].i8);\ntmp += i8_to_i32(S0[15 : 8].i8) * i8_to_i32(S1[15 : 8].i8);\ntmp += i8_to_i32(S0[23 : 16].i8) * i8_to_i32(S1[23 : 16].i8);\ntmp += i8_to_i32(S0[31 : 24].i8) * i8_to_i32(S1[31 : 24].i8);\nD0.i32 = tmp',
+  VOP3AOp.V_DOT8C_I32_I4: 'tmp = D0.i32;\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[3 : 0].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[3 : 0].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[7 : 4].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[7 : 4].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[11 : 8].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[11 : 8].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[15 : 12].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[15 : 12].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[19 : 16].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[19 : 16].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[23 : 20].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[23 : 20].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[27 : 24].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[27 : 24].i4);\ntmp += i4_to_i32(S0[31 : 28].i4) * i4_to_i32(S1[31 : 28].i4);\nD0.i32 = tmp',
+  VOP3AOp.V_FMAC_F32: 'D0.f32 = fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, D0.f32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_PK_FMAC_F16: 'D0[15 : 0].f16 = fma(S0[15 : 0].f16, S1[15 : 0].f16, D0[15 : 0].f16);\nD0[31 : 16].f16 = fma(S0[31 : 16].f16, S1[31 : 16].f16, D0[31 : 16].f16)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_XNOR_B32: 'D0.u32 = ~(S0.u32 ^ S1.u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAD_I32_I24: "D0.i32 = 32'I(S0.i24) * 32'I(S1.i24) + S2.i32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAD_U32_U24: "D0.u32 = 32'U(S0.u24) * 32'U(S1.u24) + S2.u32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CUBEID_F32: '// Set D0.f = cubemap face ID ({0.0, 1.0, ..., 5.0}).\n// XYZ coordinate is given in (S0.f, S1.f, S2.f).\n// S0.f = x\n// S1.f = y\n// S2.f = z\nif ((abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S0.f32)) && (abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S1.f32))) then\nif S2.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = 5.0F\nelse\nD0.f32 = 4.0F\nendif\nelsif abs(S1.f32) >= abs(S0.f32) then\nif S1.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = 3.0F\nelse\nD0.f32 = 2.0F\nendif\nelse\nif S0.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = 1.0F\nelse\nD0.f32 = 0.0F\nendif\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CUBESC_F32: '// D0.f = cubemap S coordinate.\n// XYZ coordinate is given in (S0.f, S1.f, S2.f).\n// S0.f = x\n// S1.f = y\n// S2.f = z\nif ((abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S0.f32)) && (abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S1.f32))) then\nif S2.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = -S0.f32\nelse\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nendif\nelsif abs(S1.f32) >= abs(S0.f32) then\nD0.f32 = S0.f32\nelse\nif S0.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = S2.f32\nelse\nD0.f32 = -S2.f32\nendif\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CUBETC_F32: '// D0.f = cubemap T coordinate.\n// XYZ coordinate is given in (S0.f, S1.f, S2.f).\n// S0.f = x\n// S1.f = y\n// S2.f = z\nif ((abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S0.f32)) && (abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S1.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = -S1.f32\nelsif abs(S1.f32) >= abs(S0.f32) then\nif S1.f32 < 0.0F then\nD0.f32 = -S2.f32\nelse\nD0.f32 = S2.f32\nendif\nelse\nD0.f32 = -S1.f32\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CUBEMA_F32: '// D0.f = 2.0 * cubemap major axis.\n// XYZ coordinate is given in (S0.f, S1.f, S2.f).\n// S0.f = x\n// S1.f = y\n// S2.f = z\nif ((abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S0.f32)) && (abs(S2.f32) >= abs(S1.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = S2.f32 * 2.0F\nelsif abs(S1.f32) >= abs(S0.f32) then\nD0.f32 = S1.f32 * 2.0F\nelse\nD0.f32 = S0.f32 * 2.0F\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_BFE_U32: 'D0.u32 = ((S0.u32 >> S1[4 : 0].u32) & ((1U << S2[4 : 0].u32) - 1U))',
+  VOP3AOp.V_BFE_I32: 'tmp.i32 = ((S0.i32 >> S1[4 : 0].u32) & ((1 << S2[4 : 0].u32) - 1));\nD0.i32 = signext_from_bit(tmp.i32, S2[4 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_BFI_B32: 'D0.u32 = ((S0.u32 & S1.u32) | (~S0.u32 & S2.u32))',
+  VOP3AOp.V_FMA_F32: 'D0.f32 = fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_FMA_F64: 'D0.f64 = fma(S0.f64, S1.f64, S2.f64)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_LERP_U8: 'tmp = ((S0.u32[31 : 24] + S1.u32[31 : 24] + S2.u32[24].u8) >> 1U << 24U);\ntmp += ((S0.u32[23 : 16] + S1.u32[23 : 16] + S2.u32[16].u8) >> 1U << 16U);\ntmp += ((S0.u32[15 : 8] + S1.u32[15 : 8] + S2.u32[8].u8) >> 1U << 8U);\ntmp += ((S0.u32[7 : 0] + S1.u32[7 : 0] + S2.u32[0].u8) >> 1U);\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_ALIGNBIT_B32: "D0.u32 = 32'U(({ S0.u32, S1.u32 } >> S2.u32[4 : 0]) & 0xffffffffLL)",
+  VOP3AOp.V_ALIGNBYTE_B32: "D0.u32 = 32'U(({ S0.u32, S1.u32 } >> (S2.u32[1 : 0] * 8U)) & 0xffffffffLL)",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN3_F32: 'D0.f32 = v_min_f32(v_min_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32), S2.f32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN3_I32: 'D0.i32 = v_min_i32(v_min_i32(S0.i32, S1.i32), S2.i32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN3_U32: 'D0.u32 = v_min_u32(v_min_u32(S0.u32, S1.u32), S2.u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX3_F32: 'D0.f32 = v_max_f32(v_max_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32), S2.f32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX3_I32: 'D0.i32 = v_max_i32(v_max_i32(S0.i32, S1.i32), S2.i32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX3_U32: 'D0.u32 = v_max_u32(v_max_u32(S0.u32, S1.u32), S2.u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MED3_F32: "if (isNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)) || isNAN(64'F(S2.f32))) then\nD0.f32 = v_min3_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)\nelsif v_max3_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32) == S0.f32 then\nD0.f32 = v_max_f32(S1.f32, S2.f32)\nelsif v_max3_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32) == S1.f32 then\nD0.f32 = v_max_f32(S0.f32, S2.f32)\nelse\nD0.f32 = v_max_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32)\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MED3_I32: 'if v_max3_i32(S0.i32, S1.i32, S2.i32) == S0.i32 then\nD0.i32 = v_max_i32(S1.i32, S2.i32)\nelsif v_max3_i32(S0.i32, S1.i32, S2.i32) == S1.i32 then\nD0.i32 = v_max_i32(S0.i32, S2.i32)\nelse\nD0.i32 = v_max_i32(S0.i32, S1.i32)\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MED3_U32: 'if v_max3_u32(S0.u32, S1.u32, S2.u32) == S0.u32 then\nD0.u32 = v_max_u32(S1.u32, S2.u32)\nelsif v_max3_u32(S0.u32, S1.u32, S2.u32) == S1.u32 then\nD0.u32 = v_max_u32(S0.u32, S2.u32)\nelse\nD0.u32 = v_max_u32(S0.u32, S1.u32)\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SAD_U8: "ABSDIFF = lambda(x, y) (\nx > y ? x - y : y - x);\n// UNSIGNED comparison\ntmp = S2.u32;\ntmp += 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[7 : 0], S1.u32[7 : 0]));\ntmp += 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[15 : 8], S1.u32[15 : 8]));\ntmp += 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[23 : 16], S1.u32[23 : 16]));\ntmp += 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[31 : 24], S1.u32[31 : 24]));\nD0.u32 = tmp",
+  VOP3AOp.V_SAD_HI_U8: "D0.u32 = (32'U(v_sad_u8(S0, S1, 0U)) << 16U) + S2.u32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_SAD_U16: 'ABSDIFF = lambda(x, y) (\nx > y ? x - y : y - x);\n// UNSIGNED comparison\ntmp = S2.u32;\ntmp += ABSDIFF(S0[15 : 0].u16, S1[15 : 0].u16);\ntmp += ABSDIFF(S0[31 : 16].u16, S1[31 : 16].u16);\nD0.u32 = tmp',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SAD_U32: 'ABSDIFF = lambda(x, y) (\nx > y ? x - y : y - x);\n// UNSIGNED comparison\nD0.u32 = ABSDIFF(S0.u32, S1.u32) + S2.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PK_U8_F32: "tmp = (S2.u32 & 32'U(~(0xff << (S1.u32[1 : 0].u32 * 8U))));\ntmp = (tmp | ((32'U(f32_to_u8(S0.f32)) & 255U) << (S1.u32[1 : 0].u32 * 8U)));\nD0.u32 = tmp",
+  VOP3AOp.V_DIV_FIXUP_F32: "sign_out = (sign(S1.f32) ^ sign(S2.f32));\nif isNAN(64'F(S2.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S2.f32)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f32)) then\nD0.f32 = 32'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f32)))\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f32) == 0.0) && (64'F(S2.f32) == 0.0)) then\n// 0/0\nD0.f32 = 32'F(0xffc00000)\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f32)) == +INF) && (64'F(abs(S2.f32)) == +INF)) then\n// inf/inf\nD0.f32 = 32'F(0xffc00000)\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f32) == 0.0) || (64'F(abs(S2.f32)) == +INF)) then\n// x/0, or inf/y\nD0.f32 = sign_out ? -INF.f32 : +INF.f32\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f32)) == +INF) || (64'F(S2.f32) == 0.0)) then\n// x/inf, 0/y\nD0.f32 = sign_out ? -0.0F : 0.0F\nelsif exponent(S2.f32) - exponent(S1.f32) < -150 then\nD0.f32 = sign_out ? -UNDERFLOW_F32 : UNDERFLOW_F32\nelsif exponent(S1.f32) == 255 then\nD0.f32 = sign_out ? -OVERFLOW_F32 : OVERFLOW_F32\nelse\nD0.f32 = sign_out ? -abs(S0.f32) : abs(S0.f32)\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_DIV_FIXUP_F64: "sign_out = (sign(S1.f64) ^ sign(S2.f64));\nif isNAN(S2.f64) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S2.f64)\nelsif isNAN(S1.f64) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S1.f64)\nelsif ((S1.f64 == 0.0) && (S2.f64 == 0.0)) then\n// 0/0\nD0.f64 = 64'F(0xfff8000000000000LL)\nelsif ((abs(S1.f64) == +INF) && (abs(S2.f64) == +INF)) then\n// inf/inf\nD0.f64 = 64'F(0xfff8000000000000LL)\nelsif ((S1.f64 == 0.0) || (abs(S2.f64) == +INF)) then\n// x/0, or inf/y\nD0.f64 = sign_out ? -INF : +INF\nelsif ((abs(S1.f64) == +INF) || (S2.f64 == 0.0)) then\n// x/inf, 0/y\nD0.f64 = sign_out ? -0.0 : 0.0\nelsif exponent(S2.f64) - exponent(S1.f64) < -1075 then\nD0.f64 = sign_out ? -UNDERFLOW_F64 : UNDERFLOW_F64\nelsif exponent(S1.f64) == 2047 then\nD0.f64 = sign_out ? -OVERFLOW_F64 : OVERFLOW_F64\nelse\nD0.f64 = sign_out ? -abs(S0.f64) : abs(S0.f64)\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_DIV_FMAS_F32: 'if VCC.u64[laneId] then\nD0.f32 = 2.0F ** 32 * fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)\nelse\nD0.f32 = fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_DIV_FMAS_F64: 'if VCC.u64[laneId] then\nD0.f64 = 2.0 ** 64 * fma(S0.f64, S1.f64, S2.f64)\nelse\nD0.f64 = fma(S0.f64, S1.f64, S2.f64)\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MSAD_U8: "ABSDIFF = lambda(x, y) (\nx > y ? x - y : y - x);\n// UNSIGNED comparison\ntmp = S2.u32;\ntmp += S1.u32[7 : 0] == 8'0U ? 0U : 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[7 : 0], S1.u32[7 : 0]));\ntmp += S1.u32[15 : 8] == 8'0U ? 0U : 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[15 : 8], S1.u32[15 : 8]));\ntmp += S1.u32[23 : 16] == 8'0U ? 0U : 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[23 : 16], S1.u32[23 : 16]));\ntmp += S1.u32[31 : 24] == 8'0U ? 0U : 32'U(ABSDIFF(S0.u32[31 : 24], S1.u32[31 : 24]));\nD0.u32 = tmp",
+  VOP3AOp.V_QSAD_PK_U16_U8: "tmp[63 : 48] = 16'B(v_sad_u8(S0[55 : 24], S1[31 : 0], S2[63 : 48].u32));\ntmp[47 : 32] = 16'B(v_sad_u8(S0[47 : 16], S1[31 : 0], S2[47 : 32].u32));\ntmp[31 : 16] = 16'B(v_sad_u8(S0[39 : 8], S1[31 : 0], S2[31 : 16].u32));\ntmp[15 : 0] = 16'B(v_sad_u8(S0[31 : 0], S1[31 : 0], S2[15 : 0].u32));\nD0.b64 = tmp.b64",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MQSAD_PK_U16_U8: "tmp[63 : 48] = 16'B(v_msad_u8(S0[55 : 24], S1[31 : 0], S2[63 : 48].u32));\ntmp[47 : 32] = 16'B(v_msad_u8(S0[47 : 16], S1[31 : 0], S2[47 : 32].u32));\ntmp[31 : 16] = 16'B(v_msad_u8(S0[39 : 8], S1[31 : 0], S2[31 : 16].u32));\ntmp[15 : 0] = 16'B(v_msad_u8(S0[31 : 0], S1[31 : 0], S2[15 : 0].u32));\nD0.b64 = tmp.b64",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MQSAD_U32_U8: "tmp[127 : 96] = 32'B(v_msad_u8(S0[55 : 24], S1[31 : 0], S2[127 : 96].u32));\ntmp[95 : 64] = 32'B(v_msad_u8(S0[47 : 16], S1[31 : 0], S2[95 : 64].u32));\ntmp[63 : 32] = 32'B(v_msad_u8(S0[39 : 8], S1[31 : 0], S2[63 : 32].u32));\ntmp[31 : 0] = 32'B(v_msad_u8(S0[31 : 0], S1[31 : 0], S2[31 : 0].u32));\nD0.b128 = tmp.b128",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAD_LEGACY_F16: "tmp = S0.f16 * S1.f16 + S2.f16;\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.f16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.f16 }\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAD_LEGACY_U16: "tmp = S0.u16 * S1.u16 + S2.u16;\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.u16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.u16 }\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAD_LEGACY_I16: "tmp = S0.i16 * S1.i16 + S2.i16;\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.i16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.i16 }\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_PERM_B32: "BYTE_PERMUTE = lambda(data, sel) (\ndeclare in : 8'B[8];\nfor i in 0 : 7 do\nin[i] = data[i * 8 + 7 : i * 8].b8\nendfor;\nif sel.u32 >= 13U then\nreturn 8'0xff\nelsif sel.u32 == 12U then\nreturn 8'0x0\nelsif sel.u32 == 11U then\nreturn in[7][7].b8 * 8'0xff\nelsif sel.u32 == 10U then\nreturn in[5][7].b8 * 8'0xff\nelsif sel.u32 == 9U then\nreturn in[3][7].b8 * 8'0xff\nelsif sel.u32 == 8U then\nreturn in[1][7].b8 * 8'0xff\nelse\nreturn in[sel]\nendif);\nD0[31 : 24] = BYTE_PERMUTE({ S0.u32, S1.u32 }, S2.u32[31 : 24]);\nD0[23 : 16] = BYTE_PERMUTE({ S0.u32, S1.u32 }, S2.u32[23 : 16]);\nD0[15 : 8] = BYTE_PERMUTE({ S0.u32, S1.u32 }, S2.u32[15 : 8]);\nD0[7 : 0] = BYTE_PERMUTE({ S0.u32, S1.u32 }, S2.u32[7 : 0])",
+  VOP3AOp.V_FMA_LEGACY_F16: "tmp = fma(S0.f16, S1.f16, S2.f16);\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.f16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.f16 }\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_DIV_FIXUP_LEGACY_F16: "sign_out = (sign(S1.f16) ^ sign(S2.f16));\nif isNAN(64'F(S2.f16)) then\ntmp = cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S2.f16))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)) then\ntmp = cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f16))\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f16) == 0.0) && (64'F(S2.f16) == 0.0)) then\n// 0/0\ntmp = 16'F(0xfe00)\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f16)) == +INF) && (64'F(abs(S2.f16)) == +INF)) then\n// inf/inf\ntmp = 16'F(0xfe00)\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f16) == 0.0) || (64'F(abs(S2.f16)) == +INF)) then\n// x/0, or inf/y\ntmp = sign_out ? -INF : +INF\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f16)) == +INF) || (64'F(S2.f16) == 0.0)) then\n// x/inf, 0/y\ntmp = sign_out ? -0.0 : 0.0\nelse\ntmp = sign_out ? -abs(S0.f16) : abs(S0.f16)\nendif;\nif OPSEL.u4[3] then\nD0 = { tmp.f16, D0[15 : 0] }\nelse\nD0 = { 16'0, tmp.f16 }\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PKACCUM_U8_F32: "byte = S1.u32[1 : 0];\nbit = byte.u32 * 8U;\nD0.u32[bit + 7U : bit] = 32'U(f32_to_u8(S0.f32))",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAD_U32_U16: "D0.u32 = 32'U(S0.u16) * 32'U(S1.u16) + S2.u32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAD_I32_I16: "D0.i32 = 32'I(S0.i16) * 32'I(S1.i16) + S2.i32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_XAD_U32: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 ^ S1.u32) + S2.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN3_F16: 'D0.f16 = v_min_f16(v_min_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16), S2.f16)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN3_I16: 'D0.i16 = v_min_i16(v_min_i16(S0.i16, S1.i16), S2.i16)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN3_U16: 'D0.u16 = v_min_u16(v_min_u16(S0.u16, S1.u16), S2.u16)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX3_F16: 'D0.f16 = v_max_f16(v_max_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16), S2.f16)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX3_I16: 'D0.i16 = v_max_i16(v_max_i16(S0.i16, S1.i16), S2.i16)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX3_U16: 'D0.u16 = v_max_u16(v_max_u16(S0.u16, S1.u16), S2.u16)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MED3_F16: "if (isNAN(64'F(S0.f16)) || isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)) || isNAN(64'F(S2.f16))) then\nD0.f16 = v_min3_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16, S2.f16)\nelsif v_max3_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16, S2.f16) == S0.f16 then\nD0.f16 = v_max_f16(S1.f16, S2.f16)\nelsif v_max3_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16, S2.f16) == S1.f16 then\nD0.f16 = v_max_f16(S0.f16, S2.f16)\nelse\nD0.f16 = v_max_f16(S0.f16, S1.f16)\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MED3_I16: 'if v_max3_i16(S0.i16, S1.i16, S2.i16) == S0.i16 then\nD0.i16 = v_max_i16(S1.i16, S2.i16)\nelsif v_max3_i16(S0.i16, S1.i16, S2.i16) == S1.i16 then\nD0.i16 = v_max_i16(S0.i16, S2.i16)\nelse\nD0.i16 = v_max_i16(S0.i16, S1.i16)\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MED3_U16: 'if v_max3_u16(S0.u16, S1.u16, S2.u16) == S0.u16 then\nD0.u16 = v_max_u16(S1.u16, S2.u16)\nelsif v_max3_u16(S0.u16, S1.u16, S2.u16) == S1.u16 then\nD0.u16 = v_max_u16(S0.u16, S2.u16)\nelse\nD0.u16 = v_max_u16(S0.u16, S1.u16)\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_LSHL_ADD_U32: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 << S1.u32[4 : 0].u32) + S2.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_ADD_LSHL_U32: 'D0.u32 = ((S0.u32 + S1.u32) << S2.u32[4 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_ADD3_U32: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 + S1.u32 + S2.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_LSHL_OR_B32: 'D0.u32 = ((S0.u32 << S1.u32[4 : 0].u32) | S2.u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_AND_OR_B32: 'D0.u32 = ((S0.u32 & S1.u32) | S2.u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_OR3_B32: 'D0.u32 = (S0.u32 | S1.u32 | S2.u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAD_F16: 'D0.f16 = S0.f16 * S1.f16 + S2.f16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAD_U16: 'D0.u16 = S0.u16 * S1.u16 + S2.u16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAD_I16: 'D0.i16 = S0.i16 * S1.i16 + S2.i16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_FMA_F16: 'D0.f16 = fma(S0.f16, S1.f16, S2.f16)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_DIV_FIXUP_F16: "sign_out = (sign(S1.f16) ^ sign(S2.f16));\nif isNAN(64'F(S2.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S2.f16)))\nelsif isNAN(64'F(S1.f16)) then\nD0.f16 = 16'F(cvtToQuietNAN(64'F(S1.f16)))\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f16) == 0.0) && (64'F(S2.f16) == 0.0)) then\n// 0/0\nD0.f16 = 16'F(0xfe00)\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f16)) == +INF) && (64'F(abs(S2.f16)) == +INF)) then\n// inf/inf\nD0.f16 = 16'F(0xfe00)\nelsif ((64'F(S1.f16) == 0.0) || (64'F(abs(S2.f16)) == +INF)) then\n// x/0, or inf/y\nD0.f16 = sign_out ? -INF.f16 : +INF.f16\nelsif ((64'F(abs(S1.f16)) == +INF) || (64'F(S2.f16) == 0.0)) then\n// x/inf, 0/y\nD0.f16 = sign_out ? -16'0.0 : 16'0.0\nelse\nD0.f16 = sign_out ? -abs(S0.f16) : abs(S0.f16)\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_LSHL_ADD_U64: 'D0.u64 = (S0.u64 << S1.u32[2 : 0].u32) + S2.u64',
+  VOP3AOp.V_BITOP3_B16: "TTBL = { INST.OMOD[1 : 0], INST.ABS[2 : 0], INST.NEG[2 : 0] };\ntmp = 16'0U;\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x1) != 0 ? 16'U(~S0.b16 & ~S1.b16 & ~S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x2) != 0 ? 16'U(~S0.b16 & ~S1.b16 & S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x4) != 0 ? 16'U(~S0.b16 & S1.b16 & ~S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x8) != 0 ? 16'U(~S0.b16 & S1.b16 & S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x10) != 0 ? 16'U(S0.b16 & ~S1.b16 & ~S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x20) != 0 ? 16'U(S0.b16 & ~S1.b16 & S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x40) != 0 ? 16'U(S0.b16 & S1.b16 & ~S2.b16) : 16'0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x80) != 0 ? 16'U(S0.b16 & S1.b16 & S2.b16) : 16'0U));\nD.b16 = tmp.b16",
+  VOP3AOp.V_BITOP3_B32: "TTBL = { INST.OMOD[1 : 0], INST.ABS[2 : 0], INST.NEG[2 : 0] };\ntmp = 0U;\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x1) != 0 ? 32'U(~S0.b32 & ~S1.b32 & ~S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x2) != 0 ? 32'U(~S0.b32 & ~S1.b32 & S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x4) != 0 ? 32'U(~S0.b32 & S1.b32 & ~S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x8) != 0 ? 32'U(~S0.b32 & S1.b32 & S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x10) != 0 ? 32'U(S0.b32 & ~S1.b32 & ~S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x20) != 0 ? 32'U(S0.b32 & ~S1.b32 & S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x40) != 0 ? 32'U(S0.b32 & S1.b32 & ~S2.b32) : 0U));\ntmp = (tmp | (32'I(TTBL.b32 & 0x80) != 0 ? 32'U(S0.b32 & S1.b32 & S2.b32) : 0U));\nD.b32 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP8_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp0 = f32_to_fp8_scale(S0.f32, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f32_to_fp8_scale(S1.f32, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF8_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp0 = f32_to_bf8_scale(S0.f32, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f32_to_bf8_scale(S1.f32, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_FP8_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = f32_to_fp8_sr_scale(S0.f32, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].fp8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_BF8_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = f32_to_bf8_sr_scale(S0.f32, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].bf8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F32_FP8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = fp8_to_f32_scale(src[7 : 0].fp8, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = fp8_to_f32_scale(src[15 : 8].fp8, scale.u8);\nD0[31 : 0].f32 = tmp0;\nD0[63 : 32].f32 = tmp1",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F32_BF8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = bf8_to_f32_scale(src[7 : 0].bf8, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = bf8_to_f32_scale(src[15 : 8].bf8, scale.u8);\nD0[31 : 0].f32 = tmp0;\nD0[63 : 32].f32 = tmp1",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_F32_FP8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].fp8;\ntmp = fp8_to_f32_scale(src, scale.u8);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_F32_BF8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].bf8;\ntmp = bf8_to_f32_scale(src, scale.u8);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP4_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp0 = f32_to_fp4_scale(S0.f32, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f32_to_fp4_scale(S1.f32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK_FP4_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ntmp0 = f32_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[31 : 0].f32, randomVal, scale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32));\ntmp1 = f32_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[63 : 32].f32, randomVal, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F32_FP4: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].b8;\ntmp0 = fp4_to_f32_scale(src[3 : 0].fp4, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = fp4_to_f32_scale(src[7 : 4].fp4, scale.u8);\nD0[31 : 0].f32 = tmp0;\nD0[63 : 32].f32 = tmp1",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP8_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = f16_to_fp8_scale(S0[15 : 0].f16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f16_to_fp8_scale(S0[31 : 16].f16, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF8_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = f16_to_bf8_scale(S0[15 : 0].f16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f16_to_bf8_scale(S0[31 : 16].f16, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_FP8_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = f16_to_fp8_sr_scale(S0.f16, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].fp8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_BF8_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = f16_to_bf8_sr_scale(S0.f16, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].bf8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP8_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = bf16_to_fp8_scale(S0[15 : 0].bf16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = bf16_to_fp8_scale(S0[31 : 16].bf16, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF8_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = bf16_to_bf8_scale(S0[15 : 0].bf16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = bf16_to_bf8_scale(S0[31 : 16].bf16, scale.u8);\ndstword = OPSEL[3].i32 * 16;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstword + 15 : dstword].b16 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_FP8_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = bf16_to_fp8_sr_scale(S0.bf16, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].fp8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_BF8_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ntmp = bf16_to_bf8_sr_scale(S0.bf16, S1.u32, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].bf8 = tmp;\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F16_FP8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = fp8_to_f16_scale(src[7 : 0].fp8, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = fp8_to_f16_scale(src[15 : 8].fp8, scale.u8);\nD0[15 : 0].f16 = tmp0;\nD0[31 : 16].f16 = tmp1",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F16_BF8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = bf8_to_f16_scale(src[7 : 0].bf8, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = bf8_to_f16_scale(src[15 : 8].bf8, scale.u8);\nD0[15 : 0].f16 = tmp0;\nD0[31 : 16].f16 = tmp1",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_F16_FP8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].fp8;\ntmp = fp8_to_f16_scale(src, scale.u8);\n// OPSEL[3] controls destination hi/lo\nD0 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_F16_BF8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].bf8;\ntmp = bf8_to_f16_scale(src, scale.u8);\n// OPSEL[3] controls destination hi/lo\nD0 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP4_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = f16_to_fp4_scale(S0[15 : 0].f16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = f16_to_fp4_scale(S0[31 : 16].f16, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_FP4_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ntmp0 = bf16_to_fp4_scale(S0[15 : 0].bf16, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = bf16_to_fp4_scale(S0[31 : 16].bf16, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK_FP4_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ntmp0 = f16_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[15 : 0].f16, randomVal, scale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32));\ntmp1 = f16_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[31 : 16].f16, randomVal, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK_FP4_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ntmp0 = bf16_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[15 : 0].bf16, randomVal, scale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32));\ntmp1 = bf16_to_fp4_sr_scale(S0[31 : 16].bf16, randomVal, scale.u8);\ndstbyte = OPSEL[3 : 2].i32 * 8;\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][dstbyte + 7 : dstbyte].b8 = { tmp1, tmp0 };\n// Other destination bits are preserved",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_F16_FP4: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].b8;\ntmp0 = fp4_to_f16_scale(src[3 : 0].fp4, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = fp4_to_f16_scale(src[7 : 4].fp4, scale.u8);\nD0[15 : 0].f16 = tmp0;\nD0[31 : 16].f16 = tmp1",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF16_FP4: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcbyte = OPSEL[1 : 0].i32 * 8;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcbyte + 7 : srcbyte].b8;\ntmp0 = fp4_to_bf16_scale(src[3 : 0].fp4, scale.u8);\ntmp1 = fp4_to_bf16_scale(src[7 : 4].fp4, scale.u8);\nD0[15 : 0].bf16 = tmp0;\nD0[31 : 16].bf16 = tmp1",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_2XPK16_FP6_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 15 do\ndOffset = pass * 12;\nsOffset = pass * 32;\n// Note that S0 and S1 inputs are interleaved in the packed result.\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = f32_to_fp6_scale(S0[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, scale.u8);\ntmp[dOffset + 11 : dOffset + 6].fp6 = f32_to_fp6_scale(S1[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_2XPK16_BF6_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 15 do\ndOffset = pass * 12;\nsOffset = pass * 32;\n// Note that S0 and S1 inputs are interleaved in the packed result.\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = f32_to_bf6_scale(S0[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, scale.u8);\ntmp[dOffset + 11 : dOffset + 6].bf6 = f32_to_bf6_scale(S1[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_FP6_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 32;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = f32_to_fp6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_BF6_F32: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 32;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = f32_to_bf6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 31 : sOffset].f32, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_F32_FP6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 1024'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 32;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 31 : dOffset].f32 = fp6_to_f32_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].fp6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[1023 : 0] = tmp.b1024",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_F32_BF6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 1024'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 32;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 31 : dOffset].f32 = bf6_to_f32_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].bf6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[1023 : 0] = tmp.b1024",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_FP6_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = f16_to_fp6_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].f16, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_FP6_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = bf16_to_fp6_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].bf16, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_BF6_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = f16_to_bf6_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].f16, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_BF6_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = bf16_to_bf6_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].bf16, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_FP6_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = f16_to_fp6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].f16, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_FP6_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].fp6 = bf16_to_fp6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].bf16, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_BF6_F16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = f16_to_bf6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].f16, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_SR_PK32_BF6_BF16: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S2.f32));\nrandomVal = S1.u32;\ndeclare tmp : 192'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 6;\nsOffset = pass * 16;\ntmp[dOffset + 5 : dOffset].bf6 = bf16_to_bf6_sr_scale(S0[sOffset + 15 : sOffset].bf16, randomVal,\nscale.u8);\nrandomVal = 32'U(v_prng_b32(randomVal.b32))\nendfor;\nD0[191 : 0] = tmp.b192",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_F16_FP6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 512'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 16;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 15 : dOffset].f16 = fp6_to_f16_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].fp6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[511 : 0] = tmp.b512",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_BF16_FP6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 512'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 16;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 15 : dOffset].bf16 = fp6_to_bf16_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].fp6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[511 : 0] = tmp.b512",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_F16_BF6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 512'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 16;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 15 : dOffset].f16 = bf6_to_f16_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].bf6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[511 : 0] = tmp.b512",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK32_BF16_BF6: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\ndeclare tmp : 512'B;\nfor pass in 0 : 31 do\ndOffset = pass * 16;\nsOffset = pass * 6;\ntmp[dOffset + 15 : dOffset].bf16 = bf6_to_bf16_scale(S0[sOffset + 5 : sOffset].bf6, scale.u8)\nendfor;\nD0[511 : 0] = tmp.b512",
+  VOP3AOp.V_ASHR_PK_I8_I32: "SAT8 = lambda(n) (\nif n <= -128 then\nreturn 8'0x80\nelsif n >= 127 then\nreturn 8'0x7f\nelse\nreturn n[7 : 0].b8\nendif);\ndeclare tmp : 16'B;\ntmp[7 : 0] = SAT8(S0.i32 >> S2[4 : 0].u32);\ntmp[15 : 8] = SAT8(S1.i32 >> S2[4 : 0].u32);\nD0[15 : 0] = tmp",
+  VOP3AOp.V_ASHR_PK_U8_I32: "SAT8 = lambda(n) (\nif n <= 0 then\nreturn 8'0x0\nelsif n >= 255 then\nreturn 8'0xff\nelse\nreturn n[7 : 0].b8\nendif);\ndeclare tmp : 16'B;\ntmp[7 : 0] = SAT8(S0.i32 >> S2[4 : 0].u32);\ntmp[15 : 8] = SAT8(S1.i32 >> S2[4 : 0].u32);\nD0[15 : 0] = tmp",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PK_F16_F32: 'prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\ntmp[15 : 0].f16 = f32_to_f16(S0.f32);\ntmp[31 : 16].f16 = f32_to_f16(S1.f32);\nD0 = tmp.b32;\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PK_BF16_F32: 'prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\ntmp[15 : 0].bf16 = f32_to_bf16(S0.f32);\ntmp[31 : 16].bf16 = f32_to_bf16(S1.f32);\nD0 = tmp.b32;\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF16_FP8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = fp8_to_bf16_scale(src[7 : 0].fp8, scale);\ntmp1 = fp8_to_bf16_scale(src[15 : 8].fp8, scale);\nD0[15 : 0].bf16 = tmp0.bf16;\nD0[31 : 16].bf16 = tmp1.bf16",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SCALEF32_PK_BF16_BF8: "scale = 32'U(exponent(S1.f32));\nsrcword = OPSEL[0].i32 * 16;\nsrc = VGPR[laneId][SRC0.u32][srcword + 15 : srcword].b16;\ntmp0 = bf8_to_bf16_scale(src[7 : 0].bf8, scale);\ntmp1 = bf8_to_bf16_scale(src[15 : 8].bf8, scale);\nD0[15 : 0].bf16 = tmp0.bf16;\nD0[31 : 16].bf16 = tmp1.bf16",
+  VOP3AOp.V_ADD_F64: 'D0.f64 = S0.f64 + S1.f64',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_F64: 'D0.f64 = S0.f64 * S1.f64',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MIN_F64: "if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(S0.f64)) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S0.f64)\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(S1.f64)) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S1.f64)\nelsif isNAN(S0.f64) then\nD0.f64 = S1.f64\nelsif isNAN(S1.f64) then\nD0.f64 = S0.f64\nelsif ((S0.f64 == +0.0) && (S1.f64 == -0.0)) then\nD0.f64 = S1.f64\nelsif ((S0.f64 == -0.0) && (S1.f64 == +0.0)) then\nD0.f64 = S0.f64\nelse\n// Note: there's no IEEE case here like there is for V_MAX_F64.\nD0.f64 = S0.f64 < S1.f64 ? S0.f64 : S1.f64\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAX_F64: 'if (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(S0.f64)) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S0.f64)\nelsif (WAVE_MODE.IEEE && isSignalNAN(S1.f64)) then\nD0.f64 = cvtToQuietNAN(S1.f64)\nelsif isNAN(S0.f64) then\nD0.f64 = S1.f64\nelsif isNAN(S1.f64) then\nD0.f64 = S0.f64\nelsif ((S0.f64 == +0.0) && (S1.f64 == -0.0)) then\nD0.f64 = S0.f64\nelsif ((S0.f64 == -0.0) && (S1.f64 == +0.0)) then\nD0.f64 = S1.f64\nelsif WAVE_MODE.IEEE then\nD0.f64 = S0.f64 >= S1.f64 ? S0.f64 : S1.f64\nelse\nD0.f64 = S0.f64 > S1.f64 ? S0.f64 : S1.f64\nendif',
+  VOP3AOp.V_LDEXP_F64: 'D0.f64 = S0.f64 * 2.0 ** S1.i32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_LO_U32: 'D0.u32 = S0.u32 * S1.u32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_HI_U32: "D0.u32 = 32'U((64'U(S0.u32) * 64'U(S1.u32)) >> 32U)",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_HI_I32: "D0.i32 = 32'I((64'I(S0.i32) * 64'I(S1.i32)) >> 32U)",
+  VOP3AOp.V_LDEXP_F32: 'D0.f32 = S0.f32 * 2.0F ** S1.i32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_READLANE_B32: 'lane = S1.u32[5 : 0];\n// Lane select\nD0.b32 = VGPR[lane][SRC0.u32]',
+  VOP3AOp.V_WRITELANE_B32: 'lane = S1.u32[5 : 0];\n// Lane select\nVGPR[lane][VDST.u32] = S0.b32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_BCNT_U32_B32: "tmp = S1.u32;\nfor i in 0 : 31 do\ntmp += S0[i].u32;\n// count i'th bit\nendfor;\nD0.u32 = tmp",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MBCNT_LO_U32_B32: "ThreadMask = (1LL << laneId.u32) - 1LL;\nMaskedValue = (S0.u32 & ThreadMask[31 : 0].u32);\ntmp = S1.u32;\nfor i in 0 : 31 do\ntmp += MaskedValue[i] == 1'1U ? 1U : 0U\nendfor;\nD0.u32 = tmp",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MBCNT_HI_U32_B32: "ThreadMask = (1LL << laneId.u32) - 1LL;\nMaskedValue = (S0.u32 & ThreadMask[63 : 32].u32);\ntmp = S1.u32;\nfor i in 0 : 31 do\ntmp += MaskedValue[i] == 1'1U ? 1U : 0U\nendfor;\nD0.u32 = tmp",
+  VOP3AOp.V_LSHLREV_B64: 'D0.u64 = (S1.u64 << S0[5 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_LSHRREV_B64: 'D0.u64 = (S1.u64 >> S0[5 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_ASHRREV_I64: 'D0.i64 = (S1.i64 >> S0[5 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_TRIG_PREOP_F64: "shift = 32'I(S1[4 : 0].u32) * 53;\nif exponent(S0.f64) > 1077 then\nshift += exponent(S0.f64) - 1077\nendif;\n// (2.0/PI) == 0.{b_1200, b_1199, b_1198, ..., b_1, b_0}\n// b_1200 is the MSB of the fractional part of 2.0/PI\n// Left shift operation indicates which bits are brought\n// into the whole part of the number.\n// Only whole part of result is kept.\nresult = 64'F((1201'B(2.0 / PI)[1200 : 0] << shift.u32) & 1201'0x1fffffffffffff);\nscale = -53 - shift;\nif exponent(S0.f64) >= 1968 then\nscale += 128\nendif;\nD0.f64 = ldexp(result, scale)",
+  VOP3AOp.V_BFM_B32: 'D0.u32 = (((1U << S0[4 : 0].u32) - 1U) << S1[4 : 0].u32)',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PKNORM_I16_F32: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].i16 = f32_to_snorm(S0.f32);\ntmp[31 : 16].i16 = f32_to_snorm(S1.f32);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PKNORM_U16_F32: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].u16 = f32_to_unorm(S0.f32);\ntmp[31 : 16].u16 = f32_to_unorm(S1.f32);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PKRTZ_F16_F32: 'prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_TOWARD_ZERO;\ntmp[15 : 0].f16 = f32_to_f16(S0.f32);\ntmp[31 : 16].f16 = f32_to_f16(S1.f32);\nD0 = tmp.b32;\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode;\n// Round-toward-zero regardless of current round mode setting in hardware.',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PK_U16_U32: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].u16 = u32_to_u16(S0.u32);\ntmp[31 : 16].u16 = u32_to_u16(S1.u32);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PK_I16_I32: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].i16 = i32_to_i16(S0.i32);\ntmp[31 : 16].i16 = i32_to_i16(S1.i32);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PKNORM_I16_F16: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].i16 = f16_to_snorm(S0.f16);\ntmp[31 : 16].i16 = f16_to_snorm(S1.f16);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PKNORM_U16_F16: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].u16 = f16_to_unorm(S0.f16);\ntmp[31 : 16].u16 = f16_to_unorm(S1.f16);\nD0 = tmp.b32",
+  VOP3AOp.V_ADD_I32: 'D0.i32 = S0.i32 + S1.i32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SUB_I32: 'D0.i32 = S0.i32 - S1.i32',
+  VOP3AOp.V_ADD_I16: 'D0.i16 = S0.i16 + S1.i16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_SUB_I16: 'D0.i16 = S0.i16 - S1.i16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_PACK_B32_F16: 'D0[31 : 16].f16 = S1.f16;\nD0[15 : 0].f16 = S0.f16',
+  VOP3AOp.V_MUL_LEGACY_F32: "if ((64'F(S0.f32) == 0.0) || (64'F(S1.f32) == 0.0)) then\n// DX9 rules, 0.0 * x = 0.0\nD0.f32 = 0.0F\nelse\nD0.f32 = S0.f32 * S1.f32\nendif",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PK_FP8_F32: 'prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\nif OPSEL[3].u32 == 0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 0].b16 = { f32_to_fp8(S1.f32), f32_to_fp8(S0.f32) };\n// D0[31:16] are preserved\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 16].b16 = { f32_to_fp8(S1.f32), f32_to_fp8(S0.f32) };\n// D0[15:0] are preserved\nendif;\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_PK_BF8_F32: 'prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\nif OPSEL[3].u32 == 0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 0].b16 = { f32_to_bf8(S1.f32), f32_to_bf8(S0.f32) };\n// D0[31:16] are preserved\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 16].b16 = { f32_to_bf8(S1.f32), f32_to_bf8(S0.f32) };\n// D0[15:0] are preserved\nendif;\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode',
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SR_FP8_F32: "prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\ns = sign(S0.f32);\ne = exponent(S0.f32);\nm = 23'U(32'U(23'B(mantissa(S0.f32))) + S1[31 : 12].u32);\ntmp = float32(s, e, m);\n// Add stochastic value to mantissa, wrap around on overflow\nif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][7 : 0].fp8 = f32_to_fp8(tmp.f32)\nelsif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'1U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 8].fp8 = f32_to_fp8(tmp.f32)\nelsif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'2U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][23 : 16].fp8 = f32_to_fp8(tmp.f32)\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 24].fp8 = f32_to_fp8(tmp.f32)\nendif;\n// Unwritten bytes of D are preserved.\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SR_BF8_F32: "prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\ns = sign(S0.f32);\ne = exponent(S0.f32);\nm = 23'U(32'U(23'B(mantissa(S0.f32))) + S1[31 : 11].u32);\ntmp = float32(s, e, m);\n// Add stochastic value to mantissa, wrap around on overflow\nif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][7 : 0].bf8 = f32_to_bf8(tmp.f32)\nelsif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'1U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 8].bf8 = f32_to_bf8(tmp.f32)\nelsif OPSEL[3 : 2].u2 == 2'2U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][23 : 16].bf8 = f32_to_bf8(tmp.f32)\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 24].bf8 = f32_to_bf8(tmp.f32)\nendif;\n// Unwritten bytes of D are preserved.\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SR_F16_F32: "prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\nif OPSEL[3].u2 == 2'0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 0].f16 = 16'F(f32_to_f16_SR(S0.f32, S1.u32))\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 16].f16 = 16'F(f32_to_f16_sr(S0.f32, S1.u32))\nendif;\n// Unwritten bytes of D are preserved.\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode",
+  VOP3AOp.V_CVT_SR_BF16_F32: "prev_mode = ROUND_MODE;\nROUND_MODE = ROUND_NEAREST_EVEN;\nif OPSEL[3].u2 == 2'0U then\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][15 : 0].bf16 = 16'BF(f32_to_bf16_SR(S0.f32, S1.u32))\nelse\nVGPR[laneId][VDST.u32][31 : 16].bf16 = 16'BF(f32_to_bf16_sr(S0.f32, S1.u32))\nendif;\n// Unwritten bytes of D are preserved.\nROUND_MODE = prev_mode",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MINIMUM3_F32: "D0.f32 = 32'F(v_minimum_f32(v_minimum_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32), S2.f32))",
+  VOP3AOp.V_MAXIMUM3_F32: "D0.f32 = 32'F(v_maximum_f32(v_maximum_f32(S0.f32, S1.f32), S2.f32))",
+  VOP3BOp.V_ADD_CO_U32: "tmp = 64'U(S0.u32) + 64'U(S1.u32);\nVCC.u64[laneId] = tmp >= 0x100000000ULL ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_ADDC_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
+  VOP3BOp.V_SUB_CO_U32: "tmp = S0.u32 - S1.u32;\nVCC.u64[laneId] = S1.u32 > S0.u32 ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_SUBB_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
+  VOP3BOp.V_SUBREV_CO_U32: "tmp = S1.u32 - S0.u32;\nVCC.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 > S1.u32 ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_SUBB_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
+  VOP3BOp.V_ADDC_CO_U32: "tmp = 64'U(S0.u32) + 64'U(S1.u32) + VCC.u64[laneId].u64;\nVCC.u64[laneId] = tmp >= 0x100000000ULL ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_ADDC_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
+  VOP3BOp.V_SUBB_CO_U32: "tmp = S0.u32 - S1.u32 - VCC.u64[laneId].u32;\nVCC.u64[laneId] = 64'U(S1.u32) + VCC.u64[laneId].u64 > 64'U(S0.u32) ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_SUBB_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
+  VOP3BOp.V_SUBBREV_CO_U32: "tmp = S1.u32 - S0.u32 - VCC.u64[laneId].u32;\nVCC.u64[laneId] = 64'U(S0.u32) + VCC.u64[laneId].u64 > 64'U(S1.u32) ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_SUBB_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
+  VOP3BOp.V_DIV_SCALE_F32: "VCC = 0x0LL;\nif ((64'F(S2.f32) == 0.0) || (64'F(S1.f32) == 0.0)) then\nD0.f32 = NAN.f32\nelsif exponent(S2.f32) - exponent(S1.f32) >= 96 then\n// N/D near MAX_FLOAT_F32\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f32 == S1.f32 then\n// Only scale the denominator\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)\nendif\nelsif S1.f32 == DENORM.f32 then\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)\nelsif ((1.0 / 64'F(S1.f32) == DENORM.f64) && (S2.f32 / S1.f32 == DENORM.f32)) then\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f32 == S1.f32 then\n// Only scale the denominator\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)\nendif\nelsif 1.0 / 64'F(S1.f32) == DENORM.f64 then\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, -64)\nelsif S2.f32 / S1.f32 == DENORM.f32 then\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f32 == S2.f32 then\n// Only scale the numerator\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)\nendif\nelsif exponent(S2.f32) <= 23 then\n// Numerator is tiny\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)\nendif",
+  VOP3BOp.V_DIV_SCALE_F64: 'VCC = 0x0LL;\nif ((S2.f64 == 0.0) || (S1.f64 == 0.0)) then\nD0.f64 = NAN.f64\nelsif exponent(S2.f64) - exponent(S1.f64) >= 768 then\n// N/D near MAX_FLOAT_F64\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f64 == S1.f64 then\n// Only scale the denominator\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)\nendif\nelsif S1.f64 == DENORM.f64 then\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)\nelsif ((1.0 / S1.f64 == DENORM.f64) && (S2.f64 / S1.f64 == DENORM.f64)) then\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f64 == S1.f64 then\n// Only scale the denominator\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)\nendif\nelsif 1.0 / S1.f64 == DENORM.f64 then\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, -128)\nelsif S2.f64 / S1.f64 == DENORM.f64 then\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f64 == S2.f64 then\n// Only scale the numerator\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)\nendif\nelsif exponent(S2.f64) <= 53 then\n// Numerator is tiny\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)\nendif',
+  VOP3BOp.V_MAD_U64_U32: "{ D1.u1, D0.u64 } = 65'B(65'U(S0.u32) * 65'U(S1.u32) + 65'U(S2.u64))",
+  VOP3BOp.V_MAD_I64_I32: "{ D1.i1, D0.i64 } = 65'B(65'I(S0.i32) * 65'I(S1.i32) + 65'I(S2.i64))",
  VOP3POp.V_PK_MAD_I16: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].i16 = S0[15 : 0].i16 * S1[15 : 0].i16 + S2[15 : 0].i16;\ntmp[31 : 16].i16 = S0[31 : 16].i16 * S1[31 : 16].i16 + S2[31 : 16].i16;\nD0.b32 = tmp",
  VOP3POp.V_PK_MUL_LO_U16: 'tmp[31 : 16].u16 = S0[31 : 16].u16 * S1[31 : 16].u16;\ntmp[15 : 0].u16 = S0[15 : 0].u16 * S1[15 : 0].u16;\nD0.b32 = tmp.b32',
  VOP3POp.V_PK_ADD_I16: "declare tmp : 32'B;\ntmp[15 : 0].i16 = S0[15 : 0].i16 + S1[15 : 0].i16;\ntmp[31 : 16].i16 = S0[31 : 16].i16 + S1[31 : 16].i16;\nD0.b32 = tmp",
@@ -1236,16 +1246,6 @@ PCODE = {
  VOP3POp.V_SMFMAC_F32_32X32X32_BF8_FP8: 'D = A (sparse 32x32) * B (32x32) + D (32x32)',
  VOP3POp.V_SMFMAC_F32_32X32X32_FP8_BF8: 'D = A (sparse 32x32) * B (32x32) + D (32x32)',
  VOP3POp.V_SMFMAC_F32_32X32X32_FP8_FP8: 'D = A (sparse 32x32) * B (32x32) + D (32x32)',
-  VOP3SDOp.V_ADD_CO_U32: "tmp = 64'U(S0.u32) + 64'U(S1.u32);\nVCC.u64[laneId] = tmp >= 0x100000000ULL ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_ADDC_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
-  VOP3SDOp.V_SUB_CO_U32: "tmp = S0.u32 - S1.u32;\nVCC.u64[laneId] = S1.u32 > S0.u32 ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_SUBB_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
-  VOP3SDOp.V_SUBREV_CO_U32: "tmp = S1.u32 - S0.u32;\nVCC.u64[laneId] = S0.u32 > S1.u32 ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_SUBB_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
-  VOP3SDOp.V_ADDC_CO_U32: "tmp = 64'U(S0.u32) + 64'U(S1.u32) + VCC.u64[laneId].u64;\nVCC.u64[laneId] = tmp >= 0x100000000ULL ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_ADDC_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
-  VOP3SDOp.V_SUBB_CO_U32: "tmp = S0.u32 - S1.u32 - VCC.u64[laneId].u32;\nVCC.u64[laneId] = 64'U(S1.u32) + VCC.u64[laneId].u64 > 64'U(S0.u32) ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_SUBB_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
-  VOP3SDOp.V_SUBBREV_CO_U32: "tmp = S1.u32 - S0.u32 - VCC.u64[laneId].u32;\nVCC.u64[laneId] = 64'U(S0.u32) + VCC.u64[laneId].u64 > 64'U(S1.u32) ? 1'1U : 1'0U;\n// VCC is an UNSIGNED overflow/carry-out for V_SUBB_CO_U32.\nD0.u32 = tmp.u32",
-  VOP3SDOp.V_DIV_SCALE_F32: "VCC = 0x0LL;\nif ((64'F(S2.f32) == 0.0) || (64'F(S1.f32) == 0.0)) then\nD0.f32 = NAN.f32\nelsif exponent(S2.f32) - exponent(S1.f32) >= 96 then\n// N/D near MAX_FLOAT_F32\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f32 == S1.f32 then\n// Only scale the denominator\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)\nendif\nelsif S1.f32 == DENORM.f32 then\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)\nelsif ((1.0 / 64'F(S1.f32) == DENORM.f64) && (S2.f32 / S1.f32 == DENORM.f32)) then\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f32 == S1.f32 then\n// Only scale the denominator\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)\nendif\nelsif 1.0 / 64'F(S1.f32) == DENORM.f64 then\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, -64)\nelsif S2.f32 / S1.f32 == DENORM.f32 then\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f32 == S2.f32 then\n// Only scale the numerator\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)\nendif\nelsif exponent(S2.f32) <= 23 then\n// Numerator is tiny\nD0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)\nendif",
-  VOP3SDOp.V_DIV_SCALE_F64: 'VCC = 0x0LL;\nif ((S2.f64 == 0.0) || (S1.f64 == 0.0)) then\nD0.f64 = NAN.f64\nelsif exponent(S2.f64) - exponent(S1.f64) >= 768 then\n// N/D near MAX_FLOAT_F64\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f64 == S1.f64 then\n// Only scale the denominator\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)\nendif\nelsif S1.f64 == DENORM.f64 then\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)\nelsif ((1.0 / S1.f64 == DENORM.f64) && (S2.f64 / S1.f64 == DENORM.f64)) then\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f64 == S1.f64 then\n// Only scale the denominator\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)\nendif\nelsif 1.0 / S1.f64 == DENORM.f64 then\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, -128)\nelsif S2.f64 / S1.f64 == DENORM.f64 then\nVCC = 0x1LL;\nif S0.f64 == S2.f64 then\n// Only scale the numerator\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)\nendif\nelsif exponent(S2.f64) <= 53 then\n// Numerator is tiny\nD0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)\nendif',
-  VOP3SDOp.V_MAD_U64_U32: "{ D1.u1, D0.u64 } = 65'B(65'U(S0.u32) * 65'U(S1.u32) + 65'U(S2.u64))",
-  VOP3SDOp.V_MAD_I64_I32: "{ D1.i1, D0.i64 } = 65'B(65'I(S0.i32) * 65'I(S1.i32) + 65'I(S2.i64))",
  VOPCOp.V_CMP_CLASS_F32_E32: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) == 255 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif 64'F(abs(S0.f32)) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nD0.u64[laneId] = result;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
  VOPCOp.V_CMPX_CLASS_F32_E32: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(64'F(S0.f32)) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) == 255 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f32) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif 64'F(abs(S0.f32)) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f32) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nEXEC.u64[laneId] = D0.u64[laneId] = result",
  VOPCOp.V_CMP_CLASS_F64_E32: "declare result : 1'U;\nif isSignalNAN(S0.f64) then\nresult = S1.u32[0]\nelsif isQuietNAN(S0.f64) then\nresult = S1.u32[1]\nelsif exponent(S0.f64) == 2047 then\n// +-INF\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 2 : 9]\nelsif exponent(S0.f64) > 0 then\n// +-normal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 3 : 8]\nelsif abs(S0.f64) > 0.0 then\n// +-denormal value\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 4 : 7]\nelse\n// +-0.0\nresult = S1.u32[sign(S0.f64) ? 5 : 6]\nendif;\nD0.u64[laneId] = result;\n// D0 = VCC in VOPC encoding.",
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
 # autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit
 from enum import Enum, auto

-class ReprEnum(Enum):
-  """Enum with clean repr that roundtrips with eval()."""
-  def __repr__(self): return f"{type(self).__name__}.{self.name}"
-
 class Fmt(Enum):
  FMT_ANY = auto()
  FMT_BUF = auto()
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.common import ReprEnum, Fmt, FMT_BITS, OpType  # noqa: F401
+from enum import Enum
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.common import Fmt, FMT_BITS, OpType  # noqa: F401

-class DSOp(ReprEnum):
+class DSOp(Enum):
  DS_ADD_U32 = 0
  DS_SUB_U32 = 1
  DS_RSUB_U32 = 2
@@ -129,10 +130,10 @@ class DSOp(ReprEnum):
  DS_LOAD_B96 = 254
  DS_LOAD_B128 = 255

-class EXPOp(ReprEnum):
+class EXPOp(Enum):
  EXP = 0

-class FLATOp(ReprEnum):
+class FLATOp(Enum):
  FLAT_LOAD_U8 = 16
  FLAT_LOAD_I8 = 17
  FLAT_LOAD_U16 = 18
@@ -190,7 +191,7 @@ class FLATOp(ReprEnum):
  FLAT_ATOMIC_MAX_F32 = 82
  FLAT_ATOMIC_ADD_F32 = 86

-class GLOBALOp(ReprEnum):
+class GLOBALOp(Enum):
  GLOBAL_LOAD_U8 = 16
  GLOBAL_LOAD_I8 = 17
  GLOBAL_LOAD_U16 = 18
@@ -253,37 +254,11 @@ class GLOBALOp(ReprEnum):
  GLOBAL_ATOMIC_MAX_F32 = 82
  GLOBAL_ATOMIC_ADD_F32 = 86

-class HWREG(ReprEnum):
-  HW_REG_MODE = 1
-  HW_REG_STATUS = 2
-  HW_REG_TRAPSTS = 3
-  HW_REG_GPR_ALLOC = 5
-  HW_REG_LDS_ALLOC = 6
-  HW_REG_IB_STS = 7
-  HW_REG_PC_LO = 8
-  HW_REG_PC_HI = 9
-  HW_REG_IB_DBG1 = 13
-  HW_REG_FLUSH_IB = 14
-  HW_REG_SH_MEM_BASES = 15
-  HW_REG_SHADER_TBA_LO = 16
-  HW_REG_SHADER_TBA_HI = 17
-  HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_PC_LO = 18
-  HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_PC_HI = 19
-  HW_REG_SHADER_FLAT_SCRATCH_LO = 20
-  HW_REG_SHADER_FLAT_SCRATCH_HI = 21
-  HW_REG_HW_ID1 = 23
-  HW_REG_HW_ID2 = 24
-  HW_REG_POPS_PACKER = 25
-  HW_REG_SCHED_MODE = 26
-  HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_DATA = 27
-  HW_REG_IB_STS2 = 28
-  HW_REG_SHADER_CYCLES = 29
-
-class LDSDIROp(ReprEnum):
+class LDSDIROp(Enum):
  LDS_PARAM_LOAD = 0
  LDS_DIRECT_LOAD = 1

-class MIMGOp(ReprEnum):
+class MIMGOp(Enum):
  IMAGE_LOAD = 0
  IMAGE_LOAD_MIP = 1
  IMAGE_LOAD_PCK = 2
@@ -369,17 +344,7 @@ class MIMGOp(ReprEnum):
  IMAGE_GATHER4_C_B_CL = 101
  IMAGE_GATHER4H = 144

-class MSG(ReprEnum):
-  MSG_RTN_GET_DOORBELL = 128
-  MSG_RTN_GET_DDID = 129
-  MSG_RTN_GET_TMA = 130
-  MSG_RTN_GET_REALTIME = 131
-  MSG_RTN_SAVE_WAVE = 132
-  MSG_RTN_GET_TBA = 133
-  MSG_RTN_GET_TBA_TO_PC = 134
-  MSG_RTN_ILLEGAL_MSG = 255
-
-class MTBUFOp(ReprEnum):
+class MTBUFOp(Enum):
  TBUFFER_LOAD_FORMAT_X = 0
  TBUFFER_LOAD_FORMAT_XY = 1
  TBUFFER_LOAD_FORMAT_XYZ = 2
@@ -397,7 +362,7 @@ class MTBUFOp(ReprEnum):
  TBUFFER_STORE_D16_FORMAT_XYZ = 14
  TBUFFER_STORE_D16_FORMAT_XYZW = 15

-class MUBUFOp(ReprEnum):
+class MUBUFOp(Enum):
  BUFFER_LOAD_FORMAT_X = 0
  BUFFER_LOAD_FORMAT_XY = 1
  BUFFER_LOAD_FORMAT_XYZ = 2
@@ -478,7 +443,7 @@ class MUBUFOp(ReprEnum):
  BUFFER_ATOMIC_MAX_F32 = 82
  BUFFER_ATOMIC_ADD_F32 = 86

-class SCRATCHOp(ReprEnum):
+class SCRATCHOp(Enum):
  SCRATCH_LOAD_U8 = 16
  SCRATCH_LOAD_I8 = 17
  SCRATCH_LOAD_U16 = 18
@@ -507,7 +472,7 @@ class SCRATCHOp(ReprEnum):
  SCRATCH_LOAD_LDS_I16 = 48
  SCRATCH_LOAD_LDS_B32 = 49

-class SMEMOp(ReprEnum):
+class SMEMOp(Enum):
  S_LOAD_B32 = 0
  S_LOAD_B64 = 1
  S_LOAD_B128 = 2
@@ -523,7 +488,7 @@ class SMEMOp(ReprEnum):
  S_ATC_PROBE = 34
  S_ATC_PROBE_BUFFER = 35

-class SOP1Op(ReprEnum):
+class SOP1Op(Enum):
  S_MOV_B32 = 0
  S_MOV_B64 = 1
  S_CMOV_B32 = 2
@@ -605,7 +570,7 @@ class SOP1Op(ReprEnum):
  S_TRUNC_F16 = 109
  S_RNDNE_F16 = 110

-class SOP2Op(ReprEnum):
+class SOP2Op(Enum):
  S_ADD_U32 = 0
  S_SUB_U32 = 1
  S_ADD_I32 = 2
@@ -674,7 +639,7 @@ class SOP2Op(ReprEnum):
  S_MUL_F16 = 77
  S_FMAC_F16 = 78

-class SOPCOp(ReprEnum):
+class SOPCOp(Enum):
  S_CMP_EQ_I32 = 0
  S_CMP_LG_I32 = 1
  S_CMP_GT_I32 = 2
@@ -722,7 +687,7 @@ class SOPCOp(ReprEnum):
  S_CMP_NEQ_F16 = 93
  S_CMP_NLT_F16 = 94

-class SOPKOp(ReprEnum):
+class SOPKOp(Enum):
  S_MOVK_I32 = 0
  S_VERSION = 1
  S_CMOVK_I32 = 2
@@ -751,7 +716,7 @@ class SOPKOp(ReprEnum):
  S_WAITCNT_EXPCNT = 26
  S_WAITCNT_LGKMCNT = 27

-class SOPPOp(ReprEnum):
+class SOPPOp(Enum):
  S_NOP = 0
  S_SETKILL = 1
  S_SETHALT = 2
@@ -792,7 +757,7 @@ class SOPPOp(ReprEnum):
  S_ICACHE_INV = 60
  S_BARRIER = 61

-class VINTERPOp(ReprEnum):
+class VINTERPOp(Enum):
  V_INTERP_P10_F32 = 0
  V_INTERP_P2_F32 = 1
  V_INTERP_P10_F16_F32 = 2
@@ -800,7 +765,7 @@ class VINTERPOp(ReprEnum):
  V_INTERP_P10_RTZ_F16_F32 = 4
  V_INTERP_P2_RTZ_F16_F32 = 5

-class VOP1Op(ReprEnum):
+class VOP1Op(Enum):
  V_NOP_E32 = 0
  V_MOV_B32_E32 = 1
  V_READFIRSTLANE_B32_E32 = 2
@@ -974,7 +939,7 @@ class VOP1Op(ReprEnum):
  V_CVT_I32_I16 = V_CVT_I32_I16_E32
  V_CVT_U32_U16 = V_CVT_U32_U16_E32

-class VOP2Op(ReprEnum):
+class VOP2Op(Enum):
  V_CNDMASK_B32_E32 = 1
  V_DOT2ACC_F32_F16_E32 = 2
  V_ADD_F32_E32 = 3
@@ -1068,7 +1033,7 @@ class VOP2Op(ReprEnum):
  V_LDEXP_F16 = V_LDEXP_F16_E32
  V_PK_FMAC_F16 = V_PK_FMAC_F16_E32

-class VOP3Op(ReprEnum):
+class VOP3Op(Enum):
  V_CMP_F_F16_E64 = 0
  V_CMP_LT_F16_E64 = 1
  V_CMP_EQ_F16_E64 = 2
@@ -1808,7 +1773,7 @@ class VOP3Op(ReprEnum):
  V_CVT_I32_I16 = V_CVT_I32_I16_E64
  V_CVT_U32_U16 = V_CVT_U32_U16_E64

-class VOP3POp(ReprEnum):
+class VOP3POp(Enum):
  V_PK_MAD_I16 = 0
  V_PK_MUL_LO_U16 = 1
  V_PK_ADD_I16 = 2
@@ -1844,7 +1809,7 @@ class VOP3POp(ReprEnum):
  V_WMMA_I32_16X16X16_IU8 = 68
  V_WMMA_I32_16X16X16_IU4 = 69

-class VOP3SDOp(ReprEnum):
+class VOP3SDOp(Enum):
  V_ADD_CO_CI_U32 = 288
  V_SUB_CO_CI_U32 = 289
  V_SUBREV_CO_CI_U32 = 290
@@ -1856,7 +1821,7 @@ class VOP3SDOp(ReprEnum):
  V_SUB_CO_U32 = 769
  V_SUBREV_CO_U32 = 770

-class VOPCOp(ReprEnum):
+class VOPCOp(Enum):
  V_CMP_F_F16_E32 = 0
  V_CMP_LT_F16_E32 = 1
  V_CMP_EQ_F16_E32 = 2
@@ -2238,7 +2203,7 @@ class VOPCOp(ReprEnum):
  V_CMPX_CLASS_F32 = V_CMPX_CLASS_F32_E32
  V_CMPX_CLASS_F64 = V_CMPX_CLASS_F64_E32

-class VOPDOp(ReprEnum):
+class VOPDOp(Enum):
  V_DUAL_FMAC_F32 = 0
  V_DUAL_FMAAK_F32 = 1
  V_DUAL_FMAMK_F32 = 2
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.common import Fmt, OpType
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.enum import DSOp, EXPOp, FLATOp, GLOBALOp, LDSDIROp, MIMGOp, MTBUFOp, MUBUFOp, SCRATCHOp, SMEMOp, SOP1Op, SOP2Op, SOPCOp, SOPKOp, SOPPOp, VINTERPOp, VOP1Op, VOP2Op, VOP3Op, VOP3POp, VOP3SDOp, VOPCOp, VOPDOp
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.common import Fmt, OpType
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.enum import *

 # instruction operand info: {Op: {field: (Fmt, size_bits, OpType)}}
 OPERANDS = {
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # autogenerated from AMD ISA PDF - do not edit
 # ruff: noqa: E501
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.enum import DSOp, FLATOp, GLOBALOp, LDSDIROp, MIMGOp, MTBUFOp, MUBUFOp, SCRATCHOp, SMEMOp, SOP1Op, SOP2Op, SOPCOp, SOPKOp, SOPPOp, VINTERPOp, VOP1Op, VOP2Op, VOP3Op, VOP3POp, VOP3SDOp, VOPCOp
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.enum import DSOp, FLATOp, GLOBALOp, LDSDIROp, MIMGOp, MTBUFOp, MUBUFOp, SCRATCHOp, SMEMOp, SOP1Op, SOP2Op, SOPCOp, SOPKOp, SOPPOp, VINTERPOp, VOP1Op, VOP2Op, VOP3Op, VOP3POp, VOP3SDOp, VOPCOp

 PCODE = {
  DSOp.DS_ADD_U32: 'tmp = MEM[ADDR].u32;\nMEM[ADDR].u32 += DATA.u32;\nRETURN_DATA.u32 = tmp',
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.common import ReprEnum, Fmt, FMT_BITS, OpType  # noqa: F401
+from enum import Enum
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.common import Fmt, FMT_BITS, OpType  # noqa: F401

-class DSOp(ReprEnum):
+class DSOp(Enum):
  DS_ADD_U32 = 0
  DS_SUB_U32 = 1
  DS_RSUB_U32 = 2
@@ -126,39 +127,7 @@ class DSOp(ReprEnum):
  DS_LOAD_B96 = 254
  DS_LOAD_B128 = 255

-class HWREG(ReprEnum):
-  HW_REG_WAVE_MODE = 1
-  HW_REG_WAVE_STATUS = 2
-  HW_REG_WAVE_STATE_PRIV = 4
-  HW_REG_WAVE_GPR_ALLOC = 5
-  HW_REG_WAVE_LDS_ALLOC = 6
-  HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_DATA = 10
-  HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_PC_LO = 11
-  HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_PC_HI = 12
-  HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_DATA1 = 15
-  HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_DATA2 = 16
-  HW_REG_WAVE_EXCP_FLAG_PRIV = 17
-  HW_REG_WAVE_EXCP_FLAG_USER = 18
-  HW_REG_WAVE_TRAP_CTRL = 19
-  HW_REG_WAVE_SCRATCH_BASE_LO = 20
-  HW_REG_WAVE_SCRATCH_BASE_HI = 21
-  HW_REG_WAVE_HW_ID1 = 23
-  HW_REG_WAVE_HW_ID2 = 24
-  HW_REG_SHADER_CYCLES_LO = 29
-  HW_REG_SHADER_CYCLES_HI = 30
-
-class MSG(ReprEnum):
-  MSG_RTN_GET_DOORBELL = 128
-  MSG_RTN_GET_DDID = 129
-  MSG_RTN_GET_TMA = 130
-  MSG_RTN_GET_REALTIME = 131
-  MSG_RTN_SAVE_WAVE = 132
-  MSG_RTN_GET_TBA = 133
-  MSG_RTN_GET_TBA_TO_PC = 134
-  MSG_RTN_GET_SE_HW_ID = 135
-  MSG_RTN_ILLEGAL_MSG = 255
-
-class SMEMOp(ReprEnum):
+class SMEMOp(Enum):
  S_LOAD_B32 = 0
  S_LOAD_B64 = 1
  S_LOAD_B128 = 2
@@ -188,7 +157,7 @@ class SMEMOp(ReprEnum):
  S_BUFFER_PREFETCH_DATA = 39
  S_PREFETCH_DATA_PC_REL = 40

-class SOP1Op(ReprEnum):
+class SOP1Op(Enum):
  S_MOV_B32 = 0
  S_MOV_B64 = 1
  S_CMOV_B32 = 2
@@ -277,7 +246,7 @@ class SOP1Op(ReprEnum):
  S_TRUNC_F16 = 109
  S_RNDNE_F16 = 110

-class SOP2Op(ReprEnum):
+class SOP2Op(Enum):
  S_ADD_CO_U32 = 0
  S_SUB_CO_U32 = 1
  S_ADD_CO_I32 = 2
@@ -353,7 +322,7 @@ class SOP2Op(ReprEnum):
  S_SUB_NC_U64 = 84
  S_MUL_U64 = 85

-class SOPCOp(ReprEnum):
+class SOPCOp(Enum):
  S_CMP_EQ_I32 = 0
  S_CMP_LG_I32 = 1
  S_CMP_GT_I32 = 2
@@ -401,7 +370,7 @@ class SOPCOp(ReprEnum):
  S_CMP_NEQ_F16 = 93
  S_CMP_NLT_F16 = 94

-class SOPKOp(ReprEnum):
+class SOPKOp(Enum):
  S_MOVK_I32 = 0
  S_VERSION = 1
  S_CMOVK_I32 = 2
@@ -412,7 +381,7 @@ class SOPKOp(ReprEnum):
  S_SETREG_IMM32_B32 = 19
  S_CALL_B64 = 20

-class SOPPOp(ReprEnum):
+class SOPPOp(Enum):
  S_NOP = 0
  S_SETKILL = 1
  S_SETHALT = 2
@@ -457,7 +426,7 @@ class SOPPOp(ReprEnum):
  S_WAIT_LOADCNT_DSCNT = 72
  S_WAIT_STORECNT_DSCNT = 73

-class VBUFFEROp(ReprEnum):
+class VBUFFEROp(Enum):
  BUFFER_LOAD_FORMAT_X = 0
  BUFFER_LOAD_FORMAT_XY = 1
  BUFFER_LOAD_FORMAT_XYZ = 2
@@ -548,14 +517,14 @@ class VBUFFEROp(ReprEnum):
  TBUFFER_STORE_D16_FORMAT_XYZ = 142
  TBUFFER_STORE_D16_FORMAT_XYZW = 143

-class VDSDIROp(ReprEnum):
+class VDSDIROp(Enum):
  DS_PARAM_LOAD = 0
  DS_DIRECT_LOAD = 1

-class VEXPORTOp(ReprEnum):
+class VEXPORTOp(Enum):
  EXPORT = 0

-class VFLATOp(ReprEnum):
+class VFLATOp(Enum):
  FLAT_LOAD_U8 = 16
  FLAT_LOAD_I8 = 17
  FLAT_LOAD_U16 = 18
@@ -614,7 +583,7 @@ class VFLATOp(ReprEnum):
  FLAT_ATOMIC_PK_ADD_F16 = 89
  FLAT_ATOMIC_PK_ADD_BF16 = 90

-class VGLOBALOp(ReprEnum):
+class VGLOBALOp(Enum):
  GLOBAL_LOAD_U8 = 16
  GLOBAL_LOAD_I8 = 17
  GLOBAL_LOAD_U16 = 18
@@ -681,7 +650,7 @@ class VGLOBALOp(ReprEnum):
  GLOBAL_ATOMIC_PK_ADD_BF16 = 90
  GLOBAL_ATOMIC_ORDERED_ADD_B64 = 115

-class VIMAGEOp(ReprEnum):
+class VIMAGEOp(Enum):
  IMAGE_LOAD = 0
  IMAGE_LOAD_MIP = 1
  IMAGE_LOAD_PCK = 2
@@ -716,7 +685,7 @@ class VIMAGEOp(ReprEnum):
  IMAGE_ATOMIC_PK_ADD_F16 = 134
  IMAGE_ATOMIC_PK_ADD_BF16 = 135

-class VINTERPOp(ReprEnum):
+class VINTERPOp(Enum):
  V_INTERP_P10_F32 = 0
  V_INTERP_P2_F32 = 1
  V_INTERP_P10_F16_F32 = 2
@@ -724,7 +693,7 @@ class VINTERPOp(ReprEnum):
  V_INTERP_P10_RTZ_F16_F32 = 4
  V_INTERP_P2_RTZ_F16_F32 = 5

-class VOP1Op(ReprEnum):
+class VOP1Op(Enum):
  V_NOP_E32 = 0
  V_MOV_B32_E32 = 1
  V_READFIRSTLANE_B32_E32 = 2
@@ -906,7 +875,7 @@ class VOP1Op(ReprEnum):
  V_CVT_PK_F32_FP8 = V_CVT_PK_F32_FP8_E32
  V_CVT_PK_F32_BF8 = V_CVT_PK_F32_BF8_E32

-class VOP2Op(ReprEnum):
+class VOP2Op(Enum):
  V_CNDMASK_B32_E32 = 1
  V_ADD_F64_E32 = 2
  V_ADD_F32_E32 = 3
@@ -1006,7 +975,7 @@ class VOP2Op(ReprEnum):
  V_LDEXP_F16 = V_LDEXP_F16_E32
  V_PK_FMAC_F16 = V_PK_FMAC_F16_E32

-class VOP3Op(ReprEnum):
+class VOP3Op(Enum):
  V_CMP_LT_F16_E64 = 1
  V_CMP_EQ_F16_E64 = 2
  V_CMP_LE_F16_E64 = 3
@@ -1731,7 +1700,7 @@ class VOP3Op(ReprEnum):
  V_CVT_PK_F32_FP8 = V_CVT_PK_F32_FP8_E64
  V_CVT_PK_F32_BF8 = V_CVT_PK_F32_BF8_E64

-class VOP3POp(ReprEnum):
+class VOP3POp(Enum):
  V_PK_MAD_I16 = 0
  V_PK_MUL_LO_U16 = 1
  V_PK_ADD_I16 = 2
@@ -1789,7 +1758,7 @@ class VOP3POp(ReprEnum):
  V_SWMMAC_F32_16X16X32_BF8_FP8 = 89
  V_SWMMAC_F32_16X16X32_BF8_BF8 = 90

-class VOP3SDOp(ReprEnum):
+class VOP3SDOp(Enum):
  V_ADD_CO_CI_U32 = 288
  V_SUB_CO_CI_U32 = 289
  V_SUBREV_CO_CI_U32 = 290
@@ -1801,7 +1770,7 @@ class VOP3SDOp(ReprEnum):
  V_SUB_CO_U32 = 769
  V_SUBREV_CO_U32 = 770

-class VOPCOp(ReprEnum):
+class VOPCOp(Enum):
  V_CMP_LT_F16_E32 = 1
  V_CMP_EQ_F16_E32 = 2
  V_CMP_LE_F16_E32 = 3
@@ -2127,7 +2096,7 @@ class VOPCOp(ReprEnum):
  V_CMPX_CLASS_F32 = V_CMPX_CLASS_F32_E32
  V_CMPX_CLASS_F64 = V_CMPX_CLASS_F64_E32

-class VOPDOp(ReprEnum):
+class VOPDOp(Enum):
  V_DUAL_FMAC_F32 = 0
  V_DUAL_FMAAK_F32 = 1
  V_DUAL_FMAMK_F32 = 2
@@ -2146,7 +2115,7 @@ class VOPDOp(ReprEnum):
  V_DUAL_LSHLREV_B32 = 17
  V_DUAL_AND_B32 = 18

-class VSAMPLEOp(ReprEnum):
+class VSAMPLEOp(Enum):
  IMAGE_MSAA_LOAD = 24
  IMAGE_SAMPLE = 27
  IMAGE_SAMPLE_D = 28
@@ -2206,7 +2175,7 @@ class VSAMPLEOp(ReprEnum):
  IMAGE_GATHER4_C_B_CL = 101
  IMAGE_GATHER4H = 144

-class VSCRATCHOp(ReprEnum):
+class VSCRATCHOp(Enum):
  SCRATCH_LOAD_U8 = 16
  SCRATCH_LOAD_I8 = 17
  SCRATCH_LOAD_U16 = 18
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # autogenerated from AMD ISA XML - do not edit
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.common import Fmt, OpType
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna4.enum import DSOp, SMEMOp, SOP1Op, SOP2Op, SOPCOp, SOPKOp, SOPPOp, VBUFFEROp, VDSDIROp, VEXPORTOp, VFLATOp, VGLOBALOp, VIMAGEOp, VINTERPOp, VOP1Op, VOP2Op, VOP3Op, VOP3POp, VOP3SDOp, VOPCOp, VOPDOp, VSAMPLEOp, VSCRATCHOp
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.common import Fmt, OpType
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna4.enum import *

 # instruction operand info: {Op: {field: (Fmt, size_bits, OpType)}}
 OPERANDS = {
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # autogenerated from AMD ISA PDF - do not edit
 # ruff: noqa: E501
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna4.enum import DSOp, SMEMOp, SOP1Op, SOP2Op, SOPCOp, SOPKOp, SOPPOp, VBUFFEROp, VFLATOp, VGLOBALOp, VIMAGEOp, VINTERPOp, VOP1Op, VOP2Op, VOP3Op, VOP3POp, VOP3SDOp, VOPCOp, VOPDOp, VSAMPLEOp, VSCRATCHOp
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna4.enum import DSOp, SMEMOp, SOP1Op, SOP2Op, SOPCOp, SOPKOp, SOPPOp, VBUFFEROp, VFLATOp, VGLOBALOp, VIMAGEOp, VINTERPOp, VOP1Op, VOP2Op, VOP3Op, VOP3POp, VOP3SDOp, VOPCOp, VOPDOp, VSAMPLEOp, VSCRATCHOp

 PCODE = {
  DSOp.DS_ADD_U32: 'addr = CalcDsAddr(vgpr_a.b32, offset.b32);\ntmp = MEM[addr].u32;\nMEM[addr].u32 += DATA.u32;\nRETURN_DATA.u32 = tmp',
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# Instruction format detection and decoding
+from __future__ import annotations
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import Inst, FixedBitField
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import (VOP1, VOP1_SDST, VOP2, VOP3, VOP3_SDST, VOP3SD, VOP3P, VOPC, VOPD, VINTERP,
+  SOP1, SOP2, SOPC, SOPK, SOPP, SMEM, DS, FLAT)
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna4.ins import (VOP1 as R4_VOP1, VOP1_SDST as R4_VOP1_SDST, VOP2 as R4_VOP2,
+  VOP3 as R4_VOP3, VOP3_SDST as R4_VOP3_SDST, VOP3SD as R4_VOP3SD, VOP3P as R4_VOP3P,
+  VOPC as R4_VOPC, VOPD as R4_VOPD, VINTERP as R4_VINTERP, SOP1 as R4_SOP1, SOP2 as R4_SOP2, SOPC as R4_SOPC, SOPK as R4_SOPK, SOPP as R4_SOPP,
+  SMEM as R4_SMEM, DS as R4_DS)
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.cdna.ins import (VOP1 as C_VOP1, VOP2 as C_VOP2, VOPC as C_VOPC, VOP3A, VOP3B, VOP3P as C_VOP3P,
+  SOP1 as C_SOP1, SOP2 as C_SOP2, SOPC as C_SOPC, SOPK as C_SOPK, SOPP as C_SOPP, SMEM as C_SMEM, DS as C_DS, FLAT as C_FLAT)
+
+def _matches_encoding(word: int, cls: type[Inst]) -> bool:
+  """Check if word matches the encoding pattern of an instruction class."""
+  enc = next(((n, f) for n, f in cls._fields if isinstance(f, FixedBitField) and n == 'encoding'), None)
+  if enc is None: return False
+  bf = enc[1]
+  return ((word >> bf.lo) & bf.mask) == bf.default
+
+# Order matters: more specific encodings first, VOP2 last (it's a catch-all for bit31=0)
+_RDNA_FORMATS_64 = [VOPD, VOP3P, VINTERP, VOP3, DS, FLAT, SMEM]
+_RDNA_FORMATS_32 = [SOP1, SOPC, SOPP, SOPK, VOPC, VOP1, SOP2, VOP2]  # SOP2/VOP2 are catch-alls
+_CDNA_FORMATS_64 = [C_VOP3P, VOP3A, C_DS, C_FLAT, C_SMEM]
+_CDNA_FORMATS_32 = [C_SOP1, C_SOPC, C_SOPP, C_SOPK, C_VOPC, C_VOP1, C_SOP2, C_VOP2]
+_CDNA_VOP3B_OPS = {281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 480, 481, 488, 489}  # VOP3B opcodes
+_RDNA4_FORMATS_64 = [R4_VOPD, R4_VOP3P, R4_VINTERP, R4_VOP3, R4_DS, R4_SMEM]
+_RDNA4_FORMATS_32 = [R4_SOP1, R4_SOPC, R4_SOPP, R4_SOPK, R4_VOPC, R4_VOP1, R4_SOP2, R4_VOP2]
+_RDNA4_VOP3SD_OPS = {288, 289, 290, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770}
+_RDNA3_VOP3SD_OPS = {288, 289, 290, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770}
+# Instructions with SGPR destination (READLANE, READFIRSTLANE, and VOP3-encoded VOPC)
+_VOP1_SDST_OPS = {2}  # V_READFIRSTLANE_B32_E32
+_VOP3_SDST_OPS = {386, 864}  # V_READFIRSTLANE_B32_E64, V_READLANE_B32 (V_WRITELANE_B32=865 writes to VGPR)
+# VOP3-encoded VOPC instructions (opcodes < 256) also have SGPR destination
+
+def detect_format(data: bytes, arch: str = "rdna3") -> type[Inst]:
+  """Detect instruction format from machine code bytes."""
+  assert len(data) >= 4, f"need at least 4 bytes, got {len(data)}"
+  word = int.from_bytes(data[:4], 'little')
+  if arch == "cdna":
+    # SDWA (0xf9) and DPP (0xfa) use special src0 encodings - not supported
+    if (word & 0x1ff) in (0xf9, 0xfa): raise ValueError(f"CDNA SDWA/DPP not supported word={word:#010x}")
+    if (word >> 30) == 0b11:
+      for cls in _CDNA_FORMATS_64:
+        if _matches_encoding(word, cls):
+          return VOP3B if cls is VOP3A and ((word >> 16) & 0x3ff) in _CDNA_VOP3B_OPS else cls
+      raise ValueError(f"unknown CDNA 64-bit format word={word:#010x}")
+    for cls in _CDNA_FORMATS_32:
+      if _matches_encoding(word, cls): return cls
+    raise ValueError(f"unknown CDNA 32-bit format word={word:#010x}")
+  if arch == "rdna4":
+    if (word >> 30) == 0b11:
+      for cls in _RDNA4_FORMATS_64:
+        if _matches_encoding(word, cls):
+          if cls is R4_VOP3:
+            opcode = (word >> 16) & 0x3ff
+            if opcode in _RDNA4_VOP3SD_OPS: return R4_VOP3SD
+            if opcode in _VOP3_SDST_OPS or opcode < 256: return R4_VOP3_SDST  # VOP3-encoded VOPC (op < 256) writes to SGPR
+          return cls
+      raise ValueError(f"unknown RDNA4 64-bit format word={word:#010x}")
+    for cls in _RDNA4_FORMATS_32:
+      if _matches_encoding(word, cls):
+        if cls is R4_VOP1 and ((word >> 9) & 0xff) in _VOP1_SDST_OPS: return R4_VOP1_SDST
+        return cls
+    raise ValueError(f"unknown RDNA4 32-bit format word={word:#010x}")
+  # RDNA3 (default)
+  if (word >> 30) == 0b11:
+    for cls in _RDNA_FORMATS_64:
+      if _matches_encoding(word, cls):
+        if cls is VOP3:
+          opcode = (word >> 16) & 0x3ff
+          if opcode in _RDNA3_VOP3SD_OPS: return VOP3SD
+          if opcode in _VOP3_SDST_OPS or opcode < 256: return VOP3_SDST  # VOP3-encoded VOPC (op < 256) writes to SGPR
+        return cls
+    raise ValueError(f"unknown 64-bit format word={word:#010x}")
+  for cls in _RDNA_FORMATS_32:
+    if _matches_encoding(word, cls):
+      if cls is VOP1 and ((word >> 9) & 0xff) in _VOP1_SDST_OPS: return VOP1_SDST
+      return cls
+  raise ValueError(f"unknown 32-bit format word={word:#010x}")
+
+def decode_inst(data: bytes, arch: str = "rdna3") -> Inst:
+  """Decode machine code bytes into an instruction."""
+  return detect_format(data, arch).from_bytes(data)
@@ -0,0 +1,671 @@
+# RDNA3/RDNA4/CDNA disassembler
+from __future__ import annotations
+import re, struct
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import Inst, Reg
+
+# Special register mappings for disassembly
+SPECIAL_GPRS = {106: 'vcc_lo', 107: 'vcc_hi', 124: 'null', 125: 'm0', 126: 'exec_lo', 127: 'exec_hi',
+                128: '0', 240: '0.5', 241: '-0.5', 242: '1.0', 243: '-1.0', 244: '2.0', 245: '-2.0', 246: '4.0', 247: '-4.0', 248: '0x3e22f983', 253: 'scc'}
+SPECIAL_GPRS_CDNA = {106: 'vcc_lo', 107: 'vcc_hi', 124: 'null', 125: 'm0', 126: 'exec_lo', 127: 'exec_hi',
+                     128: '0', 240: '0.5', 241: '-0.5', 242: '1.0', 243: '-1.0', 244: '2.0', 245: '-2.0', 246: '4.0', 247: '-4.0', 248: '0x3e22f983', 253: 'scc',
+                     102: 'flat_scratch_lo', 103: 'flat_scratch_hi', 104: 'xnack_mask_lo', 105: 'xnack_mask_hi'}
+SPECIAL_PAIRS = {106: 'vcc', 126: 'exec'}
+SPECIAL_PAIRS_CDNA = {106: 'vcc', 126: 'exec', 102: 'flat_scratch', 104: 'xnack_mask'}
+
+def decode_src(v, cdna: bool = False) -> str:
+  """Decode a source operand encoding to its string representation."""
+  v = _unwrap(v)
+  gprs = SPECIAL_GPRS_CDNA if cdna else SPECIAL_GPRS
+  if v in gprs: return gprs[v]
+  if v < 106: return f's{v}'
+  if 108 <= v < 124: return f'ttmp{v - 108}'
+  if 129 <= v <= 192: return str(v - 128)  # positive integers 1-64
+  if 193 <= v <= 208: return str(-(v - 192))  # negative integers -1 to -16
+  if v >= 256: return f'v{v - 256}'
+  return f's{v}'
+
+def _unwrap(v) -> int:
+  """Unwrap Reg to int offset, or return int as-is."""
+  return v.offset if isinstance(v, Reg) else v
+
+def _vi(v) -> int:
+  """Get VGPR index from Reg or int (for v[N] fields that encode as 256+N)."""
+  off = _unwrap(v)
+  return off - 256 if off >= 256 else off
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# LITERAL FORMATTING
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+_FLOAT_DEC = {240: 0.5, 241: -0.5, 242: 1.0, 243: -1.0, 244: 2.0, 245: -2.0, 246: 4.0, 247: -4.0}
+
+def _lit(inst, v, neg=0) -> str:
+  """Format literal/inline constant value."""
+  v = _unwrap(v)
+  if v == 255:
+    lit = inst._literal
+    if lit is None: return "0"
+    s = f"0x{lit:x}"
+  elif v in _FLOAT_DEC: s = str(_FLOAT_DEC[v])
+  elif 128 <= v <= 192: s = str(v - 128)
+  elif 193 <= v <= 208: s = str(-(v - 192))
+  elif v < 128: s = decode_src(v)
+  elif v >= 256: s = f"v{v - 256}"
+  else: s = decode_src(v)
+  return f"-{s}" if neg else s
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# INSTRUCTION METADATA - fallback functions when inst.num_srcs()/inst.operands unavailable
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+def _num_srcs(inst) -> int:
+  """Fallback: get number of source operands from instruction name."""
+  name = getattr(inst, 'op_name', '') or ''
+  n = name.upper()
+  # FMAC/MAC ops are 2-source (dst is implicit accumulator), but FMA/MAD ops are 3-source
+  if 'FMAC' in n or 'V_MAC_' in n: return 2
+  if any(x in n for x in ('FMA', 'MAD', 'CNDMASK', 'BFE', 'BFI', 'LERP', 'MED3', 'SAD', 'DIV_FMAS', 'DIV_FIXUP', 'DIV_SCALE', 'CUBE')): return 3
+  # PERMLANE_VAR ops are 2-source, but PERMLANE (non-VAR) are 3-source
+  if 'PERMLANE' in n and '_VAR' not in n: return 3
+  if any(x in n for x in ('_ADD3', '_LSHL_ADD', '_ADD_LSHL', '_LSHL_OR', '_AND_OR', 'OR3_B32', 'AND_OR_B32', 'ALIGNBIT', 'ALIGNBYTE', 'V_PERM_', 'XOR3', 'XAD', 'MULLIT', 'MINMAX', 'MAXMIN', 'MINIMUMMAXIMUM', 'MAXIMUMMINIMUM', 'MINIMUM3', 'MAXIMUM3', 'MIN3', 'MAX3', 'DOT2', 'CVT_PK_U8_F32', 'DOT4', 'DOT8', 'WMMA', 'SWMMAC')): return 3
+  return 2
+
+# SWMMAC register counts: (dst, src0, src1, src2)
+def _swmmac_regs(name: str) -> tuple[int, int, int, int]:
+  """Return (dst, src0, src1, src2) register counts for SWMMAC instructions."""
+  if 'f16_16x16x32' in name or 'bf16_16x16x32' in name: return (4, 4, 8, 1)
+  if 'f32_16x16x32_f16' in name or 'f32_16x16x32_bf16' in name: return (8, 4, 8, 1)
+  if 'i32_16x16x32_iu4' in name: return (8, 1, 2, 1)
+  if 'i32_16x16x64_iu4' in name: return (8, 2, 4, 1)
+  if 'i32_16x16x32_iu8' in name or 'f32_16x16x32_fp8' in name or 'f32_16x16x32_bf8' in name: return (8, 2, 4, 1)
+  return (8, 8, 8, 8)
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# IMPORTS
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import (VOP1, VOP1_SDST, VOP2, VOP3, VOP3_SDST, VOP3SD, VOP3P, VOPC, VOPD, VINTERP, SOP1, SOP2, SOPC, SOPK, SOPP, SMEM, DS, FLAT, GLOBAL, SCRATCH,
+  VOP1Op, VOP2Op, VOP3Op, VOP3SDOp, VOPDOp, SOP1Op, SOPKOp, SOPPOp, SMEMOp, DSOp)
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna4.ins import (VOP1 as R4_VOP1, VOP1_SDST as R4_VOP1_SDST, VOP2 as R4_VOP2, VOP3 as R4_VOP3, VOP3_SDST as R4_VOP3_SDST, VOP3SD as R4_VOP3SD, VOP3P as R4_VOP3P,
+  VOPC as R4_VOPC, VOPD as R4_VOPD, VINTERP as R4_VINTERP, SOP1 as R4_SOP1, SOP2 as R4_SOP2, SOPC as R4_SOPC, SOPK as R4_SOPK, SOPP as R4_SOPP,
+  SMEM as R4_SMEM, DS as R4_DS, VOPDOp as R4_VOPDOp)
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.cdna.ins import FLAT as C_FLAT
+
+def _is_cdna(inst: Inst) -> bool: return 'cdna' in inst.__class__.__module__
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# CONSTANTS
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+HWREG = {1: 'HW_REG_MODE', 2: 'HW_REG_STATUS', 3: 'HW_REG_TRAPSTS', 4: 'HW_REG_HW_ID', 5: 'HW_REG_GPR_ALLOC',
+         6: 'HW_REG_LDS_ALLOC', 7: 'HW_REG_IB_STS', 15: 'HW_REG_SH_MEM_BASES', 18: 'HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_PC_LO',
+         19: 'HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_PC_HI', 20: 'HW_REG_FLAT_SCR_LO', 21: 'HW_REG_FLAT_SCR_HI', 22: 'HW_REG_XNACK_MASK',
+         23: 'HW_REG_HW_ID1', 24: 'HW_REG_HW_ID2', 25: 'HW_REG_POPS_PACKER', 28: 'HW_REG_IB_STS2'}
+HWREG_RDNA4 = {1: 'HW_REG_MODE', 2: 'HW_REG_STATUS', 4: 'HW_REG_STATE_PRIV', 5: 'HW_REG_GPR_ALLOC',
+               6: 'HW_REG_LDS_ALLOC', 7: 'HW_REG_IB_STS', 10: 'HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_DATA', 11: 'HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_PC_LO',
+               12: 'HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_PC_HI', 15: 'HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_DATA1', 16: 'HW_REG_PERF_SNAPSHOT_DATA2',
+               17: 'HW_REG_EXCP_FLAG_PRIV', 18: 'HW_REG_EXCP_FLAG_USER', 19: 'HW_REG_TRAP_CTRL',
+               20: 'HW_REG_SCRATCH_BASE_LO', 21: 'HW_REG_SCRATCH_BASE_HI', 23: 'HW_REG_HW_ID1',
+               24: 'HW_REG_HW_ID2', 26: 'HW_REG_SCHED_MODE', 29: 'HW_REG_SHADER_CYCLES_LO',
+               30: 'HW_REG_SHADER_CYCLES_HI', 31: 'HW_REG_DVGPR_ALLOC_LO', 32: 'HW_REG_DVGPR_ALLOC_HI'}
+MSG = {128: 'MSG_RTN_GET_DOORBELL', 129: 'MSG_RTN_GET_DDID', 130: 'MSG_RTN_GET_TMA',
+       131: 'MSG_RTN_GET_REALTIME', 132: 'MSG_RTN_SAVE_WAVE', 133: 'MSG_RTN_GET_TBA',
+       134: 'MSG_RTN_GET_TBA_TO_PC', 135: 'MSG_RTN_GET_SE_AID_ID'}
+# CDNA opcode name aliases for disasm (new name -> old name expected by tests)
+_CDNA_DISASM_ALIASES = {'v_fmac_f64': 'v_mul_legacy_f32', 'v_dot2c_f32_bf16': 'v_mac_f32', 'v_fmamk_f32': 'v_madmk_f32', 'v_fmaak_f32': 'v_madak_f32'}
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# HELPERS
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+def _reg(p: str, b: int, n: int = 1) -> str: return f"{p}{_unwrap(b)}" if n == 1 else f"{p}[{_unwrap(b)}:{_unwrap(b)+n-1}]"
+def _sreg(b: int, n: int = 1) -> str: return _reg("s", _unwrap(b), n)
+def _vreg(b: int, n: int = 1) -> str: b = _unwrap(b); return _reg("v", b - 256 if b >= 256 else b, n)
+def _areg(b: int, n: int = 1) -> str: b = _unwrap(b); return _reg("a", b - 256 if b >= 256 else b, n)  # accumulator registers for GFX90a
+def _ttmp(b, n: int = 1) -> str: b = _unwrap(b); return _reg("ttmp", b - 108, n) if 108 <= b <= 123 else None
+def _sreg_or_ttmp(b, n: int = 1) -> str: return _ttmp(b, n) or _sreg(b, n)
+
+def _fmt_sdst(v, n: int = 1, cdna: bool = False) -> str:
+  v = _unwrap(v)
+  if t := _ttmp(v, n): return t
+  pairs = SPECIAL_PAIRS_CDNA if cdna else SPECIAL_PAIRS
+  gprs = SPECIAL_GPRS_CDNA if cdna else SPECIAL_GPRS
+  if n > 1: return pairs.get(v) or gprs.get(v) or _sreg(v, n)  # also check gprs for null/m0
+  return gprs.get(v, f"s{v}")
+
+def _fmt_src(v, n: int = 1, cdna: bool = False) -> str:
+  v = _unwrap(v)
+  if v == 253: return "src_scc"  # SCC as source operand
+  if n == 1: return decode_src(v, cdna)
+  if v >= 256: return _vreg(v, n)
+  if v <= 101: return _sreg(v, n)  # s0-s101 can be pairs, but 102+ are special on CDNA
+  pairs = SPECIAL_PAIRS_CDNA if cdna else SPECIAL_PAIRS
+  if n == 2 and v in pairs: return pairs[v]
+  if v <= 105: return _sreg(v, n)  # s102-s105 regular pairs for RDNA
+  if t := _ttmp(v, n): return t
+  return decode_src(v, cdna)
+
+def _fmt_v16(v, base: int = 256, hi_thresh: int = 384) -> str:
+  v = _unwrap(v)
+  return f"v{(v - base) & 0x7f}.{'h' if v >= hi_thresh else 'l'}"
+
+def _has(op: str, *subs) -> bool: return any(s in op for s in subs)
+def _omod(v: int) -> str: return {1: " mul:2", 2: " mul:4", 3: " div:2"}.get(v, "")
+def _src16(inst, v: int) -> str: v = _unwrap(v); return _fmt_v16(v) if v >= 256 else _lit(inst, v)  # format 16-bit src: vgpr.h/l or literal
+def _mods(*pairs) -> str: return " ".join(m for c, m in pairs if c)
+def _fmt_bits(label: str, val: int, count: int) -> str: return f"{label}:[{','.join(str((val >> i) & 1) for i in range(count))}]"
+
+def _vop3_src(inst, v: int, neg: int, abs_: int, hi: int, n: int, f16: bool) -> str:
+  """Format VOP3 source operand with modifiers."""
+  v = _unwrap(v)
+  if v == 255: s = _lit(inst, v)  # literal constant takes priority
+  elif n > 1: s = _fmt_src(v, n)
+  elif f16 and v >= 256: s = f"v{v - 256}.h" if hi else f"v{v - 256}.l"
+  elif v == 253: s = "src_scc"  # VOP3 sources use src_scc not scc
+  else: s = _lit(inst, v)
+  if abs_: s = f"|{s}|"
+  return f"-{s}" if neg else s
+
+def _opsel_str(opsel: int, n: int, need: bool, is16_d: bool) -> str:
+  """Format op_sel modifier string."""
+  if not need: return ""
+  dst_hi = (opsel >> 3) & 1
+  if n == 1: return f" op_sel:[{opsel & 1},{dst_hi}]"
+  if n == 2: return f" op_sel:[{opsel & 1},{(opsel >> 1) & 1},{dst_hi}]"
+  return f" op_sel:[{opsel & 1},{(opsel >> 1) & 1},{(opsel >> 2) & 1},{dst_hi}]"
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# DISASSEMBLER
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+def _disasm_vop1(inst: VOP1) -> str:
+  name, cdna = inst.op_name.lower() or f'vop1_op_{inst.op}', _is_cdna(inst)
+  name = name.replace('_e32', '')  # Strip _e32 suffix
+  if any(x in name for x in ('v_nop', 'v_pipeflush', 'v_clrexcp')): return name  # no operands
+  if 'readfirstlane' in name:
+    src = inst.src0.fmt() if inst.src0.offset >= 256 else decode_src(inst.src0.offset, cdna)
+    vdst_off = inst.vdst.offset - 256 if inst.vdst.offset >= 256 else inst.vdst.offset
+    return f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(vdst_off, 1, cdna)}, {src}"
+  bits = inst.canonical_op_bits
+  is16_dst, is16_src = not cdna and bits['d'] == 16, not cdna and bits['s0'] == 16
+  # v_cvt_pk_f32_fp8/bf8: pcode has None dst type but outputs 2 VGPRs
+  if 'cvt_pk_f32_fp8' in name or 'cvt_pk_f32_bf8' in name: is16_src = True
+  # Format dst
+  if is16_dst: dst = _fmt_v16(inst.vdst)
+  else: dst = inst.vdst.fmt()
+  # Format src
+  if inst.src0.offset == 255: src = _lit(inst, inst.src0)
+  elif is16_src and inst.src0.offset >= 256: src = _fmt_v16(inst.src0)
+  elif inst.src0.sz > 1: src = _fmt_src(inst.src0, inst.src0.sz, cdna)
+  else: src = _lit(inst, inst.src0)
+  return f"{name} {dst}, {src}"
+
+_VOP2_CARRY_OUT = {'v_add_co_u32', 'v_sub_co_u32', 'v_subrev_co_u32'}  # carry out only
+_VOP2_CARRY_INOUT = {'v_addc_co_u32', 'v_subb_co_u32', 'v_subbrev_co_u32'}  # carry in and out (CDNA)
+_VOP2_CARRY_INOUT_RDNA = {'v_add_co_ci_u32', 'v_sub_co_ci_u32', 'v_subrev_co_ci_u32'}  # carry in and out (RDNA)
+def _disasm_vop2(inst: VOP2) -> str:
+  name, cdna = inst.op_name.lower(), _is_cdna(inst)
+  if cdna: name = _CDNA_DISASM_ALIASES.get(name, name)  # apply CDNA aliases
+  suf = "" if cdna or name.endswith('_e32') or (not cdna and inst.op == VOP2Op.V_DOT2ACC_F32_F16_E32) else "_e32"
+  lit = getattr(inst, '_literal', None)
+  is16 = not cdna and inst.canonical_op_bits['d'] == 16
+  # fmaak/madak: dst = src0 * vsrc1 + K, fmamk/madmk: dst = src0 * K + vsrc1
+  if 'fmaak' in name or 'madak' in name or (not cdna and inst.op in (VOP2Op.V_FMAAK_F32_E32, VOP2Op.V_FMAAK_F16_E32)):
+    if lit is None: return f"op_{inst.op.value if hasattr(inst.op, 'value') else inst.op}"
+    if is16: return f"{name}{suf} {_fmt_v16(inst.vdst)}, {_src16(inst, inst.src0)}, {_fmt_v16(inst.vsrc1)}, 0x{lit:x}"
+    return f"{name}{suf} {inst.vdst.fmt()}, {_lit(inst, inst.src0)}, {inst.vsrc1.fmt()}, 0x{lit:x}"
+  if 'fmamk' in name or 'madmk' in name or (not cdna and inst.op in (VOP2Op.V_FMAMK_F32_E32, VOP2Op.V_FMAMK_F16_E32)):
+    if lit is None: return f"op_{inst.op.value if hasattr(inst.op, 'value') else inst.op}"
+    if is16: return f"{name}{suf} {_fmt_v16(inst.vdst)}, {_src16(inst, inst.src0)}, 0x{lit:x}, {_fmt_v16(inst.vsrc1)}"
+    return f"{name}{suf} {inst.vdst.fmt()}, {_lit(inst, inst.src0)}, 0x{lit:x}, {inst.vsrc1.fmt()}"
+  if is16: return f"{name}{suf} {_fmt_v16(inst.vdst)}, {_src16(inst, inst.src0)}, {_fmt_v16(inst.vsrc1)}"
+  vcc = "vcc" if cdna else "vcc_lo"
+  if cdna and name in _VOP2_CARRY_OUT: return f"{name}{suf} {inst.vdst.fmt()}, {vcc}, {_lit(inst, inst.src0)}, {inst.vsrc1.fmt()}"
+  if cdna and name in _VOP2_CARRY_INOUT: return f"{name}{suf} {inst.vdst.fmt()}, {vcc}, {_lit(inst, inst.src0)}, {inst.vsrc1.fmt()}, {vcc}"
+  if not cdna and name in _VOP2_CARRY_INOUT_RDNA: return f"{name}{suf} {inst.vdst.fmt()}, {vcc}, {_lit(inst, inst.src0)}, {inst.vsrc1.fmt()}, {vcc}"
+  sn0 = inst.canonical_op_regs.get('s0', 1)
+  if inst.vdst.sz > 1 or sn0 > 1 or inst.vsrc1.sz > 1:
+    src0 = _lit(inst, inst.src0) if inst.src0.offset == 255 else _fmt_src(inst.src0, sn0, cdna)
+    return f"{name.replace('_e32', '')} {inst.vdst.fmt()}, {src0}, {inst.vsrc1.fmt()}"
+  return f"{name}{suf} {inst.vdst.fmt()}, {_lit(inst, inst.src0)}, {inst.vsrc1.fmt()}" + (f", {vcc}" if name == 'v_cndmask_b32' else "")
+
+def _disasm_vopc(inst: VOPC) -> str:
+  name, cdna = inst.op_name.lower(), _is_cdna(inst)
+  bits = inst.canonical_op_bits
+  is16 = bits['s0'] == 16
+  if cdna:
+    s0 = _lit(inst, inst.src0) if inst.src0.offset == 255 else _fmt_src(inst.src0, inst.src0.sz, cdna)
+    return f"{name} vcc, {s0}, {inst.vsrc1.fmt()}"  # CDNA VOPC always outputs vcc
+  # RDNA: v_cmpx_* writes to exec (no vcc), v_cmp_* writes to vcc_lo
+  has_vcc = 'cmpx' not in name
+  s0 = _lit(inst, inst.src0) if inst.src0.offset == 255 else inst.src0.fmt() if inst.src0.sz > 1 else _src16(inst, inst.src0.offset) if is16 else _lit(inst, inst.src0)
+  s1 = inst.vsrc1.fmt() if inst.vsrc1.sz > 1 else _fmt_v16(inst.vsrc1) if is16 else inst.vsrc1.fmt()
+  suf = "" if name.endswith('_e32') else "_e32"
+  return f"{name}{suf} vcc_lo, {s0}, {s1}" if has_vcc else f"{name}{suf} {s0}, {s1}"
+
+NO_ARG_SOPP = {SOPPOp.S_BARRIER, SOPPOp.S_WAKEUP, SOPPOp.S_ICACHE_INV,
+               SOPPOp.S_WAIT_IDLE, SOPPOp.S_ENDPGM_SAVED, SOPPOp.S_CODE_END, SOPPOp.S_ENDPGM_ORDERED_PS_DONE, SOPPOp.S_TTRACEDATA}
+_CDNA_NO_ARG_SOPP = {'s_endpgm', 's_barrier', 's_wakeup', 's_icache_inv', 's_ttracedata', 's_nop', 's_sethalt', 's_sleep',
+                     's_setprio', 's_trap', 's_incperflevel', 's_decperflevel', 's_sendmsg', 's_sendmsghalt'}
+
+def _disasm_sopp(inst: SOPP) -> str:
+  name, cdna = inst.op_name.lower(), _is_cdna(inst)
+  is_rdna4 = 'rdna4' in inst.__class__.__module__
+  # Ops that have no argument when simm16 == 0
+  no_arg_zero = {'s_barrier', 's_wakeup', 's_icache_inv', 's_ttracedata', 's_wait_idle', 's_endpgm_saved',
+                 's_endpgm_ordered_ps_done', 's_code_end'}
+  if name in no_arg_zero: return name if inst.simm16 == 0 else f"{name} {inst.simm16}"
+  if name == 's_endpgm': return name if inst.simm16 == 0 else f"{name} {inst.simm16}"
+  if cdna:
+    if name == 's_waitcnt':
+      vm, lgkm, exp = inst.simm16 & 0xf, (inst.simm16 >> 8) & 0x3f, (inst.simm16 >> 4) & 0x7
+      p = [f"vmcnt({vm})" if vm != 0xf else "", f"expcnt({exp})" if exp != 7 else "", f"lgkmcnt({lgkm})" if lgkm != 0x3f else ""]
+      return f"s_waitcnt {' '.join(x for x in p if x) or '0'}"
+    if name.startswith(('s_cbranch', 's_branch')): return f"{name} {inst.simm16}"
+    return f"{name} 0x{inst.simm16:x}" if inst.simm16 else name
+  # RDNA (use name-based checks instead of enum-based for cross-arch compatibility)
+  if name == 's_waitcnt':
+    if is_rdna4:
+      return f"{name} {inst.simm16}" if inst.simm16 else f"{name} 0"
+    vm, exp, lgkm = (inst.simm16 >> 10) & 0x3f, inst.simm16 & 0xf, (inst.simm16 >> 4) & 0x3f
+    p = [f"vmcnt({vm})" if vm != 0x3f else "", f"expcnt({exp})" if exp != 7 else "", f"lgkmcnt({lgkm})" if lgkm != 0x3f else ""]
+    return f"s_waitcnt {' '.join(x for x in p if x) or '0'}"
+  if name == 's_delay_alu':
+    deps = ['VALU_DEP_1','VALU_DEP_2','VALU_DEP_3','VALU_DEP_4','TRANS32_DEP_1','TRANS32_DEP_2','TRANS32_DEP_3','FMA_ACCUM_CYCLE_1','SALU_CYCLE_1','SALU_CYCLE_2','SALU_CYCLE_3']
+    skips = ['SAME','NEXT','SKIP_1','SKIP_2','SKIP_3','SKIP_4']
+    id0, skip, id1 = inst.simm16 & 0xf, (inst.simm16 >> 4) & 0x7, (inst.simm16 >> 7) & 0xf
+    dep = lambda v: deps[v-1] if 0 < v <= len(deps) else str(v)
+    p = [f"instid0({dep(id0)})" if id0 else "", f"instskip({skips[skip]})" if skip else "", f"instid1({dep(id1)})" if id1 else ""]
+    return f"s_delay_alu {' | '.join(x for x in p if x) or '0'}"
+  if name.startswith(('s_cbranch', 's_branch')): return f"{name} 0x{inst.simm16:x}"
+  return f"{name} 0x{inst.simm16:x}"
+
+def _disasm_smem(inst: SMEM) -> str:
+  name, cdna = inst.op_name.lower(), _is_cdna(inst)
+  if name in ('s_gl1_inv', 's_dcache_inv'): return name
+  soe, imm = getattr(inst, 'soe', 0), getattr(inst, 'imm', 1)
+  is_rdna4 = 'rdna4' in inst.__class__.__module__
+  offset = inst.ioffset if is_rdna4 else getattr(inst, 'offset', 0)
+  if cdna:
+    if soe and imm: off_s = f"{decode_src(inst.soffset, cdna)} offset:0x{offset:x}"
+    elif imm: off_s = f"0x{offset:x}"
+    elif offset < 256: off_s = decode_src(offset, cdna)
+    else: off_s = decode_src(inst.soffset, cdna)
+  elif offset and inst.soffset != 124: off_s = f"{decode_src(inst.soffset, cdna)} offset:0x{offset:x}"
+  elif offset: off_s = f"0x{offset:x}"
+  else: off_s = decode_src(inst.soffset, cdna)
+  is_buffer = 'buffer' in name or 's_atc_probe_buffer' == name
+  sbase_idx, sbase_count = _unwrap(inst.sbase), 4 if is_buffer else 2
+  sbase_str = _fmt_src(sbase_idx, sbase_count, cdna) if sbase_count == 2 else _sreg(sbase_idx, sbase_count) if sbase_idx <= 105 else _reg("ttmp", sbase_idx - 108, sbase_count)
+  if name in ('s_atc_probe', 's_atc_probe_buffer'): return f"{name} {_unwrap(inst.sdata)}, {sbase_str}, {off_s}"
+  if 'prefetch' in name:
+    off = getattr(inst, 'ioffset', getattr(inst, 'offset', 0))
+    if off >= 0x800000: off = off - 0x1000000
+    off_s = f"0x{off:x}" if off > 255 else str(off)
+    soff_s = decode_src(inst.soffset, cdna) if inst.soffset != 124 else "null"
+    if 'pc_rel' in name: return f"{name} {off_s}, {soff_s}, {_unwrap(inst.sdata)}"
+    return f"{name} {sbase_str}, {off_s}, {soff_s}, {_unwrap(inst.sdata)}"
+  # Use get_field_bits for register count
+  dst_n = inst.canonical_op_regs.get('d', 1)
+  th, scope = getattr(inst, 'th', 0), getattr(inst, 'scope', 0)
+  if is_rdna4:  # RDNA4 uses th/scope instead of glc/dlc
+    th_names = ['TH_LOAD_RT', 'TH_LOAD_NT', 'TH_LOAD_HT', 'TH_LOAD_LU']
+    scope_names = ['SCOPE_CU', 'SCOPE_SE', 'SCOPE_DEV', 'SCOPE_SYS']
+    mods = (f" th:{th_names[th]}" if th else "") + (f" scope:{scope_names[scope]}" if scope else "")
+    return f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdata, dst_n, cdna)}, {sbase_str}, {off_s}{mods}"
+  if th or scope:
+    th_names = ['TH_LOAD_RT', 'TH_LOAD_NT', 'TH_LOAD_HT', 'TH_LOAD_LU']
+    scope_names = ['SCOPE_CU', 'SCOPE_SE', 'SCOPE_DEV', 'SCOPE_SYS']
+    mods = (f" th:{th_names[th]}" if th else "") + (f" scope:{scope_names[scope]}" if scope else "")
+    return f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdata, dst_n, cdna)}, {sbase_str}, {off_s}{mods}"
+  return f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdata, dst_n, cdna)}, {sbase_str}, {off_s}" + _mods((inst.glc, " glc"), (getattr(inst, 'dlc', 0), " dlc"))
+
+def _disasm_flat(inst: FLAT) -> str:
+  name, cdna = inst.op_name.lower(), _is_cdna(inst)
+  acc = getattr(inst, 'acc', 0)
+  reg_fn = _areg if acc else _vreg
+  seg = ['flat', 'scratch', 'global'][inst.seg] if inst.seg < 3 else 'flat'
+  instr = f"{seg}_{name.split('_', 1)[1] if '_' in name else name}"
+  off_val = inst.offset if seg == 'flat' else (inst.offset if inst.offset < 4096 else inst.offset - 8192)
+  # Use get_field_bits: data for stores/atomics, d for loads
+  regs = inst.canonical_op_regs
+  w = regs.get('data', regs.get('d', 1)) if 'store' in name or 'atomic' in name else regs.get('d', 1)
+  off_s = f" offset:{off_val}" if off_val else ""
+  if cdna: mods = f"{off_s}{' glc' if inst.sc0 else ''}{' slc' if inst.nt else ''}"
+  else: mods = f"{off_s}{' glc' if inst.glc else ''}{' slc' if inst.slc else ''}{' dlc' if inst.dlc else ''}"
+  if seg == 'flat' or _unwrap(inst.saddr) == 0x7F: saddr_s = ""
+  elif _unwrap(inst.saddr) == 124: saddr_s = ", off"
+  elif seg == 'scratch': saddr_s = f", {decode_src(inst.saddr, cdna)}"
+  elif _unwrap(inst.saddr) in (SPECIAL_PAIRS_CDNA if cdna else SPECIAL_PAIRS): saddr_s = f", {(SPECIAL_PAIRS_CDNA if cdna else SPECIAL_PAIRS)[_unwrap(inst.saddr)]}"
+  elif t := _ttmp(inst.saddr, 2): saddr_s = f", {t}"
+  else: saddr_s = f", {_sreg(inst.saddr, 2) if _unwrap(inst.saddr) < 106 else decode_src(_unwrap(inst.saddr), cdna)}"
+  if 'addtid' in name: return f"{instr} {reg_fn(inst.data if 'store' in name else inst.vdst)}{saddr_s}{mods}"
+  if cdna: addr_w = 1 if seg == 'scratch' else 2
+  else: addr_w = 1 if seg == 'scratch' or (_unwrap(inst.saddr) not in (0x7F, 124)) else 2
+  addr_s = "off" if not inst.sve and seg == 'scratch' else _vreg(inst.addr, addr_w)
+  data_s, vdst_s = reg_fn(inst.data, w), reg_fn(inst.vdst, w // 2 if 'cmpswap' in name else w)
+  glc_or_sc0 = inst.sc0 if cdna else inst.glc
+  if 'atomic' in name:
+    return f"{instr} {vdst_s}, {addr_s}, {data_s}{saddr_s if seg != 'flat' else ''}{mods}" if glc_or_sc0 else f"{instr} {addr_s}, {data_s}{saddr_s if seg != 'flat' else ''}{mods}"
+  if 'store' in name: return f"{instr} {addr_s}, {data_s}{saddr_s}{mods}"
+  return f"{instr} {reg_fn(inst.vdst, w)}, {addr_s}{saddr_s}{mods}"
+
+def _disasm_ds(inst: DS) -> str:
+  op, name = inst.op, inst.op_name.lower()
+  acc = getattr(inst, 'acc', 0)
+  reg_fn = _areg if acc else _vreg
+  gds = " gds" if getattr(inst, 'gds', 0) else ""
+  off = f" offset:{inst.offset0 | (inst.offset1 << 8)}" if inst.offset0 or inst.offset1 else ""
+  off2 = (" offset0:" + str(inst.offset0) if inst.offset0 else "") + (" offset1:" + str(inst.offset1) if inst.offset1 else "")
+  # Use get_field_bits: data for stores/writes/atomics, d for loads
+  regs = inst.canonical_op_regs
+  w = regs.get('data', regs.get('d', 1)) if 'store' in name or 'write' in name or ('load' not in name and 'read' not in name) else regs.get('d', 1)
+  d0, d1, dst, addr = reg_fn(inst.data0, w), reg_fn(inst.data1, w), reg_fn(inst.vdst, w), _vreg(inst.addr)
+
+  if name == 'ds_nop': return name
+  if name == 'ds_bvh_stack_rtn_b32': return f"{name} {_vreg(inst.vdst)}, {addr}, {_vreg(inst.data0)}, {_vreg(inst.data1, 4)}{off}{gds}"
+  if 'bvh_stack_push' in name:
+    d1_regs = 8 if 'push8' in name else 4
+    vdst_regs = 2 if 'pop2' in name else 1
+    vdst_s = _vreg(inst.vdst, vdst_regs) if vdst_regs > 1 else _vreg(inst.vdst)
+    return f"{name} {vdst_s}, {addr}, {_vreg(inst.data0)}, {_vreg(inst.data1, d1_regs)}{off}{gds}"
+  if 'gws_sema' in name and 'sema_br' not in name: return f"{name}{off}{gds}"
+  if 'gws_' in name: return f"{name} {addr}{off}{gds}"
+  if name in ('ds_consume', 'ds_append'): return f"{name} {reg_fn(inst.vdst)}{off}{gds}"
+  if 'gs_reg' in name: return f"{name} {reg_fn(inst.vdst, 2)}, {reg_fn(inst.data0)}{off}{gds}"
+  if '2addr' in name:
+    if 'load' in name: return f"{name} {reg_fn(inst.vdst, regs.get('d', 1))}, {addr}{off2}{gds}"
+    if 'store' in name and 'xchg' not in name: return f"{name} {addr}, {d0}, {d1}{off2}{gds}"
+    return f"{name} {reg_fn(inst.vdst, regs.get('d', 1))}, {addr}, {d0}, {d1}{off2}{gds}"
+  if 'write2' in name: return f"{name} {addr}, {d0}, {d1}{off2}{gds}"
+  if 'read2' in name: return f"{name} {reg_fn(inst.vdst, regs.get('d', 1))}, {addr}{off2}{gds}"
+  if 'load' in name: return f"{name} {reg_fn(inst.vdst)}{off}{gds}" if 'addtid' in name else f"{name} {dst}, {addr}{off}{gds}"
+  if 'store' in name and not _has(name, 'cmp', 'xchg'):
+    return f"{name} {reg_fn(inst.data0)}{off}{gds}" if 'addtid' in name else f"{name} {addr}, {d0}{off}{gds}"
+  if 'swizzle' in name or name == 'ds_ordered_count': return f"{name} {reg_fn(inst.vdst)}, {addr}{off}{gds}"
+  if 'permute' in name: return f"{name} {reg_fn(inst.vdst)}, {addr}, {reg_fn(inst.data0)}{off}{gds}"
+  if 'condxchg' in name: return f"{name} {reg_fn(inst.vdst, 2)}, {addr}, {reg_fn(inst.data0, 2)}{off}{gds}"
+  if _has(name, 'cmpstore', 'mskor', 'wrap'):
+    return f"{name} {dst}, {addr}, {d0}, {d1}{off}{gds}" if '_rtn' in name else f"{name} {addr}, {d0}, {d1}{off}{gds}"
+  return f"{name} {dst}, {addr}, {d0}{off}{gds}" if '_rtn' in name else f"{name} {addr}, {d0}{off}{gds}"
+
+def _disasm_vop3(inst: VOP3) -> str:
+  op, name = inst.op, inst.op_name.lower()
+  n_up = name.upper()
+  bits = inst.canonical_op_bits
+
+  # RDNA4 v_s_* scalar VOP3 instructions - vdst is SGPR (VGPRField adds 256)
+  if name.startswith('v_s_'):
+    src = _lit(inst, inst.src0) if _unwrap(inst.src0) == 255 else ("src_scc" if _unwrap(inst.src0) == 253 else _fmt_src(inst.src0, max(1, bits['s0'] // 32)))
+    if inst.neg & 1: src = f"-{src}"
+    if inst.abs & 1: src = f"|{src}|"
+    clamp = getattr(inst, 'cm', None) or getattr(inst, 'clmp', 0)
+    vdst_raw = _unwrap(inst.vdst)
+    return f"{name} s{vdst_raw - 256 if vdst_raw >= 256 else vdst_raw}, {src}" + (" clamp" if clamp else "") + _omod(inst.omod)
+
+  # Use get_field_bits for register sizes and 16-bit detection
+  r0, r1, r2 = max(1, bits['s0'] // 32), max(1, bits['s1'] // 32), max(1, bits['s2'] // 32)
+  dn = max(1, bits['d'] // 32)
+  is16_d, is16_s, is16_s2 = bits['d'] == 16, bits['s0'] == 16, bits['s2'] == 16
+
+  s0 = _vop3_src(inst, inst.src0, inst.neg&1, inst.abs&1, inst.opsel&1, r0, is16_s)
+  s1 = _vop3_src(inst, inst.src1, inst.neg&2, inst.abs&2, inst.opsel&2, r1, is16_s)
+  s2 = _vop3_src(inst, inst.src2, inst.neg&4, inst.abs&4, inst.opsel&4, r2, is16_s2)
+
+  # Format destination
+  if 'readlane' in name:
+    vdst_off = inst.vdst.offset - 256 if inst.vdst.offset >= 256 else inst.vdst.offset
+    dst = _fmt_sdst(vdst_off, 1)
+  elif is16_d: dst = f"{inst.vdst.fmt()}.h" if (inst.opsel & 8) else f"{inst.vdst.fmt()}.l"
+  else: dst = inst.vdst.fmt()
+
+  clamp = getattr(inst, 'cm', None) or getattr(inst, 'clmp', 0)
+  cl, om = " clamp" if clamp else "", _omod(inst.omod)
+  nonvgpr_opsel = (inst.src0.offset < 256 and (inst.opsel & 1)) or (inst.src1.offset < 256 and (inst.opsel & 2)) or (inst.src2.offset < 256 and (inst.opsel & 4))
+  need_opsel = nonvgpr_opsel or (inst.opsel and not is16_s)
+
+  op_val = inst.op.value if hasattr(inst.op, 'value') else inst.op
+  e64 = "" if name.endswith('_e64') else "_e64"
+  if op_val < 256:  # VOPC
+    vdst_off = inst.vdst.offset - 256 if inst.vdst.offset >= 256 else inst.vdst.offset
+    return f"{name}{e64} {s0}, {s1}{cl}" if name.startswith('v_cmpx') else f"{name}{e64} {_fmt_sdst(vdst_off, 1)}, {s0}, {s1}{cl}"
+  if op_val < 384:  # VOP2
+    n = inst.num_srcs() or 2
+    os = _opsel_str(inst.opsel, n, need_opsel, is16_d)
+    return f"{name}{e64} {dst}, {s0}, {s1}, {s2}{os}{cl}{om}" if n == 3 else f"{name}{e64} {dst}, {s0}, {s1}{os}{cl}{om}"
+  if op_val < 512:  # VOP1
+    if re.match(r'v_cvt_f32_(bf|fp)8', name) and inst.opsel:
+      os = f" byte_sel:{((inst.opsel & 1) << 1) | ((inst.opsel >> 1) & 1)}"
+    else:
+      os = _opsel_str(inst.opsel, 1, need_opsel, is16_d)
+    if 'v_nop' in name or 'v_pipeflush' in name: return f"{name}{e64}"
+    return f"{name}{e64} {dst}, {s0}{os}{cl}{om}"
+  # Native VOP3
+  n = inst.num_srcs() or 2
+  os = f" byte_sel:{inst.opsel >> 2}" if 'cvt_sr' in name and inst.opsel else _opsel_str(inst.opsel, n, need_opsel, is16_d)
+  return f"{name} {dst}, {s0}, {s1}, {s2}{os}{cl}{om}" if n == 3 else f"{name} {dst}, {s0}, {s1}{os}{cl}{om}"
+
+def _disasm_vop3sd(inst: VOP3SD) -> str:
+  name = inst.op_name.lower()
+  def src(reg, neg):
+    s = _lit(inst, reg.offset) if reg.offset == 255 else ("src_scc" if reg.offset == 253 else (reg.fmt() if reg.sz > 1 else _lit(inst, reg.offset)))
+    return f"neg({s})" if neg and reg.offset == 255 else (f"-{s}" if neg else s)
+  s0, s1, s2 = src(inst.src0, inst.neg & 1), src(inst.src1, inst.neg & 2), src(inst.src2, inst.neg & 4)
+  # VOP3SD: _co_ ops (add/sub) without _ci_ have only 2 sources, all others (mad, div_scale, _co_ci_) have 3 sources
+  has_only_two_srcs = '_co_' in name and '_ci_' not in name and 'mad' not in name
+  srcs = f"{s0}, {s1}" if has_only_two_srcs else f"{s0}, {s1}, {s2}"
+  clamp = getattr(inst, 'cm', None) or getattr(inst, 'clmp', 0)
+  return f"{name} {inst.vdst.fmt()}, {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, 1)}, {srcs}{' clamp' if clamp else ''}{_omod(inst.omod)}"
+
+def _disasm_vopd(inst: VOPD) -> str:
+  lit = inst._literal or getattr(inst, 'literal', None)
+  is_rdna4 = 'rdna4' in inst.__class__.__module__
+  op_enum = R4_VOPDOp if is_rdna4 else VOPDOp
+  vdst_y, nx, ny = (_unwrap(inst.vdsty) << 1) | ((_unwrap(inst.vdstx) & 1) ^ 1), op_enum(inst.opx).name.lower(), op_enum(inst.opy).name.lower()
+  def half(n, vd, s0, vs1):
+    vd, vs1 = _vi(vd), _vi(vs1)
+    if 'mov' in n: return f"{n} v{vd}, {_lit(inst, s0)}"
+    if 'fmamk' in n and lit: return f"{n} v{vd}, {_lit(inst, s0)}, 0x{lit:x}, v{vs1}"
+    if 'fmaak' in n and lit: return f"{n} v{vd}, {_lit(inst, s0)}, v{vs1}, 0x{lit:x}"
+    return f"{n} v{vd}, {_lit(inst, s0)}, v{vs1}"
+  return f"{half(nx, inst.vdstx, inst.srcx0, inst.vsrcx1)} :: {half(ny, vdst_y, inst.srcy0, inst.vsrcy1)}"
+
+def _disasm_vop3p(inst: VOP3P) -> str:
+  name = inst.op_name.lower()
+  is_wmma, is_swmmac, n, is_fma_mix = 'wmma' in name, 'swmmac' in name, inst.num_srcs() or 2, 'fma_mix' in name
+  def get_src(reg):
+    return _lit(inst, reg.offset) if reg.offset == 255 else reg.fmt()
+  src0, src1, src2, dst = get_src(inst.src0), get_src(inst.src1), get_src(inst.src2), inst.vdst.fmt()
+  opsel_hi = inst.opsel_hi | (inst.opsel_hi2 << 2)
+  clamp = getattr(inst, 'cm', None) or getattr(inst, 'clmp', 0)
+  if is_fma_mix:
+    def m(s, neg, abs_): return f"-{f'|{s}|' if abs_ else s}" if neg else (f"|{s}|" if abs_ else s)
+    src0, src1, src2 = m(src0, inst.neg & 1, inst.neg_hi & 1), m(src1, inst.neg & 2, inst.neg_hi & 2), m(src2, inst.neg & 4, inst.neg_hi & 4)
+    mods = ([_fmt_bits("op_sel", inst.opsel, n)] if inst.opsel else []) + ([_fmt_bits("op_sel_hi", opsel_hi, n)] if opsel_hi else []) + (["clamp"] if clamp else [])
+  elif is_swmmac:
+    mods = ([f"index_key:{inst.opsel}"] if inst.opsel else []) + ([_fmt_bits("neg_lo", inst.neg, n)] if inst.neg else []) + \
+           ([_fmt_bits("neg_hi", inst.neg_hi, n)] if inst.neg_hi else []) + (["clamp"] if clamp else [])
+  else:
+    opsel_hi_default = 7 if n == 3 else 3
+    mods = ([_fmt_bits("op_sel", inst.opsel, n)] if inst.opsel else []) + ([_fmt_bits("op_sel_hi", opsel_hi, n)] if opsel_hi != opsel_hi_default else []) + \
+           ([_fmt_bits("neg_lo", inst.neg, n)] if inst.neg else []) + ([_fmt_bits("neg_hi", inst.neg_hi, n)] if inst.neg_hi else []) + (["clamp"] if clamp else [])
+  return f"{name} {dst}, {src0}, {src1}, {src2}{' ' + ' '.join(mods) if mods else ''}" if n == 3 else f"{name} {dst}, {src0}, {src1}{' ' + ' '.join(mods) if mods else ''}"
+
+def _disasm_sop1(inst: SOP1) -> str:
+  op, name, cdna = inst.op, inst.op_name.lower(), _is_cdna(inst)
+  # Use get_field_bits for register sizes
+  regs = inst.canonical_op_regs
+  dst_regs, src_regs = regs.get('d', 1), regs.get('s0', 1)
+  src = _lit(inst, inst.ssrc0) if _unwrap(inst.ssrc0) == 255 else _fmt_src(inst.ssrc0, src_regs, cdna)
+  if not cdna:
+    if 'getpc_b64' in name: return f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, 2)}"
+    if 'setpc_b64' in name or 'rfe_b64' in name: return f"{name} {src}"
+    if 'swappc_b64' in name: return f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, 2)}, {src}"
+    if 'sendmsg_rtn' in name:
+      v = _unwrap(inst.ssrc0)
+      msg_str = MSG.get(v)
+      return f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, dst_regs)}, sendmsg({msg_str})" if msg_str else f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, dst_regs)}, 0x{v:x}"
+  sop1_src_only = ('S_ALLOC_VGPR', 'S_SLEEP_VAR', 'S_BARRIER_SIGNAL', 'S_BARRIER_SIGNAL_ISFIRST', 'S_BARRIER_INIT', 'S_BARRIER_JOIN')
+  if inst.op_name in sop1_src_only: return f"{name} {src}"
+  return f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, dst_regs, cdna)}, {src}"
+
+def _disasm_sop2(inst: SOP2) -> str:
+  cdna, name = _is_cdna(inst), inst.op_name.lower()
+  lit = getattr(inst, '_literal', None)
+  # Use get_field_bits for register sizes
+  regs = inst.canonical_op_regs
+  dn, s0n, s1n = regs['d'], regs['s0'], regs['s1']
+  s0 = _lit(inst, inst.ssrc0) if _unwrap(inst.ssrc0) == 255 else _fmt_src(inst.ssrc0, s0n, cdna)
+  s1 = _lit(inst, inst.ssrc1) if _unwrap(inst.ssrc1) == 255 else _fmt_src(inst.ssrc1, s1n, cdna)
+  dst = _fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, dn, cdna)
+  if 'fmamk' in name and lit is not None: return f"{name} {dst}, {s0}, 0x{lit:x}, {s1}"
+  if 'fmaak' in name and lit is not None: return f"{name} {dst}, {s0}, {s1}, 0x{lit:x}"
+  return f"{name} {dst}, {s0}, {s1}"
+
+def _disasm_sopc(inst: SOPC) -> str:
+  cdna, regs = _is_cdna(inst), inst.canonical_op_regs
+  s0 = _lit(inst, inst.ssrc0) if _unwrap(inst.ssrc0) == 255 else _fmt_src(inst.ssrc0, regs['s0'], cdna)
+  s1 = _lit(inst, inst.ssrc1) if _unwrap(inst.ssrc1) == 255 else _fmt_src(inst.ssrc1, regs['s1'], cdna)
+  return f"{inst.op_name.lower()} {s0}, {s1}"
+
+def _disasm_sopk(inst: SOPK) -> str:
+  op, name, cdna = inst.op, inst.op_name.lower(), _is_cdna(inst)
+  is_rdna4 = 'rdna4' in inst.__class__.__module__
+  hw = HWREG_RDNA4 if is_rdna4 else HWREG
+  def fmt_hwreg(hid, hoff, hsz):
+    if hid not in hw: return f"0x{inst.simm16:x}"
+    hr_name = hw[hid]
+    return f"hwreg({hr_name})" if hoff == 0 and hsz == 32 else f"hwreg({hr_name}, {hoff}, {hsz})"
+  if name == 's_setreg_imm32_b32':
+    hid, hoff, hsz = inst.simm16 & 0x3f, (inst.simm16 >> 6) & 0x1f, ((inst.simm16 >> 11) & 0x1f) + 1
+    return f"{name} {fmt_hwreg(hid, hoff, hsz)}, 0x{inst._literal:x}"
+  if name == 's_version': return f"{name} 0x{inst.simm16:x}"
+  if name in ('s_setreg_b32', 's_getreg_b32'):
+    hid, hoff, hsz = inst.simm16 & 0x3f, (inst.simm16 >> 6) & 0x1f, ((inst.simm16 >> 11) & 0x1f) + 1
+    hs = fmt_hwreg(hid, hoff, hsz)
+    return f"{name} {hs}, {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, 1, cdna)}" if 'setreg' in name else f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, 1, cdna)}, {hs}"
+  if name in ('s_subvector_loop_begin', 's_subvector_loop_end'):
+    return f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, 1)}, 0x{inst.simm16:x}"
+  return f"{name} {_fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, inst.canonical_op_regs['d'], cdna)}, 0x{inst.simm16:x}"
+
+def _disasm_vinterp(inst: VINTERP) -> str:
+  mods = _mods((inst.waitexp, f"wait_exp:{inst.waitexp}"), (inst.clmp, "clamp"))
+  return f"{inst.op_name.lower()} {inst.vdst.fmt()}, {_lit(inst, inst.src0, inst.neg & 1)}, {_lit(inst, inst.src1, inst.neg & 2)}, {_lit(inst, inst.src2, inst.neg & 4)}" + (" " + mods if mods else "")
+
+DISASM_HANDLERS: dict[type, callable] = {
+  VOP1: _disasm_vop1, VOP1_SDST: _disasm_vop1, VOP2: _disasm_vop2, VOPC: _disasm_vopc, VOP3: _disasm_vop3, VOP3_SDST: _disasm_vop3, VOP3SD: _disasm_vop3sd, VOPD: _disasm_vopd, VOP3P: _disasm_vop3p,
+  VINTERP: _disasm_vinterp, SOPP: _disasm_sopp, SMEM: _disasm_smem, DS: _disasm_ds, FLAT: _disasm_flat, GLOBAL: _disasm_flat, SCRATCH: _disasm_flat,
+  SOP1: _disasm_sop1, SOP2: _disasm_sop2, SOPC: _disasm_sopc, SOPK: _disasm_sopk,
+  # RDNA4
+  R4_VOP1: _disasm_vop1, R4_VOP1_SDST: _disasm_vop1, R4_VOP2: _disasm_vop2, R4_VOPC: _disasm_vopc, R4_VOP3: _disasm_vop3, R4_VOP3_SDST: _disasm_vop3, R4_VOP3SD: _disasm_vop3sd,
+  R4_VOPD: _disasm_vopd, R4_VOP3P: _disasm_vop3p, R4_VINTERP: _disasm_vinterp, R4_SOPP: _disasm_sopp, R4_SMEM: _disasm_smem,
+  R4_DS: _disasm_ds, R4_SOP1: _disasm_sop1, R4_SOP2: _disasm_sop2, R4_SOPC: _disasm_sopc, R4_SOPK: _disasm_sopk}
+
+def disasm(inst: Inst) -> str: return DISASM_HANDLERS[type(inst)](inst)
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# CDNA DISASSEMBLER SUPPORT
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+try:
+  from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.cdna.ins import (VOP1 as CDNA_VOP1, VOP2 as CDNA_VOP2, VOPC as CDNA_VOPC, VOP3A, VOP3B, VOP3P as CDNA_VOP3P,
+    SOP1 as CDNA_SOP1, SOP2 as CDNA_SOP2, SOPC as CDNA_SOPC, SOPK as CDNA_SOPK, SOPP as CDNA_SOPP, SMEM as CDNA_SMEM, DS as CDNA_DS,
+    FLAT as CDNA_FLAT, VOP1Op as CDNA_VOP1Op, VOP2Op as CDNA_VOP2Op, VOPCOp as CDNA_VOPCOp)
+
+  def _cdna_src(inst, v, neg, abs_=0, n=1):
+    s = _lit(inst, v) if v == 255 else _fmt_src(v, n, cdna=True)
+    if abs_: s = f"|{s}|"
+    return f"neg({s})" if neg and v == 255 else (f"-{s}" if neg else s)
+
+  _CDNA_VOP3_ALIASES = {'v_fmac_f64': 'v_mul_legacy_f32', 'v_dot2c_f32_bf16': 'v_mac_f32'}
+
+  def _disasm_vop3a(inst) -> str:
+    op_val = inst.op.value if hasattr(inst.op, 'value') else inst.op
+    name = inst.op_name.lower() or f'vop3a_op_{op_val}'
+    n = inst.num_srcs() or _num_srcs(inst)
+    cl, om = " clamp" if inst.clmp else "", _omod(inst.omod)
+    orig_name = name
+    name = _CDNA_VOP3_ALIASES.get(name, name)
+    if name != orig_name:
+      s0, s1 = _cdna_src(inst, inst.src0, inst.neg&1, inst.abs&1, 1), _cdna_src(inst, inst.src1, inst.neg&2, inst.abs&2, 1)
+      s2 = ""
+      dst = _vreg(inst.vdst)
+    else:
+      regs = inst.canonical_op_regs
+      dregs, r0, r1, r2 = regs['d'], regs['s0'], regs['s1'], regs['s2']
+      s0, s1, s2 = _cdna_src(inst, inst.src0, inst.neg&1, inst.abs&1, r0), _cdna_src(inst, inst.src1, inst.neg&2, inst.abs&2, r1), _cdna_src(inst, inst.src2, inst.neg&4, inst.abs&4, r2)
+      dst = _vreg(inst.vdst, dregs) if dregs > 1 else _vreg(inst.vdst)
+    if op_val >= 512:
+      return f"{name} {dst}, {s0}, {s1}, {s2}{cl}{om}" if n == 3 else f"{name} {dst}, {s0}, {s1}{cl}{om}"
+    if op_val < 256:
+      sdst = _fmt_sdst(inst.vdst, 2, cdna=True)
+      return f"{name}_e64 {sdst}, {s0}, {s1}{cl}"
+    if 320 <= op_val < 512:
+      if name in ('v_nop', 'v_clrexcp'): return f"{name}_e64"
+      return f"{name}_e64 {dst}, {s0}{cl}{om}"
+    if name == 'v_cndmask_b32':
+      s2 = _fmt_src(inst.src2, 2, cdna=True)
+      return f"{name}_e64 {dst}, {s0}, {s1}, {s2}{cl}{om}"
+    if name in ('v_mul_legacy_f32', 'v_mac_f32'):
+      return f"{name}_e64 {dst}, {s0}, {s1}{cl}{om}"
+    suf = "_e64" if op_val < 512 else ""
+    return f"{name}{suf} {dst}, {s0}, {s1}, {s2}{cl}{om}" if n == 3 else f"{name}{suf} {dst}, {s0}, {s1}{cl}{om}"
+
+  def _disasm_vop3b(inst) -> str:
+    op_val = inst.op.value if hasattr(inst.op, 'value') else inst.op
+    name = inst.op_name.lower() or f'vop3b_op_{op_val}'
+    n = inst.num_srcs() or _num_srcs(inst)
+    regs = inst.canonical_op_regs
+    dregs, r0, r1, r2 = regs['d'], regs['s0'], regs['s1'], regs['s2']
+    s0, s1, s2 = _cdna_src(inst, inst.src0, inst.neg&1, n=r0), _cdna_src(inst, inst.src1, inst.neg&2, n=r1), _cdna_src(inst, inst.src2, inst.neg&4, n=r2)
+    dst = _vreg(inst.vdst, dregs) if dregs > 1 else _vreg(inst.vdst)
+    sdst = _fmt_sdst(inst.sdst, 2, cdna=True)
+    cl, om = " clamp" if inst.clmp else "", _omod(inst.omod)
+    if name in ('v_addc_co_u32', 'v_subb_co_u32', 'v_subbrev_co_u32'):
+      s2 = _fmt_src(inst.src2, 2, cdna=True)
+      return f"{name}_e64 {dst}, {sdst}, {s0}, {s1}, {s2}{cl}{om}"
+    suf = "_e64" if 'co_' in name else ""
+    return f"{name}{suf} {dst}, {sdst}, {s0}, {s1}, {s2}{cl}{om}" if n == 3 else f"{name}{suf} {dst}, {sdst}, {s0}, {s1}{cl}{om}"
+
+  def _disasm_cdna_vop3p(inst) -> str:
+    name, n = inst.op_name.lower(), inst.num_srcs() or 2
+    is_mfma = 'mfma' in name or 'smfmac' in name
+    is_accvgpr = 'accvgpr' in name
+    get_src = lambda v, sc: _lit(inst, v) if v == 255 else _fmt_src(v, sc, cdna=True)
+
+    # Handle accvgpr read/write (accumulator register operations)
+    if is_accvgpr:
+      src0_off = _unwrap(inst.src0)
+      vdst_off = _vi(inst.vdst)
+      if 'read' in name:
+        # v_accvgpr_read_b32 vN, aM - reads from accumulator to VGPR
+        return f"{name}_b32 v{vdst_off}, a{src0_off - 256 if src0_off >= 256 else src0_off}"
+      if 'write' in name:
+        # v_accvgpr_write_b32 aM, src - writes to accumulator from source
+        src = _lit(inst, inst.src0) if src0_off == 255 else (f"v{src0_off - 256}" if src0_off >= 256 else decode_src(src0_off, cdna=True))
+        return f"{name}_b32 a{vdst_off}, {src}"
+
+    # Handle MFMA instructions with accumulator destinations
+    if is_mfma:
+      sc = 2 if 'iu4' in name else 4 if 'iu8' in name or 'i4' in name else 8 if 'f16' in name or 'bf16' in name else 4
+      src0, src1, src2 = get_src(inst.src0, sc), get_src(inst.src1, sc), get_src(inst.src2, 16)
+      dst = _areg(inst.vdst, 16)  # MFMA uses accumulator registers
+      opsel_hi = inst.opsel_hi
+      mods = ([_fmt_bits("op_sel", inst.opsel, n)] if inst.opsel else []) + ([_fmt_bits("op_sel_hi", opsel_hi, n)] if opsel_hi != 3 else []) + \
+             ([_fmt_bits("neg_lo", inst.neg, n)] if inst.neg else []) + ([_fmt_bits("neg_hi", inst.neg_hi, n)] if inst.neg_hi else []) + (["clamp"] if inst.clmp else [])
+      return f"{name} {dst}, {src0}, {src1}, {src2}{' ' + ' '.join(mods) if mods else ''}"
+
+    # Standard VOP3P instructions
+    src0, src1, src2, dst = get_src(inst.src0, 1), get_src(inst.src1, 1), get_src(inst.src2, 1), _vreg(inst.vdst)
+    opsel_hi = inst.opsel_hi  # CDNA VOP3P only has 2 bits for opsel_hi (no opsel_hi2)
+    opsel_hi_default = 3  # CDNA default is 0b11 (2 bits), not 0b111 like RDNA
+    mods = ([_fmt_bits("op_sel", inst.opsel, n)] if inst.opsel else []) + ([_fmt_bits("op_sel_hi", opsel_hi, n)] if opsel_hi != opsel_hi_default else []) + \
+           ([_fmt_bits("neg_lo", inst.neg, n)] if inst.neg else []) + ([_fmt_bits("neg_hi", inst.neg_hi, n)] if inst.neg_hi else []) + (["clamp"] if inst.clmp else [])
+    return f"{name} {dst}, {src0}, {src1}, {src2}{' ' + ' '.join(mods) if mods else ''}" if n == 3 else f"{name} {dst}, {src0}, {src1}{' ' + ' '.join(mods) if mods else ''}"
+
+  DISASM_HANDLERS.update({CDNA_VOP1: _disasm_vop1, CDNA_VOP2: _disasm_vop2, CDNA_VOPC: _disasm_vopc,
+    CDNA_SOP1: _disasm_sop1, CDNA_SOP2: _disasm_sop2, CDNA_SOPC: _disasm_sopc, CDNA_SOPK: _disasm_sopk, CDNA_SOPP: _disasm_sopp,
+    CDNA_SMEM: _disasm_smem, CDNA_DS: _disasm_ds, CDNA_FLAT: _disasm_flat,
+    VOP3A: _disasm_vop3a, VOP3B: _disasm_vop3b, CDNA_VOP3P: _disasm_cdna_vop3p})
+except ImportError:
+  pass
@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
 # dsl.py - clean DSL for AMD assembly
-from typing import Any

 # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 # Registers - unified src encoding space (0-511)
 # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

+def _reg_size(t: str | None) -> int: return {'b64': 2, 'f64': 2, 'u64': 2, 'i64': 2, 'b128': 4}.get(t, 1)
+
 class Reg:
-  # Register names vary by arch: RDNA has NULL@124/M0@125, CDNA has M0@124/reserved@125
-  # RDNA4 has DPP8@233, CDNA has SDWA@249/DPP@250/VCCZ@251/EXECZ@252
-  _NAMES = {102: "FLAT_SCRATCH_LO", 103: "FLAT_SCRATCH_HI", 104: "XNACK_MASK_LO", 105: "XNACK_MASK_HI",
-            106: "VCC_LO", 107: "VCC_HI", 124: "NULL", 125: "M0", 126: "EXEC_LO", 127: "EXEC_HI",
-            233: "DPP8", 234: "DPP8FI", 235: "SHARED_BASE", 236: "SHARED_LIMIT", 237: "PRIVATE_BASE", 238: "PRIVATE_LIMIT",
+  _NAMES = {106: "VCC_LO", 107: "VCC_HI", 124: "NULL", 125: "M0", 126: "EXEC_LO", 127: "EXEC_HI",
            240: "0.5", 241: "-0.5", 242: "1.0", 243: "-1.0", 244: "2.0", 245: "-2.0", 246: "4.0", 247: "-4.0",
-            248: "INV_2PI", 249: "SDWA", 250: "DPP", 251: "VCCZ", 252: "EXECZ", 253: "SCC", 254: "SRC_LDS_DIRECT", 255: "LIT"}
+            248: "INV_2PI", 250: "DPP16", 253: "SCC", 255: "LIT"}
  _PAIRS = {106: "VCC", 126: "EXEC"}

  def __init__(self, offset: int = 0, sz: int = 512, *, neg: bool = False, abs_: bool = False, hi: bool = False):
    self.offset, self.sz = offset, sz
    self.neg, self.abs_, self.hi = neg, abs_, hi

+  # TODO: remove these legacy aliases
+  @property
+  def count(self): return self.sz
+  @property
+  def idx(self): return self.offset
+
  def __hash__(self): return hash((self.offset, self.sz, self.neg, self.abs_, self.hi))
  def __getitem__(self, key):
    if isinstance(key, slice):
@@ -44,15 +47,11 @@ class Reg:
  def fmt(self, sz=None, parens=False, upper=False) -> str:
    o, sz = self.offset, sz or self.sz
    l, r = ("[", "]") if parens or sz > 1 else ("", "")  # brackets for multi-reg or when parens=True
-    if 256 <= o < 512:
-      idx = o - 256
-      base = f"v{l}{idx}{r}" if sz == 1 else f"v[{idx}:{idx + sz - 1}]"
+    if 256 <= o < 512: idx = o - 256; base = f"v{l}{idx}{r}" if sz == 1 else f"v[{idx}:{idx + sz - 1}]"
    elif o < 106: base = f"s{l}{o}{r}" if sz == 1 else f"s[{o}:{o + sz - 1}]"
    elif sz == 2 and o in self._PAIRS: base = self._PAIRS[o] if upper else self._PAIRS[o].lower()
    elif o in self._NAMES: base = self._NAMES[o] if upper else self._NAMES[o].lower()  # special regs (any sz)
-    elif 108 <= o < 124:
-      idx = o - 108
-      base = f"ttmp{l}{idx}{r}" if sz == 1 else f"ttmp[{idx}:{idx + sz - 1}]"
+    elif 108 <= o < 124: idx = o - 108; base = f"ttmp{l}{idx}{r}" if sz == 1 else f"ttmp[{idx}:{idx + sz - 1}]"
    elif 128 <= o <= 192: base = str(o - 128)  # inline int constants (0-64)
    elif 193 <= o <= 208: base = str(-(o - 192))  # inline negative int constants (-1 to -16)
    else: raise RuntimeError(f"unknown register: offset={o}, sz={sz}")
@@ -79,13 +78,9 @@ EXEC = src[126:127]
 # 128: 0, 129-192: integers 1-64, 193-208: integers -1 to -16
 # 240-248: float constants (0.5, -0.5, 1.0, -1.0, 2.0, -2.0, 4.0, -4.0, 1/(2*PI))
 INV_2PI = src[248]
-SDWA = src[249]
-DPP = DPP16 = src[250]
-VCCZ = src[251]
-EXECZ = src[252]
+DPP16 = src[250]
 SCC = src[253]
-SRC_LDS_DIRECT = src[254]
-LIT = src[255]           # literal constant marker
+# 255: literal constant
 v = src[256:511]         # VGPR0-255

 # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
@@ -98,13 +93,12 @@ class _Bits:
 bits = _Bits()

 class BitField:
-  name: str | None
-  def __init__(self, hi: int, lo: int, default = 0):
+  def __init__(self, hi: int, lo: int, default: int = 0):
    self.hi, self.lo, self.default, self.name, self.mask = hi, lo, default, None, (1 << (hi - lo + 1)) - 1
-  def __set_name__(self, owner, name: str): self.name = name
-  def __eq__(self, other) -> 'FixedBitField':  # type: ignore[override]
+  def __set_name__(self, owner, name): self.name = name
+  def __eq__(self, other) -> 'FixedBitField':
    if isinstance(other, int): return FixedBitField(self.hi, self.lo, other)
-    raise TypeError(f"BitField.__eq__ expects int, got {type(other).__name__}")
+    return NotImplemented
  def enum(self, enum_cls) -> 'EnumBitField': return EnumBitField(self.hi, self.lo, enum_cls)
  def encode(self, val) -> int:
    assert isinstance(val, int), f"BitField.encode expects int, got {type(val).__name__}"
@@ -113,14 +107,11 @@ class BitField:
  def set(self, raw: int, val) -> int:
    if val is None: val = self.default
    encoded = self.encode(val)
-    # Handle signed values: convert negative to 2's complement
-    if encoded < 0: encoded = encoded & self.mask
    if encoded < 0 or encoded > self.mask: raise RuntimeError(f"field '{self.name}': value {encoded} doesn't fit in {self.hi - self.lo + 1} bits")
    return (raw & ~(self.mask << self.lo)) | (encoded << self.lo)
  def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
    if obj is None: return self
    return self.decode((obj._raw >> self.lo) & self.mask)
-  def __set__(self, obj, val): obj._raw = self.set(obj._raw, val)

 class FixedBitField(BitField):
  def set(self, raw: int, val=None) -> int:
@@ -128,14 +119,11 @@ class FixedBitField(BitField):
    return super().set(raw, self.default)

 class EnumBitField(BitField):
-  def __init__(self, hi: int, lo: int, enum_cls, allowed: set | None = None):
+  def __init__(self, hi: int, lo: int, enum_cls):
    super().__init__(hi, lo)
    self._enum = enum_cls
-    self.allowed = allowed  # if set, only these enum values are valid for this encoding
  def encode(self, val) -> int:
    if not isinstance(val, self._enum): raise RuntimeError(f"expected {self._enum.__name__}, got {type(val).__name__}")
-    if self.allowed is not None and val not in self.allowed:
-      raise RuntimeError(f"opcode {val.name} not allowed in this encoding")
    return val.value
  def decode(self, raw): return self._enum(raw)

@@ -155,8 +143,7 @@ class SrcField(BitField):
    expected_size = self._valid_range[1] - self._valid_range[0] + 1
    actual_size = 1 << (hi - lo + 1)
    if actual_size != expected_size:
-      raise RuntimeError(f"{self.__class__.__name__}: field size {hi - lo + 1} bits ({actual_size}) "
-                         f"doesn't match range {self._valid_range} ({expected_size})")
+      raise RuntimeError(f"{self.__class__.__name__}: field size {hi - lo + 1} bits ({actual_size}) doesn't match range {self._valid_range} ({expected_size})")

  def encode(self, val) -> int:
    """Encode value. Returns 255 (literal marker) for out-of-range values."""
@@ -178,10 +165,7 @@ class SrcField(BitField):
    # Resize register based on operand info (skip non-resizable special registers)
    # VCC/EXEC pairs (106, 126), NULL (124), M0 (125), float constants (240-255)
    if reg.offset not in (124, 125) and not 240 <= reg.offset <= 255:
-      # Map variant field names (vsrc0->src0, vsrc1->src1, etc.) for DPP/SDWA classes
-      assert self.name is not None
-      name = self.name[1:] if self.name.startswith('v') and self.name[1:] in obj.op_regs else self.name
-      if sz := obj.op_regs.get(name, 1): reg = Reg(reg.offset, sz, neg=reg.neg, abs_=reg.abs_, hi=reg.hi)
+      if sz := obj.op_regs.get(self.name, 1): reg = Reg(reg.offset, sz, neg=reg.neg, abs_=reg.abs_, hi=reg.hi)
    return reg

 class VGPRField(SrcField):
@@ -224,49 +208,22 @@ class VDSTYField(BitField):
    if not isinstance(val, Reg): raise TypeError(f"VDSTYField requires Reg, got {type(val).__name__}")
    if not (256 <= val.offset < 512): raise ValueError(f"VDSTYField requires VGPR, got offset {val.offset}")
    return (val.offset - 256) >> 1
-  def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
-    if obj is None: return self
-    raw = (obj._raw >> self.lo) & self.mask
-    vdstx_bit0 = (obj.vdstx.offset - 256) & 1
-    vgpr_idx = (raw << 1) | (vdstx_bit0 ^ 1)
-    return Reg(256 + vgpr_idx, 1)
+  def decode(self, raw): return raw  # raw value, actual vdsty = (raw << 1) | ((vdstx & 1) ^ 1)

 # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 # Operand info from XML
 # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

 import functools
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.operands import OPERANDS as OPERANDS_RDNA3
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna4.operands import OPERANDS as OPERANDS_RDNA4
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.cdna.operands import OPERANDS as OPERANDS_CDNA
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.operands import OPERANDS as OPERANDS_RDNA3
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna4.operands import OPERANDS as OPERANDS_RDNA4
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.cdna.operands import OPERANDS as OPERANDS_CDNA
 OPERANDS = {**OPERANDS_CDNA, **OPERANDS_RDNA3, **OPERANDS_RDNA4}

 # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 # Inst base class
 # ══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

-def _needs_literal(val) -> bool:
-  """Check if a value needs a literal constant (can't be encoded inline)."""
-  if val is None or isinstance(val, Reg): return False
-  if isinstance(val, float): return val not in SrcField._FLOAT_ENC
-  if isinstance(val, int): return not (0 <= val <= 64 or -16 <= val < 0)
-  return False
-
-def _get_variant(cls, suffix: str):
-  """Get a variant class by suffix (e.g., '_LIT') via module lookup."""
-  import sys
-  module = sys.modules.get(cls.__module__)
-  return getattr(module, f"{cls.__name__}{suffix}", None) if module else None
-
-def _canonical_name(name: str) -> str | None:
-  """Map operand name to canonical name."""
-  if name in ('src0', 'vsrc0', 'ssrc0'): return 's0'
-  if name in ('src1', 'vsrc1', 'ssrc1'): return 's1'
-  if name == 'src2': return 's2'
-  if name in ('vdst', 'sdst', 'sdata'): return 'd'
-  if name in ('data', 'vdata', 'data0', 'vsrc'): return 'data'
-  return None
-
 class Inst:
  _fields: list[tuple[str, BitField]]
  _base_size: int
@@ -276,36 +233,23 @@ class Inst:
    inherited = {}
    for base in reversed(cls.__mro__[1:]):
      if hasattr(base, '_fields'):
-        inherited.update(dict(base._fields))
+        inherited.update({name: field for name, field in base._fields})
    inherited.update({name: val for name, val in cls.__dict__.items() if isinstance(val, BitField)})
    cls._fields = list(inherited.items())
    cls._base_size = (max(f.hi for _, f in cls._fields) + 8) // 8

-  def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-    # Auto-upgrade to variant if needed (only for base classes, not variants)
-    if not any(cls.__name__.endswith(sfx) for sfx in ('_LIT', '_DPP16', '_DPP8', '_SDWA', '_SDWA_SDST', '_MFMA')):
-      args_iter = iter(args)
-      for name, field in cls._fields:
-        if isinstance(field, FixedBitField): continue
-        val = kwargs.get(name) if name in kwargs else next(args_iter, None)
-        if not isinstance(field, SrcField): continue
-        if isinstance(val, Reg) and val.offset == 255 and (lit_cls := _get_variant(cls, '_LIT')): return lit_cls(*args, **kwargs)
-        if isinstance(val, Reg) and val.offset == 249:
-          if (sdwa_cls := _get_variant(cls, '_SDWA') or _get_variant(cls, '_SDWA_SDST')): return sdwa_cls(*args, **kwargs)
-        if isinstance(val, Reg) and val.offset == 250 and (dpp_cls := _get_variant(cls, '_DPP16')): return dpp_cls(*args, **kwargs)
-        if _needs_literal(val) and (lit_cls := _get_variant(cls, '_LIT')): return lit_cls(*args, **kwargs)
-    return object.__new__(cls)
-
  def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
    self._raw = 0
+    self._literal: int | None = kwargs.pop('literal', None)
    # Map positional args to field names (skip FixedBitFields)
    args_iter = iter(args)
-    vals: dict[str, Any] = {}
+    vals = {}
    for name, field in self._fields:
      if isinstance(field, FixedBitField): vals[name] = None
      elif name in kwargs: vals[name] = kwargs[name]
      else: vals[name] = next(args_iter, None)
-    assert not (remaining := list(args_iter)), f"too many positional args: {remaining}"
+    remaining = list(args_iter)
+    assert not remaining, f"too many positional args: {remaining}"
    # Extract modifiers from Reg objects and merge into neg/abs/opsel
    neg_bits, abs_bits, opsel_bits = 0, 0, 0
    for name, bit in [('src0', 0), ('src1', 1), ('src2', 2)]:
@@ -319,27 +263,23 @@ class Inst:
    if neg_bits: vals['neg'] = (vals.get('neg') or 0) | neg_bits
    if abs_bits: vals['abs'] = (vals.get('abs') or 0) | abs_bits
    if opsel_bits: vals['opsel'] = (vals.get('opsel') or 0) | opsel_bits
-    # For _LIT classes, capture literal value from SrcFields that encode to 255
-    literal_val = None
-    for name, field in self._fields:
-      val = vals[name]
-      if isinstance(field, SrcField) and val is not None and _needs_literal(val):
-        literal_val = _f32(val) if isinstance(val, float) else val & 0xFFFFFFFF
-    if literal_val is not None and 'literal' in vals:
-      vals['literal'] = literal_val
    # Set all field values
    for name, field in self._fields:
-      self._raw = field.set(self._raw, vals[name])
-    # Validate register sizes against operand info (skip special registers like NULL, VCC, EXEC, SDWA/DPP markers)
+      val = vals[name]
+      self._raw = field.set(self._raw, val)
+      # Capture literal for SrcFields that encoded to 255
+      if isinstance(field, SrcField) and val is not None and field.encode(val) + field._valid_range[0] == 255 and self._literal is None:
+        self._literal = _f32(val) if isinstance(val, float) else val & 0xFFFFFFFF
+    # Validate register sizes against operand info (skip special registers like NULL, VCC, EXEC)
    for name, expected in self.op_regs.items():
      if (val := vals.get(name)) is None: continue
-      if isinstance(val, Reg) and val.sz != expected and not (106 <= val.offset <= 127 or 249 <= val.offset <= 255):
+      if isinstance(val, Reg) and val.sz != expected and not (106 <= val.offset <= 127 or val.offset == 253):
        raise TypeError(f"{name} expects {expected} register(s), got {val.sz}")

  @property
-  def op_name(self) -> str: return getattr(self, 'op').name
+  def op_name(self) -> str: return self.op.name
  @property
-  def operands(self) -> dict: return OPERANDS.get(getattr(self, 'op'), {}) if hasattr(self, 'op') else {}
+  def operands(self) -> dict: return OPERANDS.get(self.op, {}) if hasattr(self, 'op') else {}
  def _is_cdna(self) -> bool: return 'cdna' in type(self).__module__

  @functools.cached_property
@@ -351,26 +291,17 @@ class Inst:
    if not self._is_cdna():
      name = self.op_name.lower()
      if 'cndmask' in name and 'src2' in bits: bits['src2'] = 32
-      if '_co_ci_' in name and 'src2' in bits: bits['src2'] = 32  # carry-in source
-      # VOP3SD: sdst is always wavefront-size dependent (carry-out or condition mask)
-      if 'VOP3SD' in type(self).__name__ and 'sdst' in bits: bits['sdst'] = 32
+      if '_co_ci_' in name:
+        if 'src2' in bits: bits['src2'] = 32
+        if 'sdst' in bits: bits['sdst'] = 32
      if 'cmp' in name and 'vdst' in bits: bits['vdst'] = 32
    # GLOBAL/FLAT: addr is 32-bit if saddr is valid SGPR, 64-bit if saddr is NULL
-    # SCRATCH: addr is always 32-bit (offset from scratch base, not absolute address)
-    if 'addr' in bits and (saddr_field := getattr(type(self), 'saddr', None)) and type(self).__name__ not in ('SCRATCH', 'VSCRATCH'):
+    if 'addr' in bits and (saddr_field := getattr(type(self), 'saddr', None)):
      saddr_val = (self._raw >> saddr_field.lo) & saddr_field.mask  # access _raw directly to avoid recursion
      bits['addr'] = 64 if saddr_val in (124, 125) else 32  # 124=NULL, 125=M0
    # MUBUF/MTBUF: vaddr size depends on offen/idxen (1 or 2 regs)
    if 'vaddr' in bits and hasattr(self, 'offen') and hasattr(self, 'idxen'):
      bits['vaddr'] = max(1, self.offen + self.idxen) * 32
-    # F8F6F4 MFMA: CBSZ selects matrix A format, BLGP selects matrix B format
-    # VGPRs: FP8/BF8(0,1)=8, FP6/BF6(2,3)=6, FP4(4)=4
-    if 'f8f6f4' in getattr(self, 'op_name', '').lower():
-      # Use explicit fields if available (VOP3PX2), else extract from VOP3P-MAI bit positions
-      cbsz = getattr(self, 'cbsz') if hasattr(type(self), 'cbsz') else (self._raw >> 8) & 0x7
-      blgp = getattr(self, 'blgp') if hasattr(type(self), 'blgp') else (self._raw >> 61) & 0x7
-      vgprs = {0: 8, 1: 8, 2: 6, 3: 6, 4: 4}
-      bits['src0'], bits['src1'] = vgprs.get(cbsz, 8) * 32, vgprs.get(blgp, 8) * 32
    return bits
  @property
  def op_regs(self) -> dict[str, int]:
@@ -382,17 +313,12 @@ class Inst:
    """Get bit widths with canonical names: {'s0', 's1', 's2', 'd', 'data'}."""
    bits = {'d': 32, 's0': 32, 's1': 32, 's2': 32, 'data': 32}
    for name, val in self.op_bits.items():
-      if (cn := _canonical_name(name)): bits[cn] = val
+      if name in ('src0', 'vsrc0', 'ssrc0'): bits['s0'] = val
+      elif name in ('src1', 'vsrc1', 'ssrc1'): bits['s1'] = val
+      elif name == 'src2': bits['s2'] = val
+      elif name in ('vdst', 'sdst', 'sdata'): bits['d'] = val
+      elif name in ('data', 'vdata', 'data0'): bits['data'] = val
    return bits
-
-  @functools.cached_property
-  def canonical_operands(self) -> dict:
-    """Get operands with canonical names: {'s0', 's1', 's2', 'd', 'data'}."""
-    result = {}
-    for name, val in self.operands.items():
-      if (cn := _canonical_name(name)): result[cn] = val
-    return result
-
  @property
  def canonical_op_regs(self) -> dict[str, int]:
    """Get register counts with canonical names: {'s0', 's1', 's2', 'd', 'data'}."""
@@ -407,46 +333,37 @@ class Inst:
    return 0
  @classmethod
  def _size(cls) -> int: return cls._base_size
-  def size(self) -> int: return self._base_size
-  def disasm(self) -> str: raise NotImplementedError("disasm is no longer supported")
+  def size(self) -> int: return self._base_size + (4 if self._literal is not None else 0)
+  def disasm(self) -> str:
+    from extra.assembly.amd.disasm import disasm
+    return disasm(self)

-  def to_bytes(self) -> bytes: return self._raw.to_bytes(self._base_size, 'little')
+  def to_bytes(self) -> bytes:
+    result = self._raw.to_bytes(self._base_size, 'little')
+    if self._literal is not None:
+      result += (self._literal & 0xFFFFFFFF).to_bytes(4, 'little')
+    return result

-  @property
-  def _literal(self) -> int | None:
-    """Get the literal value if this instruction has one."""
-    return getattr(self, 'literal', None)
-
-  def _variant_suffix(self) -> str | None:
-    """Check if instruction needs a variant class (_LIT, _DPP8, _DPP16, _SDWA). Returns suffix or None."""
-    cls_name = type(self).__name__
-    # Don't check for variants if we're already a variant class
-    if any(s in cls_name for s in ('_LIT', '_DPP8', '_DPP16', '_SDWA')): return None
-    # VOPD: FMAMK/FMAAK opcodes always require literal (check by name since enum may differ across archs)
-    for name in ('opx', 'opy'):
-      if hasattr(self, name) and any(x in getattr(self, name).name for x in ('FMAMK', 'FMAAK')): return '_LIT'
+  def has_literal(self) -> bool:
+    """Check if instruction has a 32-bit literal constant."""
    for name, field in self._fields:
-      if isinstance(field, SrcField):
-        off = getattr(self, name).offset
-        if off == 255: return '_LIT'
-        if off == 249: return '_SDWA' if self._is_cdna() else '_DPP8'
-        if off == 250: return '_DPP16'
-    return None
+      if isinstance(field, SrcField) and getattr(self, name).offset == 255:
+        return True
+    # Check op, opx, opy for instructions that always have literals
+    for attr in ('op', 'opx', 'opy'):
+      if hasattr(self, attr) and any(x in getattr(self, attr).name for x in ('FMAMK', 'FMAAK', 'MADMK', 'MADAK', 'SETREG_IMM32')):
+        return True
+    return False

  @classmethod
  def from_bytes(cls, data: bytes):
    inst = object.__new__(cls)
    inst._raw = int.from_bytes(data[:cls._base_size], 'little')
-    # Upgrade to variant class if needed (_LIT, _DPP8, _DPP16, _SDWA)
-    if (suffix := inst._variant_suffix()) and (var_cls := _get_variant(cls, suffix)) is not None:
-      return var_cls.from_bytes(data)
+    inst._literal = int.from_bytes(data[cls._base_size:cls._base_size + 4], 'little') if inst.has_literal() else None
    return inst

-  def __eq__(self, other): return type(self) is type(other) and self._raw == other._raw
-  def __hash__(self): return hash((type(self), self._raw))
-  def __lt__(self, other):
-    if not isinstance(other, Inst): return NotImplemented
-    return (type(self).__name__, self._raw) < (type(other).__name__, other._raw)
+  def __eq__(self, other): return type(self) is type(other) and self._raw == other._raw and self._literal == other._literal
+  def __hash__(self): return hash((type(self), self._raw, self._literal))

  def __repr__(self):
    # collect (repr, is_default) pairs, strip trailing defaults so repr roundtrips with eval
@@ -0,0 +1,479 @@
+# RDNA3 emulator - executes compiled pseudocode from AMD ISA PDF
+# mypy: ignore-errors
+from __future__ import annotations
+import ctypes, functools
+from enum import IntEnum
+from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import hsa
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import Inst, NULL, SCC, VCC_LO, VCC_HI, EXEC_LO, EXEC_HI, v, s
+from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f32, _i32, _sext, _f16, _i16, _f64, _i64
+from extra.assembly.amd.decode import decode_inst
+from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import compile_pseudocode
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.str_pcode import PCODE
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import (SOP1, SOP2, SOPC, SOPK, SOPP, SMEM, VOP1, VOP2, VOP3, VOP3SD, VOP3P, VOPC, DS, FLAT, VOPD,
+  SOP1Op, SOP2Op, SOPCOp, SOPKOp, SOPPOp, SMEMOp, VOP1Op, VOP2Op, VOP3Op, VOP3SDOp, VOP3POp, VOPCOp, DSOp, FLATOp, GLOBALOp, SCRATCHOp, VOPDOp)
+
+# Constants and helpers defined locally (not imported from dsl.py)
+MASK32, MASK64 = 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+FLOAT_ENC = {0.5: 240, -0.5: 241, 1.0: 242, -1.0: 243, 2.0: 244, -2.0: 245, 4.0: 246, -4.0: 247}
+
+class SGPRArray:
+  """SGPR array indexed by Reg or int."""
+  __slots__ = ('_data',)
+  def __init__(self, size: int): self._data = [0] * size
+  def __getitem__(self, key): return self._data[getattr(key, 'offset', key)]
+  def __setitem__(self, key, val): self._data[getattr(key, 'offset', key)] = val
+  def __len__(self): return len(self._data)
+  def __iter__(self): return iter(self._data)
+
+class VGPRLane:
+  """Single lane of VGPRs indexed by Reg (offset 256-511) or int (0-255)."""
+  __slots__ = ('_data',)
+  def __init__(self, size: int): self._data = [0] * size
+  def __getitem__(self, key):
+    i = getattr(key, 'offset', key)
+    return self._data[i - 256 if i >= 256 else i]
+  def __setitem__(self, key, val):
+    i = getattr(key, 'offset', key)
+    self._data[i - 256 if i >= 256 else i] = val
+  def __len__(self): return len(self._data)
+  def __iter__(self): return iter(self._data)
+
+WAVE_SIZE, SGPR_COUNT, VGPR_COUNT = 32, 128, 256
+
+# Inline constants for src operands 128-254. Build tables for f32, f16, and f64 formats.
+_FLOAT_CONSTS = {v: k for k, v in FLOAT_ENC.items()} | {248: 0.15915494309189535}  # INV_2PI
+def _build_inline_consts(mask, to_bits):
+  tbl = list(range(65)) + [((-i) & mask) for i in range(1, 17)] + [0] * (127 - 81)
+  for k, v in _FLOAT_CONSTS.items(): tbl[k - 128] = to_bits(v)
+  return tbl
+_INLINE_CONSTS = _build_inline_consts(MASK32, _i32)
+_INLINE_CONSTS_F16 = _build_inline_consts(0xffff, _i16)
+_INLINE_CONSTS_F64 = _build_inline_consts(MASK64, _i64)
+
+# Helper: extract/write 16-bit half from/to 32-bit value
+def _src16(raw: int, is_hi: bool) -> int: return ((raw >> 16) & 0xffff) if is_hi else (raw & 0xffff)
+def _dst16(cur: int, val: int, is_hi: bool) -> int: return (cur & 0x0000ffff) | ((val & 0xffff) << 16) if is_hi else (cur & 0xffff0000) | (val & 0xffff)
+def _vgpr_hi(src) -> bool: return src.offset >= 256 and ((src.offset - 256) & 0x80) != 0
+def _vgpr_masked(src): return v[(src.offset - 256) & 0x7f] if src.offset >= 256 else src
+
+# VOP3 source modifier: apply abs/neg to value
+def _mod_src(val: int, idx: int, neg: int, abs_: int, is64: bool = False) -> int:
+  to_f, to_i = (_f64, _i64) if is64 else (_f32, _i32)
+  if (abs_ >> idx) & 1: val = to_i(abs(to_f(val)))
+  if (neg >> idx) & 1: val = to_i(-to_f(val))
+  return val
+
+# Read source operand with VOP3 modifiers
+def _read_src(st, inst, src, idx: int, lane: int, neg: int, abs_: int, opsel: int) -> int:
+  if src is None: return 0
+  src_off = src.offset
+  src_bits = inst.canonical_op_bits[f's{idx}']
+  literal, is_src_64, is_src_16 = inst._literal, src_bits == 64, src_bits == 16
+  if is_src_64: return _mod_src(st.rsrc64(src, lane, literal), idx, neg, abs_, is64=True)
+  if isinstance(inst, VOP3P):
+    opsel_hi = inst.opsel_hi | (inst.opsel_hi2 << 2)
+    if 'FMA_MIX' in inst.op_name:
+      raw = st.rsrc(src, lane, literal)
+      sign_bit = (15 if not (opsel & (1 << idx)) else 31) if (opsel_hi >> idx) & 1 else 31
+      if inst.neg_hi & (1 << idx): raw &= ~(1 << sign_bit)
+      if neg & (1 << idx): raw ^= (1 << sign_bit)
+      return raw
+    raw = st.rsrc_f16(src, lane, literal)
+    hi = _src16(raw, opsel_hi & (1 << idx)) ^ (0x8000 if inst.neg_hi & (1 << idx) else 0)
+    lo = _src16(raw, opsel & (1 << idx)) ^ (0x8000 if neg & (1 << idx) else 0)
+    return (hi << 16) | lo
+  if is_src_16 and isinstance(inst, VOP3):
+    raw = st.rsrc_f16(src, lane, literal) if 128 <= src_off < 255 else st.rsrc(src, lane, literal)
+    val = _src16(raw, bool(opsel & (1 << idx)))
+    if abs_ & (1 << idx): val &= 0x7fff
+    if neg & (1 << idx): val ^= 0x8000
+    return val
+  if is_src_16 and isinstance(inst, (VOP1, VOP2, VOPC)):
+    if src_off >= 256: return _src16(_mod_src(st.rsrc(_vgpr_masked(src), lane, literal), idx, neg, abs_), _vgpr_hi(src))
+    return _mod_src(st.rsrc_f16(src, lane, literal), idx, neg, abs_) & 0xffff
+  return _mod_src(st.rsrc(src, lane, literal), idx, neg, abs_)
+
+# Helper: get number of dwords from memory op name
+def _op_ndwords(name: str) -> int:
+  if '_B128' in name: return 4
+  if '_B96' in name: return 3
+  if any(s in name for s in ('_B64', '_U64', '_I64', '_F64')): return 2
+  return 1
+
+# Helper: build multi-dword int from consecutive VGPRs
+def _vgpr_read(V: VGPRLane, reg, ndwords: int) -> int:
+  return sum(V[reg + i] << (32 * i) for i in range(ndwords))
+
+# Helper: write multi-dword value to consecutive VGPRs
+def _vgpr_write(V: VGPRLane, reg, val: int, ndwords: int):
+  for i in range(ndwords): V[reg + i] = (val >> (32 * i)) & MASK32
+
+# Memory access
+_valid_mem_ranges: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
+def set_valid_mem_ranges(ranges: set[tuple[int, int]]) -> None: _valid_mem_ranges.clear(); _valid_mem_ranges.extend(ranges)
+def _mem_valid(addr: int, size: int) -> bool:
+  return not _valid_mem_ranges or any(s <= addr and addr + size <= s + z for s, z in _valid_mem_ranges)
+def _ctypes_at(addr: int, size: int): return (ctypes.c_uint8 if size == 1 else ctypes.c_uint16 if size == 2 else ctypes.c_uint64 if size == 8 else ctypes.c_uint32).from_address(addr)
+def mem_read(addr: int, size: int) -> int: return _ctypes_at(addr, size).value if _mem_valid(addr, size) else 0
+def mem_write(addr: int, size: int, val: int) -> None:
+  if _mem_valid(addr, size): _ctypes_at(addr, size).value = val
+
+def _make_mem_accessor(read_fn, write_fn):
+  """Create a memory accessor class with the given read/write functions."""
+  class _MemAccessor:
+    __slots__ = ('_addr',)
+    def __init__(self, addr: int): self._addr = int(addr)
+    u8 = property(lambda s: read_fn(s._addr, 1), lambda s, v: write_fn(s._addr, 1, int(v)))
+    u16 = property(lambda s: read_fn(s._addr, 2), lambda s, v: write_fn(s._addr, 2, int(v)))
+    u32 = property(lambda s: read_fn(s._addr, 4), lambda s, v: write_fn(s._addr, 4, int(v)))
+    u64 = property(lambda s: read_fn(s._addr, 8), lambda s, v: write_fn(s._addr, 8, int(v)))
+    i8 = property(lambda s: _sext(read_fn(s._addr, 1), 8), lambda s, v: write_fn(s._addr, 1, int(v)))
+    i16 = property(lambda s: _sext(read_fn(s._addr, 2), 16), lambda s, v: write_fn(s._addr, 2, int(v)))
+    i32 = property(lambda s: _sext(read_fn(s._addr, 4), 32), lambda s, v: write_fn(s._addr, 4, int(v)))
+    i64 = property(lambda s: _sext(read_fn(s._addr, 8), 64), lambda s, v: write_fn(s._addr, 8, int(v)))
+    b8, b16, b32, b64 = u8, u16, u32, u64
+  return _MemAccessor
+
+_GlobalMemAccessor = _make_mem_accessor(mem_read, mem_write)
+
+class _GlobalMem:
+  """Global memory wrapper that supports MEM[addr].u32 style access."""
+  def __getitem__(self, addr) -> _GlobalMemAccessor: return _GlobalMemAccessor(addr)
+GlobalMem = _GlobalMem()
+
+class LDSMem:
+  """LDS memory wrapper that supports MEM[addr].u32 style access."""
+  __slots__ = ('_lds',)
+  def __init__(self, lds: bytearray): self._lds = lds
+  def _read(self, addr: int, size: int) -> int:
+    addr = addr & 0xffff
+    return int.from_bytes(self._lds[addr:addr+size], 'little') if addr + size <= len(self._lds) else 0
+  def _write(self, addr: int, size: int, val: int):
+    addr = addr & 0xffff
+    if addr + size <= len(self._lds): self._lds[addr:addr+size] = (int(val) & ((1 << (size*8)) - 1)).to_bytes(size, 'little')
+  def __getitem__(self, addr): return _make_mem_accessor(self._read, self._write)(addr)
+
+# SMEM dst register count (for writing result back to SGPRs)
+SMEM_DST_COUNT = {SMEMOp.S_LOAD_B32: 1, SMEMOp.S_LOAD_B64: 2, SMEMOp.S_LOAD_B128: 4, SMEMOp.S_LOAD_B256: 8, SMEMOp.S_LOAD_B512: 16}
+
+# VOPD op -> VOP3 op mapping (VOPD is dual-issue of VOP1/VOP2 ops, use VOP3 enums for pseudocode lookup)
+_VOPD_TO_VOP = {
+  VOPDOp.V_DUAL_FMAC_F32: VOP3Op.V_FMAC_F32_E64, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_FMAAK_F32: VOP2Op.V_FMAAK_F32_E32, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_FMAMK_F32: VOP2Op.V_FMAMK_F32_E32,
+  VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MUL_F32: VOP3Op.V_MUL_F32_E64, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_ADD_F32: VOP3Op.V_ADD_F32_E64, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_SUB_F32: VOP3Op.V_SUB_F32_E64,
+  VOPDOp.V_DUAL_SUBREV_F32: VOP3Op.V_SUBREV_F32_E64, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MUL_DX9_ZERO_F32: VOP3Op.V_MUL_DX9_ZERO_F32_E64,
+  VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MOV_B32: VOP3Op.V_MOV_B32_E64, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_CNDMASK_B32: VOP3Op.V_CNDMASK_B32_E64,
+  VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MAX_F32: VOP3Op.V_MAX_F32_E64, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MIN_F32: VOP3Op.V_MIN_F32_E64,
+  VOPDOp.V_DUAL_ADD_NC_U32: VOP3Op.V_ADD_NC_U32_E64, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_LSHLREV_B32: VOP3Op.V_LSHLREV_B32_E64, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_AND_B32: VOP3Op.V_AND_B32_E64,
+}
+
+
+class WaveState:
+  __slots__ = ('sgpr', 'vgpr', 'scc', 'pc', '_pend_sgpr', 'lds', 'n_lanes')
+  def __init__(self, lds: LDSMem | None = None, n_lanes: int = WAVE_SIZE):
+    self.sgpr, self.vgpr = SGPRArray(SGPR_COUNT), [VGPRLane(VGPR_COUNT) for _ in range(WAVE_SIZE)]
+    self.sgpr[EXEC_LO], self.scc, self.pc, self._pend_sgpr, self.lds, self.n_lanes = 0xffffffff, 0, 0, {}, lds, n_lanes
+
+  @property
+  def vcc(self) -> int: return self.sgpr[VCC_LO] | (self.sgpr[VCC_HI] << 32)
+  @vcc.setter
+  def vcc(self, v: int): self.sgpr[VCC_LO], self.sgpr[VCC_HI] = v & MASK32, (v >> 32) & MASK32
+  @property
+  def exec_mask(self) -> int: return self.sgpr[EXEC_LO] | (self.sgpr[EXEC_HI] << 32)
+  @exec_mask.setter
+  def exec_mask(self, v: int): self.sgpr[EXEC_LO], self.sgpr[EXEC_HI] = v & MASK32, (v >> 32) & MASK32
+
+  def rsgpr(self, reg) -> int:
+    if reg == NULL: return 0
+    if reg == SCC: return self.scc
+    return self.sgpr[reg]
+  def wsgpr(self, reg, v: int):
+    if reg != NULL: self.sgpr[reg] = v & MASK32
+  def rsgpr64(self, reg) -> int:
+    off = reg.offset
+    return self.sgpr._data[off] | (self.sgpr._data[off + 1] << 32)
+  def wsgpr64(self, reg, v: int):
+    off = reg.offset
+    self.sgpr._data[off] = v & MASK32; self.sgpr._data[off + 1] = (v >> 32) & MASK32
+
+  def _rsrc_base(self, reg, lane: int, consts, literal: int):
+    off = reg.offset
+    if off < SGPR_COUNT: return self.sgpr._data[off]
+    if off == SCC.offset: return self.scc
+    if off < 255: return consts[off - 128]
+    if off == 255: return literal
+    return self.vgpr[lane]._data[off - 256] if off <= 511 else 0
+  def rsrc(self, reg, lane: int, literal: int = 0) -> int: return self._rsrc_base(reg, lane, _INLINE_CONSTS, literal)
+  def rsrc_f16(self, reg, lane: int, literal: int = 0) -> int: return self._rsrc_base(reg, lane, _INLINE_CONSTS_F16, literal)
+  def rsrc64(self, reg, lane: int, literal: int = 0) -> int:
+    off = reg.offset
+    if 128 <= off < 255: return _INLINE_CONSTS_F64[off - 128]
+    if off == 255: return literal << 32  # 32-bit literal forms upper 32 bits of 64-bit value
+    return self.rsrc(reg, lane, literal) | ((self.rsrc(reg + 1, lane, literal) if off < VCC_LO.offset or 256 <= off <= 511 else 0) << 32)
+
+  def pend_sgpr_lane(self, reg, lane: int, val: int):
+    if reg not in self._pend_sgpr: self._pend_sgpr[reg] = 0
+    if val: self._pend_sgpr[reg] |= (1 << lane)
+  def commit_pends(self):
+    for reg, val in self._pend_sgpr.items(): self.sgpr[reg] = val
+    self._pend_sgpr.clear()
+
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# EXECUTION - All ops use pseudocode from PDF
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+def exec_scalar(st: WaveState, inst: Inst):
+  """Execute scalar instruction. Returns 0 to continue execution."""
+  # Get op enum and lookup compiled function
+  if isinstance(inst, SMEM): ssrc0, sdst = None, None
+  elif isinstance(inst, SOP1): ssrc0, sdst = inst.ssrc0, inst.sdst
+  elif isinstance(inst, SOP2): ssrc0, sdst = inst.ssrc0, inst.sdst
+  elif isinstance(inst, SOPC): ssrc0, sdst = inst.ssrc0, None
+  elif isinstance(inst, SOPK): ssrc0, sdst = inst.sdst, inst.sdst  # sdst is both src and dst
+  elif isinstance(inst, SOPP): ssrc0, sdst = None, None
+  else: raise NotImplementedError(f"Unknown scalar type {type(inst)}")
+
+  # SMEM: memory loads
+  if isinstance(inst, SMEM):
+    addr = st.rsgpr64(inst.sbase) + _sext(inst.offset, 21)
+    if inst.soffset != NULL: addr += st.rsrc(inst.soffset, 0, inst._literal)
+    result = inst._fn(GlobalMem, addr & MASK64)
+    if 'SDATA' in result:
+      sdata = result['SDATA']
+      for i in range(SMEM_DST_COUNT.get(inst.op, 1)): st.wsgpr(inst.sdata + i, (sdata >> (i * 32)) & MASK32)
+    st.pc += inst._words
+    return 0
+
+  # Build context - use canonical_op_bits to determine operand sizes
+  literal = inst._literal
+  s0 = st.rsrc64(ssrc0, 0, literal) if inst.canonical_op_bits['s0'] == 64 else (st.rsrc(ssrc0, 0, literal) if not isinstance(inst, (SOPK, SOPP)) else (st.rsgpr(inst.sdst) if isinstance(inst, SOPK) else 0))
+  s1 = st.rsrc64(inst.ssrc1, 0, literal) if inst.canonical_op_bits['s1'] == 64 else (st.rsrc(inst.ssrc1, 0, literal) if isinstance(inst, (SOP2, SOPC)) else inst.simm16 if isinstance(inst, SOPK) else 0)
+  d0 = st.rsgpr64(sdst) if inst.canonical_op_bits['d'] == 64 and sdst is not None else (st.rsgpr(sdst) if sdst is not None else 0)
+  literal = inst.simm16 if isinstance(inst, (SOPK, SOPP)) else inst._literal
+
+  # Call compiled function with int parameters
+  result = inst._fn(s0, s1, 0, d0, st.scc, st.vcc & MASK32, 0, st.exec_mask & MASK32, literal, None, pc=st.pc * 4)
+
+  # Apply results (already int values)
+  if sdst is not None and 'D0' in result:
+    (st.wsgpr64 if inst.canonical_op_bits['d'] == 64 else st.wsgpr)(sdst, result['D0'])
+  if 'SCC' in result: st.scc = result['SCC'] & 1
+  if 'EXEC' in result: st.exec_mask = result['EXEC']
+  if 'PC' in result:
+    # Convert absolute byte address to word offset
+    pc_val = result['PC']
+    new_pc = pc_val if pc_val < 0x8000000000000000 else pc_val - 0x10000000000000000
+    st.pc = new_pc // 4
+  else:
+    st.pc += inst._words
+  return 0
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# VECTOR INSTRUCTIONS
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+def exec_vopd(st: WaveState, inst, V: VGPRLane, lane: int) -> None:
+  """VOPD: dual-issue, execute two ops simultaneously (read all inputs before writes)."""
+  literal, vdstx = inst._literal, inst.vdstx
+  vdsty = v[(inst.vdsty << 1) | ((inst.vdstx.offset & 1) ^ 1)]  # vdsty is raw int from VDSTYField.decode
+  sx0, sx1, dx, sy0, sy1, dy = st.rsrc(inst.srcx0, lane, literal), V[inst.vsrcx1], V[vdstx], st.rsrc(inst.srcy0, lane, literal), V[inst.vsrcy1], V[vdsty]
+  V[vdstx] = inst._fnx(sx0, sx1, 0, dx, st.scc, st.vcc, lane, st.exec_mask, literal, None)['D0']
+  V[vdsty] = inst._fny(sy0, sy1, 0, dy, st.scc, st.vcc, lane, st.exec_mask, literal, None)['D0']
+
+def exec_flat(st: WaveState, inst, V: VGPRLane, lane: int) -> None:
+  """FLAT/GLOBAL/SCRATCH memory ops."""
+  ndwords = _op_ndwords(inst.op_name)
+  addr = V[inst.addr] | (V[inst.addr + 1] << 32)
+  ADDR = (st.rsgpr64(inst.saddr) + V[inst.addr] + _sext(inst.offset, 13)) & MASK64 if inst.saddr != NULL else (addr + _sext(inst.offset, 13)) & MASK64
+  vdata_src = inst.vdst if 'LOAD' in inst.op_name else inst.data
+  result = inst._fn(GlobalMem, ADDR, _vgpr_read(V, vdata_src, ndwords), V[inst.vdst])
+  if 'VDATA' in result: _vgpr_write(V, inst.vdst, result['VDATA'], ndwords)
+  if 'RETURN_DATA' in result: _vgpr_write(V, inst.vdst, result['RETURN_DATA'], ndwords)
+
+def exec_ds(st: WaveState, inst, V: VGPRLane, lane: int) -> None:
+  """DS (LDS) memory ops."""
+  ndwords = _op_ndwords(inst.op_name)
+  data0, data1 = _vgpr_read(V, inst.data0, ndwords), _vgpr_read(V, inst.data1, ndwords) if inst.data1 is not None else 0
+  result = inst._fn(st.lds, V[inst.addr], data0, data1, inst.offset0, inst.offset1)
+  if 'RETURN_DATA' in result and ('_RTN' in inst.op_name or '_LOAD' in inst.op_name):
+    _vgpr_write(V, inst.vdst, result['RETURN_DATA'], ndwords * 2 if '_2ADDR_' in inst.op_name else ndwords)
+
+def exec_vop(st: WaveState, inst: Inst, V: VGPRLane, lane: int) -> None:
+  """VOP1/VOP2/VOP3/VOP3SD/VOP3P/VOPC: standard ALU ops."""
+  is_dst_16 = inst.canonical_op_bits['d'] == 16
+  if isinstance(inst, VOP3P):
+    src0, src1, src2, vdst, dst_hi = inst.src0, inst.src1, inst.src2, inst.vdst, False
+    neg, abs_, opsel = inst.neg, 0, inst.opsel
+  elif isinstance(inst, VOP1):
+    src0, src1, src2, vdst = inst.src0, None, None, inst.vdst
+    neg, abs_, opsel, dst_hi = 0, 0, 0, (inst.vdst.offset & 0x80) != 0 and is_dst_16
+    if is_dst_16: vdst = v[inst.vdst.offset & 0x7f]
+  elif isinstance(inst, VOP2):
+    src0, src1, src2, vdst = inst.src0, inst.vsrc1, None, inst.vdst
+    neg, abs_, opsel, dst_hi = 0, 0, 0, (inst.vdst.offset & 0x80) != 0 and is_dst_16
+    if is_dst_16: vdst = v[inst.vdst.offset & 0x7f]
+  elif isinstance(inst, (VOP3, VOP3SD)):
+    src0, src1, src2, vdst = inst.src0, inst.src1, (None if isinstance(inst, VOP3) and inst.op.value < 256 else inst.src2), inst.vdst
+    neg, abs_, opsel, dst_hi = (inst.neg, inst.abs, inst.opsel, False) if isinstance(inst, VOP3) else (0, 0, 0, False)
+  elif isinstance(inst, VOPC):
+    src0, src1, src2, vdst, neg, abs_, opsel, dst_hi = inst.src0, inst.vsrc1, None, VCC_LO, 0, 0, 0, False
+  else:
+    raise NotImplementedError(f"exec_vop: unhandled instruction type {type(inst).__name__}")
+
+  s0 = _read_src(st, inst, src0, 0, lane, neg, abs_, opsel)
+  s1 = _read_src(st, inst, src1, 1, lane, neg, abs_, opsel)
+  s2 = _read_src(st, inst, src2, 2, lane, neg, abs_, opsel)
+  if isinstance(inst, VOP2) and is_dst_16: d0 = _src16(V[vdst], dst_hi)
+  elif inst.canonical_op_bits['d'] == 64: d0 = V[vdst] | (V[vdst + 1] << 32)
+  else: d0 = V[vdst]
+
+  if isinstance(inst, VOP3SD) and 'CO_CI' in inst.op_name: vcc_for_fn = st.rsgpr64(inst.src2)
+  elif isinstance(inst, VOP3) and inst.op in (VOP3Op.V_CNDMASK_B32_E64, VOP3Op.V_CNDMASK_B16) and src2 is not None and src2.offset < 256: vcc_for_fn = st.rsgpr64(src2)
+  else: vcc_for_fn = st.vcc
+  src0_off = src0.offset if src0 is not None else 0
+  src0_idx = (src0_off - 256) if src0_off >= 256 else src0_off
+  vdst_off = vdst.offset
+  extra_kwargs = {'opsel': opsel, 'opsel_hi': inst.opsel_hi | (inst.opsel_hi2 << 2)} if isinstance(inst, VOP3P) and 'FMA_MIX' in inst.op_name else {}
+  result = inst._fn(s0, s1, s2, d0, st.scc, vcc_for_fn, lane, st.exec_mask, inst._literal, st.vgpr, src0_idx, vdst_off, **extra_kwargs)
+
+  # Check if this is a VOPC instruction (either standalone VOPC or VOP3 with VOPC opcode)
+  is_vopc = isinstance(inst.op, VOPCOp) or (isinstance(inst, VOP3) and inst.op.value < 256)
+  if 'VCC' in result:
+    if isinstance(inst, VOP3SD): st.pend_sgpr_lane(inst.sdst, lane, (result['VCC'] >> lane) & 1)
+    elif isinstance(inst, VOP2) and 'CO_CI' in inst.op_name: st.pend_sgpr_lane(VCC_LO, lane, (result['VCC'] >> lane) & 1)
+    elif is_vopc: st.pend_sgpr_lane(vdst, lane, (result['VCC'] >> lane) & 1)  # vdst is VCC_LO for VOPC
+    else: st.pend_sgpr_lane(VCC_LO, lane, (result['VCC'] >> lane) & 1)
+  if 'EXEC' in result:
+    st.pend_sgpr_lane(EXEC_LO, lane, (result['EXEC'] >> lane) & 1)
+  elif is_vopc:
+    st.pend_sgpr_lane(vdst, lane, (result['D0'] >> lane) & 1)
+  if not is_vopc:
+    d0_val = result['D0']
+    if inst.canonical_op_bits['d'] == 64: V[vdst], V[vdst + 1] = d0_val & MASK32, (d0_val >> 32) & MASK32
+    elif not isinstance(inst, VOP3P) and is_dst_16: V[vdst] = _dst16(V[vdst], d0_val, bool(opsel & 8) if isinstance(inst, VOP3) else dst_hi)
+    else: V[vdst] = d0_val & MASK32
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# WMMA (Wave Matrix Multiply-Accumulate)
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+def exec_wmma(st: WaveState, inst, op: VOP3POp) -> None:
+  """Execute WMMA instruction - 16x16x16 matrix multiply across the wave."""
+  src0, src1, src2, vdst = inst.src0.offset, inst.src1.offset, inst.src2.offset, inst.vdst.offset
+  # Read 16x16 f16 matrix from 16 lanes × 8 VGPRs (2 f16 per VGPR)
+  def read_f16_mat(src):
+    return [f for l in range(16) for r in range(8) for v in [st.vgpr[l][src-256+r] if src >= 256 else st.rsgpr(src+r)] for f in [_f16(v&0xffff), _f16((v>>16)&0xffff)]]
+  mat_a, mat_b = read_f16_mat(src0), read_f16_mat(src1)
+  # Read matrix C (16x16 f32) from lanes 0-31, VGPRs src2 to src2+7
+  mat_c = [_f32(st.vgpr[i % 32][src2 - 256 + i // 32] if src2 >= 256 else st.rsgpr(src2 + i // 32)) for i in range(256)]
+  # Compute D = A × B + C (16x16 matrix multiply)
+  mat_d = [sum(mat_a[row*16+k] * mat_b[col*16+k] for k in range(16)) + mat_c[row*16+col] for row in range(16) for col in range(16)]
+  # Write result - f16 packed or f32
+  if op == VOP3POp.V_WMMA_F16_16X16X16_F16:
+    for i in range(0, 256, 2):
+      st.vgpr[(i//2) % 32][vdst - 256 + (i//2)//32] = ((_i16(mat_d[i+1]) & 0xffff) << 16) | (_i16(mat_d[i]) & 0xffff)
+  else:
+    for i in range(256): st.vgpr[i % 32][vdst - 256 + i//32] = _i32(mat_d[i])
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# PROGRAM DECODE
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+# Wave-level dispatch functions: (st, inst) -> return_code (0 = continue, -1 = end, -2 = barrier)
+def dispatch_endpgm(st, inst): return -1
+def dispatch_barrier(st, inst): st.pc += inst._words; return -2
+def dispatch_nop(st, inst): st.pc += inst._words; return 0
+def dispatch_wmma(st, inst): exec_wmma(st, inst, inst.op); st.pc += inst._words; return 0
+def dispatch_writelane(st, inst): st.vgpr[st.rsrc(inst.src1, 0, inst._literal) & 0x1f][inst.vdst.offset - 256] = st.rsrc(inst.src0, 0, inst._literal) & MASK32; st.pc += inst._words; return 0
+def dispatch_readlane(st, inst):
+  src0_off = inst.src0.offset
+  src0_idx = (src0_off - 256) if src0_off >= 256 else src0_off
+  s1 = st.rsrc(inst.src1, 0, inst._literal) if getattr(inst, 'src1', None) is not None else 0
+  result = inst._fn(0, s1, 0, 0, st.scc, st.vcc, 0, st.exec_mask, inst._literal, st.vgpr, src0_idx, inst.vdst.offset)
+  st.wsgpr(inst.vdst.offset, result['D0'])
+  st.pc += inst._words; return 0
+
+# Per-lane dispatch wrapper: wraps per-lane exec functions into wave-level dispatch
+@functools.cache
+def dispatch_lane(exec_fn):
+  def dispatch(st, inst):
+    exec_mask, vgpr, n_lanes = st.exec_mask, st.vgpr, st.n_lanes
+    for lane in range(n_lanes):
+      if exec_mask >> lane & 1: exec_fn(st, inst, vgpr[lane], lane)
+    st.commit_pends()
+    st.pc += inst._words
+    return 0
+  return dispatch
+
+def decode_program(data: bytes) -> dict[int, Inst]:
+  result: dict[int, Inst] = {}
+  i = 0
+  while i < len(data):
+    inst = decode_inst(data[i:])
+    inst._words = inst.size() // 4
+
+    # Determine dispatch function and pcode function
+    if isinstance(inst, SOPP) and inst.op == SOPPOp.S_CODE_END: break
+    elif isinstance(inst, SOPP) and inst.op == SOPPOp.S_ENDPGM: inst._dispatch = dispatch_endpgm
+    elif isinstance(inst, SOPP) and inst.op == SOPPOp.S_BARRIER: inst._dispatch = dispatch_barrier
+    elif isinstance(inst, SOPP) and inst.op in (SOPPOp.S_CLAUSE, SOPPOp.S_WAITCNT, SOPPOp.S_WAITCNT_DEPCTR, SOPPOp.S_SENDMSG, SOPPOp.S_SET_INST_PREFETCH_DISTANCE, SOPPOp.S_DELAY_ALU): inst._dispatch = dispatch_nop
+    elif isinstance(inst, (SOP1, SOP2, SOPC, SOPK, SOPP, SMEM)): inst._dispatch = exec_scalar
+    elif isinstance(inst, VOP1) and inst.op == VOP1Op.V_NOP_E32: inst._dispatch = dispatch_nop
+    elif isinstance(inst, VOP3P) and 'WMMA' in inst.op_name: inst._dispatch = dispatch_wmma
+    elif isinstance(inst, VOP3) and inst.op == VOP3Op.V_WRITELANE_B32: inst._dispatch = dispatch_writelane
+    elif isinstance(inst, (VOP1, VOP3)) and inst.op in (VOP1Op.V_READFIRSTLANE_B32_E32, VOP3Op.V_READFIRSTLANE_B32, VOP3Op.V_READLANE_B32): inst._dispatch = dispatch_readlane
+    elif isinstance(inst, VOPD): inst._dispatch = dispatch_lane(exec_vopd)
+    elif isinstance(inst, FLAT): inst._dispatch = dispatch_lane(exec_flat)
+    elif isinstance(inst, DS): inst._dispatch = dispatch_lane(exec_ds)
+    else: inst._dispatch = dispatch_lane(exec_vop)
+
+    # Compile pcode for instructions that use it (not VOPD which has _fnx/_fny, not special dispatches)
+    # VOPD needs separate functions for X and Y ops
+    if isinstance(inst, VOPD):
+      def _compile_vopd_op(op): return compile_pseudocode(type(op).__name__, op.name, PCODE[op])
+      inst._fnx, inst._fny = _compile_vopd_op(_VOPD_TO_VOP[inst.opx]), _compile_vopd_op(_VOPD_TO_VOP[inst.opy])
+    elif inst._dispatch not in (dispatch_endpgm, dispatch_barrier, dispatch_nop, dispatch_wmma, dispatch_writelane):
+      assert type(inst.op) != int, f"inst op of {inst} is int"
+      inst._fn = compile_pseudocode(type(inst.op).__name__, inst.op.name, PCODE[inst.op])
+    result[i // 4] = inst
+    i += inst._words * 4
+  return result
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# MAIN EXECUTION LOOP
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+def exec_wave(program: dict[int, Inst], st: WaveState) -> int:
+  while (inst := program.get(st.pc)) and (result := inst._dispatch(st, inst)) == 0: pass
+  return result
+
+def exec_workgroup(program: dict[int, Inst], workgroup_id: tuple[int, int, int], local_size: tuple[int, int, int], args_ptr: int, rsrc2: int) -> None:
+  lx, ly, lz = local_size
+  total_threads = lx * ly * lz
+  # GRANULATED_LDS_SIZE is in 512-byte units (see ops_amd.py: lds_size = ((group_segment_size + 511) // 512))
+  lds_size = ((rsrc2 & hsa.AMD_COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC_TWO_GRANULATED_LDS_SIZE) >> hsa.AMD_COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC_TWO_GRANULATED_LDS_SIZE_SHIFT) * 512
+  lds = LDSMem(bytearray(lds_size)) if lds_size else None
+  waves: list[WaveState] = []
+  for wave_start in range(0, total_threads, WAVE_SIZE):
+    n_lanes = min(WAVE_SIZE, total_threads - wave_start)
+    st = WaveState(lds, n_lanes)
+    st.exec_mask = (1 << n_lanes) - 1
+    st.wsgpr64(s[0:1], args_ptr)  # s[0:1] = kernel arguments pointer
+    # COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC2: USER_SGPR_COUNT is where workgroup IDs start, ENABLE_SGPR_WORKGROUP_ID_X/Y/Z control which are passed
+    sgpr_idx = (rsrc2 & hsa.AMD_COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC_TWO_USER_SGPR_COUNT) >> hsa.AMD_COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC_TWO_USER_SGPR_COUNT_SHIFT
+    if rsrc2 & hsa.AMD_COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC_TWO_ENABLE_SGPR_WORKGROUP_ID_X: st.sgpr[sgpr_idx] = workgroup_id[0]; sgpr_idx += 1
+    if rsrc2 & hsa.AMD_COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC_TWO_ENABLE_SGPR_WORKGROUP_ID_Y: st.sgpr[sgpr_idx] = workgroup_id[1]; sgpr_idx += 1
+    if rsrc2 & hsa.AMD_COMPUTE_PGM_RSRC_TWO_ENABLE_SGPR_WORKGROUP_ID_Z: st.sgpr[sgpr_idx] = workgroup_id[2]
+    # VGPR0 = packed workitem IDs: (Z << 20) | (Y << 10) | X
+    for tid in range(wave_start, wave_start + n_lanes):
+      st.vgpr[tid - wave_start][0] = ((tid // (lx * ly)) << 20) | (((tid // lx) % ly) << 10) | (tid % lx)
+    waves.append(st)
+  while waves:
+    waves = [st for st in waves if exec_wave(program, st) != -1]
+
+def run_asm(lib: int, lib_sz: int, gx: int, gy: int, gz: int, lx: int, ly: int, lz: int, args_ptr: int, rsrc2: int = 0x19c) -> int:
+  program = decode_program((ctypes.c_char * lib_sz).from_address(lib).raw)
+  for gidz in range(gz):
+    for gidy in range(gy):
+      for gidx in range(gx): exec_workgroup(program, (gidx, gidy, gidz), (lx, ly, lz), args_ptr, rsrc2)
+  return 0
@@ -0,0 +1,822 @@
+# DSL for RDNA3 pseudocode - makes pseudocode expressions work directly as Python
+import struct, math, re, functools
+
+MASK32, MASK64 = 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+
+# Float/int bit conversion functions
+_struct_f, _struct_I = struct.Struct("<f"), struct.Struct("<I")
+_struct_e, _struct_H = struct.Struct("<e"), struct.Struct("<H")
+_struct_d, _struct_Q = struct.Struct("<d"), struct.Struct("<Q")
+def _f32(i):
+  i = i & MASK32
+  # RDNA3 default mode: flush f32 denormals to zero (FTZ)
+  # Denormal: exponent=0 (bits 23-30) and mantissa!=0 (bits 0-22)
+  if (i & 0x7f800000) == 0 and (i & 0x007fffff) != 0: return 0.0
+  return _struct_f.unpack(_struct_I.pack(i))[0]
+def _i32(f):
+  if isinstance(f, int): f = float(f)
+  if math.isnan(f): return 0xffc00000 if math.copysign(1.0, f) < 0 else 0x7fc00000
+  if math.isinf(f): return 0x7f800000 if f > 0 else 0xff800000
+  try:
+    bits = _struct_I.unpack(_struct_f.pack(f))[0]
+    # RDNA3 default mode: flush f32 denormals to zero (FTZ)
+    if (bits & 0x7f800000) == 0 and (bits & 0x007fffff) != 0: return 0x80000000 if bits & 0x80000000 else 0
+    return bits
+  except (OverflowError, struct.error): return 0x7f800000 if f > 0 else 0xff800000
+def _sext(v, b): return v - (1 << b) if v & (1 << (b - 1)) else v
+def _f16(i): return _struct_e.unpack(_struct_H.pack(i & 0xffff))[0]
+def _i16(f):
+  if math.isnan(f): return 0x7e00
+  if math.isinf(f): return 0x7c00 if f > 0 else 0xfc00
+  try: return _struct_H.unpack(_struct_e.pack(f))[0]
+  except (OverflowError, struct.error): return 0x7c00 if f > 0 else 0xfc00
+def _f64(i): return _struct_d.unpack(_struct_Q.pack(i & MASK64))[0]
+def _i64(f):
+  if math.isnan(f): return 0x7ff8000000000000
+  if math.isinf(f): return 0x7ff0000000000000 if f > 0 else 0xfff0000000000000
+  try: return _struct_Q.unpack(_struct_d.pack(f))[0]
+  except (OverflowError, struct.error): return 0x7ff0000000000000 if f > 0 else 0xfff0000000000000
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# INTERNAL HELPERS
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+def _div(a, b):
+  try: return a / b
+  except ZeroDivisionError:
+    if a == 0.0 or math.isnan(a): return float("nan")
+    return math.copysign(float("inf"), a * b) if b == 0.0 else float("inf") if a > 0 else float("-inf")
+def _check_nan_type(x, quiet_bit_expected, default):
+  try:
+    if not math.isnan(float(x)): return False
+    if hasattr(x, '_reg') and hasattr(x, '_bits'):
+      bits = x._reg._val & ((1 << x._bits) - 1)
+      exp_bits, quiet_pos, mant_mask = {16: (0x1f, 9, 0x3ff), 32: (0xff, 22, 0x7fffff), 64: (0x7ff, 51, 0xfffffffffffff)}.get(x._bits, (0,0,0))
+      exp_shift = {16: 10, 32: 23, 64: 52}.get(x._bits, 0)
+      if exp_bits and ((bits >> exp_shift) & exp_bits) == exp_bits and (bits & mant_mask) != 0:
+        return ((bits >> quiet_pos) & 1) == quiet_bit_expected
+    return default
+  except (TypeError, ValueError): return False
+def _gt_neg_zero(a, b): return (a > b) or (a == 0 and b == 0 and not math.copysign(1, a) < 0 and math.copysign(1, b) < 0)
+def _lt_neg_zero(a, b): return (a < b) or (a == 0 and b == 0 and math.copysign(1, a) < 0 and not math.copysign(1, b) < 0)
+def _fpop(fn):
+  def wrapper(x):
+    x = float(x)
+    if math.isnan(x) or math.isinf(x): return x
+    result = float(fn(x))
+    return math.copysign(0.0, x) if result == 0.0 else result
+  return wrapper
+def _f_to_int(f, lo, hi): f = float(f); return 0 if math.isnan(f) else (hi if f >= hi else lo if f <= lo else int(f))
+def _f16_to_f32_bits(bits): return struct.unpack("<e", struct.pack("<H", int(bits) & 0xffff))[0]
+def _brev(v, bits): return int(bin(v & ((1 << bits) - 1))[2:].zfill(bits)[::-1], 2)
+def _ctz(v, bits):
+  v, n = int(v) & ((1 << bits) - 1), 0
+  if v == 0: return bits
+  while (v & 1) == 0: v >>= 1; n += 1
+  return n
+
+def _bf16(i):
+  """Convert bf16 bits to float. BF16 is just the top 16 bits of f32."""
+  return struct.unpack("<f", struct.pack("<I", (i & 0xffff) << 16))[0]
+def _ibf16(f):
+  """Convert float to bf16 bits (truncate to top 16 bits of f32)."""
+  if math.isnan(f): return 0x7fc0  # bf16 quiet NaN
+  if math.isinf(f): return 0x7f80 if f > 0 else 0xff80  # bf16 ±infinity
+  try: return (struct.unpack("<I", struct.pack("<f", float(f)))[0] >> 16) & 0xffff
+  except (OverflowError, struct.error): return 0x7f80 if f > 0 else 0xff80
+def _trig(fn, x):
+  # V_SIN/COS_F32: hardware does frac on input cycles before computing
+  if math.isinf(x) or math.isnan(x): return float("nan")
+  frac_cycles = fract(x / (2 * math.pi))
+  result = fn(frac_cycles * 2 * math.pi)
+  # Hardware returns exactly 0 for cos(π/2), sin(π), etc. due to lookup table
+  # Round very small results (below f32 precision) to exactly 0
+  if abs(result) < 1e-7: return 0.0
+  return result
+
+class _SafeFloat(float):
+  """Float subclass that uses _div for division to handle 0/inf correctly."""
+  def __truediv__(self, o): return _div(float(self), float(o))
+  def __rtruediv__(self, o): return _div(float(o), float(self))
+
+class _Inf:
+  f16 = f32 = f64 = float('inf')
+  def __neg__(self): return _NegInf()
+  def __pos__(self): return self
+  def __float__(self): return float('inf')
+  def __eq__(self, other): return float(other) == float('inf') if not isinstance(other, _NegInf) else False
+  def __req__(self, other): return self.__eq__(other)
+class _NegInf:
+  f16 = f32 = f64 = float('-inf')
+  def __neg__(self): return _Inf()
+  def __pos__(self): return self
+  def __float__(self): return float('-inf')
+  def __eq__(self, other): return float(other) == float('-inf') if not isinstance(other, _Inf) else False
+  def __req__(self, other): return self.__eq__(other)
+
+class _RoundMode:
+  NEAREST_EVEN = 0
+
+class _WaveMode:
+  IEEE = False
+
+class _DenormChecker:
+  """Comparator for denormalized floats. x == DENORM.f32 checks if x is denormalized."""
+  def __init__(self, bits): self._bits = bits
+  def _check(self, other):
+    f = float(other)
+    if math.isinf(f) or math.isnan(f) or f == 0.0: return False
+    if self._bits == 64:
+      bits = struct.unpack("<Q", struct.pack("<d", f))[0]
+      return (bits >> 52) & 0x7ff == 0
+    bits = struct.unpack("<I", struct.pack("<f", f))[0]
+    return (bits >> 23) & 0xff == 0
+  def __eq__(self, other): return self._check(other)
+  def __req__(self, other): return self._check(other)
+  def __ne__(self, other): return not self._check(other)
+
+class _Denorm:
+  f32 = _DenormChecker(32)
+  f64 = _DenormChecker(64)
+
+_pack = lambda hi, lo: ((int(hi) & 0xffff) << 16) | (int(lo) & 0xffff)
+_pack32 = lambda hi, lo: ((int(hi) & 0xffffffff) << 32) | (int(lo) & 0xffffffff)
+
+class TypedView:
+  """View into a Reg with typed access. Used for both full-width (Reg.u32) and slices (Reg[31:16])."""
+  __slots__ = ('_reg', '_high', '_low', '_signed', '_float', '_bf16', '_reversed')
+  def __init__(self, reg, high, low=0, signed=False, is_float=False, is_bf16=False):
+    # Handle reversed slices like [0:31] which means bit-reverse
+    if high < low: high, low, reversed = low, high, True
+    else: reversed = False
+    self._reg, self._high, self._low, self._reversed = reg, high, low, reversed
+    self._signed, self._float, self._bf16 = signed, is_float, is_bf16
+
+  def _nbits(self): return self._high - self._low + 1
+  def _mask(self): return (1 << self._nbits()) - 1
+  def _get(self):
+    v = (self._reg._val >> self._low) & self._mask()
+    return _brev(v, self._nbits()) if self._reversed else v
+  def _set(self, v):
+    v = int(v)
+    if self._reversed: v = _brev(v, self._nbits())
+    self._reg._val = (self._reg._val & ~(self._mask() << self._low)) | ((v & self._mask()) << self._low)
+
+  @property
+  def _val(self): return self._get()
+  @property
+  def _bits(self): return self._nbits()
+
+  # Type accessors for slices (e.g., D0[31:16].f16)
+  u8 = property(lambda s: s._get() & 0xff)
+  u16 = property(lambda s: s._get() & 0xffff, lambda s, v: s._set(v))
+  u32 = property(lambda s: s._get() & MASK32, lambda s, v: s._set(v))
+  i16 = property(lambda s: _sext(s._get() & 0xffff, 16), lambda s, v: s._set(v))
+  i32 = property(lambda s: _sext(s._get() & MASK32, 32), lambda s, v: s._set(v))
+  f16 = property(lambda s: _f16(s._get()), lambda s, v: s._set(v if isinstance(v, int) else _i16(float(v))))
+  f32 = property(lambda s: _f32(s._get()), lambda s, v: s._set(_i32(float(v))))
+  bf16 = property(lambda s: _bf16(s._get()), lambda s, v: s._set(v if isinstance(v, int) else _ibf16(float(v))))
+  b16, b32 = u16, u32
+
+  # Chained type access (e.g., jump_addr.i64 when jump_addr is already TypedView)
+  @property
+  def i64(s): return s if s._nbits() == 64 and s._signed else int(s)
+  @property
+  def u64(s): return s if s._nbits() == 64 and not s._signed else int(s) & MASK64
+
+  def __getitem__(self, key):
+    if isinstance(key, slice):
+      high, low = int(key.start), int(key.stop)
+      return TypedView(self._reg, high, low)
+    return (self._get() >> int(key)) & 1
+
+  def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+    if isinstance(key, slice):
+      high, low = int(key.start), int(key.stop)
+      if high < low: high, low, value = low, high, _brev(int(value), low - high + 1)
+      mask = (1 << (high - low + 1)) - 1
+      self._reg._val = (self._reg._val & ~(mask << low)) | ((int(value) & mask) << low)
+    elif value: self._reg._val |= (1 << int(key))
+    else: self._reg._val &= ~(1 << int(key))
+
+  def __int__(self): return _sext(self._get(), self._nbits()) if self._signed else self._get()
+  def __index__(self): return int(self)
+  def __trunc__(self): return int(float(self)) if self._float else int(self)
+  def __float__(self):
+    if self._float:
+      if self._bf16: return _bf16(self._get())
+      bits = self._nbits()
+      return _f16(self._get()) if bits == 16 else _f32(self._get()) if bits == 32 else _f64(self._get())
+    return float(int(self))
+  def __bool__(s): return bool(int(s))
+
+  # Arithmetic - floats use float(), ints use int()
+  def __add__(s, o): return float(s) + float(o) if s._float else int(s) + int(o)
+  def __radd__(s, o): return float(o) + float(s) if s._float else int(o) + int(s)
+  def __sub__(s, o): return float(s) - float(o) if s._float else int(s) - int(o)
+  def __rsub__(s, o): return float(o) - float(s) if s._float else int(o) - int(s)
+  def __mul__(s, o): return float(s) * float(o) if s._float else int(s) * int(o)
+  def __rmul__(s, o): return float(o) * float(s) if s._float else int(o) * int(s)
+  def __truediv__(s, o): return _div(float(s), float(o)) if s._float else _div(int(s), int(o))
+  def __rtruediv__(s, o): return _div(float(o), float(s)) if s._float else _div(int(o), int(s))
+  def __pow__(s, o): return float(s) ** float(o) if s._float else int(s) ** int(o)
+  def __rpow__(s, o): return float(o) ** float(s) if s._float else int(o) ** int(s)
+  def __neg__(s): return -float(s) if s._float else -int(s)
+  def __abs__(s): return abs(float(s)) if s._float else abs(int(s))
+
+  # Bitwise - GPU shifts mask the shift amount to valid range
+  def __and__(s, o): return int(s) & int(o)
+  def __or__(s, o): return int(s) | int(o)
+  def __xor__(s, o): return int(s) ^ int(o)
+  def __invert__(s): return ~int(s)
+  def __lshift__(s, o): n = int(o); return int(s) << n if 0 <= n < 64 or s._nbits() > 64 else 0
+  def __rshift__(s, o): n = int(o); return int(s) >> n if 0 <= n < 64 or s._nbits() > 64 else 0
+  def __rand__(s, o): return int(o) & int(s)
+  def __ror__(s, o): return int(o) | int(s)
+  def __rxor__(s, o): return int(o) ^ int(s)
+  def __rlshift__(s, o): n = int(s); return int(o) << n if 0 <= n < 64 else 0
+  def __rrshift__(s, o): n = int(s); return int(o) >> n if 0 <= n < 64 else 0
+
+  # Comparison - handle _DenormChecker specially
+  def __eq__(s, o):
+    if isinstance(o, _DenormChecker): return o._check(s)
+    return float(s) == float(o) if s._float else int(s) == int(o)
+  def __ne__(s, o):
+    if isinstance(o, _DenormChecker): return not o._check(s)
+    return float(s) != float(o) if s._float else int(s) != int(o)
+  def __lt__(s, o): return float(s) < float(o) if s._float else int(s) < int(o)
+  def __le__(s, o): return float(s) <= float(o) if s._float else int(s) <= int(o)
+  def __gt__(s, o): return float(s) > float(o) if s._float else int(s) > int(o)
+  def __ge__(s, o): return float(s) >= float(o) if s._float else int(s) >= int(o)
+
+class Reg:
+  """GPU register: D0.f32 = S0.f32 + S1.f32 just works. Supports up to 128 bits for DS_LOAD_B128."""
+  __slots__ = ('_val',)
+  def __init__(self, val=0): self._val = int(val)
+
+  # Typed views - TypedView(reg, high, signed, is_float, is_bf16)
+  u64 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 63), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', int(v) & MASK64))
+  i64 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 63, signed=True), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', int(v) & MASK64))
+  b64 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 63), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', int(v) & MASK64))
+  f64 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 63, is_float=True), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', v if isinstance(v, int) else _i64(float(v))))
+  u32 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 31), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', int(v) & MASK32))
+  i32 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 31, signed=True), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', int(v) & MASK32))
+  b32 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 31), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', int(v) & MASK32))
+  f32 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 31, is_float=True), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', _i32(float(v))))
+  u24 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 23))
+  i24 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 23, signed=True))
+  u16 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 15), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', (s._val & 0xffff0000) | (int(v) & 0xffff)))
+  i16 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 15, signed=True), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', (s._val & 0xffff0000) | (int(v) & 0xffff)))
+  b16 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 15), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', (s._val & 0xffff0000) | (int(v) & 0xffff)))
+  f16 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 15, is_float=True), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', (s._val & 0xffff0000) | ((v if isinstance(v, int) else _i16(float(v))) & 0xffff)))
+  bf16 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 15, is_float=True, is_bf16=True), lambda s, v: setattr(s, '_val', (s._val & 0xffff0000) | ((v if isinstance(v, int) else _ibf16(float(v))) & 0xffff)))
+  u8 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 7))
+  i8 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 7, signed=True))
+  u3 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 2))  # 3-bit for opsel fields
+  u1 = property(lambda s: TypedView(s, 0))  # single bit
+
+  def __getitem__(s, key):
+    if isinstance(key, slice): return TypedView(s, int(key.start), int(key.stop))
+    return (s._val >> int(key)) & 1
+
+  def __setitem__(s, key, value):
+    if isinstance(key, slice):
+      high, low = int(key.start), int(key.stop)
+      if high < low: high, low = low, high
+      mask = (1 << (high - low + 1)) - 1
+      s._val = (s._val & ~(mask << low)) | ((int(value) & mask) << low)
+    elif value: s._val |= (1 << int(key))
+    else: s._val &= ~(1 << int(key))
+
+  def __int__(s): return s._val
+  def __index__(s): return s._val
+  def __bool__(s): return bool(s._val)
+
+  # Arithmetic (for tmp = tmp + 1 patterns). Float operands trigger f32 interpretation.
+  def __add__(s, o): return (_f32(s._val) + float(o)) if isinstance(o, float) else s._val + int(o)
+  def __radd__(s, o): return (float(o) + _f32(s._val)) if isinstance(o, float) else int(o) + s._val
+  def __sub__(s, o): return (_f32(s._val) - float(o)) if isinstance(o, float) else s._val - int(o)
+  def __rsub__(s, o): return (float(o) - _f32(s._val)) if isinstance(o, float) else int(o) - s._val
+  def __mul__(s, o): return (_f32(s._val) * float(o)) if isinstance(o, float) else s._val * int(o)
+  def __rmul__(s, o): return (float(o) * _f32(s._val)) if isinstance(o, float) else int(o) * s._val
+  def __and__(s, o): return s._val & int(o)
+  def __rand__(s, o): return int(o) & s._val
+  def __or__(s, o): return s._val | int(o)
+  def __ror__(s, o): return int(o) | s._val
+  def __xor__(s, o): return s._val ^ int(o)
+  def __rxor__(s, o): return int(o) ^ s._val
+  def __lshift__(s, o): n = int(o); return s._val << n if 0 <= n < 64 else 0
+  def __rshift__(s, o): n = int(o); return s._val >> n if 0 <= n < 64 else 0
+  def __invert__(s): return ~s._val
+
+  # Comparison (for tmp >= 0x100000000 patterns)
+  def __lt__(s, o): return s._val < int(o)
+  def __le__(s, o): return s._val <= int(o)
+  def __gt__(s, o): return s._val > int(o)
+  def __ge__(s, o): return s._val >= int(o)
+  def __eq__(s, o): return s._val == int(o)
+  def __ne__(s, o): return s._val != int(o)
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# PSEUDOCODE API - Functions and constants from AMD ISA pseudocode
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+# Rounding and float operations
+trunc, floor, ceil = _fpop(math.trunc), _fpop(math.floor), _fpop(math.ceil)
+def sqrt(x): return _SafeFloat(math.sqrt(x)) if x >= 0 else _SafeFloat(float("nan"))
+def log2(x): return math.log2(x) if x > 0 else (float("-inf") if x == 0 else float("nan"))
+def fract(x): return x - math.floor(x)
+def sin(x): return _trig(math.sin, x)
+def cos(x): return _trig(math.cos, x)
+def pow(a, b):
+  try: return a ** b
+  except OverflowError: return float("inf") if b > 0 else 0.0
+def isEven(x):
+  x = float(x)
+  if math.isinf(x) or math.isnan(x): return False
+  return int(x) % 2 == 0
+def mantissa(f):
+  if f == 0.0 or math.isinf(f) or math.isnan(f): return f
+  m, _ = math.frexp(f)
+  return m  # AMD V_FREXP_MANT returns mantissa in [0.5, 1.0) range
+def signext_from_bit(val, bit):
+  bit = int(bit)
+  if bit == 0: return 0
+  mask = (1 << bit) - 1
+  val = int(val) & mask
+  if val & (1 << (bit - 1)): return val - (1 << bit)
+  return val
+
+# Type conversions
+i32_to_f32 = u32_to_f32 = i32_to_f64 = u32_to_f64 = f32_to_f64 = f64_to_f32 = float
+def f32_to_i32(f): return _f_to_int(f, -2147483648, 2147483647)
+def f32_to_u32(f): return _f_to_int(f, 0, 4294967295)
+f64_to_i32, f64_to_u32 = f32_to_i32, f32_to_u32
+def f32_to_f16(f):
+  f = float(f)
+  if math.isnan(f): return 0x7e00  # f16 NaN
+  if math.isinf(f): return 0x7c00 if f > 0 else 0xfc00  # f16 ±infinity
+  try: return struct.unpack("<H", struct.pack("<e", f))[0]
+  except OverflowError: return 0x7c00 if f > 0 else 0xfc00  # overflow -> ±infinity
+def f16_to_f32(v): return v if isinstance(v, float) else _f16_to_f32_bits(v)
+def i16_to_f16(v): return f32_to_f16(float(_sext(int(v) & 0xffff, 16)))
+def u16_to_f16(v): return f32_to_f16(float(int(v) & 0xffff))
+def f16_to_i16(bits): f = _f16_to_f32_bits(bits); return max(-32768, min(32767, int(f))) if not math.isnan(f) else 0
+def f16_to_u16(bits): f = _f16_to_f32_bits(bits); return max(0, min(65535, int(f))) if not math.isnan(f) else 0
+def bf16_to_f32(v): return _bf16(v) if isinstance(v, int) else float(v)
+def f32_to_bf16(f): return _ibf16(f)
+def u8_to_u32(v): return int(v) & 0xff
+def u4_to_u32(v): return int(v) & 0xf
+def u32_to_u16(u): return int(u) & 0xffff
+def i32_to_i16(i): return ((int(i) + 32768) & 0xffff) - 32768
+def f16_to_snorm(f): return max(-32768, min(32767, int(round(max(-1.0, min(1.0, f)) * 32767))))
+def f16_to_unorm(f): return max(0, min(65535, int(round(max(0.0, min(1.0, f)) * 65535))))
+def f32_to_snorm(f): return max(-32768, min(32767, int(round(max(-1.0, min(1.0, f)) * 32767))))
+def f32_to_unorm(f): return max(0, min(65535, int(round(max(0.0, min(1.0, f)) * 65535))))
+def v_cvt_i16_f32(f): return max(-32768, min(32767, int(f))) if not math.isnan(f) else 0
+def v_cvt_u16_f32(f): return max(0, min(65535, int(f))) if not math.isnan(f) else 0
+def SAT8(v): return max(0, min(255, int(v)))
+def f32_to_u8(f): return max(0, min(255, int(f))) if not math.isnan(f) else 0
+
+# Min/max operations
+def v_min_f32(a, b): return a if math.isnan(b) else b if math.isnan(a) else (a if _lt_neg_zero(a, b) else b)
+def v_max_f32(a, b): return a if math.isnan(b) else b if math.isnan(a) else (a if _gt_neg_zero(a, b) else b)
+v_min_f16, v_max_f16 = v_min_f32, v_max_f32
+v_min_i32, v_max_i32 = min, max
+v_min_i16, v_max_i16 = min, max
+def v_min_u32(a, b): return min(a & MASK32, b & MASK32)
+def v_max_u32(a, b): return max(a & MASK32, b & MASK32)
+def v_min_u16(a, b): return min(a & 0xffff, b & 0xffff)
+def v_max_u16(a, b): return max(a & 0xffff, b & 0xffff)
+def v_min3_f32(a, b, c): return v_min_f32(v_min_f32(a, b), c)
+def v_max3_f32(a, b, c): return v_max_f32(v_max_f32(a, b), c)
+v_min3_f16, v_max3_f16 = v_min3_f32, v_max3_f32
+v_min3_i32, v_max3_i32, v_min3_i16, v_max3_i16 = min, max, min, max
+def v_min3_u32(a, b, c): return min(a & MASK32, b & MASK32, c & MASK32)
+def v_max3_u32(a, b, c): return max(a & MASK32, b & MASK32, c & MASK32)
+def v_min3_u16(a, b, c): return min(a & 0xffff, b & 0xffff, c & 0xffff)
+def v_max3_u16(a, b, c): return max(a & 0xffff, b & 0xffff, c & 0xffff)
+
+# SAD/MSAD operations
+def ABSDIFF(a, b): return abs(int(a) - int(b))
+def v_sad_u8(s0, s1, s2):
+  """V_SAD_U8: Sum of absolute differences of 4 byte pairs plus accumulator."""
+  s0, s1, s2 = int(s0), int(s1), int(s2)
+  result = s2
+  for i in range(4):
+    a = (s0 >> (i * 8)) & 0xff
+    b = (s1 >> (i * 8)) & 0xff
+    result += abs(a - b)
+  return result & 0xffffffff
+def v_msad_u8(s0, s1, s2):
+  """V_MSAD_U8: Masked sum of absolute differences (skip if reference byte is 0)."""
+  s0, s1, s2 = int(s0), int(s1), int(s2)
+  result = s2
+  for i in range(4):
+    a = (s0 >> (i * 8)) & 0xff
+    b = (s1 >> (i * 8)) & 0xff
+    if b != 0:  # Only add diff if reference (s1) byte is non-zero
+      result += abs(a - b)
+  return result & 0xffffffff
+
+def BYTE_PERMUTE(data, sel):
+  """Select a byte from 64-bit data based on selector value."""
+  sel = int(sel) & 0xff
+  if sel <= 7: return (int(data) >> (sel * 8)) & 0xff
+  if sel == 8: return 0xff if ((int(data) >> 15) & 1) else 0x00
+  if sel == 9: return 0xff if ((int(data) >> 31) & 1) else 0x00
+  if sel == 10: return 0xff if ((int(data) >> 47) & 1) else 0x00
+  if sel == 11: return 0xff if ((int(data) >> 63) & 1) else 0x00
+  if sel == 12: return 0x00
+  return 0xff
+
+# Pseudocode functions
+def s_ff1_i32_b32(v): return _ctz(v, 32)
+def s_ff1_i32_b64(v): return _ctz(v, 64)
+GT_NEG_ZERO, LT_NEG_ZERO = _gt_neg_zero, _lt_neg_zero
+def isNAN(x):
+  try: return math.isnan(float(x))
+  except (TypeError, ValueError): return False
+def isQuietNAN(x): return _check_nan_type(x, 1, True)
+def isSignalNAN(x): return _check_nan_type(x, 0, False)
+def fma(a, b, c):
+  try: return math.fma(a, b, c)
+  except ValueError: return float('nan')
+def ldexp(m, e): return math.ldexp(m, e)
+def sign(f): return 1 if math.copysign(1.0, f) < 0 else 0
+def exponent(f):
+  if hasattr(f, '_bits') and hasattr(f, '_float') and f._float:
+    raw = f._val
+    if f._bits == 16: return (raw >> 10) & 0x1f
+    if f._bits == 32: return (raw >> 23) & 0xff
+    if f._bits == 64: return (raw >> 52) & 0x7ff
+  f = float(f)
+  if math.isinf(f) or math.isnan(f): return 255
+  if f == 0.0: return 0
+  try: bits = struct.unpack("<I", struct.pack("<f", f))[0]; return (bits >> 23) & 0xff
+  except: return 0
+def signext(x): return int(x)
+def cvtToQuietNAN(x): return float('nan')
+
+def F(x):
+  """32'F(x) or 64'F(x) - interpret x as float. If x is int, treat as bit pattern."""
+  if isinstance(x, int): return _f32(x)
+  if isinstance(x, TypedView): return x
+  return float(x)
+
+# Constants
+PI = math.pi
+WAVE32, WAVE64 = True, False
+OVERFLOW_F32, UNDERFLOW_F32 = float('inf'), 0.0
+OVERFLOW_F64, UNDERFLOW_F64 = float('inf'), 0.0
+MAX_FLOAT_F32 = 3.4028235e+38
+INF = _Inf()
+ROUND_MODE = _RoundMode()
+WAVE_MODE = _WaveMode()
+DENORM = _Denorm()
+
+# 2/PI with 1201 bits of precision for V_TRIG_PREOP_F64
+TWO_OVER_PI_1201 = Reg(0x0145f306dc9c882a53f84eafa3ea69bb81b6c52b3278872083fca2c757bd778ac36e48dc74849ba5c00c925dd413a32439fc3bd63962534e7dd1046bea5d768909d338e04d68befc827323ac7306a673e93908bf177bf250763ff12fffbc0b301fde5e2316b414da3eda6cfd9e4f96136e9e8c7ecd3cbfd45aea4f758fd7cbe2f67a0e73ef14a525d4d7f6bf623f1aba10ac06608df8f6)
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# COMPILER: pseudocode -> Python (minimal transforms)
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+def _filter_pseudocode(pseudocode: str) -> str:
+  """Filter raw PDF pseudocode to only include actual code lines."""
+  pcode_lines, in_lambda, depth = [], 0, 0
+  for line in pseudocode.split('\n'):
+    s = line.strip()
+    if not s: continue
+    if '=>' in s or re.match(r'^[A-Z_]+\(', s): continue  # Skip example lines
+    if '= lambda(' in s: in_lambda += 1; continue  # Skip lambda definitions
+    if in_lambda > 0:
+      if s.endswith(');'): in_lambda -= 1
+      continue
+    # Only include lines that look like pseudocode
+    is_code = (any(p in s for p in ['D0.', 'D1.', 'S0.', 'S1.', 'S2.', 'SCC =', 'SCC ?', 'VCC', 'EXEC', 'tmp =', 'tmp[', 'lane =', 'PC =',
+                                    'D0[', 'D1[', 'S0[', 'S1[', 'S2[', 'MEM[', 'RETURN_DATA', 'VADDR', 'VDATA', 'VDST', 'SADDR', 'OFFSET']) or
+               s.startswith(('if ', 'else', 'elsif', 'endif', 'declare ', 'for ', 'endfor', '//')) or
+               re.match(r'^[a-z_]+\s*=', s) or re.match(r'^[a-z_]+\[', s) or (depth > 0 and '=' in s))
+    if s.startswith('if '): depth += 1
+    elif s.startswith('endif'): depth = max(0, depth - 1)
+    if is_code: pcode_lines.append(s)
+  return '\n'.join(pcode_lines)
+
+def _compile_pseudocode(pseudocode: str) -> str:
+  """Compile pseudocode to Python. Transforms are minimal - most syntax just works."""
+  pseudocode = re.sub(r'\bpass\b', 'pass_', pseudocode)  # 'pass' is Python keyword
+  raw_lines = pseudocode.strip().split('\n')
+  joined_lines: list[str] = []
+  for line in raw_lines:
+    line = line.strip()
+    if joined_lines and (joined_lines[-1].rstrip().endswith(('||', '&&', '(', ',')) or
+                         (joined_lines[-1].count('(') > joined_lines[-1].count(')'))):
+      joined_lines[-1] = joined_lines[-1].rstrip() + ' ' + line
+    else:
+      joined_lines.append(line)
+
+  lines = []
+  indent, need_pass, in_first_match_loop = 0, False, False
+  for line in joined_lines:
+    line = line.split('//')[0].strip()  # Strip C-style comments
+    if not line: continue
+    if line.startswith('if '):
+      lines.append('  ' * indent + f"if {_expr(line[3:].rstrip(' then'))}:")
+      indent += 1
+      need_pass = True
+    elif line.startswith('elsif '):
+      if need_pass: lines.append('  ' * indent + "pass")
+      indent -= 1
+      lines.append('  ' * indent + f"elif {_expr(line[6:].rstrip(' then'))}:")
+      indent += 1
+      need_pass = True
+    elif line == 'else':
+      if need_pass: lines.append('  ' * indent + "pass")
+      indent -= 1
+      lines.append('  ' * indent + "else:")
+      indent += 1
+      need_pass = True
+    elif line.startswith('endif'):
+      if need_pass: lines.append('  ' * indent + "pass")
+      indent -= 1
+      need_pass = False
+    elif line.startswith('endfor'):
+      if need_pass: lines.append('  ' * indent + "pass")
+      indent -= 1
+      need_pass, in_first_match_loop = False, False
+    elif line.startswith('declare '):
+      pass
+    elif m := re.match(r'for (\w+) in (.+?)\s*:\s*(.+?) do', line):
+      start, end = _expr(m[2].strip()), _expr(m[3].strip())
+      lines.append('  ' * indent + f"for {m[1]} in range({start}, int({end})+1):")
+      indent += 1
+      need_pass, in_first_match_loop = True, True
+    elif '=' in line and not line.startswith('=='):
+      need_pass = False
+      line = line.rstrip(';')
+      if m := re.match(r'\{\s*D1\.[ui]1\s*,\s*D0\.[ui]64\s*\}\s*=\s*(.+)', line):
+        rhs = _expr(m[1])
+        lines.append('  ' * indent + f"_full = {rhs}")
+        lines.append('  ' * indent + f"D0.u64 = int(_full) & 0xffffffffffffffff")
+        lines.append('  ' * indent + f"D1 = Reg((int(_full) >> 64) & 1)")
+      elif any(op in line for op in ('+=', '-=', '*=', '/=', '|=', '&=', '^=')):
+        for op in ('+=', '-=', '*=', '/=', '|=', '&=', '^='):
+          if op in line:
+            lhs, rhs = line.split(op, 1)
+            lines.append('  ' * indent + f"{lhs.strip()} {op} {_expr(rhs.strip())}")
+            break
+      else:
+        lhs, rhs = line.split('=', 1)
+        lhs_s, rhs_s = _expr(lhs.strip()), rhs.strip()
+        stmt = _assign(lhs_s, _expr(rhs_s))
+        if in_first_match_loop and rhs_s == 'i' and (lhs_s == 'tmp' or lhs_s == 'D0.i32'):
+          stmt += "; break"
+        lines.append('  ' * indent + stmt)
+  if need_pass: lines.append('  ' * indent + "pass")
+  return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+def _assign(lhs: str, rhs: str) -> str:
+  if lhs in ('tmp', 'SCC', 'VCC', 'EXEC', 'D0', 'D1', 'saveexec', 'PC'):
+    return f"{lhs} = Reg({rhs})"
+  return f"{lhs} = {rhs}"
+
+def _expr(e: str) -> str:
+  e = e.strip()
+  e = e.replace('&&', ' and ').replace('||', ' or ').replace('<>', ' != ')
+  e = re.sub(r'!([^=])', r' not \1', e)
+  e = re.sub(r'\{\s*(\w+\.u32)\s*,\s*(\w+\.u32)\s*\}', r'_pack32(\1, \2)', e)
+  def pack(m):
+    hi, lo = _expr(m[1].strip()), _expr(m[2].strip())
+    return f'_pack({hi}, {lo})'
+  e = re.sub(r'\{\s*([^,{}]+)\s*,\s*([^,{}]+)\s*\}', pack, e)
+  e = re.sub(r"1201'B\(2\.0\s*/\s*PI\)", "TWO_OVER_PI_1201", e)
+  e = re.sub(r"\d+'([0-9a-fA-Fx]+)[UuFf]*", r'\1', e)
+  e = re.sub(r"\d+'[FIBU]\(", "(", e)
+  e = re.sub(r'\bB\(', '(', e)
+  e = re.sub(r'([0-9a-fA-Fx])ULL\b', r'\1', e)
+  e = re.sub(r'([0-9a-fA-Fx])LL\b', r'\1', e)
+  e = re.sub(r'([0-9a-fA-Fx])U\b', r'\1', e)
+  e = re.sub(r'(\d\.?\d*)F\b', r'\1', e)
+  e = re.sub(r'(\[laneId\])\.[uib]\d+', r'\1', e)
+  e = e.replace('+INF', 'INF').replace('-INF', '(-INF)')
+  e = re.sub(r'NAN\.f\d+', 'float("nan")', e)
+  def convert_verilog_slice(m):
+    start, width = m.group(1).strip(), m.group(2).strip()
+    return f'[({start}) + ({width}) - 1 : ({start})]'
+  e = re.sub(r'\[([^:\[\]]+)\s*\+:\s*([^:\[\]]+)\]', convert_verilog_slice, e)
+  def process_brackets(s):
+    result, i = [], 0
+    while i < len(s):
+      if s[i] == '[':
+        depth, start = 1, i + 1
+        j = start
+        while j < len(s) and depth > 0:
+          if s[j] == '[': depth += 1
+          elif s[j] == ']': depth -= 1
+          j += 1
+        inner = _expr(s[start:j-1])
+        result.append('[' + inner + ']')
+        i = j
+      else:
+        result.append(s[i])
+        i += 1
+    return ''.join(result)
+  e = process_brackets(e)
+  while '?' in e:
+    depth, bracket, q = 0, 0, -1
+    for i, c in enumerate(e):
+      if c == '(': depth += 1
+      elif c == ')': depth -= 1
+      elif c == '[': bracket += 1
+      elif c == ']': bracket -= 1
+      elif c == '?' and depth == 0 and bracket == 0: q = i; break
+    if q < 0: break
+    depth, bracket, col = 0, 0, -1
+    for i in range(q + 1, len(e)):
+      if e[i] == '(': depth += 1
+      elif e[i] == ')': depth -= 1
+      elif e[i] == '[': bracket += 1
+      elif e[i] == ']': bracket -= 1
+      elif e[i] == ':' and depth == 0 and bracket == 0: col = i; break
+    if col < 0: break
+    cond, t, f = e[:q].strip(), e[q+1:col].strip(), e[col+1:].strip()
+    e = f'(({t}) if ({cond}) else ({f}))'
+  return e
+
+def _apply_pseudocode_fixes(op_name: str, code: str) -> str:
+  """Apply known fixes for PDF pseudocode bugs."""
+  if op_name == 'V_DIV_FMAS_F32':
+    code = code.replace('D0.f32 = 2.0 ** 32 * fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)',
+                        'D0.f32 = (2.0 ** 64 if exponent(S2.f32) > 127 else 2.0 ** -64) * fma(S0.f32, S1.f32, S2.f32)')
+  if op_name == 'V_DIV_FMAS_F64':
+    code = code.replace('D0.f64 = 2.0 ** 64 * fma(S0.f64, S1.f64, S2.f64)',
+                        'D0.f64 = (2.0 ** 128 if exponent(S2.f64) > 1023 else 2.0 ** -128) * fma(S0.f64, S1.f64, S2.f64)')
+  if op_name == 'V_DIV_SCALE_F32':
+    code = code.replace('D0.f32 = float("nan")', 'VCC = Reg(0x1); D0.f32 = float("nan")')
+    code = code.replace('elif S1.f32 == DENORM.f32:\n  D0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)', 'elif False:\n  pass')
+    code += '\nif S1.f32 == DENORM.f32:\n  D0.f32 = float("nan")'
+    code = code.replace('elif exponent(S2.f32) <= 23:\n  D0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)', 'elif exponent(S2.f32) <= 23:\n  VCC = Reg(0x1); D0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)')
+    code = code.replace('elif S2.f32 / S1.f32 == DENORM.f32:\n  VCC = Reg(0x1)\n  if S0.f32 == S2.f32:\n    D0.f32 = ldexp(S0.f32, 64)', 'elif S2.f32 / S1.f32 == DENORM.f32:\n  VCC = Reg(0x1)')
+  if op_name == 'V_DIV_SCALE_F64':
+    code = code.replace('D0.f64 = float("nan")', 'VCC = Reg(0x1); D0.f64 = float("nan")')
+    code = code.replace('elif S1.f64 == DENORM.f64:\n  D0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)', 'elif False:\n  pass')
+    code += '\nif S1.f64 == DENORM.f64:\n  D0.f64 = float("nan")'
+    code = code.replace('elif exponent(S2.f64) <= 52:\n  D0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)', 'elif exponent(S2.f64) <= 52:\n  VCC = Reg(0x1); D0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)')
+    code = code.replace('elif S2.f64 / S1.f64 == DENORM.f64:\n  VCC = Reg(0x1)\n  if S0.f64 == S2.f64:\n    D0.f64 = ldexp(S0.f64, 128)', 'elif S2.f64 / S1.f64 == DENORM.f64:\n  VCC = Reg(0x1)')
+  if op_name == 'V_DIV_FIXUP_F32':
+    code = code.replace('D0.f32 = ((-abs(S0.f32)) if (sign_out) else (abs(S0.f32)))',
+                        'D0.f32 = ((-OVERFLOW_F32) if (sign_out) else (OVERFLOW_F32)) if isNAN(S0.f32) else ((-abs(S0.f32)) if (sign_out) else (abs(S0.f32)))')
+  if op_name == 'V_DIV_FIXUP_F64':
+    code = code.replace('D0.f64 = ((-abs(S0.f64)) if (sign_out) else (abs(S0.f64)))',
+                        'D0.f64 = ((-OVERFLOW_F64) if (sign_out) else (OVERFLOW_F64)) if isNAN(S0.f64) else ((-abs(S0.f64)) if (sign_out) else (abs(S0.f64)))')
+  if op_name == 'V_TRIG_PREOP_F64':
+    code = code.replace('result = F((TWO_OVER_PI_1201[1200 : 0] << shift.u32) & 0x1fffffffffffff)',
+                        'result = float(((TWO_OVER_PI_1201[1200 : 0] << int(shift)) >> (1201 - 53)) & 0x1fffffffffffff)')
+  return code
+
+def _generate_function(cls_name: str, op_name: str, pc: str, code: str) -> str:
+  """Generate a single compiled pseudocode function.
+  Functions take int parameters and return dict of int values.
+  Reg wrapping happens inside the function, only for registers actually used."""
+  has_d1 = '{ D1' in pc
+  is_cmpx = (cls_name in ('VOPCOp', 'VOP3Op')) and 'EXEC.u64[laneId]' in pc
+  is_div_scale = 'DIV_SCALE' in op_name
+  has_sdst = cls_name == 'VOP3SDOp' and ('VCC.u64[laneId]' in pc or is_div_scale)
+  is_ds = cls_name == 'DSOp'
+  is_flat = cls_name in ('FLATOp', 'GLOBALOp', 'SCRATCHOp')
+  is_smem = cls_name == 'SMEMOp'
+  has_s_array = 'S[i]' in pc  # FMA_MIX style: S[0], S[1], S[2] array access
+  combined = code + pc
+
+  fn_name = f"_{cls_name}_{op_name}"
+
+  # Detect which registers are used/modified
+  def needs_init(name): return name in combined and not re.search(rf'^\s*{name}\s*=\s*Reg\(', code, re.MULTILINE)
+  modifies_d0 = is_div_scale or bool(re.search(r'\bD0\b[.\[]', combined))
+  modifies_exec = is_cmpx or bool(re.search(r'EXEC\.(u32|u64|b32|b64)\s*=', combined))
+  modifies_vcc = has_sdst or bool(re.search(r'VCC\.(u32|u64|b32|b64)\s*=|VCC\.u64\[laneId\]\s*=', combined))
+  modifies_scc = bool(re.search(r'\bSCC\s*=', combined))
+  modifies_pc = bool(re.search(r'\bPC\s*=', combined))
+
+  # Build function signature and Reg init lines
+  if is_smem:
+    lines = [f"def {fn_name}(MEM, addr):"]
+    reg_inits = ["ADDR=Reg(addr)", "SDATA=Reg(0)"]
+    special_regs = []
+  elif is_ds:
+    lines = [f"def {fn_name}(MEM, addr, data0, data1, offset0, offset1):"]
+    reg_inits = ["ADDR=Reg(addr)", "DATA0=Reg(data0)", "DATA1=Reg(data1)", "OFFSET0=Reg(offset0)", "OFFSET1=Reg(offset1)", "RETURN_DATA=Reg(0)"]
+    special_regs = [('DATA', 'DATA0'), ('DATA2', 'DATA1'), ('OFFSET', 'OFFSET0'), ('ADDR_BASE', 'ADDR')]
+  elif is_flat:
+    lines = [f"def {fn_name}(MEM, addr, vdata, vdst):"]
+    reg_inits = ["ADDR=addr", "VDATA=Reg(vdata)", "VDST=Reg(vdst)", "RETURN_DATA=Reg(0)"]
+    special_regs = [('DATA', 'VDATA')]
+  elif has_s_array:
+    # FMA_MIX style: needs S[i] array, opsel, opsel_hi for source selection (neg/neg_hi applied in emu.py before call)
+    lines = [f"def {fn_name}(s0, s1, s2, d0, scc, vcc, laneId, exec_mask, literal, VGPR, src0_idx=0, vdst_idx=0, pc=None, opsel=0, opsel_hi=0):"]
+    reg_inits = ["S0=Reg(s0)", "S1=Reg(s1)", "S2=Reg(s2)", "S=[S0,S1,S2]", "D0=Reg(d0)", "OPSEL=Reg(opsel)", "OPSEL_HI=Reg(opsel_hi)"]
+    special_regs = []
+    # Detect array declarations like "declare in : 32'F[3]" and create them (rename 'in' to 'ins' since 'in' is a keyword)
+    if "in[" in combined:
+      reg_inits.append("ins=[Reg(0),Reg(0),Reg(0)]")
+      code = code.replace("in[", "ins[")
+  else:
+    lines = [f"def {fn_name}(s0, s1, s2, d0, scc, vcc, laneId, exec_mask, literal, VGPR, src0_idx=0, vdst_idx=0, pc=None):"]
+    # Only create Regs for registers actually used in the pseudocode
+    reg_inits = []
+    if 'S0' in combined: reg_inits.append("S0=Reg(s0)")
+    if 'S1' in combined: reg_inits.append("S1=Reg(s1)")
+    if 'S2' in combined: reg_inits.append("S2=Reg(s2)")
+    if modifies_d0 or 'D0' in combined: reg_inits.append("D0=Reg(s0)" if is_div_scale else "D0=Reg(d0)")
+    if modifies_scc or 'SCC' in combined: reg_inits.append("SCC=Reg(scc)")
+    if modifies_vcc or 'VCC' in combined: reg_inits.append("VCC=Reg(vcc)")
+    if modifies_exec or 'EXEC' in combined: reg_inits.append("EXEC=Reg(exec_mask)")
+    if modifies_pc or 'PC' in combined: reg_inits.append("PC=Reg(pc) if pc is not None else None")
+    special_regs = [('D1', 'Reg(0)'), ('SIMM16', 'Reg(literal)'), ('SIMM32', 'Reg(literal)'),
+                    ('SRC0', 'Reg(src0_idx)'), ('VDST', 'Reg(vdst_idx)')]
+    if needs_init('tmp'): special_regs.insert(0, ('tmp', 'Reg(0)'))
+    if needs_init('saveexec'): special_regs.insert(0, ('saveexec', 'Reg(EXEC._val)'))
+
+  # Build init code
+  init_parts = reg_inits.copy()
+  for name, init in special_regs:
+    if name in combined: init_parts.append(f"{name}={init}")
+  if 'EXEC_LO' in code: init_parts.append("EXEC_LO=TypedView(EXEC, 31, 0)")
+  if 'EXEC_HI' in code: init_parts.append("EXEC_HI=TypedView(EXEC, 63, 32)")
+  if 'VCCZ' in code and not re.search(r'^\s*VCCZ\s*=', code, re.MULTILINE): init_parts.append("VCCZ=Reg(1 if VCC._val == 0 else 0)")
+  if 'EXECZ' in code and not re.search(r'^\s*EXECZ\s*=', code, re.MULTILINE): init_parts.append("EXECZ=Reg(1 if EXEC._val == 0 else 0)")
+
+  # Add init line and separator
+  if init_parts: lines.append(f"  {'; '.join(init_parts)}")
+
+  # Add compiled pseudocode
+  for line in code.split('\n'):
+    if line.strip(): lines.append(f"  {line}")
+
+  # Build result dict
+  result_items = []
+  if modifies_d0: result_items.append("'D0': D0._val")
+  if modifies_scc: result_items.append("'SCC': SCC._val")
+  if modifies_vcc: result_items.append("'VCC': VCC._val")
+  if modifies_exec: result_items.append("'EXEC': EXEC._val")
+  if has_d1: result_items.append("'D1': D1._val")
+  if modifies_pc: result_items.append("'PC': PC._val")
+  if is_smem and 'SDATA' in combined and re.search(r'^\s*SDATA[\.\[].*=', code, re.MULTILINE):
+    result_items.append("'SDATA': SDATA._val")
+  if is_ds and 'RETURN_DATA' in combined and re.search(r'^\s*RETURN_DATA[\.\[].*=', code, re.MULTILINE):
+    result_items.append("'RETURN_DATA': RETURN_DATA._val")
+  if is_flat:
+    if 'RETURN_DATA' in combined and re.search(r'^\s*RETURN_DATA[\.\[].*=', code, re.MULTILINE):
+      result_items.append("'RETURN_DATA': RETURN_DATA._val")
+    if re.search(r'^\s*VDATA[\.\[].*=', code, re.MULTILINE):
+      result_items.append("'VDATA': VDATA._val")
+  lines.append(f"  return {{{', '.join(result_items)}}}")
+  return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+# Build the globals dict for exec() - includes all pcode symbols
+_PCODE_GLOBALS = {
+  'Reg': Reg, 'TypedView': TypedView, '_pack': _pack, '_pack32': _pack32,
+  'ABSDIFF': ABSDIFF, 'BYTE_PERMUTE': BYTE_PERMUTE, 'DENORM': DENORM, 'F': F,
+  'GT_NEG_ZERO': GT_NEG_ZERO, 'LT_NEG_ZERO': LT_NEG_ZERO, 'INF': INF,
+  'MAX_FLOAT_F32': MAX_FLOAT_F32, 'OVERFLOW_F32': OVERFLOW_F32, 'OVERFLOW_F64': OVERFLOW_F64,
+  'UNDERFLOW_F32': UNDERFLOW_F32, 'UNDERFLOW_F64': UNDERFLOW_F64,
+  'PI': PI, 'ROUND_MODE': ROUND_MODE, 'WAVE_MODE': WAVE_MODE,
+  'WAVE32': WAVE32, 'WAVE64': WAVE64, 'TWO_OVER_PI_1201': TWO_OVER_PI_1201,
+  'SAT8': SAT8, 'trunc': trunc, 'floor': floor, 'ceil': ceil, 'sqrt': sqrt,
+  'log2': log2, 'fract': fract, 'sin': sin, 'cos': cos, 'pow': pow,
+  'isEven': isEven, 'mantissa': mantissa, 'signext_from_bit': signext_from_bit,
+  'i32_to_f32': i32_to_f32, 'u32_to_f32': u32_to_f32, 'i32_to_f64': i32_to_f64,
+  'u32_to_f64': u32_to_f64, 'f32_to_f64': f32_to_f64, 'f64_to_f32': f64_to_f32,
+  'f32_to_i32': f32_to_i32, 'f32_to_u32': f32_to_u32, 'f64_to_i32': f64_to_i32,
+  'f64_to_u32': f64_to_u32, 'f32_to_f16': f32_to_f16, 'f16_to_f32': f16_to_f32,
+  'i16_to_f16': i16_to_f16, 'u16_to_f16': u16_to_f16, 'f16_to_i16': f16_to_i16,
+  'f16_to_u16': f16_to_u16, 'bf16_to_f32': bf16_to_f32, 'f32_to_bf16': f32_to_bf16,
+  'u8_to_u32': u8_to_u32, 'u4_to_u32': u4_to_u32, 'u32_to_u16': u32_to_u16,
+  'i32_to_i16': i32_to_i16, 'f16_to_snorm': f16_to_snorm, 'f16_to_unorm': f16_to_unorm,
+  'f32_to_snorm': f32_to_snorm, 'f32_to_unorm': f32_to_unorm,
+  'v_cvt_i16_f32': v_cvt_i16_f32, 'v_cvt_u16_f32': v_cvt_u16_f32, 'f32_to_u8': f32_to_u8,
+  'v_min_f32': v_min_f32, 'v_max_f32': v_max_f32, 'v_min_f16': v_min_f16, 'v_max_f16': v_max_f16,
+  'v_min_i32': v_min_i32, 'v_max_i32': v_max_i32, 'v_min_i16': v_min_i16, 'v_max_i16': v_max_i16,
+  'v_min_u32': v_min_u32, 'v_max_u32': v_max_u32, 'v_min_u16': v_min_u16, 'v_max_u16': v_max_u16,
+  'v_min3_f32': v_min3_f32, 'v_max3_f32': v_max3_f32, 'v_min3_f16': v_min3_f16, 'v_max3_f16': v_max3_f16,
+  'v_min3_i32': v_min3_i32, 'v_max3_i32': v_max3_i32, 'v_min3_i16': v_min3_i16, 'v_max3_i16': v_max3_i16,
+  'v_min3_u32': v_min3_u32, 'v_max3_u32': v_max3_u32, 'v_min3_u16': v_min3_u16, 'v_max3_u16': v_max3_u16,
+  'v_sad_u8': v_sad_u8, 'v_msad_u8': v_msad_u8,
+  's_ff1_i32_b32': s_ff1_i32_b32, 's_ff1_i32_b64': s_ff1_i32_b64,
+  'isNAN': isNAN, 'isQuietNAN': isQuietNAN, 'isSignalNAN': isSignalNAN,
+  'fma': fma, 'ldexp': ldexp, 'sign': sign, 'exponent': exponent,
+  'signext': signext, 'cvtToQuietNAN': cvtToQuietNAN,
+}
+
+@functools.cache
+def compile_pseudocode(cls_name: str, op_name: str, pseudocode: str):
+  """Compile pseudocode string to executable function. Cached for performance."""
+  filtered = _filter_pseudocode(pseudocode)
+  code = _compile_pseudocode(filtered)
+  code = _apply_pseudocode_fixes(op_name, code)
+  fn_code = _generate_function(cls_name, op_name, filtered, code)
+  fn_name = f"_{cls_name}_{op_name}"
+  local_ns = {}
+  exec(fn_code, _PCODE_GLOBALS, local_ns)
+  return local_ns[fn_name]
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+"""SQTT (SQ Thread Trace) packet encoder and decoder for AMD GPUs.
+
+This module provides encoding and decoding of raw SQTT byte streams.
+The format is nibble-based with variable-width packets determined by a state machine.
+Uses BitField infrastructure from dsl.py, similar to GPU instruction encoding.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import Iterator
+from enum import Enum
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import BitField, FixedBitField, bits
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# FIELD ENUMS
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+class MemSrc(Enum):
+  LDS = 0
+  LDS_ALT = 1
+  VMEM = 2
+  VMEM_ALT = 3
+
+class AluSrc(Enum):
+  NONE = 0
+  SALU = 1
+  VALU = 2
+  VALU_SALU = 3
+
+class InstOp(Enum):
+  """SQTT instruction operation types.
+
+  Memory ops appear in two ranges depending on which SIMD executes them:
+  - 0x1x-0x2x range: ops on traced SIMD
+  - 0x5x range: ops on other SIMD (OTHER_ prefix)
+
+  GLOBAL memory ops encoding depends on addressing mode AND size:
+  - Loads: 0x21 (saddr=SGPR) or 0x22 (saddr=NULL), all sizes same
+  - Stores: base + size_offset, where VADDR is shifted +1 from SADDR
+    SADDR: 0x24(32) 0x25(64) 0x26(96) 0x27(128)
+    VADDR: 0x25(32) 0x26(64) 0x27(96) 0x28(128)
+
+  OTHER_ range follows same pattern but values overlap differently.
+  """
+  SALU = 0x0
+  SMEM = 0x1
+  JUMP = 0x3              # branch taken
+  JUMP_NO = 0x4           # branch not taken
+  MESSAGE = 0x9
+  VALU_TRANS = 0xb        # transcendental: exp, log, rcp, sqrt, sin, cos
+  VALU_64_SHIFT = 0xd     # 64-bit shifts: lshl, lshr, ashr
+  VALU_MAD64 = 0xe        # 64-bit multiply-add
+  VALU_64 = 0xf           # 64-bit: add, mul, fma, rcp, sqrt, rounding, frexp, div helpers
+  VINTERP = 0x12          # interpolation: v_interp_p10_f32, v_interp_p2_f32
+  BARRIER = 0x13
+
+  # FLAT memory ops on traced SIMD (0x1x range)
+  FLAT_LOAD = 0x1c
+  FLAT_STORE = 0x1d
+  FLAT_STORE_64 = 0x1e
+  FLAT_STORE_96 = 0x1f
+  FLAT_STORE_128 = 0x20
+
+  # GLOBAL memory ops on traced SIMD (0x2x range)
+  GLOBAL_LOAD = 0x21             # saddr=SGPR, all sizes
+  GLOBAL_LOAD_VADDR = 0x22       # saddr=NULL, all sizes
+  GLOBAL_STORE = 0x24            # saddr=SGPR, 32-bit
+  GLOBAL_STORE_64 = 0x25         # saddr=SGPR 64 or saddr=NULL 32
+  GLOBAL_STORE_96 = 0x26         # saddr=SGPR 96 or saddr=NULL 64
+  GLOBAL_STORE_128 = 0x27        # saddr=SGPR 128 or saddr=NULL 96
+  GLOBAL_STORE_VADDR_128 = 0x28  # saddr=NULL, 128-bit
+
+  # LDS ops on traced SIMD
+  LDS_LOAD = 0x29
+  LDS_STORE = 0x2b
+  LDS_STORE_64 = 0x2c
+  LDS_STORE_128 = 0x2e
+
+  # Memory ops on other SIMD (0x5x range)
+  OTHER_LDS_LOAD = 0x50
+  OTHER_LDS_STORE = 0x51
+  OTHER_LDS_STORE_64 = 0x52
+  OTHER_LDS_STORE_128 = 0x54
+  OTHER_FLAT_LOAD = 0x55
+  OTHER_FLAT_STORE = 0x56
+  OTHER_FLAT_STORE_64 = 0x57
+  OTHER_FLAT_STORE_96 = 0x58
+  OTHER_FLAT_STORE_128 = 0x59
+  OTHER_GLOBAL_LOAD = 0x5a             # saddr=SGPR, all sizes
+  OTHER_GLOBAL_LOAD_VADDR = 0x5b       # saddr=NULL or saddr=SGPR store 32
+  OTHER_GLOBAL_STORE_64 = 0x5c         # saddr=SGPR 64 or saddr=NULL 32
+  OTHER_GLOBAL_STORE_96 = 0x5d         # saddr=SGPR 96 or saddr=NULL 64
+  OTHER_GLOBAL_STORE_128 = 0x5e        # saddr=SGPR 128 or saddr=NULL 96
+  OTHER_GLOBAL_STORE_VADDR_128 = 0x5f  # saddr=NULL, 128-bit
+
+  # EXEC-modifying ops (0x7x range)
+  SALU_SAVEEXEC = 0x72    # s_*_saveexec_b32/b64
+  VALU_CMPX = 0x73        # v_cmpx_*
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# PACKET TYPE BASE CLASS
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+class PacketType:
+  """Base class for SQTT packet types."""
+  encoding: FixedBitField
+  _raw: int
+  _time: int
+
+  def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
+    super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+    cls._fields = {k: v for k, v in cls.__dict__.items() if isinstance(v, BitField)}
+    cls._size_nibbles = ((max((f.hi for f in cls._fields.values()), default=0) + 4) // 4)
+
+  @classmethod
+  def from_raw(cls, raw: int, time: int = 0):
+    inst = object.__new__(cls)
+    inst._raw, inst._time = raw, time
+    return inst
+
+  def __repr__(self) -> str:
+    fields_str = ", ".join(f"{k}={getattr(self, k)}" for k in self._fields if not k.startswith('_'))
+    return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({fields_str})"
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# PACKET TYPE DEFINITIONS
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+class VALUINST(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 2
+  encoding = bits[2:0] == 0b011
+  delta = bits[5:3]
+  flag = bits[6:6]
+  wave = bits[11:7]
+
+class VMEMEXEC(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 0
+  encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b1111
+  delta = bits[5:4]
+  src = bits[7:6].enum(MemSrc)
+
+class ALUEXEC(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 1
+  encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b1110
+  delta = bits[5:4]
+  src = bits[7:6].enum(AluSrc)
+
+class IMMEDIATE(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 5
+  encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b1101
+  delta = bits[6:4]
+  wave = bits[11:7]
+
+class IMMEDIATE_MASK(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 5
+  encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b00100
+  delta = bits[7:5]
+  mask = bits[23:8]
+
+class WAVERDY(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 3
+  encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b10100
+  delta = bits[7:5]
+  mask = bits[23:8]
+
+class TS_DELTA_S8_W3(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b0100001
+  delta = bits[10:8]
+  _padding = bits[63:11]
+
+class WAVEEND(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 4
+  encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b10101
+  delta = bits[7:5]
+  flag7 = bits[8:8]
+  simd = bits[10:9]
+  cu_lo = bits[13:11]
+  wave = bits[19:15]
+  @property
+  def cu(self) -> int: return self.cu_lo | (self.flag7 << 3)
+
+class WAVESTART(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 4
+  encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b01100
+  delta = bits[6:5]
+  flag7 = bits[7:7]
+  simd = bits[9:8]
+  cu_lo = bits[12:10]
+  wave = bits[17:13]
+  id7 = bits[31:18]
+  @property
+  def cu(self) -> int: return self.cu_lo | (self.flag7 << 3)
+
+class TS_DELTA_S5_W2(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b11100
+  delta = bits[6:5]
+  _padding = bits[47:7]
+
+class WAVEALLOC(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 10
+  encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b00101
+  delta = bits[7:5]
+  _padding = bits[19:8]
+
+class TS_DELTA_S5_W3(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b00110
+  delta = bits[7:5]
+  _padding = bits[51:8]
+
+class PERF(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 11
+  encoding = bits[4:0] == 0b10110
+  delta = bits[7:5]
+  arg = bits[27:8]
+
+class TS_DELTA_SHORT(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b1000
+  delta = bits[7:4]
+
+class NOP(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b0000
+  delta = None  # type: ignore
+  _padding = bits[3:0]
+
+class TS_WAVE_STATE(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b1010001
+  delta = bits[15:7]
+  coarse = bits[23:16]
+  @property
+  def wave_interest(self) -> bool: return bool(self.coarse & 1)
+  @property
+  def terminate_all(self) -> bool: return bool(self.coarse & 8)
+
+class EVENT(PacketType):  # exclude: 1 << 7
+  encoding = bits[7:0] == 0b01100001
+  delta = bits[10:8]
+  event = bits[23:11]
+
+class EVENT_BIG(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[7:0] == 0b11100001
+  delta = bits[10:8]
+  event = bits[31:11]
+
+class REG(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[3:0] == 0b1001
+  delta = bits[6:4]
+  slot = bits[9:7]
+  hi_byte = bits[15:8]
+  subop = bits[31:16]
+  val32 = bits[63:32]
+  @property
+  def is_config(self) -> bool: return bool(self.hi_byte & 0x80)
+
+class SNAPSHOT(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b1110001
+  delta = bits[9:7]
+  snap = bits[63:10]
+
+class TS_DELTA_OR_MARK(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b0000001
+  delta = bits[47:12]
+  bit8 = bits[8:8]
+  bit9 = bits[9:9]
+  @property
+  def is_marker(self) -> bool: return bool(self.bit9 and not self.bit8)
+
+class LAYOUT_HEADER(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b0010001
+  delta = None  # type: ignore
+  layout = bits[12:7]
+  simd = bits[14:13]
+  group = bits[17:15]
+  sel_a = bits[31:28]
+  sel_b = bits[36:33]
+  flag4 = bits[59:59]
+  _padding = bits[63:60]
+
+class INST(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[2:0] == 0b010
+  delta = bits[6:4]
+  flag1 = bits[3:3]
+  flag2 = bits[7:7]
+  wave = bits[12:8]
+  op = bits[19:13].enum(InstOp)
+
+class UTILCTR(PacketType):
+  encoding = bits[6:0] == 0b0110001
+  delta = bits[8:7]
+  ctr = bits[47:9]
+
+# All packet types in encoding priority order (more specific masks first, NOP last as fallback)
+PACKET_TYPES: list[type[PacketType]] = [
+  EVENT, EVENT_BIG,
+  TS_DELTA_S8_W3, TS_WAVE_STATE, SNAPSHOT, TS_DELTA_OR_MARK, LAYOUT_HEADER, UTILCTR,
+  IMMEDIATE_MASK, WAVERDY, WAVEEND, WAVESTART, TS_DELTA_S5_W2, WAVEALLOC, TS_DELTA_S5_W3, PERF,
+  VMEMEXEC, ALUEXEC, IMMEDIATE, TS_DELTA_SHORT, REG,
+  VALUINST, INST,
+  NOP,
+]
+
+def _build_state_table() -> tuple[bytes, dict[int, type[PacketType]]]:
+  table = [len(PACKET_TYPES) - 1] * 256  # default to NOP
+  opcode_to_class: dict[int, type[PacketType]] = {i: cls for i, cls in enumerate(PACKET_TYPES)}
+
+  for byte_val in range(256):
+    for opcode, pkt_cls in enumerate(PACKET_TYPES):
+      if (byte_val & pkt_cls.encoding.mask) == pkt_cls.encoding.default:
+        table[byte_val] = opcode
+        break
+
+  return bytes(table), opcode_to_class
+
+STATE_TO_OPCODE, OPCODE_TO_CLASS = _build_state_table()
+
+# Precompute special case opcodes
+_TS_DELTA_OR_MARK_OPCODE = next(op for op, cls in OPCODE_TO_CLASS.items() if cls is TS_DELTA_OR_MARK)
+_TS_DELTA_SHORT_OPCODE = next(op for op, cls in OPCODE_TO_CLASS.items() if cls is TS_DELTA_SHORT)
+
+# Combined lookup: opcode -> (pkt_cls, nib_count, delta_lo, delta_mask, special_case)
+# special_case: 0=none, 1=TS_DELTA_OR_MARK, 2=TS_DELTA_SHORT
+_DECODE_INFO: dict[int, tuple] = {}
+for _opcode, _pkt_cls in OPCODE_TO_CLASS.items():
+  _delta_field = getattr(_pkt_cls, 'delta', None)
+  _delta_lo = _delta_field.lo if _delta_field else 0
+  _delta_mask = _delta_field.mask if _delta_field else 0
+  _special = 1 if _opcode == _TS_DELTA_OR_MARK_OPCODE else (2 if _opcode == _TS_DELTA_SHORT_OPCODE else 0)
+  _DECODE_INFO[_opcode] = (_pkt_cls, _pkt_cls._size_nibbles, _delta_lo, _delta_mask, _special)
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# DECODER
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+def decode(data: bytes) -> Iterator[PacketType]:
+  """Decode raw SQTT blob, yielding packet instances."""
+  n, reg, pos, nib_off, nib_count, time = len(data), 0, 0, 0, 16, 0
+
+  while pos + ((nib_count + nib_off + 1) >> 1) <= n:
+    need = nib_count - nib_off
+    # 1. if unaligned, read high nibble to align
+    if nib_off: reg, pos = (reg >> 4) | ((data[pos] >> 4) << 60), pos + 1
+    # 2. read all full bytes at once
+    if (byte_count := need >> 1):
+      chunk = int.from_bytes(data[pos:pos + byte_count], 'little')
+      reg, pos = (reg >> (byte_count * 8)) | (chunk << (64 - byte_count * 8)), pos + byte_count
+    # 3. if odd, read low nibble
+    if (nib_off := need & 1): reg = (reg >> 4) | ((data[pos] & 0xF) << 60)
+
+    opcode = STATE_TO_OPCODE[reg & 0xFF]
+    pkt_cls, nib_count, delta_lo, delta_mask, special = _DECODE_INFO[opcode]
+    delta = (reg >> delta_lo) & delta_mask
+    if special == 1 and (reg >> 9) & 1 and not (reg >> 8) & 1: delta = 0  # TS_DELTA_OR_MARK marker
+    elif special == 2: delta += 8  # TS_DELTA_SHORT
+    time += delta
+    yield pkt_cls.from_raw(reg, time)
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# PRINTER
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+PACKET_COLORS = {
+  "INST": "WHITE", "VALUINST": "BLACK", "VMEMEXEC": "yellow", "ALUEXEC": "yellow",
+  "IMMEDIATE": "YELLOW", "IMMEDIATE_MASK": "YELLOW", "WAVERDY": "cyan", "WAVEALLOC": "cyan",
+  "WAVEEND": "blue", "WAVESTART": "blue", "PERF": "magenta", "EVENT": "red", "EVENT_BIG": "red",
+  "REG": "green", "LAYOUT_HEADER": "white", "SNAPSHOT": "white", "UTILCTR": "green",
+}
+
+def format_packet(p) -> str:
+  from tinygrad.helpers import colored
+  name = type(p).__name__
+  if isinstance(p, INST):
+    op_name = p.op.name if isinstance(p.op, InstOp) else f"0x{p.op:02x}"
+    fields = f"wave={p.wave} op={op_name}" + (" flag1" if p.flag1 else "") + (" flag2" if p.flag2 else "")
+  elif isinstance(p, VALUINST): fields = f"wave={p.wave}" + (" flag" if p.flag else "")
+  elif isinstance(p, ALUEXEC): fields = f"src={p.src.name if isinstance(p.src, AluSrc) else p.src}"
+  elif isinstance(p, VMEMEXEC): fields = f"src={p.src.name if isinstance(p.src, MemSrc) else p.src}"
+  elif isinstance(p, (WAVESTART, WAVEEND)): fields = f"wave={p.wave} simd={p.simd} cu={p.cu}"
+  elif hasattr(p, '_fields'):
+    fields = " ".join(f"{k}=0x{getattr(p, k):x}" if k in {'snap', 'val32'} else f"{k}={getattr(p, k)}"
+                      for k in p._fields if not k.startswith('_') and k not in {'delta', 'encoding'})
+  else: fields = ""
+  return f"{p._time:8}: {colored(f'{name:18}', PACKET_COLORS.get(name, 'white'))} {fields}"
+
+def print_packets(packets) -> None:
+  skip = {"NOP", "TS_DELTA_SHORT", "TS_WAVE_STATE", "TS_DELTA_OR_MARK", "TS_DELTA_S5_W2", "TS_DELTA_S5_W3", "TS_DELTA_S8_W3", "REG", "EVENT"}
+  for p in packets:
+    if type(p).__name__ not in skip: print(format_packet(p))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  import sys, pickle
+  if len(sys.argv) < 2:
+    print("Usage: python sqtt.py <pkl_file>")
+    sys.exit(1)
+  with open(sys.argv[1], "rb") as f:
+    data = pickle.load(f)
+  sqtt_events = [e for e in data if type(e).__name__ == "ProfileSQTTEvent"]
+  for i, event in enumerate(sqtt_events):
+    print(f"\n=== event {i} ===")
+    print_packets(decode(event.blob))
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Benchmark comparing Python vs Rust RDNA3 emulators on real tinygrad kernels."""
+import ctypes, time, os
+from pathlib import Path
+
+# Set AMD=1 before importing tinygrad
+os.environ["AMD"] = "1"
+
+from extra.assembly.amd.emu import run_asm as python_run_asm, set_valid_mem_ranges, decode_program
+
+REMU_PATH = Path(__file__).parents[3] / "remu/target/release/libremu.so"
+if not REMU_PATH.exists():
+  REMU_PATH = Path(__file__).parents[3] / "remu/target/release/libremu.dylib"
+
+def get_rust_remu():
+  """Load the Rust libremu shared library."""
+  if not REMU_PATH.exists(): return None
+  remu = ctypes.CDLL(str(REMU_PATH))
+  remu.run_asm.restype = ctypes.c_int32
+  remu.run_asm.argtypes = [ctypes.c_void_p, ctypes.c_uint32, ctypes.c_uint32, ctypes.c_uint32, ctypes.c_uint32,
+                           ctypes.c_uint32, ctypes.c_uint32, ctypes.c_uint32, ctypes.c_void_p]
+  return remu
+
+def count_instructions(kernel: bytes) -> int:
+  """Count instructions in a kernel."""
+  return len(decode_program(kernel))
+
+def setup_buffers(buf_sizes: list[int], init_data: dict[int, bytes] | None = None):
+  """Allocate buffers and return args pointer + valid ranges."""
+  if init_data is None: init_data = {}
+  buffers = []
+  for i, size in enumerate(buf_sizes):
+    padded = ((size + 15) // 16) * 16 + 16
+    data = init_data.get(i, b'\x00' * padded)
+    data_list = list(data) + [0] * (padded - len(data))
+    buf = (ctypes.c_uint8 * padded)(*data_list[:padded])
+    buffers.append(buf)
+  args = (ctypes.c_uint64 * len(buffers))(*[ctypes.addressof(b) for b in buffers])
+  args_ptr = ctypes.addressof(args)
+  ranges = {(ctypes.addressof(b), len(b)) for b in buffers}
+  ranges.add((args_ptr, ctypes.sizeof(args)))
+  return buffers, args, args_ptr, ranges
+
+def benchmark_emulator(name: str, run_fn, kernel: bytes, global_size, local_size, args_ptr, rsrc2: int, iterations: int = 5):
+  """Benchmark an emulator and return average time."""
+  gx, gy, gz = global_size
+  lx, ly, lz = local_size
+  kernel_buf = (ctypes.c_char * len(kernel)).from_buffer_copy(kernel)
+  lib_ptr = ctypes.addressof(kernel_buf)
+
+  # Warmup
+  run_fn(lib_ptr, len(kernel), gx, gy, gz, lx, ly, lz, args_ptr, rsrc2)
+
+  # Timed runs
+  times = []
+  for _ in range(iterations):
+    start = time.perf_counter()
+    result = run_fn(lib_ptr, len(kernel), gx, gy, gz, lx, ly, lz, args_ptr, rsrc2)
+    end = time.perf_counter()
+    if result != 0:
+      print(f"  {name} returned error: {result}")
+      return None
+    times.append(end - start)
+
+  return sum(times) / len(times)
+
+def get_tinygrad_kernel(op_name: str) -> tuple[bytes, tuple, tuple, list[int], dict[int, bytes], int] | None:
+  """Get a real tinygrad kernel by operation name. Returns (code, global_size, local_size, buf_sizes, buf_data, rsrc2)."""
+  try:
+    from tinygrad import Tensor
+    from tinygrad.runtime.support.elf import elf_loader
+    from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import hsa
+    import numpy as np
+    np.random.seed(42)
+
+    ops = {
+      "add": lambda: Tensor.empty(1024) + Tensor.empty(1024),
+      "mul": lambda: Tensor.empty(1024) * Tensor.empty(1024),
+      "matmul_small": lambda: Tensor.empty(16, 16) @ Tensor.empty(16, 16),
+      "matmul_medium": lambda: Tensor.empty(64, 64) @ Tensor.empty(64, 64),
+      "reduce_sum": lambda: Tensor.empty(4096).sum(),
+      "reduce_max": lambda: Tensor.empty(4096).max(),
+      "softmax": lambda: Tensor.empty(256).softmax(),
+      "layernorm": lambda: Tensor.empty(32, 64).layernorm(),
+      "conv2d": lambda: Tensor.empty(1, 4, 16, 16).conv2d(Tensor.empty(4, 4, 3, 3)),
+      "gelu": lambda: Tensor.empty(1024).gelu(),
+      "exp": lambda: Tensor.empty(1024).exp(),
+      "sin": lambda: Tensor.empty(1024).sin(),
+    }
+
+    if op_name not in ops: return None
+    out = ops[op_name]()
+    sched = out.schedule()
+
+    for ei in sched:
+      lowered = ei.lower()
+      if ei.ast.op.name == 'SINK' and lowered.prg and lowered.prg.p.lib:
+        lib = bytes(lowered.prg.p.lib)
+        image = memoryview(bytearray(lib))
+        _, sections, _ = elf_loader(lib)
+        rodata_entry = next((sh.header.sh_addr for sh in sections if sh.name == ".rodata"), -1)
+        for sec in sections:
+          if sec.name == '.text':
+            buf_sizes = [b.nbytes for b in lowered.bufs]
+            # Get initial data from numpy arrays if available
+            buf_data = {}
+            for i, buf in enumerate(lowered.bufs):
+              if hasattr(buf, 'base') and buf.base is not None and hasattr(buf.base, '_buf'):
+                try: buf_data[i] = bytes(buf.base._buf)
+                except: pass
+            # Extract rsrc2 from ELF (same as ops_amd.py)
+            group_segment_size = image[rodata_entry:rodata_entry+4].cast("I")[0]
+            lds_size = ((group_segment_size + 511) // 512) & 0x1FF
+            code = hsa.amd_kernel_code_t.from_buffer_copy(bytes(image[rodata_entry:rodata_entry+256]) + b'\x00'*256)
+            rsrc2 = code.compute_pgm_rsrc2 | (lds_size << 15)
+            return (bytes(sec.content), tuple(lowered.prg.p.global_size), tuple(lowered.prg.p.local_size), buf_sizes, buf_data, rsrc2)
+    return None
+  except Exception as e:
+    print(f"  Error getting kernel: {e}")
+    return None
+
+TINYGRAD_TESTS = ["add", "mul", "reduce_sum", "softmax", "exp", "gelu", "matmul_small"]
+
+def main():
+  import argparse
+  parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Benchmark RDNA3 emulators")
+  parser.add_argument("--iterations", type=int, default=3, help="Number of iterations per benchmark")
+  args = parser.parse_args()
+
+  rust_remu = get_rust_remu()
+  if rust_remu is None:
+    print("Rust libremu not found. Build with: cargo build --release --manifest-path extra/remu/Cargo.toml")
+    print("Running Python-only benchmarks...\n")
+
+  print("=" * 90)
+  print("RDNA3 Emulator Benchmark: Python vs Rust")
+  print("=" * 90)
+
+  results = []
+
+  print("\n[TINYGRAD KERNELS]")
+  print("-" * 90)
+
+  for op_name in TINYGRAD_TESTS:
+    print(f"\n{op_name}:", end=" ", flush=True)
+    kernel_info = get_tinygrad_kernel(op_name)
+    if kernel_info is None:
+      print("failed to compile")
+      continue
+
+    kernel, global_size, local_size, buf_sizes, buf_data, rsrc2 = kernel_info
+    n_insts = count_instructions(kernel)
+    n_workgroups = global_size[0] * global_size[1] * global_size[2]
+    n_threads = local_size[0] * local_size[1] * local_size[2]
+    total_work = n_insts * n_workgroups * n_threads
+
+    print(f"{n_insts} insts × {n_workgroups} WGs × {n_threads} threads = {total_work:,} ops")
+
+    buffers, args_arr, args_ptr, ranges = setup_buffers(buf_sizes, buf_data)
+    set_valid_mem_ranges(ranges)
+
+    py_time = benchmark_emulator("Python", python_run_asm, kernel, global_size, local_size, args_ptr, rsrc2, args.iterations)
+    rust_time = benchmark_emulator("Rust", rust_remu.run_asm, kernel, global_size, local_size, args_ptr, rsrc2, args.iterations) if rust_remu else None
+
+    if py_time:
+      py_rate = total_work / py_time / 1e6
+      print(f"  Python: {py_time*1000:8.3f} ms  ({py_rate:7.2f} M ops/s)")
+    if rust_time:
+      rust_rate = total_work / rust_time / 1e6
+      speedup = py_time / rust_time if py_time else 0
+      print(f"  Rust:   {rust_time*1000:8.3f} ms  ({rust_rate:7.2f} M ops/s)  [{speedup:.1f}x faster]")
+
+    results.append((op_name, n_insts, n_workgroups, py_time, rust_time))
+
+  # Summary table
+  print("\n" + "=" * 90)
+  print("SUMMARY")
+  print("=" * 90)
+  print(f"{'Name':<25} {'Insts':<8} {'WGs':<6} {'Python (ms)':<14} {'Rust (ms)':<14} {'Speedup':<10}")
+  print("-" * 90)
+
+  for name, n_insts, n_wgs, py_time, rust_time in results:
+    py_ms = f"{py_time*1000:.3f}" if py_time else "error"
+    if rust_time:
+      rust_ms = f"{rust_time*1000:.3f}"
+      speedup = f"{py_time/rust_time:.1f}x" if py_time else "N/A"
+    else:
+      rust_ms, speedup = "N/A", "N/A"
+    print(f"{name:<25} {n_insts:<8} {n_wgs:<6} {py_ms:<14} {rust_ms:<14} {speedup:<10}")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  main()
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+# Usability tests for the RDNA3 ASM DSL
+# These tests demonstrate how the DSL *should* work for a good user experience
+# Currently many of these tests fail - they document desired behavior
+
+import unittest
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import Inst, RawImm, SGPR, VGPR
+
+class TestRegisterSliceSyntax(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Issue: Register slice syntax should use AMD assembly convention (inclusive end).
+
+  In AMD assembly, s[4:7] means registers s4, s5, s6, s7 (4 registers, inclusive).
+  The DSL should match this convention so that:
+  - s[4:7] gives 4 registers
+  - Disassembler output can be copied directly back into DSL code
+
+  Fix: Change _RegFactory.__getitem__ to use inclusive end:
+    key.stop - key.start + 1  (instead of key.stop - key.start)
+  """
+  def test_register_slice_count(self):
+    # s[4:7] should give 4 registers: s4, s5, s6, s7 (AMD convention, inclusive)
+    reg = s[4:7]
+    self.assertEqual(reg.count, 4, "s[4:7] should give 4 registers (s4, s5, s6, s7)")
+
+  def test_register_slice_roundtrip(self):
+    # Round-trip: DSL -> disasm -> DSL should preserve register count
+    reg = s[4:7]  # 4 registers in AMD convention
+    inst = s_load_b128(reg, s[0:1], NULL, 0)
+    disasm = inst.disasm()
+    # Disasm shows s[4:7] - user should be able to copy this back
+    self.assertIn("s[4:7]", disasm)
+    # And s[4:7] in DSL should give the same 4 registers
+    reg_from_disasm = s[4:7]
+    self.assertEqual(reg_from_disasm.count, 4, "s[4:7] from disasm should give 4 registers")
+
+
+class TestReprReadability(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Issue: repr() leaks internal RawImm type and omits zero-valued fields.
+
+  When you create v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[1]), the repr shows:
+    VOP1(op=1, src0=RawImm(257))
+
+  Problems:
+  1. vdst=v[0] is omitted because 0 is treated as "default"
+  2. src0 shows RawImm(257) instead of v[1]
+  3. User sees encoded values (257 = 256 + 1) instead of register names
+
+  Expected repr: VOP1(op=1, vdst=v[0], src0=v[1])
+  """
+  def test_repr_shows_registers_not_raw_imm(self):
+    inst = v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[1])
+    # Should show v[1], not RawImm(257)
+    self.assertNotIn("RawImm", repr(inst), "repr should not expose RawImm internal type")
+    self.assertIn("v[1]", repr(inst), "repr should show register name")
+
+  def test_repr_includes_zero_dst(self):
+    inst = v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[1])
+    # v[0] is a valid destination register, should be shown
+    self.assertIn("vdst", repr(inst), "repr should include vdst even when 0")
+
+  def test_repr_roundtrip(self):
+    # repr should produce something that can be eval'd back
+    inst = v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[1])
+    # This would require repr to output valid Python, e.g.:
+    # "VOP1(op=VOP1Op.V_MOV_B32, vdst=v[0], src0=v[1])"
+    r = repr(inst)
+    # At minimum, it should be human-readable
+    self.assertIn("v[", r, "repr should show register syntax")
+
+
+class TestInstructionEquality(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Issue: No __eq__ method - instruction comparison requires repr() workaround.
+
+  Two identical instructions should compare equal with ==, but currently:
+    inst1 == inst2 returns False
+
+  The test_handwritten.py works around this with:
+    self.assertEqual(repr(self.inst), repr(reasm))
+  """
+  def test_identical_instructions_equal(self):
+    inst1 = v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[1])
+    inst2 = v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[1])
+    self.assertEqual(inst1, inst2, "identical instructions should be equal")
+
+  def test_different_instructions_not_equal(self):
+    inst1 = v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[1])
+    inst2 = v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[2])
+    self.assertNotEqual(inst1, inst2, "different instructions should not be equal")
+
+
+class TestVOPDHelperSignature(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Issue: VOPD helper functions have confusing semantics.
+
+  v_dual_mul_f32 is defined as:
+    v_dual_mul_f32 = functools.partial(VOPD, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MUL_F32)
+
+  This binds VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MUL_F32 to the FIRST positional arg of VOPD.__init__,
+  which is 'opx'. So v_dual_mul_f32 sets the X operation.
+
+  But then test_dual_mul in test_handwritten.py does:
+    v_dual_mul_f32(VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MUL_F32, vdstx=v[0], ...)
+
+  This passes V_DUAL_MUL_F32 as the SECOND positional arg (opy), making both
+  X and Y operations the same. This is confusing because:
+  1. The function name suggests it handles the X operation
+  2. But you still pass an opcode as the first arg (which becomes opy)
+
+  Expected: Either make the helper fully specify both ops, or make the
+  signature clearer about what the positional arg means.
+  """
+  def test_vopd_helper_opy_should_be_required(self):
+    # Using only keyword args "works" but opy silently defaults to 0
+    inst = v_dual_mul_f32(vdstx=v[0], vdsty=v[1], srcx0=v[2], vsrcx1=v[3], srcy0=v[4], vsrcy1=v[5])
+    self.assertEqual(inst.opx, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MUL_F32)
+    # Bug: opy defaults to 0 (V_DUAL_FMAC_F32) silently - should require explicit opy
+    # This test documents the bug - it should fail once fixed
+    self.assertNotEqual(inst.opy, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_FMAC_F32, "opy should not silently default to FMAC")
+
+  def test_vopd_helper_positional_arg_is_opy(self):
+    # The first positional arg after the partial becomes opy, not a second opx
+    inst = v_dual_mul_f32(VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MOV_B32, vdstx=v[0], vdsty=v[1], srcx0=v[2], vsrcx1=v[3], srcy0=v[4], vsrcy1=v[5])
+    self.assertEqual(inst.opx, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MUL_F32)  # From partial
+    self.assertEqual(inst.opy, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MOV_B32)  # From first positional arg
+
+
+class TestFieldAccessPreservesType(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Issue: Field access loses type information.
+
+  After creating an instruction, accessing fields returns encoded int values:
+    inst = v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[1])
+    inst.vdst  # returns 0, not VGPR(0)
+
+  This makes it impossible to round-trip register types through field access.
+  """
+  def test_vdst_returns_register(self):
+    inst = v_mov_b32_e32(v[5], v[1])
+    vdst = inst.vdst
+    # Should return a VGPR, not an int
+    self.assertIsInstance(vdst, (VGPR, int), "vdst should return VGPR or at least be usable")
+    # Ideally: self.assertIsInstance(vdst, VGPR)
+
+  def test_src_returns_register_for_vgpr_source(self):
+    inst = v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[1])
+    # src0 is encoded as 257 (256 + 1 for v1)
+    # Ideally it should decode back to v[1]
+    src0_raw = inst._values.get('src0')
+    # Currently returns RawImm(257), should return VGPR(1) or similar
+    self.assertNotIsInstance(src0_raw, RawImm, "source should not be RawImm internally")
+
+
+class TestArgumentDiscoverability(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Issue: No clear signature for positional arguments.
+
+  inspect.signature(s_load_b128) shows: (*args, literal=None, **kwargs)
+
+  Users have no way to know the argument order without reading source code.
+  The order is implicitly defined by the class field definition order.
+
+  Possible fixes:
+  1. Add explicit parameter names to functools.partial
+  2. Generate type stubs with proper signatures
+  3. Add docstrings listing the expected arguments
+  """
+  def test_signature_has_named_params(self):
+    import inspect
+    sig = inspect.signature(s_load_b128)
+    params = list(sig.parameters.keys())
+    # Currently: ['args', 'literal', 'kwargs'] (from *args, literal=None, **kwargs)
+    # Expected: something like ['sdata', 'sbase', 'soffset', 'offset', 'literal']
+    self.assertIn('sdata', params, "signature should show field names")
+
+
+class TestSpecialConstants(unittest.TestCase):
+  """
+  Issue: NULL and other constants are IntEnum values that might be confusing.
+
+  NULL = SrcEnum.NULL = 124, but users might expect NULL to be a special object
+  that clearly represents "no register" rather than a magic number.
+  """
+  def test_null_has_clear_repr(self):
+    # NULL should have a clear string representation
+    self.assertIn("NULL", str(NULL) or repr(NULL), "NULL should be clearly identifiable")
+
+  def test_null_is_distinguishable_from_int(self):
+    # NULL should be distinguishable from the raw integer 124
+    self.assertNotEqual(type(NULL), int, "NULL should not be plain int")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  unittest.main()
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+"""Shared test helpers for RDNA3 tests."""
+import shutil
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+@dataclass
+class KernelInfo:
+  code: bytes
+  global_size: tuple[int, int, int]
+  local_size: tuple[int, int, int]
+  buf_idxs: list[int]  # indices into shared buffer pool
+  buf_sizes: list[int]  # sizes for each buffer index
+
+# LLVM tool detection (shared across test files)
+def get_llvm_mc():
+  """Find llvm-mc executable, preferring newer versions."""
+  for p in ['llvm-mc', 'llvm-mc-21', 'llvm-mc-20']:
+    if shutil.which(p): return p
+  raise FileNotFoundError("llvm-mc not found")
+
+def get_llvm_objdump():
+  """Find llvm-objdump executable, preferring newer versions."""
+  for p in ['llvm-objdump', 'llvm-objdump-21', 'llvm-objdump-20']:
+    if shutil.which(p): return p
+  raise FileNotFoundError("llvm-objdump not found")
+
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+# EXECUTION CONTEXT (for testing compiled pseudocode)
+# ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
+
+class ExecContext:
+  """Context for running compiled pseudocode in tests."""
+  def __init__(self, s0=0, s1=0, s2=0, d0=0, scc=0, vcc=0, lane=0, exec_mask=0xffffffff, literal=0, vgprs=None, src0_idx=0, vdst_idx=0):
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import Reg, MASK32, MASK64, TypedView
+    self._Reg, self._MASK64, self._TypedView = Reg, MASK64, TypedView
+    self.S0, self.S1, self.S2 = Reg(s0), Reg(s1), Reg(s2)
+    self.D0, self.D1 = Reg(d0), Reg(0)
+    self.SCC, self.VCC, self.EXEC = Reg(scc), Reg(vcc), Reg(exec_mask)
+    self.tmp, self.saveexec = Reg(0), Reg(exec_mask)
+    self.lane, self.laneId, self.literal = lane, lane, literal
+    self.SIMM16, self.SIMM32 = Reg(literal), Reg(literal)
+    self.VGPR = vgprs if vgprs is not None else {}
+    self.SRC0, self.VDST = Reg(src0_idx), Reg(vdst_idx)
+
+  def run(self, code: str):
+    """Execute compiled code."""
+    import extra.assembly.amd.pcode as pcode
+    ns = {k: getattr(pcode, k) for k in dir(pcode) if not k.startswith('_')}
+    # Also include underscore-prefixed helpers that compiled pseudocode uses
+    for k in ['_pack', '_pack32']:
+      if hasattr(pcode, k): ns[k] = getattr(pcode, k)
+    ns.update({
+      'S0': self.S0, 'S1': self.S1, 'S2': self.S2, 'D0': self.D0, 'D1': self.D1,
+      'SCC': self.SCC, 'VCC': self.VCC, 'EXEC': self.EXEC,
+      'EXEC_LO': self._TypedView(self.EXEC, 31, 0), 'EXEC_HI': self._TypedView(self.EXEC, 63, 32),
+      'tmp': self.tmp, 'saveexec': self.saveexec,
+      'lane': self.lane, 'laneId': self.laneId, 'literal': self.literal,
+      'SIMM16': self.SIMM16, 'SIMM32': self.SIMM32, 'VGPR': self.VGPR, 'SRC0': self.SRC0, 'VDST': self.VDST,
+    })
+    exec(code, ns)
+    def _sync(ctx_reg, ns_val):
+      if isinstance(ns_val, self._Reg): ctx_reg._val = ns_val._val
+      else: ctx_reg._val = int(ns_val) & self._MASK64
+    for name in ('SCC', 'VCC', 'EXEC', 'D0', 'D1', 'tmp', 'saveexec'):
+      if ns.get(name) is not getattr(self, name): _sync(getattr(self, name), ns[name])
+
+  def result(self) -> dict: return {"d0": self.D0._val, "scc": self.SCC._val & 1}
@@ -1,25 +1,14 @@
 """Test infrastructure for hardware-validated RDNA3 emulator tests.

 Uses run_asm() with memory output, so tests can run on both emulator and real hardware.
-Set USE_HW=1 to run on both emulator and hardware, comparing results.
+Set USE_HW=1 to run on both emulator and real hardware, comparing results.
 """
-import ctypes, math, os, struct
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.ins import *
+import ctypes, os, struct
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import *

-from tinygrad.renderer.amd.emu import run_asm
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import NULL, SCC, VCC_LO, VCC_HI, EXEC_LO, EXEC_HI, M0
-
-def _i32(f: float) -> int: return struct.unpack('<I', struct.pack('<f', f))[0]
-def _f32(i: int) -> float: return struct.unpack('<f', struct.pack('<I', i & 0xFFFFFFFF))[0]
-
-# f16 conversion helpers
-def f16(i: int) -> float: return struct.unpack('<e', struct.pack('<H', i & 0xFFFF))[0]
-def f32_to_f16(f: float) -> int:
-  f = float(f)
-  if math.isnan(f): return 0x7e00
-  if math.isinf(f): return 0x7c00 if f > 0 else 0xfc00
-  try: return struct.unpack('<H', struct.pack('<e', f))[0]
-  except OverflowError: return 0x7c00 if f > 0 else 0xfc00
+from extra.assembly.amd.emu import WaveState, run_asm, set_valid_mem_ranges
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import NULL, SCC, VCC_LO, VCC_HI, EXEC_LO, EXEC_HI, M0
+from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _i32, _f32

 # For backwards compatibility with tests using SrcEnum.NULL etc.
 class SrcEnum:
@@ -43,28 +32,11 @@ VCC = VCC_LO  # For VOP3SD sdst field (VCC_LO is exported from dsl)
 USE_HW = os.environ.get("USE_HW", "0") == "1"
 FLOAT_TOLERANCE = 1e-5

-def get_gpu_target() -> tuple[int, int, int]:
-  """Get the GPU target as (major, minor, stepping) tuple."""
-  if not USE_HW: return (0, 0, 0)
-  from tinygrad.device import Device
-  return Device["AMD"].target  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-
-def skip_unless_gfx(min_major: int, min_minor: int = 0, reason: str = ""):
-  """Skip test if GPU target is below the minimum required version."""
-  import unittest
-  def decorator(test_func):
-    if not USE_HW: return test_func
-    target = get_gpu_target()
-    if target[0] < min_major or (target[0] == min_major and target[1] < min_minor):
-      return unittest.skip(reason or f"requires gfx{min_major}{min_minor}0+")(test_func)
-    return test_func
-  return decorator
-
-# Output buffer layout: vgpr[16][32], sgpr[16], vcc, scc, exec
+# Output buffer layout: vgpr[16][32], sgpr[16], vcc, scc
 N_VGPRS, N_SGPRS, WAVE_SIZE = 16, 16, 32
 VGPR_BYTES = N_VGPRS * WAVE_SIZE * 4  # 16 regs * 32 lanes * 4 bytes = 2048
 SGPR_BYTES = N_SGPRS * 4  # 16 regs * 4 bytes = 64
-OUT_BYTES = VGPR_BYTES + SGPR_BYTES + 12  # + vcc + scc + exec
+OUT_BYTES = VGPR_BYTES + SGPR_BYTES + 8  # + vcc + scc

 # Float conversion helpers
 def f2i(f: float) -> int: return _i32(f)
@@ -75,14 +47,6 @@ def i642f(i: int) -> float: return struct.unpack('<d', struct.pack('<Q', i))[0]
 def assemble(instructions: list) -> bytes:
  return b''.join(inst.to_bytes() for inst in instructions)

-# Simple WaveState class for test output parsing (mirrors emu.py interface for tests)
-class WaveState:
-  def __init__(self):
-    self.vgpr = [[0] * 256 for _ in range(32)]  # vgpr[lane][reg]
-    self.sgpr = [0] * 128
-    self.vcc = 0
-    self.scc = 0
-
 def get_prologue_epilogue(n_lanes: int) -> tuple[list, list]:
  """Generate prologue and epilogue instructions for state capture."""
  prologue = [
@@ -99,10 +63,6 @@ def get_prologue_epilogue(n_lanes: int) -> tuple[list, list]:
  epilogue = [
    s_mov_b32(s[90], VCC_LO),
    s_cselect_b32(s[91], 1, 0),
-    # Save EXEC early (before we modify it for VGPR stores)
-    s_mov_b32(s[95], EXEC_LO),
-    # Restore EXEC to all active lanes for VGPR stores (test may have modified EXEC)
-    s_mov_b32(EXEC_LO, (1 << n_lanes) - 1),
    s_load_b64(s[92:93], s[80:81], 0, soffset=NULL),
    s_waitcnt(0),  # simm16=0 waits for all
    v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[240], 2, v[255]),
@@ -120,9 +80,6 @@ def get_prologue_epilogue(n_lanes: int) -> tuple[list, list]:
  epilogue.append(global_store_b32(addr=v[240], data=v[243], saddr=s[92:93], offset=VGPR_BYTES + SGPR_BYTES))
  epilogue.append(v_mov_b32_e32(v[243], s[91]))
  epilogue.append(global_store_b32(addr=v[240], data=v[243], saddr=s[92:93], offset=VGPR_BYTES + SGPR_BYTES + 4))
-  # Store EXEC (saved earlier in s[95])
-  epilogue.append(v_mov_b32_e32(v[243], s[95]))
-  epilogue.append(global_store_b32(addr=v[240], data=v[243], saddr=s[92:93], offset=VGPR_BYTES + SGPR_BYTES + 8))
  epilogue.append(s_mov_b32(EXEC_LO, s[94]))
  epilogue.append(s_endpgm())
  return prologue, epilogue
@@ -138,8 +95,6 @@ def parse_output(out_buf: bytes, n_lanes: int) -> WaveState:
    st.sgpr[i] = struct.unpack_from('<I', out_buf, VGPR_BYTES + i * 4)[0]
  st.vcc = struct.unpack_from('<I', out_buf, VGPR_BYTES + SGPR_BYTES)[0]
  st.scc = struct.unpack_from('<I', out_buf, VGPR_BYTES + SGPR_BYTES + 4)[0]
-  # Store EXEC in its proper location (index 126)
-  st.sgpr[EXEC_LO.offset] = struct.unpack_from('<I', out_buf, VGPR_BYTES + SGPR_BYTES + 8)[0]
  return st

 def run_program_emu(instructions: list, n_lanes: int = 1) -> WaveState:
@@ -155,10 +110,10 @@ def run_program_emu(instructions: list, n_lanes: int = 1) -> WaveState:
  kernel_buf = (ctypes.c_char * len(code)).from_buffer_copy(code)
  lib_ptr = ctypes.addressof(kernel_buf)

+  set_valid_mem_ranges({(out_addr, OUT_BYTES), (args_ptr, 8)})
  # rsrc2: USER_SGPR_COUNT=2, ENABLE_SGPR_WORKGROUP_ID_X/Y/Z=1, LDS_SIZE=128 (64KB)
  rsrc2 = 0x19c | (128 << 15)
-  scratch_size = 0x10000  # 64KB per lane, matches .amdhsa_private_segment_fixed_size in run_program_hw
-  result = run_asm(lib_ptr, len(code), 1, 1, 1, n_lanes, 1, 1, args_ptr, rsrc2, scratch_size)
+  result = run_asm(lib_ptr, len(code), 1, 1, 1, n_lanes, 1, 1, args_ptr, rsrc2)
  assert result == 0, f"run_asm failed with {result}"

  return parse_output(bytes(out_buf), n_lanes)
@@ -171,7 +126,7 @@ def run_program_hw(instructions: list, n_lanes: int = 1) -> WaveState:
  from tinygrad.helpers import flat_mv

  dev = Device["AMD"]
-  compiler = HIPCompiler(dev.arch)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+  compiler = HIPCompiler(dev.arch)

  prologue, epilogue = get_prologue_epilogue(n_lanes)
  code = assemble(prologue + instructions + epilogue)
@@ -193,8 +148,6 @@ test:
  .amdhsa_user_sgpr_kernarg_segment_ptr 1
  .amdhsa_kernarg_size 8
  .amdhsa_group_segment_fixed_size 65536
-  .amdhsa_private_segment_fixed_size 65536
-  .amdhsa_enable_private_segment 1
 .end_amdhsa_kernel

 .amdgpu_metadata
@@ -207,7 +160,7 @@ amdhsa.kernels:
    .symbol: test.kd
    .kernarg_segment_size: 8
    .group_segment_fixed_size: 65536
-    .private_segment_fixed_size: 65536
+    .private_segment_fixed_size: 0
    .kernarg_segment_align: 8
    .wavefront_size: 32
    .sgpr_count: 96
@@ -218,10 +171,9 @@ amdhsa.kernels:
 """

  lib = compiler.compile(asm_src)
-  prg = AMDProgram(dev, "test", lib)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+  prg = AMDProgram(dev, "test", lib)

  out_gpu = dev.allocator.alloc(OUT_BYTES)
-  assert out_gpu.va_addr % 16 == 0, f"buffer not 16-byte aligned: 0x{out_gpu.va_addr:x}"
  prg(out_gpu, global_size=(1, 1, 1), local_size=(n_lanes, 1, 1), wait=True)

  out_buf = bytearray(OUT_BYTES)
@@ -229,12 +181,8 @@ amdhsa.kernels:

  return parse_output(bytes(out_buf), n_lanes)

-def compare_wave_states(emu_st: WaveState, hw_st: WaveState, n_lanes: int, n_vgprs: int = N_VGPRS, ulp_tolerance: int = 0) -> list[str]:
-  """Compare two WaveStates and return list of differences.
-
-  Args:
-    ulp_tolerance: Allow up to this many ULPs difference for float comparisons (0 = exact match required)
-  """
+def compare_wave_states(emu_st: WaveState, hw_st: WaveState, n_lanes: int, n_vgprs: int = N_VGPRS) -> list[str]:
+  """Compare two WaveStates and return list of differences."""
  import math
  diffs = []
  for i in range(n_vgprs):
@@ -245,11 +193,6 @@ def compare_wave_states(emu_st: WaveState, hw_st: WaveState, n_lanes: int, n_vgp
        emu_f, hw_f = _f32(emu_val), _f32(hw_val)
        if math.isnan(emu_f) and math.isnan(hw_f):
          continue
-        # Check ULP difference for floats (only for same-sign values)
-        if ulp_tolerance > 0 and (emu_val < 0x80000000) == (hw_val < 0x80000000):
-          ulp_diff = abs(int(emu_val) - int(hw_val))
-          if ulp_diff <= ulp_tolerance:
-            continue
        diffs.append(f"v[{i}] lane {lane}: emu=0x{emu_val:08x} ({emu_f:.6g}) hw=0x{hw_val:08x} ({hw_f:.6g})")
  for i in range(N_SGPRS):
    emu_val = emu_st.sgpr[i]
@@ -262,20 +205,17 @@ def compare_wave_states(emu_st: WaveState, hw_st: WaveState, n_lanes: int, n_vgp
    diffs.append(f"scc: emu={emu_st.scc} hw={hw_st.scc}")
  return diffs

-def run_program(instructions: list, n_lanes: int = 1, ulp_tolerance: int = 0) -> WaveState:
+def run_program(instructions: list, n_lanes: int = 1) -> WaveState:
  """Run instructions and return WaveState.

  If USE_HW=1, runs on both emulator and hardware, compares results, and raises if they differ.
  Otherwise, runs only on emulator.
-
-  Args:
-    ulp_tolerance: Allow up to this many ULPs difference for float comparisons (0 = exact match required)
  """
  emu_st = run_program_emu(instructions, n_lanes)
  if USE_HW:
    hw_st = run_program_hw(instructions, n_lanes)
-    diffs = compare_wave_states(emu_st, hw_st, n_lanes, ulp_tolerance=ulp_tolerance)
+    diffs = compare_wave_states(emu_st, hw_st, n_lanes)
    if diffs:
-      raise AssertionError("Emulator vs Hardware mismatch:\n" + "\n".join(diffs))
+      raise AssertionError(f"Emulator vs Hardware mismatch:\n" + "\n".join(diffs))
    return hw_st
  return emu_st
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Includes: ds_store_b32, ds_load_b32, ds_store_2addr_*, ds_load_2addr_*,
          ds_inc_*, ds_dec_*, ds_cmpstore_*, ds_storexchg_*
 """
 import unittest
-from test.amd.hw.helpers import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.hw.helpers import *

 class TestDS2Addr(unittest.TestCase):
  """Tests for DS_*_2ADDR instructions."""
@@ -138,100 +138,6 @@ class TestDS2AddrMore(unittest.TestCase):
    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][4], 0x12345678, "v4 should be untouched")


-class TestDSB96(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for DS_STORE_B96 and DS_LOAD_B96 (96-bit / 3 dwords)."""
-
-  def test_ds_store_load_b96(self):
-    """DS_STORE_B96 stores 3 VGPRs, DS_LOAD_B96 loads them back."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[10], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x11111111),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x22222222),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[0]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x33333333),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      ds_store_b96(addr=v[10], data0=v[0:2]),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      ds_load_b96(addr=v[10], vdst=v[4:6]),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][4], 0x11111111, "v4 should have first dword")
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][5], 0x22222222, "v5 should have second dword")
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][6], 0x33333333, "v6 should have third dword")
-
-  def test_ds_store_b96_with_offset(self):
-    """DS_STORE_B96 with non-zero offset."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[10], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xAAAAAAAA),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xBBBBBBBB),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[0]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xCCCCCCCC),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      DS(DSOp.DS_STORE_B96, addr=v[10], data0=v[0:2], offset0=12),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      DS(DSOp.DS_LOAD_B96, addr=v[10], vdst=v[4:6], offset0=12),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][4], 0xAAAAAAAA)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][5], 0xBBBBBBBB)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][6], 0xCCCCCCCC)
-
-
-class TestDSB128(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for DS_STORE_B128 and DS_LOAD_B128 (128-bit / 4 dwords)."""
-
-  def test_ds_store_load_b128(self):
-    """DS_STORE_B128 stores 4 VGPRs, DS_LOAD_B128 loads them back."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[10], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x11111111),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x22222222),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[0]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x33333333),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x44444444),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[3], s[0]),
-      ds_store_b128(addr=v[10], data0=v[0:3]),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      ds_load_b128(addr=v[10], vdst=v[4:7]),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][4], 0x11111111, "v4 should have first dword")
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][5], 0x22222222, "v5 should have second dword")
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][6], 0x33333333, "v6 should have third dword")
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][7], 0x44444444, "v7 should have fourth dword")
-
-  def test_ds_store_b128_with_offset(self):
-    """DS_STORE_B128 with non-zero offset."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[10], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xAAAAAAAA),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xBBBBBBBB),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[0]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xCCCCCCCC),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xDDDDDDDD),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[3], s[0]),
-      DS(DSOp.DS_STORE_B128, addr=v[10], data0=v[0:3], offset0=16),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      DS(DSOp.DS_LOAD_B128, addr=v[10], vdst=v[4:7], offset0=16),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][4], 0xAAAAAAAA)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][5], 0xBBBBBBBB)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][6], 0xCCCCCCCC)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][7], 0xDDDDDDDD)
-
-
 class TestDSAtomic(unittest.TestCase):
  """Tests for DS atomic operations."""

@@ -601,6 +507,7 @@ class TestDS2AddrStride64(unittest.TestCase):
    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][6], 0xAAAAAAAA, "new val 0")
    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][7], 0xBBBBBBBB, "new val 1")

+
  def test_ds_storexchg_rtn_b64(self):
    """DS_STOREXCHG_RTN_B64: exchange 64-bit value and return old."""
    instructions = [
@@ -718,47 +625,5 @@ class TestAtomicOrdering(unittest.TestCase):
    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][4], 150, "Final value should be 150")


-class TestDsPermute(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for DS_PERMUTE_B32 and DS_BPERMUTE_B32 instructions."""
-
-  def test_ds_permute_b32_identity(self):
-    """DS_PERMUTE_B32 with identity permutation (lane 0 sends to lane 0)."""
-    # For simplicity, test with single lane
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),  # addr = 0 (lane 0)
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0xDEADBEEF),  # data
-      ds_permute_b32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    # Lane 0 sends to lane 0, so lane 0 gets 0xDEADBEEF
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0xDEADBEEF)
-
-  def test_ds_bpermute_b32_identity(self):
-    """DS_BPERMUTE_B32 with identity permutation (each lane reads from itself)."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),  # addr = 0 (read from lane 0)
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0xCAFEBABE),  # data in lane 0
-      ds_bpermute_b32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    # Lane 0 reads from lane 0's v[1]
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0xCAFEBABE)
-
-  def test_ds_permute_b32_broadcast(self):
-    """DS_PERMUTE_B32 broadcast - all lanes send to lane 0."""
-    # With 4 lanes, all sending to lane 0, highest lane wins
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),  # All lanes send to addr 0 (lane 0)
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x11111111),  # All lanes send same data
-      ds_permute_b32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=4)
-    # Lane 0 receives data (highest numbered active lane wins)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0x11111111)
-
-
 if __name__ == '__main__':
  unittest.main()
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 Includes: flat_load_*, flat_store_*, flat_atomic_*
 """
 import unittest
-from test.amd.hw.helpers import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.hw.helpers import *

 class TestFlatAtomic(unittest.TestCase):
  """Tests for FLAT atomic instructions."""
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 Includes: global_load_*, global_store_*, global_atomic_*, global_load_d16_*
 """
 import unittest
-from test.amd.hw.helpers import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.hw.helpers import *

 class TestGlobalAtomic(unittest.TestCase):
  """Tests for GLOBAL atomic instructions."""
@@ -128,169 +128,6 @@ class TestGlobalLoad(unittest.TestCase):
 class TestGlobalStore(unittest.TestCase):
  """Tests for GLOBAL store instructions."""

-  def test_global_store_b8_basic(self):
-    """GLOBAL_STORE_B8 stores a single byte from VDATA[7:0]."""
-    TEST_OFFSET = 256
-    instructions = [
-      s_load_b64(s[2:3], s[80:81], 0, soffset=SrcEnum.NULL),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      # First store 0xDEADBEEF to memory
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0xDEADBEEF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      # Now store single byte 0x42 to same address (should only change byte 0)
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0x42),
-      global_store_b8(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      # Read back and check
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0], vdst=v[3], data=v[3], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[3]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    # Only byte 0 should change from 0xEF to 0x42
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0xDEADBE42, "Only byte 0 should be modified")
-
-  def test_global_store_b8_byte1(self):
-    """GLOBAL_STORE_B8 at offset+1 stores to byte 1."""
-    TEST_OFFSET = 256
-    instructions = [
-      s_load_b64(s[2:3], s[80:81], 0, soffset=SrcEnum.NULL),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0xDEADBEEF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0x42),
-      global_store_b8(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET+1),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0], vdst=v[3], data=v[3], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[3]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0xDEAD42EF, "Only byte 1 should be modified")
-
-  def test_global_store_b16_basic(self):
-    """GLOBAL_STORE_B16 stores a 16-bit value from VDATA[15:0]."""
-    TEST_OFFSET = 256
-    instructions = [
-      s_load_b64(s[2:3], s[80:81], 0, soffset=SrcEnum.NULL),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0xDEADBEEF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0xCAFE),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      global_store_b16(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0], vdst=v[3], data=v[3], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[3]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0xDEADCAFE, "Only lower 16 bits should be modified")
-
-  def test_global_store_b16_high_half(self):
-    """GLOBAL_STORE_B16 at offset+2 stores to high 16 bits."""
-    TEST_OFFSET = 256
-    instructions = [
-      s_load_b64(s[2:3], s[80:81], 0, soffset=SrcEnum.NULL),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0xDEADBEEF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0xCAFE),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      global_store_b16(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET+2),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0], vdst=v[3], data=v[3], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[3]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0xCAFEBEEF, "Only upper 16 bits should be modified")
-
-  def test_global_store_b16_byte_offset_1(self):
-    """GLOBAL_STORE_B16 at byte offset 1 stores bytes 1-2 within the same word."""
-    TEST_OFFSET = 256
-    instructions = [
-      s_load_b64(s[2:3], s[80:81], 0, soffset=SrcEnum.NULL),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0xDDCCBBAA),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      # Store 0xBEEF at byte offset 1 (bytes 1-2)
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0xBEEF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      global_store_b16(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET+1),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0], vdst=v[3], data=v[3], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[3]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    # Bytes 1-2 should be 0xBEEF (0xEF at byte 1, 0xBE at byte 2)
-    # Original: 0xDDCCBBAA -> bytes [AA, BB, CC, DD]
-    # After:    0xDDBEEFAA -> bytes [AA, EF, BE, DD]
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0xDDBEEFAA, "Bytes 1-2 should be 0xBEEF")
-
-  def test_global_store_b16_cross_word_boundary(self):
-    """GLOBAL_STORE_B16 at byte offset 3 crosses word boundary (byte 3 of word N, byte 0 of word N+1)."""
-    TEST_OFFSET = 256
-    instructions = [
-      s_load_b64(s[2:3], s[80:81], 0, soffset=SrcEnum.NULL),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      # Initialize two consecutive words
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0xDDCCBBAA),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0x44332211),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET+4),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      # Store 0xBEEF at byte offset 3 (crosses word boundary)
-      # Low byte (0xEF) goes to byte 3 of first word
-      # High byte (0xBE) goes to byte 0 of second word
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0xBEEF),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[4]),
-      global_store_b16(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET+3),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      # Load back both words
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0], vdst=v[3], data=v[3], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET),
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0], vdst=v[4], data=v[4], saddr=s[2:3], offset=TEST_OFFSET+4),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[3]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], v[4]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    # First word: 0xDDCCBBAA -> 0xEFCCBBAA (byte 3 becomes 0xEF)
-    # Second word: 0x44332211 -> 0x443322BE (byte 0 becomes 0xBE)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0xEFCCBBAA, "Byte 3 of first word should be 0xEF")
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0x443322BE, "Byte 0 of second word should be 0xBE")
-
  def test_global_store_b64_basic(self):
    """GLOBAL_STORE_B64 stores 8 bytes from v[n:n+1] to memory."""
    TEST_OFFSET = 256
@@ -523,157 +360,5 @@ class TestD16HiLoads(unittest.TestCase):
    self.assertEqual(byte5, 0x00, f"byte5: expected 0x00, got 0x{byte5:02x}")


-class TestGlobalOffset(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for GLOBAL instructions with different offsets.
-
-  These tests verify that instruction deduplication correctly handles different offset values.
-  If offset is made dynamic incorrectly, instructions with different offsets may load/store wrong data.
-  """
-
-  def test_global_load_different_offsets(self):
-    """Load from two different offsets and verify correct values."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_load_b64(s[2:3], s[80:81], 0, soffset=SrcEnum.NULL),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[2]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[3]),
-      # Store 0xAAAAAAAA at offset 100
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xAAAAAAAA),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=100),
-      # Store 0xBBBBBBBB at offset 200
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xBBBBBBBB),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=200),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      # Load from offset 100 -> should get 0xAAAAAAAA
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0:1], vdst=v[3], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=100),
-      # Load from offset 200 -> should get 0xBBBBBBBB
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0:1], vdst=v[4], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=200),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[3]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], v[4]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0xAAAAAAAA, f"offset 100: expected 0xAAAAAAAA, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][0]:08x}")
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0xBBBBBBBB, f"offset 200: expected 0xBBBBBBBB, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][1]:08x}")
-
-  def test_global_store_different_offsets(self):
-    """Store to two different offsets and verify correct values."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_load_b64(s[2:3], s[80:81], 0, soffset=SrcEnum.NULL),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[2]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[3]),
-      # Store 0x11111111 at offset 300
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x11111111),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=300),
-      # Store 0x22222222 at offset 400
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x22222222),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[3], s[0]),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[3], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=400),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      # Load back to verify
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0:1], vdst=v[4], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=300),
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0:1], vdst=v[5], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=400),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[4]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], v[5]),
-      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0x11111111, f"offset 300: expected 0x11111111, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][0]:08x}")
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0x22222222, f"offset 400: expected 0x22222222, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][1]:08x}")
-
-  def test_global_negative_offset_no_saddr(self):
-    """Test negative offset without saddr (VGPR pair for address).
-    Store 0xAAAA at offset 100, 0xBBBB at offset 200.
-    Load with offset -100 from vaddr pointing to base+200 -> should get 0xAAAA (at 100).
-    Load with offset -100 from vaddr pointing to base+300 -> should get 0xBBBB (at 200)."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_load_b64(s[2:3], s[80:81], 0, soffset=SrcEnum.NULL),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[2]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[3]),
-      # Store 0xAAAAAAAA at offset 100, 0xBBBBBBBB at offset 200
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xAAAAAAAA),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=100),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xBBBBBBBB),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=200),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      # vaddr = base+200, load with offset -100 -> should get value at 100
-      s_add_u32(s[4], s[2], 200),
-      s_addc_u32(s[5], s[3], 0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[4], s[4]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[5], s[5]),
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[4:5], vdst=v[6], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=-100),
-      # vaddr = base+300, load with offset -100 -> should get value at 200
-      s_add_u32(s[4], s[2], 300),
-      s_addc_u32(s[5], s[3], 0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[4], s[4]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[5], s[5]),
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[4:5], vdst=v[7], saddr=SrcEnum.NULL, offset=-100),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[6]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], v[7]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[4], 0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[5], 0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[6], 0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[7], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[5], 0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0xAAAAAAAA, f"offset 200-100=100: expected 0xAAAAAAAA, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][0]:08x}")
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0xBBBBBBBB, f"offset 300-100=200: expected 0xBBBBBBBB, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][1]:08x}")
-
-  def test_global_negative_offset_with_saddr(self):
-    """Test negative offset with saddr (SGPR pair for base address).
-    Store 0xAAAA at offset 100, 0xBBBB at offset 200.
-    Load with offset -100 from saddr pointing to base+200 -> should get 0xAAAA (at 100).
-    Load with offset -100 from saddr pointing to base+300 -> should get 0xBBBB (at 200)."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_load_b64(s[2:3], s[80:81], 0, soffset=SrcEnum.NULL),
-      s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      # Store 0xAAAAAAAA at offset 100, 0xBBBBBBBB at offset 200
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xAAAAAAAA),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=100),
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xBBBBBBBB),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[0]),
-      global_store_b32(addr=v[0], data=v[2], saddr=s[2:3], offset=200),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      # saddr = base+200, load with offset -100 -> should get value at 100
-      s_add_u32(s[4], s[2], 200),
-      s_addc_u32(s[5], s[3], 0),
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0], vdst=v[6], saddr=s[4:5], offset=-100),
-      # saddr = base+300, load with offset -100 -> should get value at 200
-      s_add_u32(s[4], s[2], 300),
-      s_addc_u32(s[5], s[3], 0),
-      GLOBAL(GLOBALOp.GLOBAL_LOAD_B32, addr=v[0], vdst=v[7], saddr=s[4:5], offset=-100),
-      s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[6]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], v[7]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[6], 0),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[7], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[4], 0),
-      s_mov_b32(s[5], 0),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0xAAAAAAAA, f"offset 200-100=100: expected 0xAAAAAAAA, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][0]:08x}")
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0xBBBBBBBB, f"offset 300-100=200: expected 0xBBBBBBBB, got 0x{st.vgpr[0][1]:08x}")
-
-
 if __name__ == '__main__':
  unittest.main()
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+"""Tests for SOP instructions - scalar operations.
+
+Includes: s_add_u32, s_mov_b32, s_and_b32, s_or_b32, s_quadmask_b32, s_wqm_b32,
+          s_cbranch_vccnz, s_cbranch_vccz
+"""
+import unittest
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.hw.helpers import *
+
+class TestBasicScalar(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for basic scalar operations."""
+
+  def test_s_add_u32(self):
+    """S_ADD_U32 adds two scalar values."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 100),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 200),
+      s_add_u32(s[2], s[0], s[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 300)
+
+  def test_s_add_u32_carry(self):
+    """S_ADD_U32 sets SCC on overflow."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 64),
+      s_not_b32(s[0], s[0]),  # ~64 = 0xffffffbf
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 64),
+      s_add_u32(s[2], s[0], s[1]),  # 0xffffffbf + 64 = 0xffffffff
+      s_mov_b32(s[3], 1),
+      s_add_u32(s[4], s[2], s[3]),  # 0xffffffff + 1 = overflow
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[4], 0)
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 1)
+
+  def test_s_brev_b32(self):
+    """S_BREV_B32 reverses bits of a 32-bit value."""
+    # 10 = 0b00000000000000000000000000001010
+    # reversed = 0b01010000000000000000000000000000 = 0x50000000
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 10),
+      s_brev_b32(s[1], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0x50000000)
+
+  def test_s_brev_b32_all_ones(self):
+    """S_BREV_B32 with all ones stays all ones."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xFFFFFFFF),
+      s_brev_b32(s[1], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0xFFFFFFFF)
+
+  def test_s_brev_b32_single_bit(self):
+    """S_BREV_B32 with bit 0 set becomes bit 31."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 1),
+      s_brev_b32(s[1], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0x80000000)
+
+
+class TestQuadmaskWqm(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for S_QUADMASK_B32 and S_WQM_B32."""
+
+  def test_s_quadmask_b32_all_quads_active(self):
+    """S_QUADMASK_B32 with all quads active."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xFFFFFFFF),  # All lanes active
+      s_quadmask_b32(s[1], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    # Each quad (4 lanes) with any bit set -> 1 bit in result
+    # 32 lanes = 8 quads, all active -> 0xFF
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0xFF)
+
+  def test_s_quadmask_b32_alternating_quads(self):
+    """S_QUADMASK_B32 with alternating quads active."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x0F0F0F0F),  # Quads 0,2,4,6 active
+      s_quadmask_b32(s[1], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    # Quads 0,2,4,6 have at least one bit -> 0b01010101 = 0x55
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0x55)
+
+  def test_s_quadmask_b32_no_quads_active(self):
+    """S_QUADMASK_B32 with no quads active."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0),
+      s_quadmask_b32(s[1], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0)
+
+  def test_s_quadmask_b32_single_lane_per_quad(self):
+    """S_QUADMASK_B32 with single lane active in each quad."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x11111111),  # Bit 0 of each nibble
+      s_quadmask_b32(s[1], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    # All 8 quads have at least one lane -> 0xFF
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0xFF)
+
+  def test_s_wqm_b32_all_active(self):
+    """S_WQM_B32 with all lanes active returns all 1s."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xFFFFFFFF),
+      s_wqm_b32(s[1], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0xFFFFFFFF)
+
+  def test_s_wqm_b32_alternating_quads(self):
+    """S_WQM_B32 with single lane per quad expands to full quads."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x11111111),  # One lane per quad
+      s_wqm_b32(s[1], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    # Each quad with any bit expands to all 4 bits
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0xFFFFFFFF)
+
+  def test_s_wqm_b32_zero(self):
+    """S_WQM_B32 with zero input returns zero."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0),
+      s_wqm_b32(s[1], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0)
+
+
+class TestBranch(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for branch instructions."""
+
+  def test_cbranch_vccnz_ignores_vcc_hi(self):
+    """S_CBRANCH_VCCNZ should only check VCC_LO in wave32."""
+    instructions = [
+      # Set VCC_LO = 0, VCC_HI = 1
+      s_mov_b32(VCC_LO, 0),
+      s_mov_b32(VCC_HI, 1),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
+      # If VCC_HI is incorrectly used, branch will be taken
+      s_cbranch_vccnz(1),  # Skip next instruction if VCC != 0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 42),  # This should execute
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 42, "Branch should NOT be taken (VCC_LO is 0)")
+
+  def test_cbranch_vccz_ignores_vcc_hi(self):
+    """S_CBRANCH_VCCZ should only check VCC_LO in wave32."""
+    instructions = [
+      # Set VCC_LO = 1, VCC_HI = 0
+      s_mov_b32(VCC_LO, 1),
+      s_mov_b32(VCC_HI, 0),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
+      # If VCC_HI is incorrectly used, branch will be taken
+      s_cbranch_vccz(1),  # Skip next instruction if VCC == 0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 42),  # This should execute
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 42, "Branch should NOT be taken (VCC_LO is 1)")
+
+  def test_cbranch_vccnz_branches_on_vcc_lo(self):
+    """S_CBRANCH_VCCNZ branches when VCC_LO is non-zero."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(VCC_LO, 1),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
+      s_cbranch_vccnz(1),  # Skip next instruction if VCC != 0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 42),  # This should be skipped
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][0], 0, "Branch should be taken (VCC_LO is 1)")
+
+
+class Test64BitLiterals(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for 64-bit literal encoding in instructions."""
+
+  def test_64bit_literal_negative_encoding(self):
+    """64-bit literal -2^32 encodes correctly."""
+    lit = -4294967296.0  # -2^32
+    lit_bits = f2i64(lit)
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], lit_bits & 0xffffffff),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], lit_bits >> 32),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = i642f(st.vgpr[0][0] | (st.vgpr[0][1] << 32))
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, -4294967296.0, places=5)
+
+class TestSCCBehavior(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for SCC condition code behavior."""
+
+  def test_scc_from_s_cmp(self):
+    """SCC should be set by scalar compare."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 10),
+      s_cmp_eq_u32(s[0], 10),
+      s_cselect_b32(s[1], 1, 0),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 1, "SCC should be true")
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 1)
+
+  def test_scc_clear(self):
+    """SCC should be cleared by failing compare."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 10),
+      s_cmp_eq_u32(s[0], 20),
+      s_cselect_b32(s[1], 1, 0),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0, "SCC should be false")
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 0)
+
+
+class TestSignedArithmetic(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for S_ADD_I32, S_SUB_I32 and their SCC overflow behavior."""
+
+  def test_s_add_i32_no_overflow(self):
+    """S_ADD_I32: 1 + 1 = 2, no overflow, SCC=0."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 1),
+      s_add_i32(s[1], s[0], 1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 2)
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 0, "No overflow, SCC should be 0")
+
+  def test_s_add_i32_positive_overflow(self):
+    """S_ADD_I32: MAX_INT + 1 overflows, SCC=1."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x7FFFFFFF),  # MAX_INT
+      s_add_i32(s[1], s[0], 1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[1], 0x80000000)  # Wraps to MIN_INT
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 1, "Overflow, SCC should be 1")
+
+  def test_s_add_i32_negative_no_overflow(self):
+    """S_ADD_I32: -10 + 20 = 10, no overflow."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xFFFFFFF6),  # -10 in two's complement
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 20),
+      s_add_i32(s[2], s[0], s[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 10)
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 0)
+
+  def test_s_add_i32_negative_overflow(self):
+    """S_ADD_I32: MIN_INT + (-1) underflows, SCC=1."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x80000000),  # MIN_INT
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0xFFFFFFFF),  # -1
+      s_add_i32(s[2], s[0], s[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 0x7FFFFFFF)  # Wraps to MAX_INT
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 1, "Underflow, SCC should be 1")
+
+  def test_s_sub_i32_no_overflow(self):
+    """S_SUB_I32: 10 - 5 = 5, no overflow."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 10),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 5),
+      s_sub_i32(s[2], s[0], s[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 5)
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 0)
+
+  def test_s_sub_i32_overflow(self):
+    """S_SUB_I32: MAX_INT - (-1) overflows, SCC=1."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x7FFFFFFF),  # MAX_INT
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0xFFFFFFFF),  # -1
+      s_sub_i32(s[2], s[0], s[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 0x80000000)  # Wraps to MIN_INT
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 1, "Overflow, SCC should be 1")
+
+  def test_s_mul_hi_u32(self):
+    """S_MUL_HI_U32: high 32 bits of u32 * u32."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x80000000),  # 2^31
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 4),
+      s_mul_hi_u32(s[2], s[0], s[1]),  # (2^31 * 4) >> 32 = 2
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 2)
+
+  def test_s_mul_i32(self):
+    """S_MUL_I32: signed multiply low 32 bits."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xFFFFFFFF),  # -1
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 10),
+      s_mul_i32(s[2], s[0], s[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[2], 0xFFFFFFF6)  # -10
+
+  def test_division_sequence_from_llvm(self):
+    """Test the division sequence pattern from LLVM-generated code."""
+    # This sequence is from the sin kernel and computes integer division
+    # s10 = dividend, s18 = divisor, result in s6/s14
+    dividend = 0x28BE60DB  # Some value from the sin kernel
+    divisor = 3  # Simplified divisor
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[10], dividend),
+      s_mov_b32(s[18], divisor),
+      # Compute reciprocal approximation: s6 = ~0 / divisor (approx)
+      s_mov_b32(s[11], 0),
+      s_sub_i32(s[11], s[11], s[18]),  # s11 = -divisor
+      # For testing, just verify basic arithmetic works
+      s_mul_i32(s[6], s[10], 2),
+      s_add_i32(s[7], s[6], 1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[6], (dividend * 2) & 0xFFFFFFFF)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[7], ((dividend * 2) + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF)
+
+
+class Test64BitCompare(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for 64-bit scalar compare instructions."""
+
+  def test_s_cmp_eq_u64_equal(self):
+    """S_CMP_EQ_U64: comparing equal 64-bit values sets SCC=1."""
+    val = 0x123456789ABCDEF0
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], val & 0xFFFFFFFF),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], val >> 32),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], val & 0xFFFFFFFF),
+      s_mov_b32(s[3], val >> 32),
+      s_cmp_eq_u64(s[0:1], s[2:3]),
+      s_cselect_b32(s[4], 1, 0),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[4], 1)
+
+  def test_s_cmp_eq_u64_different_upper_bits(self):
+    """S_CMP_EQ_U64: values differing only in upper 32 bits are not equal."""
+    # This is the bug case - if only lower 32 bits are compared, these would be equal
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0),  # lower 32 bits of value 0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0),  # upper 32 bits of value 0
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),  # lower 32 bits of 0x100000000
+      s_mov_b32(s[3], 1),  # upper 32 bits of 0x100000000
+      s_cmp_eq_u64(s[0:1], s[2:3]),
+      s_cselect_b32(s[4], 1, 0),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 0, "0 != 0x100000000, SCC should be 0")
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[4], 0)
+
+  def test_s_cmp_lg_u64_different(self):
+    """S_CMP_LG_U64: different 64-bit values sets SCC=1."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0),  # s[0:1] = 0
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
+      s_mov_b32(s[3], 1),  # s[2:3] = 0x100000000
+      s_cmp_lg_u64(s[0:1], s[2:3]),
+      s_cselect_b32(s[4], 1, 0),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.scc, 1, "0 != 0x100000000, SCC should be 1")
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[4], 1)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  unittest.main()
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Includes: v_mov_b32, v_cvt_*, v_sin_f32, v_rcp_f32, v_exp_f32, v_rndne_f32,
          v_readfirstlane_b32
 """
 import unittest
-from test.amd.hw.helpers import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.hw.helpers import *

 class TestMov(unittest.TestCase):
  """Tests for V_MOV_B32."""
@@ -255,6 +255,7 @@ class TestF16Conversions(unittest.TestCase):

  def test_v_cvt_f16_f32_small(self):
    """V_CVT_F16_F32 converts small f32 value."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import f32_to_f16
    instructions = [
      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0.5),
      v_cvt_f16_f32_e32(v[1], v[0]),
@@ -292,6 +293,7 @@ class TestF16Conversions(unittest.TestCase):

  def test_v_cvt_f16_f32_reads_full_32bit_source(self):
    """V_CVT_F16_F32 must read full 32-bit f32 source."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
    instructions = [
      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3fc00000),  # f32 1.5
      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
@@ -300,7 +302,7 @@ class TestF16Conversions(unittest.TestCase):
    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
    result = st.vgpr[0][1]
    lo_bits = result & 0xffff
-    self.assertEqual(lo_bits, 0x3e00, f"Expected f16(1.5)=0x3e00, got 0x{lo_bits:04x} ({f16(lo_bits)})")
+    self.assertEqual(lo_bits, 0x3e00, f"Expected f16(1.5)=0x3e00, got 0x{lo_bits:04x} ({_f16(lo_bits)})")

  def test_v_cvt_i16_f16_zero(self):
    """V_CVT_I16_F16 converts f16 zero to i16 zero."""
@@ -346,141 +348,6 @@ class TestF16Conversions(unittest.TestCase):
    self.assertEqual(result, 1, f"Expected 1 from high bits, got {result}")


-class TestF64Conversions(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for f64 conversion instructions. Regression tests for f32_to_f64/f64_to_f32."""
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f64_f32_one(self):
-    """V_CVT_F64_F32 converts f32 1.0 to f64."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], f2i(1.0)),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_cvt_f64_f32_e32(v[2:3], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i642f((st.vgpr[0][3] << 32) | st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 1.0, places=10)
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f64_f32_negative(self):
-    """V_CVT_F64_F32 converts f32 -2.5 to f64."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], f2i(-2.5)),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_cvt_f64_f32_e32(v[2:3], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i642f((st.vgpr[0][3] << 32) | st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, -2.5, places=10)
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f64_f32_pi(self):
-    """V_CVT_F64_F32 converts f32 pi to f64."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], f2i(3.14159265)),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_cvt_f64_f32_e32(v[2:3], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i642f((st.vgpr[0][3] << 32) | st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 3.14159265, places=5)
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f64_f32_zero(self):
-    """V_CVT_F64_F32 converts f32 0.0 to f64."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      v_cvt_f64_f32_e32(v[2:3], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i642f((st.vgpr[0][3] << 32) | st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertEqual(result, 0.0)
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f32_f64_one(self):
-    """V_CVT_F32_F64 converts f64 1.0 to f32."""
-    f64_bits = f2i64(1.0)
-    lo, hi = f64_bits & 0xFFFFFFFF, (f64_bits >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], lo),
-      s_mov_b32(s[1], hi),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
-      v_cvt_f32_f64_e32(v[2], v[0:1]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i2f(st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 1.0, places=5)
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f32_f64_negative(self):
-    """V_CVT_F32_F64 converts f64 -3.5 to f32."""
-    f64_bits = f2i64(-3.5)
-    lo, hi = f64_bits & 0xFFFFFFFF, (f64_bits >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], lo),
-      s_mov_b32(s[1], hi),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
-      v_cvt_f32_f64_e32(v[2], v[0:1]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i2f(st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, -3.5, places=5)
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f32_f64_large(self):
-    """V_CVT_F32_F64 converts large f64 to f32."""
-    f64_bits = f2i64(123456.789)
-    lo, hi = f64_bits & 0xFFFFFFFF, (f64_bits >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], lo),
-      s_mov_b32(s[1], hi),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
-      v_cvt_f32_f64_e32(v[2], v[0:1]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i2f(st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 123456.789, places=0)
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f64_i32_positive(self):
-    """V_CVT_F64_I32 converts positive i32 to f64."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 42),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_cvt_f64_i32_e32(v[2:3], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i642f((st.vgpr[0][3] << 32) | st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 42.0, places=10)
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f64_i32_negative(self):
-    """V_CVT_F64_I32 converts negative i32 to f64."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xFFFFFFFF),  # -1 as i32
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_cvt_f64_i32_e32(v[2:3], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i642f((st.vgpr[0][3] << 32) | st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, -1.0, places=10)
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f64_u32_large(self):
-    """V_CVT_F64_U32 converts large u32 to f64."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xFFFFFFFF),  # max u32
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_cvt_f64_u32_e32(v[2:3], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i642f((st.vgpr[0][3] << 32) | st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 4294967295.0, places=0)
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f64_u32_zero(self):
-    """V_CVT_F64_U32 converts 0 to f64."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      v_cvt_f64_u32_e32(v[2:3], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i642f((st.vgpr[0][3] << 32) | st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertEqual(result, 0.0)
-
-
 class TestClz(unittest.TestCase):
  """Tests for V_CLZ_I32_U32 - count leading zeros."""

@@ -693,6 +560,7 @@ class TestCvtF16Modifiers(unittest.TestCase):

  def test_v_cvt_f32_f16_abs_negative(self):
    """V_CVT_F32_F16 with |abs| on negative value."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import f32_to_f16
    f16_neg1 = f32_to_f16(-1.0)  # 0xbc00
    instructions = [
      s_mov_b32(s[0], f16_neg1),
@@ -705,6 +573,7 @@ class TestCvtF16Modifiers(unittest.TestCase):

  def test_v_cvt_f32_f16_abs_positive(self):
    """V_CVT_F32_F16 with |abs| on positive value (should stay positive)."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import f32_to_f16
    f16_2 = f32_to_f16(2.0)  # 0x4000
    instructions = [
      s_mov_b32(s[0], f16_2),
@@ -717,6 +586,7 @@ class TestCvtF16Modifiers(unittest.TestCase):

  def test_v_cvt_f32_f16_neg_positive(self):
    """V_CVT_F32_F16 with neg on positive value."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import f32_to_f16
    f16_2 = f32_to_f16(2.0)  # 0x4000
    instructions = [
      s_mov_b32(s[0], f16_2),
@@ -729,6 +599,7 @@ class TestCvtF16Modifiers(unittest.TestCase):

  def test_v_cvt_f32_f16_neg_negative(self):
    """V_CVT_F32_F16 with neg on negative value (double negative)."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import f32_to_f16
    f16_neg2 = f32_to_f16(-2.0)  # 0xc000
    instructions = [
      s_mov_b32(s[0], f16_neg2),
@@ -741,6 +612,7 @@ class TestCvtF16Modifiers(unittest.TestCase):

  def test_v_cvt_f16_f32_then_pack_for_wmma(self):
    """CVT F32->F16 followed by pack (common WMMA pattern)."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
    f32_val = 3.5
    instructions = [
      s_mov_b32(s[0], f2i(f32_val)),
@@ -749,8 +621,8 @@ class TestCvtF16Modifiers(unittest.TestCase):
      v_pack_b32_f16(v[2], v[1], v[1]),  # Pack same value
    ]
    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    lo = f16(st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff)
-    hi = f16((st.vgpr[0][2] >> 16) & 0xffff)
+    lo = _f16(st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff)
+    hi = _f16((st.vgpr[0][2] >> 16) & 0xffff)
    self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, f32_val, places=1)
    self.assertAlmostEqual(hi, f32_val, places=1)

@@ -796,6 +668,7 @@ class TestConversionRounding(unittest.TestCase):

  def test_f16_to_f32_precision(self):
    """F16 to F32 conversion precision."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import f32_to_f16
    f16_val = f32_to_f16(1.5)
    instructions = [
      s_mov_b32(s[0], f16_val),
@@ -807,6 +680,7 @@ class TestConversionRounding(unittest.TestCase):

  def test_f16_denormal_to_f32(self):
    """F16 denormal converts to small positive f32."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
    f16_denorm = 0x0001  # Smallest positive f16 denormal
    instructions = [
      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], f16_denorm),
@@ -1364,220 +1238,5 @@ class TestFloorEdgeCases(unittest.TestCase):
    self.assertAlmostEqual(i2f(st.vgpr[0][1]), -1.0, places=5)


-class TestVop1F16HiHalf(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Regression tests for VOP1 f16 hi-half source operand handling.
-
-  For 16-bit VOP1 operations, when src0 is in the range v[128]+ (offset >= 384),
-  the hardware reads from the high 16 bits of v[src0-128]. The emulator must
-  extract bits [31:16] from the actual VGPR.
-  """
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f32_f16_src_hi_half(self):
-    """V_CVT_F32_F16 with source from hi-half (v[128]+).
-
-    When src0 >= v[128], it reads from the high 16 bits of v[src0-128].
-    This is critical for global_load_d16_hi_b16 + v_cvt_f32_f16 patterns.
-
-    Regression test for: VOP1 f16 src0 hi-half extraction bug.
-    """
-    instructions = [
-      # v[0] = 0x4000_3c00: hi=f16(2.0), lo=f16(1.0)
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40003c00),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      # v_cvt_f32_f16 v[1], v[128] (reads hi half of v[0])
-      # Should convert f16(2.0) to f32(2.0)
-      v_cvt_f32_f16_e32(v[1], v[128]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = i2f(st.vgpr[0][1])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 2.0, places=5, msg=f"Expected f32(2.0), got {result}")
-
-  def test_v_cvt_f32_f16_src_lo_vs_hi(self):
-    """V_CVT_F32_F16 comparing lo and hi half reads.
-
-    v[0] has different values in lo and hi halves.
-    v_cvt_f32_f16 v[1], v[0] should read lo (1.0)
-    v_cvt_f32_f16 v[2], v[128] should read hi (2.0)
-
-    Regression test for: VOP1 f16 src0 hi-half extraction bug.
-    """
-    instructions = [
-      # v[0] = 0x4000_3c00: hi=f16(2.0), lo=f16(1.0)
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40003c00),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      # Read from lo half
-      v_cvt_f32_f16_e32(v[1], v[0]),
-      # Read from hi half
-      v_cvt_f32_f16_e32(v[2], v[128]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result_lo = i2f(st.vgpr[0][1])
-    result_hi = i2f(st.vgpr[0][2])
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result_lo, 1.0, places=5, msg=f"Expected f32(1.0) from lo, got {result_lo}")
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result_hi, 2.0, places=5, msg=f"Expected f32(2.0) from hi, got {result_hi}")
-
-  def test_v_cvt_i16_f16_src_hi_half(self):
-    """V_CVT_I16_F16 with source from hi-half.
-
-    Regression test for: VOP1 f16 src0 hi-half extraction bug.
-    """
-    instructions = [
-      # v[0] = 0xc000_3c00: hi=f16(-2.0), lo=f16(1.0)
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xc0003c00),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      # v_cvt_i16_f16 v[1], v[128] (reads hi half of v[0])
-      # Should convert f16(-2.0) to i16(-2)
-      v_cvt_i16_f16_e32(v[1], v[128]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xffff
-    expected = (-2) & 0xffff
-    self.assertEqual(result, expected, f"Expected i16(-2)=0x{expected:04x}, got 0x{result:04x}")
-
-  def test_v_mov_b16_src_hi_half(self):
-    """V_MOV_B16 with source from hi-half.
-
-    Regression test for: VOP1 f16 src0 hi-half extraction bug.
-    """
-    instructions = [
-      # v[0] = 0xBEEF_DEAD: hi=0xBEEF, lo=0xDEAD
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xBEEFDEAD),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      # v[1] = 0x0000_0000 initially
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0),
-      # v_mov_b16 v[1], v[128] (reads hi half of v[0])
-      # Should move 0xBEEF to v[1].lo
-      v_mov_b16_e32(v[1], v[128]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xffff
-    self.assertEqual(result, 0xBEEF, f"Expected 0xBEEF from hi half, got 0x{result:04x}")
-
-
-class TestReciprocalF16(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for V_RCP_F16 - reciprocal in half precision.
-
-  The pcode uses a 16-bit float literal: D0.f16 = 16'1.0 / S0.f16
-  This tests that the sized float literal (16'1.0) is correctly parsed.
-  """
-
-  def test_v_rcp_f16_one(self):
-    """V_RCP_F16: 1/1.0 = 1.0"""
-    import struct
-    def f16_to_bits(f): return struct.unpack('<H', struct.pack('<e', f))[0]
-    def bits_to_f16(b): return struct.unpack('<e', struct.pack('<H', b))[0]
-    instructions = [
-      # Load f16 1.0 into low 16 bits of v[0]
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], f16_to_bits(1.0)),
-      v_rcp_f16_e32(v[1], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = bits_to_f16(st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xFFFF)
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 1.0, places=2, msg="1/1.0 should be 1.0")
-
-  def test_v_rcp_f16_two(self):
-    """V_RCP_F16: 1/2.0 = 0.5"""
-    import struct
-    def f16_to_bits(f): return struct.unpack('<H', struct.pack('<e', f))[0]
-    def bits_to_f16(b): return struct.unpack('<e', struct.pack('<H', b))[0]
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], f16_to_bits(2.0)),
-      v_rcp_f16_e32(v[1], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = bits_to_f16(st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xFFFF)
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 0.5, places=2, msg="1/2.0 should be 0.5")
-
-  def test_v_rcp_f16_four(self):
-    """V_RCP_F16: 1/4.0 = 0.25"""
-    import struct
-    def f16_to_bits(f): return struct.unpack('<H', struct.pack('<e', f))[0]
-    def bits_to_f16(b): return struct.unpack('<e', struct.pack('<H', b))[0]
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], f16_to_bits(4.0)),
-      v_rcp_f16_e32(v[1], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = bits_to_f16(st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xFFFF)
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 0.25, places=2, msg="1/4.0 should be 0.25")
-
-
-class TestCvtNormF16(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for V_CVT_NORM_I16_F16 and V_CVT_NORM_U16_F16."""
-
-  def test_cvt_norm_i16_f16_positive(self):
-    """V_CVT_NORM_I16_F16: f16 1.0 -> i16 max (32767)."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], f32_to_f16(1.0)),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_cvt_norm_i16_f16_e32(v[1], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xffff
-    self.assertEqual(result, 32767)
-
-  def test_cvt_norm_i16_f16_negative(self):
-    """V_CVT_NORM_I16_F16: f16 -1.0 -> i16 -32767 (0x8001)."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], f32_to_f16(-1.0)),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_cvt_norm_i16_f16_e32(v[1], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xffff
-    self.assertEqual(result, 0x8001)  # -32767, hardware uses symmetric range
-
-  def test_cvt_norm_i16_f16_zero(self):
-    """V_CVT_NORM_I16_F16: f16 0.0 -> i16 0."""
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
-      v_cvt_norm_i16_f16_e32(v[1], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xffff
-    self.assertEqual(result, 0)
-
-  def test_cvt_norm_u16_f16_one(self):
-    """V_CVT_NORM_U16_F16: f16 1.0 -> u16 max (65535)."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], f32_to_f16(1.0)),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_cvt_norm_u16_f16_e32(v[1], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xffff
-    self.assertEqual(result, 65535)
-
-  def test_cvt_norm_u16_f16_half(self):
-    """V_CVT_NORM_U16_F16: f16 0.5 -> u16 ~32768."""
-    instructions = [
-      s_mov_b32(s[0], f32_to_f16(0.5)),
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
-      v_cvt_norm_u16_f16_e32(v[1], v[0]),
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    result = st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xffff
-    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 32768, delta=1)
-
-
-class TestPermlane64(unittest.TestCase):
-  """Tests for V_PERMLANE64_B32 instruction (wave64 cross-half swap)."""
-
-  def test_v_permlane64_b32_is_nop_in_wave32(self):
-    """V_PERMLANE64_B32 is a NOP in wave32 mode.
-
-    Per AMD pcode: "if WAVE32 then s_nop(...) else ... endif"
-    The emulator runs in wave32 mode, so this instruction should not modify registers.
-    """
-    instructions = [
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0xCAFEBABE),  # source
-      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x12345678),  # dest (should be preserved)
-      v_permlane64_b32_e32(v[1], v[0]),  # NOP in wave32
-    ]
-    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
-    # Dest register should be unchanged (NOP behavior in wave32)
-    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0x12345678)
-
-
 if __name__ == '__main__':
  unittest.main()
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+"""Tests for VOP2 instructions - two operand vector operations.
+
+Includes: v_add_f32, v_mul_f32, v_and_b32, v_or_b32, v_xor_b32,
+          v_lshrrev_b32, v_lshlrev_b32, v_fmac_f32, v_fmaak_f32, v_fmamk_f32,
+          v_add_nc_u32, v_cndmask_b32, v_add_f16, v_mul_f16
+"""
+import unittest
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.hw.helpers import *
+
+class TestBasicArithmetic(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for basic arithmetic VOP2 instructions."""
+
+  def test_v_add_f32(self):
+    """V_ADD_F32 adds two floats."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 1.0),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 2.0),
+      v_add_f32_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(i2f(st.vgpr[0][2]), 3.0, places=5)
+
+  def test_v_mul_f32(self):
+    """V_MUL_F32 multiplies two floats."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 2.0),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 4.0),
+      v_mul_f32_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(i2f(st.vgpr[0][2]), 8.0, places=5)
+
+  def test_v_fmac_f32(self):
+    """V_FMAC_F32: d = d + a*b using inline constants."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 2.0),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 4.0),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 1.0),
+      v_fmac_f32_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(i2f(st.vgpr[0][2]), 9.0, places=5)
+
+  def test_v_fmaak_f32(self):
+    """V_FMAAK_F32: d = a * b + K using inline constants."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 2.0),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 4.0),
+      v_fmaak_f32_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1], literal=0x3f800000),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(i2f(st.vgpr[0][2]), 9.0, places=5)
+
+  def test_v_fmamk_f32_basic(self):
+    """V_FMAMK_F32: d = a * K + b."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 2.0),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1.0),
+      v_fmamk_f32_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1], literal=0x40800000),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(i2f(st.vgpr[0][2]), 9.0, places=5)
+
+  def test_v_fmamk_f32_small_constant(self):
+    """V_FMAMK_F32 with small constant."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 4.0),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 1.0),
+      v_fmamk_f32_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1], literal=f2i(0.5)),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(i2f(st.vgpr[0][2]), 3.0, places=5)
+
+
+class TestBitManipulation(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for bit manipulation VOP2 instructions."""
+
+  def test_v_and_b32(self):
+    """V_AND_B32 bitwise and."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xff),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x0f),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_and_b32_e32(v[1], s[1], v[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0x0f)
+
+  def test_v_and_b32_quadrant(self):
+    """V_AND_B32 for quadrant extraction (n & 3)."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 15915),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_and_b32_e32(v[1], 3, v[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 15915 & 3)
+
+  def test_v_lshrrev_b32(self):
+    """V_LSHRREV_B32 logical shift right."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xff00),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_lshrrev_b32_e32(v[1], 8, v[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0xff)
+
+  def test_v_lshlrev_b32(self):
+    """V_LSHLREV_B32 logical shift left."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xff),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[1], 8, v[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0xff00)
+
+  def test_v_xor_b32(self):
+    """V_XOR_B32 bitwise xor (used in sin for sign)."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x80000000),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], f2i(1.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[1]),
+      v_xor_b32_e32(v[1], s[0], v[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(i2f(st.vgpr[0][1]), -1.0, places=5)
+
+  def test_v_xor_b32_sign_flip(self):
+    """V_XOR_B32 for sign flip pattern."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x80000000),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], -2.0),
+      v_xor_b32_e32(v[1], s[0], v[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(i2f(st.vgpr[0][1]), 2.0, places=5)
+
+
+class TestSpecialValues(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for special float values - inf, nan, zero handling."""
+
+  def test_v_mul_f32_zero_times_inf(self):
+    """V_MUL_F32: 0 * inf = NaN."""
+    import math
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x7f800000),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[0]),
+      v_mul_f32_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertTrue(math.isnan(i2f(st.vgpr[0][2])))
+
+  def test_v_add_f32_inf_minus_inf(self):
+    """V_ADD_F32: inf + (-inf) = NaN."""
+    import math
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x7f800000),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0xff800000),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_add_f32_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertTrue(math.isnan(i2f(st.vgpr[0][2])))
+
+
+class TestF16Ops(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for 16-bit VOP2 operations."""
+
+  def test_v_add_f16_basic(self):
+    """V_ADD_F16 adds two f16 values."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c00),  # f16 1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4000),  # f16 2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_add_f16_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x4200, f"Expected 0x4200 (f16 3.0), got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_add_f16_negative(self):
+    """V_ADD_F16 with negative values."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c00),  # f16 1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0xc000),  # f16 -2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_add_f16_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0xbc00, f"Expected 0xbc00 (f16 -1.0), got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_mul_f16_basic(self):
+    """V_MUL_F16 multiplies two f16 values."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x4000),  # f16 2.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4200),  # f16 3.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_mul_f16_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x4600, f"Expected 0x4600 (f16 6.0), got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_mul_f16_by_zero(self):
+    """V_MUL_F16 by zero."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x4000),  # f16 2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0),
+      v_mul_f16_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x0000, f"Expected 0x0000 (f16 0.0), got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_fmac_f16_basic(self):
+    """V_FMAC_F16: d = d + a*b."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x4000),  # f16 2.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4200),  # f16 3.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x3c00),  # f16 1.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[2]),
+      v_fmac_f16_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    # 2.0 * 3.0 + 1.0 = 7.0, f16 7.0 = 0x4700
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x4700, f"Expected 0x4700 (f16 7.0), got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_fmaak_f16_basic(self):
+    """V_FMAAK_F16: d = a * b + K."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x4000),  # f16 2.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4200),  # f16 3.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_fmaak_f16_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1], literal=0x3c00),  # + f16 1.0
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    # 2.0 * 3.0 + 1.0 = 7.0, f16 7.0 = 0x4700
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x4700, f"Expected 0x4700 (f16 7.0), got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+
+class TestHiHalfOps(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for VOP2 16-bit operations with hi-half operands."""
+
+  def test_v_add_f16_src0_hi_fold(self):
+    """V_ADD_F16 with src0 hi-half fold (same register, different halves)."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40003c00),  # lo=f16(1.0), hi=f16(2.0)
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      VOP3(VOP3Op.V_ADD_F16, vdst=v[1], src0=v[0], src1=v[0], opsel=0b0001),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xffff
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x4200, f"Expected f16(3.0)=0x4200, got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_add_f16_src0_hi_different_reg(self):
+    """V_ADD_F16 with src0 hi-half from different register."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40000000),  # hi=f16(2.0), lo=0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x00003c00),  # hi=0, lo=f16(1.0)
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      VOP3(VOP3Op.V_ADD_F16, vdst=v[2], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], opsel=0b0001),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x4200, f"Expected f16(3.0)=0x4200, got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_mul_f16_src0_hi(self):
+    """V_MUL_F16 with src0 from high half."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40000000),  # hi=f16(2.0), lo=0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x00004200),  # hi=0, lo=f16(3.0)
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      VOP3(VOP3Op.V_MUL_F16, vdst=v[2], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], opsel=0b0001),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x4600, f"Expected f16(6.0)=0x4600, got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_mul_f16_hi_half(self):
+    """V_MUL_F16 reading from high half."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40003c00),  # lo=1.0, hi=2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      VOP3(VOP3Op.V_MUL_F16, vdst=v[1], src0=v[0], src1=v[0], opsel=0b0011),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][1] & 0xffff
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x4400, f"Expected f16(4.0)=0x4400, got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_fma_f16_hi_dest(self):
+    """V_FMA_F16 writing to high half with opsel.
+
+    Uses V_FMA_F16 (not V_FMAC_F16) because it has explicit src2 operand
+    which makes opsel handling clearer.
+    """
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c000000),  # hi=f16(1.0), lo=0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4000),      # f16(2.0) in lo
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x4200),      # f16(3.0) in lo
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[2]),
+      # V_FMA_F16: dst = src0 * src1 + src2
+      # opsel=0b1100: bit2=src2 hi, bit3=dst hi
+      # So: v[0].hi = v[1].lo * v[2].lo + v[0].hi = 2.0 * 3.0 + 1.0 = 7.0
+      VOP3(VOP3Op.V_FMA_F16, vdst=v[0], src0=v[1], src1=v[2], src2=v[0], opsel=0b1100),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    hi = (st.vgpr[0][0] >> 16) & 0xffff
+    # 2.0 * 3.0 + 1.0 = 7.0, f16 7.0 = 0x4700
+    self.assertEqual(hi, 0x4700, f"Expected f16(7.0)=0x4700 in hi, got 0x{hi:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_add_f16_multilane(self):
+    """V_ADD_F16 with multiple lanes."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c00),  # f16 1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4000),  # f16 2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_add_f16_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=4)
+    for lane in range(4):
+      result = st.vgpr[lane][2] & 0xffff
+      self.assertEqual(result, 0x4200, f"Lane {lane}: expected 0x4200, got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+
+class TestCndmask(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for V_CNDMASK_B32 and V_CNDMASK_B16."""
+
+  def test_v_cndmask_b16_select_src0(self):
+    """V_CNDMASK_B16 selects src0 when VCC bit is 0."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(VCC_LO, 0),  # VCC = 0
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c00),  # f16 1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4000),  # f16 2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_cndmask_b16(v[2], v[0], v[1], VCC),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x3c00, f"Expected src0=0x3c00, got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_cndmask_b16_select_src1(self):
+    """V_CNDMASK_B16 selects src1 when VCC bit is 1."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(VCC_LO, 1),  # VCC = 1
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c00),  # f16 1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4000),  # f16 2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_cndmask_b16(v[2], v[0], v[1], VCC),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x4000, f"Expected src1=0x4000, got 0x{result:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_cndmask_b16_write_hi(self):
+    """V_CNDMASK_B16 can write to high 16 bits with opsel."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c003800),  # src0: hi=1.0, lo=0.5
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4000c000),  # src1: hi=2.0, lo=-2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0xDEAD0000),  # v2 initial: hi=0xDEAD, lo=0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[2]),
+      s_mov_b32(VCC_LO, 0),  # vcc = 0, select src0
+      # opsel=0b1011: bit0=src0 hi, bit1=src1 hi, bit3=dst hi
+      VOP3(VOP3Op.V_CNDMASK_B16, vdst=v[2], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], src2=SrcEnum.VCC_LO, opsel=0b1011),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    hi = (st.vgpr[0][2] >> 16) & 0xffff
+    lo = st.vgpr[0][2] & 0xffff
+    # vcc=0 selects src0.h = 1.0 = 0x3c00, writes to hi
+    self.assertEqual(hi, 0x3c00, f"Expected hi=0x3c00 (1.0), got 0x{hi:04x}")
+    self.assertEqual(lo, 0x0000, f"Expected lo preserved as 0, got 0x{lo:04x}")
+
+
+class TestSpecialFloatValues(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for special float value handling in VOP2 instructions."""
+
+  def test_neg_zero_add(self):
+    """-0.0 + 0.0 = +0.0 (IEEE 754)."""
+    neg_zero = 0x80000000
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], neg_zero),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_add_f32_e32(v[1], 0.0, v[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0x00000000, "Should be +0.0")
+
+  def test_neg_zero_mul(self):
+    """-0.0 * -1.0 = +0.0."""
+    neg_zero = 0x80000000
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], neg_zero),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mul_f32_e32(v[1], -1.0, v[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0x00000000, "Should be +0.0")
+
+  def test_inf_minus_inf(self):
+    """+inf - inf = NaN."""
+    import math
+    pos_inf = 0x7f800000
+    neg_inf = 0xff800000
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], pos_inf),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], neg_inf),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_sub_f32_e32(v[2], v[0], v[1]),  # inf - (-inf) = inf
+      v_add_f32_e32(v[3], v[0], v[1]),  # inf + (-inf) = NaN
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], pos_inf, "inf - (-inf) = inf")
+    self.assertTrue(math.isnan(i2f(st.vgpr[0][3])), "inf + (-inf) = NaN")
+
+  def test_denormal_f32_mul_ftz(self):
+    """Denormal * normal - RDNA3 flushes denormals to zero (FTZ mode)."""
+    smallest_denorm = 0x00000001  # Smallest positive denormal
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], smallest_denorm),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mul_f32_e32(v[1], 2.0, v[0]),  # Denormal input gets flushed to 0
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][1], 0x00000000)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  unittest.main()
@@ -0,0 +1,532 @@
+"""Tests for VOP3P instructions - packed 16-bit vector operations.
+
+Includes: v_pk_add_f16, v_pk_mul_f16, v_pk_fma_f16, v_pack_b32_f16, v_wmma_*, v_dot2_*
+"""
+import unittest
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.hw.helpers import *
+
+class TestPackInstructions(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for pack instructions."""
+
+  def test_v_pack_b32_f16(self):
+    """V_PACK_B32_F16 packs two f16 values into one 32-bit register."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c00),  # f16 1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4000),  # f16 2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pack_b32_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x40003c00, f"Expected 0x40003c00, got 0x{result:08x}")
+
+  def test_v_pack_b32_f16_opsel_hi_hi(self):
+    """V_PACK_B32_F16 with opsel to read high halves."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40003c00),  # hi=2.0, lo=1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x44004200),  # hi=4.0, lo=3.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pack_b32_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1], opsel=0b0011),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x44004000, f"Expected 0x44004000, got 0x{result:08x}")
+
+
+class TestPackMore(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Additional pack instruction tests."""
+
+  def test_v_pack_b32_f16_basic(self):
+    """V_PACK_B32_F16 packs two f16 values."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c00),  # f16 1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4000),  # f16 2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pack_b32_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x40003c00, f"Expected 0x40003c00, got 0x{result:08x}")
+
+  def test_v_pack_b32_f16_with_cvt(self):
+    """V_PACK_B32_F16 after V_CVT_F16_F32 conversions."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3f800000),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[0]),
+      v_cvt_f16_f32_e32(v[2], v[0]),
+      v_cvt_f16_f32_e32(v[3], v[1]),
+      v_pack_b32_f16(v[4], v[2], v[3]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][4]
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x3c003c00, f"Expected 0x3c003c00, got 0x{result:08x}")
+
+  def test_v_pack_b32_f16_packed_sources(self):
+    """V_PACK_B32_F16 with packed f16 sources (reads lo halves)."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40003c00),  # hi=2.0, lo=1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x44004200),  # hi=4.0, lo=3.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pack_b32_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    # Expected: hi=v1.lo=0x4200 (3.0), lo=v0.lo=0x3c00 (1.0) -> 0x42003c00
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x42003c00, f"Expected 0x42003c00, got 0x{result:08x}")
+
+  def test_v_pack_b32_f16_opsel_lo_hi(self):
+    """V_PACK_B32_F16 with opsel=0b0010 to read lo from src0, hi from src1."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40003c00),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x44004200),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pack_b32_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1], opsel=0b0010),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x44003c00, f"Expected 0x44003c00, got 0x{result:08x}")
+
+  def test_v_pack_b32_f16_opsel_hi_lo(self):
+    """V_PACK_B32_F16 with opsel=0b0001 to read hi from src0, lo from src1."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40003c00),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x44004200),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pack_b32_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1], opsel=0b0001),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x42004000, f"Expected 0x42004000, got 0x{result:08x}")
+
+  def test_v_pack_b32_f16_zeros(self):
+    """V_PACK_B32_F16 with zero values."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0),
+      v_pack_b32_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0)
+
+  def test_v_pack_b32_f16_both_positive(self):
+    """V_PACK_B32_F16 with positive f16 values."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x4200),  # f16 3.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x4400),  # f16 4.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pack_b32_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x44004200, f"Expected 0x44004200, got 0x{result:08x}")
+
+
+class TestFmaMix(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for V_FMA_MIX_F32 and V_FMA_MIXLO_F16."""
+
+  def test_v_fma_mix_f32_all_f32_sources(self):
+    """V_FMA_MIX_F32 with all f32 sources."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], f2i(2.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], f2i(3.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], f2i(1.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[2]),
+      VOP3P(VOP3POp.V_FMA_MIX_F32, vdst=v[3], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], src2=v[2], opsel=0, opsel_hi=0, opsel_hi2=0),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = i2f(st.vgpr[0][3])
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 7.0, places=5)
+
+  def test_v_fma_mix_f32_src2_f16_lo(self):
+    """V_FMA_MIX_F32 with src2 as f16 from lo bits."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import f32_to_f16
+    f16_2 = f32_to_f16(2.0)
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], f2i(1.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], f2i(3.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], f16_2),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[2]),
+      VOP3P(VOP3POp.V_FMA_MIX_F32, vdst=v[3], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], src2=v[2], opsel=0, opsel_hi=0, opsel_hi2=1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = i2f(st.vgpr[0][3])
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 5.0, places=5)
+
+  def test_v_fma_mix_f32_src2_f16_hi(self):
+    """V_FMA_MIX_F32 with src2 as f16 from hi bits."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import f32_to_f16
+    f16_2 = f32_to_f16(2.0)
+    val = (f16_2 << 16) | 0
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], f2i(1.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], f2i(3.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], val),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[2]),
+      VOP3P(VOP3POp.V_FMA_MIX_F32, vdst=v[3], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], src2=v[2], opsel=4, opsel_hi=0, opsel_hi2=1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = i2f(st.vgpr[0][3])
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 5.0, places=5)
+
+  def test_v_fma_mix_f32_with_abs(self):
+    """V_FMA_MIX_F32 with abs modifier on src2."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], f2i(2.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], f2i(3.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], f2i(-1.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[2]),
+      VOP3P(VOP3POp.V_FMA_MIX_F32, vdst=v[3], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], src2=v[2], opsel=0, opsel_hi=0, opsel_hi2=0, neg_hi=4),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = i2f(st.vgpr[0][3])
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 7.0, places=5)
+
+  def test_v_fma_mixlo_f16(self):
+    """V_FMA_MIXLO_F16 writes to low 16 bits of destination."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], f2i(2.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], f2i(3.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], f2i(1.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[2]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0xdead0000),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[3], s[3]),
+      VOP3P(VOP3POp.V_FMA_MIXLO_F16, vdst=v[3], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], src2=v[2], opsel=0, opsel_hi=0, opsel_hi2=0),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    lo = _f16(st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xffff)
+    hi = (st.vgpr[0][3] >> 16) & 0xffff
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, 7.0, places=1)
+    self.assertEqual(hi, 0xdead, f"hi should be preserved, got 0x{hi:04x}")
+
+  def test_v_fma_mixlo_f16_all_f32_sources(self):
+    """V_FMA_MIXLO_F16 with all f32 sources."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], f2i(1.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], f2i(2.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], f2i(3.0)),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[2]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[3], 0),
+      VOP3P(VOP3POp.V_FMA_MIXLO_F16, vdst=v[3], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], src2=v[2], opsel=0, opsel_hi=0, opsel_hi2=0),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    lo = _f16(st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xffff)
+    # 1*2+3 = 5
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, 5.0, places=1)
+
+  def test_v_fma_mixlo_f16_sin_case(self):
+    """V_FMA_MIXLO_F16 case from sin kernel."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3f800000),  # f32 1.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[3], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0xaf05a309),  # f32 tiny negative
+      s_mov_b32(s[6], s[1]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0xc0490fdb),  # f32 -π
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[5], s[2]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[3], 0x3f800000),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[3], s[3]),
+      VOP3P(VOP3POp.V_FMA_MIXLO_F16, vdst=v[3], src0=v[3], src1=s[6], src2=v[5], opsel=0, opsel_hi=0, opsel_hi2=0),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    lo = _f16(st.vgpr[0][3] & 0xffff)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, -3.14159, delta=0.01)
+
+
+class TestVOP3P(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for VOP3P packed 16-bit operations."""
+
+  def test_v_pk_add_f16_basic(self):
+    """V_PK_ADD_F16 adds two packed f16 values."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40003c00),  # hi=2.0, lo=1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x44004200),  # hi=4.0, lo=3.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pk_add_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1], opsel_hi=3, opsel_hi2=1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    lo = _f16(result & 0xffff)
+    hi = _f16((result >> 16) & 0xffff)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, 4.0, places=2)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(hi, 6.0, places=2)
+
+  def test_v_pk_mul_f16_basic(self):
+    """V_PK_MUL_F16 multiplies two packed f16 values."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x42004000),  # hi=3.0, lo=2.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x45004400),  # hi=5.0, lo=4.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pk_mul_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1], opsel_hi=3, opsel_hi2=1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    lo = _f16(result & 0xffff)
+    hi = _f16((result >> 16) & 0xffff)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, 8.0, places=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(hi, 15.0, places=1)
+
+  def test_v_pk_fma_f16_basic(self):
+    """V_PK_FMA_F16: D = A * B + C for packed f16."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x42004000),  # A: hi=3.0, lo=2.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x45004400),  # B: hi=5.0, lo=4.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x3c003c00),  # C: hi=1.0, lo=1.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[2]),
+      v_pk_fma_f16(v[3], v[0], v[1], v[2], opsel_hi=3, opsel_hi2=1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][3]
+    lo = _f16(result & 0xffff)
+    hi = _f16((result >> 16) & 0xffff)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, 9.0, places=1)   # 2*4+1
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(hi, 16.0, places=0)  # 3*5+1
+
+  def test_v_pk_add_f16_with_inline_constant(self):
+    """V_PK_ADD_F16 with inline constant POS_ONE (1.0).
+    Inline constants for VOP3P are f16 values in the low 16 bits only.
+    hi half of inline constant is 0, so hi result = v0.hi + 0 = 1.0.
+    """
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c003c00),  # packed f16: hi=1.0, lo=1.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_pk_add_f16(v[1], v[0], SrcEnum.POS_ONE, opsel_hi=3, opsel_hi2=1),  # Add inline constant 1.0
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][1]
+    lo = _f16(result & 0xffff)
+    hi = _f16((result >> 16) & 0xffff)
+    # lo = 1.0 + 1.0 = 2.0, hi = 1.0 + 0.0 = 1.0 (inline const hi half is 0)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, 2.0, places=2)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(hi, 1.0, places=2)
+
+  def test_v_pk_mul_f16_with_inline_constant(self):
+    """V_PK_MUL_F16 with inline constant POS_TWO (2.0).
+    Inline constant has value only in low 16 bits, hi is 0.
+    """
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
+    # v0 = packed (3.0, 4.0), multiply by POS_TWO
+    # lo = 3.0 * 2.0 = 6.0, hi = 4.0 * 0.0 = 0.0 (inline const hi is 0)
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x44004200),  # packed f16: hi=4.0, lo=3.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_pk_mul_f16(v[1], v[0], SrcEnum.POS_TWO, opsel_hi=3, opsel_hi2=1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][1]
+    lo = _f16(result & 0xffff)
+    hi = _f16((result >> 16) & 0xffff)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, 6.0, places=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(hi, 0.0, places=1)
+
+
+class TestWMMA(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for WMMA (Wave Matrix Multiply-Accumulate) instructions."""
+
+  def test_v_wmma_f32_16x16x16_f16_all_ones(self):
+    """V_WMMA_F32_16X16X16_F16 with all ones produces 16.0."""
+    instructions = []
+    instructions.append(s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c003c00))  # packed f16 1.0
+    for i in range(16, 32):
+      instructions.append(v_mov_b32_e32(v[i], s[0]))
+    for i in range(8):
+      instructions.append(v_mov_b32_e32(v[i], 0))
+    instructions.append(v_wmma_f32_16x16x16_f16(v[0:7], v[16:23], v[24:31], v[0:7]))
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=32)
+    expected = f2i(16.0)
+    for lane in range(32):
+      for reg in range(8):
+        result = st.vgpr[lane][reg]
+        self.assertEqual(result, expected, f"v[{reg}] lane {lane}: expected 16.0, got {i2f(result)}")
+
+  def test_v_wmma_f32_16x16x16_f16_with_accumulator(self):
+    """V_WMMA_F32_16X16X16_F16 with non-zero accumulator."""
+    instructions = []
+    instructions.append(s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c003c00))
+    instructions.append(s_mov_b32(s[1], f2i(5.0)))
+    for i in range(16, 32):
+      instructions.append(v_mov_b32_e32(v[i], s[0]))
+    for i in range(8):
+      instructions.append(v_mov_b32_e32(v[i], s[1]))
+    instructions.append(v_wmma_f32_16x16x16_f16(v[0:7], v[16:23], v[24:31], v[0:7]))
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=32)
+    expected = f2i(21.0)  # 16 + 5
+    for lane in range(32):
+      for reg in range(8):
+        result = st.vgpr[lane][reg]
+        self.assertEqual(result, expected, f"v[{reg}] lane {lane}: expected 21.0, got {i2f(result)}")
+
+
+class TestSpecialOps(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for special operations (SAD, PERM, DOT2)."""
+
+  def test_v_sad_u8_basic(self):
+    """V_SAD_U8 computes sum of absolute differences."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x04030201),  # bytes: 1, 2, 3, 4
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x05040302),  # bytes: 2, 3, 4, 5
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0),
+      v_sad_u8(v[3], v[0], v[1], v[2]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    # |1-2| + |2-3| + |3-4| + |4-5| = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][3], 4)
+
+  def test_v_sad_u8_identical_bytes(self):
+    """V_SAD_U8 with identical inputs returns accumulator."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x04030201),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 10),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], s[1]),
+      v_sad_u8(v[3], v[0], v[0], v[2]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    # Same inputs -> SAD = 0, result = accumulator = 10
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][3], 10)
+
+  def test_v_sad_u16_basic(self):
+    """V_SAD_U16 computes sum of absolute differences of u16 pairs."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x00030001),  # hi=3, lo=1
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x00050002),  # hi=5, lo=2
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0),
+      v_sad_u16(v[3], v[0], v[1], v[2]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    # |1-2| + |3-5| = 1 + 2 = 3
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][3], 3)
+
+  def test_v_sad_u32_basic(self):
+    """V_SAD_U32 computes absolute difference of u32 values."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 100),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 70),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0),
+      v_sad_u32(v[3], v[0], v[1], v[2]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    # |100-70| = 30
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][3], 30)
+
+  def test_v_msad_u8_masked(self):
+    """V_MSAD_U8 masked SAD operation."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x04030201),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x05040302),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0),
+      v_msad_u8(v[3], v[0], v[1], v[2]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    # V_MSAD_U8 skips bytes where src0 is 0
+    # Since no bytes are 0, result same as V_SAD_U8 = 4
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][3], 4)
+
+  def test_v_perm_b32_select_bytes(self):
+    """V_PERM_B32 selects bytes from two sources.
+
+    V_PERM_B32 concatenates {S1, S0} as a 64-bit value with S1 in low 32 bits.
+    Selector byte values 0-3 select from S1, values 4-7 select from S0.
+    """
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x44332211),  # src0: bytes 4-7 in 64-bit view
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x88776655),  # src1: bytes 0-3 in 64-bit view
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x07060504),  # select bytes 4,5,6,7 (from src0)
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_perm_b32(v[2], v[0], v[1], s[2]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vgpr[0][2], 0x44332211)
+
+  def test_v_dot2_f32_bf16_basic(self):
+    """V_DOT2_F32_BF16 computes dot product of bf16 pairs."""
+    # bf16 1.0 = 0x3f80, bf16 2.0 = 0x4000
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3f803f80),  # packed bf16: lo=1.0, hi=1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x40003f80),  # packed bf16: lo=1.0, hi=2.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0),
+      v_dot2_f32_bf16(v[3], v[0], v[1], v[2], opsel_hi=3, opsel_hi2=1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    # 1.0*1.0 + 1.0*2.0 + 0 = 3.0
+    result = i2f(st.vgpr[0][3])
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 3.0, places=4)
+
+
+class TestPackedMixedSigns(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for packed operations with mixed sign values."""
+
+  def test_pk_add_f16_mixed_signs(self):
+    """V_PK_ADD_F16 with mixed positive/negative values."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xc0003c00),  # packed: hi=-2.0, lo=1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x3c003c00),  # packed: hi=1.0, lo=1.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pk_add_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1], opsel_hi=3, opsel_hi2=1),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    lo = _f16(result & 0xffff)
+    hi = _f16((result >> 16) & 0xffff)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(lo, 2.0, places=2)   # 1.0 + 1.0
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(hi, -1.0, places=2)  # -2.0 + 1.0
+
+  def test_pk_mul_f16_zero(self):
+    """V_PK_MUL_F16 with zero."""
+    from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import _f16
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40004000),  # packed: 2.0, 2.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x00000000),  # packed: 0.0, 0.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_pk_mul_f16(v[2], v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    result = st.vgpr[0][2]
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0x00000000, "2.0 * 0.0 should be 0.0")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  unittest.main()
@@ -0,0 +1,476 @@
+"""Tests for VOPC instructions - vector compare operations.
+
+Includes: v_cmp_class_f32, v_cmp_class_f16, v_cmp_eq_*, v_cmp_lt_*, v_cmp_gt_*
+"""
+import unittest
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.hw.helpers import *
+
+VCC = 106  # SGPR index for VCC_LO
+
+class TestCmpClass(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for V_CMP_CLASS_F32 float classification."""
+
+  def test_cmp_class_quiet_nan(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F32 detects quiet NaN."""
+    quiet_nan = 0x7fc00000
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], quiet_nan),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0b0000000010),  # bit 1 = quiet NaN
+      v_cmp_class_f32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect quiet NaN")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_signaling_nan(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F32 detects signaling NaN."""
+    signal_nan = 0x7f800001
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], signal_nan),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0b0000000001),  # bit 0 = signaling NaN
+      v_cmp_class_f32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect signaling NaN")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_positive_inf(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F32 detects +inf."""
+    pos_inf = 0x7f800000
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], pos_inf),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0b1000000000),  # bit 9 = +inf
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_cmp_class_f32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect +inf")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_negative_inf(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F32 detects -inf."""
+    neg_inf = 0xff800000
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], neg_inf),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0b0000000100),  # bit 2 = -inf
+      v_cmp_class_f32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect -inf")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_normal_positive(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F32 detects positive normal."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 1.0),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0b0100000000),  # bit 8 = positive normal
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_cmp_class_f32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect positive normal")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_normal_negative(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F32 detects negative normal."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], -1.0),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0b0000001000),  # bit 3 = negative normal
+      v_cmp_class_f32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect negative normal")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_quiet_nan_not_signaling(self):
+    """Quiet NaN does not match signaling NaN mask."""
+    quiet_nan = 0x7fc00000
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], quiet_nan),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0b0000000001),  # bit 0 = signaling NaN only
+      v_cmp_class_f32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 0, "Quiet NaN should not match signaling mask")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_signaling_nan_not_quiet(self):
+    """Signaling NaN does not match quiet NaN mask."""
+    signal_nan = 0x7f800001
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], signal_nan),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0b0000000010),  # bit 1 = quiet NaN only
+      v_cmp_class_f32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 0, "Signaling NaN should not match quiet mask")
+
+  def test_v_cmp_sets_vcc_bits(self):
+    """V_CMP_EQ sets VCC bits based on per-lane comparison."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 5),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[0]),
+      v_cmp_eq_u32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=4)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 0xf, 0xf, "All lanes should match")
+
+
+class TestCmpClassF16(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for V_CMP_CLASS_F16 float classification.
+
+  Class bit mapping:
+    bit 0 = signaling NaN
+    bit 1 = quiet NaN
+    bit 2 = -infinity
+    bit 3 = -normal
+    bit 4 = -denormal
+    bit 5 = -zero
+    bit 6 = +zero
+    bit 7 = +denormal
+    bit 8 = +normal
+    bit 9 = +infinity
+  """
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_positive_zero(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: +zero matches bit 6."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0x0000),  # f16 +0.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x40),     # bit 6 = +zero
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect positive zero")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_negative_zero(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: -zero matches bit 5."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x8000),       # f16 -0.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x20),     # bit 5 = -zero
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect negative zero")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_positive_normal(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: +1.0 (normal) matches bit 8."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c00),       # f16 +1.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x100),        # bit 8 = +normal
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect positive normal")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_negative_normal(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: -1.0 (normal) matches bit 3."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xbc00),       # f16 -1.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x08),     # bit 3 = -normal
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect negative normal")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_positive_infinity(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: +inf matches bit 9."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x7c00),       # f16 +inf
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x200),        # bit 9 = +inf
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect positive infinity")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_negative_infinity(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: -inf matches bit 2."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xfc00),       # f16 -inf
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x04),     # bit 2 = -inf
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect negative infinity")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_quiet_nan(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: quiet NaN matches bit 1."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x7e00),       # f16 quiet NaN
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x02),     # bit 1 = quiet NaN
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect quiet NaN")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_signaling_nan(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: signaling NaN matches bit 0."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x7c01),       # f16 signaling NaN
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x01),     # bit 0 = signaling NaN
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect signaling NaN")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_positive_denormal(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: positive denormal matches bit 7."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 1),        # f16 +denormal (0x0001)
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x80),     # bit 7 = +denormal
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect positive denormal")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_negative_denormal(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: negative denormal matches bit 4."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x8001),       # f16 -denormal
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x10),     # bit 4 = -denormal
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Should detect negative denormal")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_combined_mask_zeros(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: mask 0x60 covers both +zero and -zero."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),         # f16 +0.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 0x60),      # bits 5 and 6 (+-zero)
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "VCC should be 1 for +zero with mask 0x60")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_combined_mask_1f8(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16: mask 0x1f8 covers -normal,-denorm,-zero,+zero,+denorm,+normal.
+
+    This is the exact mask used in the f16 sin kernel at PC=46.
+    """
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),         # f16 +0.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x1f8),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[0]),      # mask 0x1f8
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "VCC should be 1 for +zero with mask 0x1f8")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_vop3_encoding(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16 in VOP3 encoding (v_cmp_class_f16_e64)."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0),         # f16 +0.0
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x1f8),         # class mask
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e64(VCC_LO, v[0], s[0]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "VCC should be 1 for +zero with VOP3 encoding")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_vop3_normal_positive(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16 VOP3 encoding with +1.0 (normal)."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x3c00),        # f16 +1.0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x1f8),         # class mask
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e64(VCC_LO, v[0], s[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "VCC should be 1 for +1.0 (normal) with mask 0x1f8")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_vop3_nan_fails_mask(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16 VOP3: NaN should NOT match mask 0x1f8 (no NaN bits set)."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x7e00),        # f16 quiet NaN
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x1f8),         # class mask
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e64(VCC_LO, v[0], s[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 0, "VCC should be 0 for NaN with mask 0x1f8 (no NaN bits)")
+
+  def test_cmp_class_f16_vop3_inf_fails_mask(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F16 VOP3: +inf should NOT match mask 0x1f8 (no inf bits set)."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x7c00),        # f16 +inf
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0x1f8),         # class mask
+      v_cmp_class_f16_e64(VCC_LO, v[0], s[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 0, "VCC should be 0 for +inf with mask 0x1f8 (no inf bits)")
+
+
+class TestCmpInt(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for integer comparison operations."""
+
+  def test_v_cmp_eq_u32(self):
+    """V_CMP_EQ_U32 sets VCC bits based on per-lane comparison."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 5),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[0]),
+      v_cmp_eq_u32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=4)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 0xf, 0xf, "All lanes should match")
+
+  def test_cmp_eq_u16_opsel_lo_lo(self):
+    """V_CMP_EQ_U16 comparing lo halves."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x12340005),  # lo=5, hi=0x1234
+      s_mov_b32(s[1], 0xABCD0005),  # lo=5, hi=0xABCD
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),
+      v_cmp_eq_u16_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Lo halves should be equal")
+
+  def test_cmp_eq_u16_opsel_hi_hi(self):
+    """V_CMP_EQ_U16 comparing hi halves with VOP3 opsel."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x00051234),  # hi=5, lo=0x1234
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[2]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x0005ABCD),  # hi=5, lo=0xABCD
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[2]),
+      v_cmp_eq_u16_e64(vdst=s[0], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], opsel=3),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[0] & 1, 1, "Hi halves should be equal: 5==5")
+
+  def test_cmp_eq_u16_opsel_hi_hi_equal(self):
+    """V_CMP_EQ_U16 VOP3 with opsel=3 compares hi halves (equal case)."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x12340005),  # lo=5, hi=0x1234
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[2]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x12340009),  # lo=9, hi=0x1234
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[2]),
+      v_cmp_eq_u16_e64(vdst=s[0], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], opsel=3),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[0] & 1, 1, "hi==hi should be true: 0x1234==0x1234")
+
+  def test_cmp_gt_u16_opsel_hi(self):
+    """V_CMP_GT_U16 VOP3 with opsel=3 compares hi halves."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x99990005),  # lo=5, hi=0x9999
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[2]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x12340005),  # lo=5, hi=0x1234
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[2]),
+      v_cmp_gt_u16_e64(vdst=s[0], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], opsel=3),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[0] & 1, 1, "hi>hi should be true: 0x9999>0x1234")
+
+
+class TestCmpFloat(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for float comparison operations."""
+
+  def test_v_cmp_lt_f16_vsrc1_hi(self):
+    """V_CMP_LT_F16 with both operands from high half using VOP3 opsel."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x3c000000),  # hi=1.0 (f16), lo=0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[2]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x40000000),  # hi=2.0 (f16), lo=0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[2]),
+      v_cmp_lt_f16_e64(vdst=s[0], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], opsel=3),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[0] & 1, 1, "1.0 < 2.0 should be true")
+
+  def test_v_cmp_gt_f16_vsrc1_hi(self):
+    """V_CMP_GT_F16 with both operands from high half using VOP3 opsel."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x40000000),  # hi=2.0 (f16), lo=0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[2]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0x3c000000),  # hi=1.0 (f16), lo=0
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[2]),
+      v_cmp_gt_f16_e64(vdst=s[0], src0=v[0], src1=v[1], opsel=3),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.sgpr[0] & 1, 1, "2.0 > 1.0 should be true")
+
+  def test_v_cmp_eq_f16_vsrc1_hi_equal(self):
+    """v_cmp_eq_f16 with equal low and high halves."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x42004200),  # hi=3.0 (0x4200), lo=3.0 (0x4200)
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_cmp_eq_f16_e32(v[0], v[0].h),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Expected vcc=1 (3.0 == 3.0)")
+
+  def test_v_cmp_neq_f16_vsrc1_hi(self):
+    """v_cmp_neq_f16 with different low and high halves."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0x40003c00),  # hi=2.0 (0x4000), lo=1.0 (0x3c00)
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_cmp_lg_f16_e32(v[0], v[0].h),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Expected vcc=1 (1.0 != 2.0)")
+
+  def test_v_cmp_nge_f16_inf_self(self):
+    """v_cmp_nge_f16 comparing -inf with itself (unordered less than).
+
+    Regression test: -inf < -inf should be false (IEEE 754).
+    """
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], 0xFC00FC00),  # both halves = -inf (0xFC00)
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),
+      v_cmp_nge_f16_e32(v[0], v[0].h),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=1)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 0, "Expected vcc=0 (-inf >= -inf)")
+
+  def test_v_cmp_f16_multilane(self):
+    """v_cmp_lt_f16 with vsrc1=v128 across multiple lanes."""
+    instructions = [
+      # Lane 0: v0 = 0x40003c00 (hi=2.0, lo=1.0) -> 1.0 < 2.0 = true
+      # Lane 1: v0 = 0x3c004000 (hi=1.0, lo=2.0) -> 2.0 < 1.0 = false
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 0x40003c00),  # default
+      v_cmp_eq_u32_e32(1, v[255]),  # vcc = (lane == 1)
+      v_cndmask_b32_e64(v[0], v[0], 0x3c004000, SrcEnum.VCC_LO),
+      v_cmp_lt_f16_e32(v[0], v[0].h),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=2)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 1, 1, "Lane 0: expected vcc=1 (1.0 < 2.0)")
+    self.assertEqual((st.vcc >> 1) & 1, 0, "Lane 1: expected vcc=0 (2.0 < 1.0)")
+
+
+class TestVCCBehavior(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for VCC condition code behavior."""
+
+  def test_vcc_all_lanes_true(self):
+    """VCC should have all bits set when all lanes compare true."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 5),
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], 5),
+      v_cmp_eq_u32_e32(v[0], v[1]),
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=32)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc, 0xFFFFFFFF, "All 32 lanes should be true")
+
+  def test_vcc_lane_dependent(self):
+    """VCC should differ per lane based on lane_id comparison."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], 16),
+      v_cmp_lt_u32_e32(v[255], v[0]),  # lanes 0-15 are < 16
+    ]
+    st = run_program(instructions, n_lanes=32)
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc & 0xFFFF, 0xFFFF, "Lanes 0-15 should be true")
+    self.assertEqual(st.vcc >> 16, 0x0000, "Lanes 16-31 should be false")
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  unittest.main()
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 # Test to compare Python and Rust RDNA3 emulators by running real tinygrad kernels
-import unittest, ctypes
+import unittest, ctypes, os
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
-from tinygrad import Device

-from tinygrad.renderer.amd.emu import WaveState, _decode_at, WAVE_SIZE, VCC_LO, EXEC_LO, SCC
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd import decode_inst
-from test.amd.helpers import KernelInfo
-import tinygrad
-REMU_PATH = Path(tinygrad.__file__).parent.parent / "extra/remu/target/release/libremu.so"
-if not REMU_PATH.exists(): REMU_PATH = Path(tinygrad.__file__).parent.parent / "extra/remu/target/release/libremu.dylib"
+# Set environment before any tinygrad imports to use MOCKGPU
+# This allows generating AMD GPU kernels without requiring real hardware
+os.environ["AMD"] = "1"
+os.environ["MOCKGPU"] = "1"
+os.environ["PYTHON_REMU"] = "1"

-def set_valid_mem_ranges(ranges): pass  # emu2 doesn't need this
+from extra.assembly.amd.emu import WaveState, decode_program, WAVE_SIZE, set_valid_mem_ranges, LDSMem
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.helpers import KernelInfo
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.bench_emu import REMU_PATH

 def _is_f32_nan(bits: int) -> bool:
  """Check if 32-bit value is a NaN (exponent all 1s, mantissa non-zero)."""
@@ -85,71 +85,39 @@ class RustEmulator:
    return snap.to_snapshot()

  def free(self):
-    if self.ctx:
-      self.lib.wave_free(self.ctx)
-      self.ctx = None
+    if self.ctx: self.lib.wave_free(self.ctx); self.ctx = None

 class PythonEmulator:
  def __init__(self):
    self.state: WaveState | None = None
-    self.program: dict[int, tuple] = {}  # lazily populated: pc -> (name, fxn, globals)
-    self.vmem_buf = None
-    self.lds_buf = None
-    self.kernel_buf = None  # Keep kernel bytes alive
-    self.lib_addr = 0  # Base address of kernel code
+    self.program: dict | None = None

  def create(self, kernel: bytes, n_lanes: int):
-    import ctypes
-    from tinygrad.device import Buffer, BufferSpec
-    from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes
-    # Store kernel in a ctypes buffer so _decode_at can read from memory at actual PC address
-    self.kernel_buf = (ctypes.c_char * len(kernel)).from_buffer_copy(kernel)
-    self.lib_addr = ctypes.addressof(self.kernel_buf)
-    self.program = {}
-    self.state = WaveState(n_lanes)
-    self.state.pc = self.lib_addr  # Set PC to code base address
-    self.vmem_buf = Buffer('CPU', 1 << 40, dtypes.uint32, options=BufferSpec(external_ptr=0)).ensure_allocated()
-    self.lds_buf = Buffer('CPU', 65536 // 4, dtypes.uint32).ensure_allocated()
-
-  def _ensure_decoded(self, pc: int):
-    if pc not in self.program:
-      runner = _decode_at(pc, "rdna3")
-      self.program[pc] = (runner.p.function_name, runner._prg.fxn, runner.p.globals)
+    self.program = decode_program(kernel)
+    self.state = WaveState(LDSMem(bytearray(65536)), n_lanes)
+    self.state.exec_mask = (1 << n_lanes) - 1

  def step(self) -> int:
-    import ctypes
-    assert self.state is not None
-    pc = self.state.pc
-    if pc == 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF: return -1
-    self._ensure_decoded(pc)
-    name, fxn, globals_list = self.program[pc]
-    buf_addrs = {0: self.state.sgpr_buf._buf.va_addr, 1: self.state.vgpr_buf._buf.va_addr,  # type: ignore[union-attr]
-                 2: self.vmem_buf._buf.va_addr, 3: self.lds_buf._buf.va_addr}  # type: ignore[union-attr]
-    fxn(*[ctypes.c_uint64(buf_addrs[g]) for g in globals_list], ctypes.c_int32(0))
-    return -1 if self.state.pc == 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF else 0
-
+    assert self.program is not None and self.state is not None
+    return self.program[self.state.pc]._dispatch(self.state, self.program[self.state.pc])
  def set_sgpr(self, idx: int, val: int):
    assert self.state is not None
-    self.state._write_sgpr(idx, val)
+    self.state.sgpr[idx] = val & 0xffffffff
  def set_vgpr(self, lane: int, idx: int, val: int):
    assert self.state is not None
-    self.state._write_vgpr(idx, lane, val)
+    self.state.vgpr[lane][idx] = val & 0xffffffff

  def get_snapshot(self) -> StateSnapshot:
    assert self.state is not None
-    sgpr = [self.state._read_sgpr(i) for i in range(128)]
-    vgpr = [[self.state._read_vgpr(reg, lane) for reg in range(256)] for lane in range(WAVE_SIZE)]
-    # Convert actual PC address to word offset for comparison with Rust emulator
-    pc_offset = (self.state.pc - self.lib_addr) // 4 if self.state.pc != 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF else 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
-    return StateSnapshot(pc=pc_offset, scc=self.state._read_sgpr(SCC.offset), vcc=sgpr[VCC_LO.offset],
-                         exec_mask=sgpr[EXEC_LO.offset], sgpr=sgpr, vgpr=vgpr)
+    return StateSnapshot(pc=self.state.pc, scc=self.state.scc, vcc=self.state.vcc & 0xffffffff,
+                         exec_mask=self.state.exec_mask & 0xffffffff, sgpr=list(self.state.sgpr),
+                         vgpr=[list(self.state.vgpr[i]) for i in range(WAVE_SIZE)])

 def run_single_kernel(kernel: bytes, n_lanes: int, args_ptr: int, global_size: tuple[int, int, int],
-                      local_size: tuple[int, int, int], max_steps: int, debug: bool, trace_len: int,
-                      kernel_idx: int = 0, max_workgroups: int = 8) -> tuple[bool, str, int]:
+                      program, max_steps: int, debug: bool, trace_len: int, kernel_idx: int = 0,
+                      max_workgroups: int = 8) -> tuple[bool, str, int]:
  """Run a single kernel through both emulators. Returns (success, message, total_steps)."""
  gx, gy, gz = global_size
-  lx, ly, lz = local_size
  total_steps = 0
  wg_count = 0

@@ -172,53 +140,28 @@ def run_single_kernel(kernel: bytes, n_lanes: int, args_ptr: int, global_size: t
          emu.set_sgpr(13, gidx)
          emu.set_sgpr(14, gidy)
          emu.set_sgpr(15, gidz)
-          # Initialize v[0] with packed workitem IDs for each lane
-          for lane in range(n_lanes):
-            tid = lane
-            z, y, x = tid // (lx * ly), (tid // lx) % ly, tid % lx
-            emu.set_vgpr(lane, 0, (z << 20) | (y << 10) | x)

        step = 0
        trace: list[tuple[int, int, str, StateSnapshot, StateSnapshot]] = []
-        prev_sync_after = False  # Track if previous instruction had known Rust bugs
        try:
          while step < max_steps:
            rust_before = rust.get_snapshot()
            python_before = python.get_snapshot()

-            pc_addr = python.lib_addr + python_before.pc * 4  # Convert word offset to actual address
-            python._ensure_decoded(pc_addr)
-            inst_hex_name = python.program[pc_addr][0]
-            # Decode the instruction to get mnemonic for sync_after checks
-            try:
-              # Format is mnemonic_hexbytes, e.g. v_exp_f32_e32_014b027e -> hex is 014b027e
-              parts = inst_hex_name.rsplit('_', 1)
-              inst_bytes_hex = parts[1] if len(parts) == 2 else ""
-              inst_bytes = bytes.fromhex(inst_bytes_hex) if inst_bytes_hex else b''
-              decoded = decode_inst(inst_bytes) if inst_bytes else None
-              inst_mnemonic = repr(decoded).split('(')[0] if decoded else ""
-            except Exception:
-              inst_mnemonic = ""
-            # For generic instructions, use function name for sync_after check
-            if not inst_mnemonic: inst_mnemonic = inst_hex_name
-            inst_str = inst_hex_name
+            inst = program.get(python_before.pc)
+            inst_str = inst.disasm() if inst else f"unknown at PC={python_before.pc}"
            trace.append((step, python_before.pc, inst_str, rust_before, python_before))
            if len(trace) > trace_len: trace.pop(0)

            if debug: print(f"K{kernel_idx} WG({gidx},{gidy},{gidz}) Step {step}: PC={python_before.pc}, inst={inst_str}")

-            # Instructions with known Rust emulator bugs or precision differences - sync Python to Rust after execution
+            # Instructions with known Rust emulator bugs - sync Python to Rust after execution
            # v_div_scale/v_div_fixup: Rust has different VCC handling
            # v_cvt_f16_f32: Rust clears high 16 bits, but hardware (and Python) preserves them
            # s_add_i32/s_sub_i32: Rust has incorrect SCC overflow detection
-            # v_exp_f32/v_log_f32/v_ldexp_f32: precision differences in transcendental functions
-            # s_delay_alu: Rust handles differently
-            # v_add_co_ci_u32/v_sub_co_ci_u32/v_subrev_co_ci_u32: Rust preserves inactive VCC bits, but hardware clears all bits
-            sync_after = any(x in inst_mnemonic.lower() for x in ('v_div_scale', 'v_div_fixup', 'v_cvt_f16_f32', 's_add_i32', 's_sub_i32',
-                                                                   'v_exp_f32', 'v_log_f32', 'v_ldexp_f32', 's_delay_alu',
-                                                                   'v_add_co_ci_u32', 'v_sub_co_ci_u32', 'v_subrev_co_ci_u32'))
-            # Skip comparison if previous instruction had known Rust bugs (states were synced but may still differ slightly)
-            diffs = rust_before.diff(python_before, n_lanes) if not prev_sync_after else []
+            sync_after = any(x in inst_str for x in ('v_div_scale_f32', 'v_div_scale_f64', 'v_div_fixup_f32', 'v_div_fixup_f64',
+                                                      'v_cvt_f16_f32', 's_add_i32', 's_sub_i32'))
+            diffs = rust_before.diff(python_before, n_lanes)
            if diffs:
              trace_lines = []
              for idx, (s, pc, d, rb, pb) in enumerate(trace):
@@ -229,18 +172,16 @@ def run_single_kernel(kernel: bytes, n_lanes: int, args_ptr: int, global_size: t
                  python_diffs = pb.diff(next_pb, n_lanes, "->")
                  if rust_diffs: trace_lines.append(f"             rust:   {', '.join(rust_diffs[:5])}")
                  if python_diffs: trace_lines.append(f"             python: {', '.join(python_diffs[:5])}")
-                  elif rust_diffs: trace_lines.append("             python: (no changes)")
+                  elif rust_diffs: trace_lines.append(f"             python: (no changes)")
                else:
                  # Last traced instruction - compare with current state
                  rust_diffs = rb.diff(rust_before, n_lanes, "->")
                  python_diffs = pb.diff(python_before, n_lanes, "->")
                  if rust_diffs: trace_lines.append(f"             rust:   {', '.join(rust_diffs[:5])}")
                  if python_diffs: trace_lines.append(f"             python: {', '.join(python_diffs[:5])}")
-                  elif rust_diffs: trace_lines.append("             python: (no changes)")
+                  elif rust_diffs: trace_lines.append(f"             python: (no changes)")
              trace_str = "\n".join(trace_lines)
-              msg = f"K{kernel_idx} WG({gidx},{gidy},{gidz}) Step {step} before inst '{inst_str}': states differ (rust vs python):\n  "
-              msg += "\n  ".join(diffs[:10]) + f"\n  Recent instructions:\n{trace_str}"
-              return False, msg, total_steps
+              return False, f"K{kernel_idx} WG({gidx},{gidy},{gidz}) Step {step} before inst '{inst_str}': states differ (rust vs python):\n  " + "\n  ".join(diffs[:10]) + f"\n  Recent instructions:\n{trace_str}", total_steps

            rust_result = rust.step()
            python_result = python.step()
@@ -250,9 +191,7 @@ def run_single_kernel(kernel: bytes, n_lanes: int, args_ptr: int, global_size: t
              if rust_result == 1 and python_result == 0:
                raise unittest.SkipTest(f"Rust emulator doesn't support instruction: {inst_str}")
              trace_str = "\n".join(f"    step {s}: PC={pc:3d} {d}" for s, pc, d, _, _ in trace)
-              msg = (f"K{kernel_idx} WG({gidx},{gidy},{gidz}) Step {step}: different return codes: "
-                     f"rust={rust_result}, python={python_result}, inst={inst_str}\n  Recent instructions:\n{trace_str}")
-              return False, msg, total_steps
+              return False, f"K{kernel_idx} WG({gidx},{gidy},{gidz}) Step {step}: different return codes: rust={rust_result}, python={python_result}, inst={inst_str}\n  Recent instructions:\n{trace_str}", total_steps

            # Sync Python state to Rust after instructions with known Rust emulator differences
            if sync_after:
@@ -261,12 +200,7 @@ def run_single_kernel(kernel: bytes, n_lanes: int, args_ptr: int, global_size: t
              for lane in range(n_lanes):
                for i in range(256): python.set_vgpr(lane, i, rust_after.vgpr[lane][i])
              assert python.state is not None
-              # Convert Rust's word-based PC to Python's actual address
-              python.state.pc = python.lib_addr + rust_after.pc * 4
-              python.state._write_sgpr(SCC.offset, rust_after.scc)
-              python.state._write_sgpr(VCC_LO.offset, rust_after.vcc)
-              python.state._write_sgpr(EXEC_LO.offset, rust_after.exec_mask)
-            prev_sync_after = sync_after
+              python.state.pc, python.state.scc, python.state.vcc, python.state.exec_mask = rust_after.pc, rust_after.scc, rust_after.vcc, rust_after.exec_mask

            if rust_result == -1:
              total_steps += step + 1
@@ -315,11 +249,12 @@ def compare_emulators_multi_kernel(kernels: list[KernelInfo], buf_pool: dict[int
    kernel_ranges = ranges | {(args_ptr, ctypes.sizeof(args))}
    set_valid_mem_ranges(kernel_ranges)

+    program = decode_program(kernel.code)
    n_lanes = kernel.local_size[0] * kernel.local_size[1] * kernel.local_size[2]

    ok, msg, steps = run_single_kernel(
      kernel.code, min(n_lanes, 32), args_ptr, kernel.global_size,
-      kernel.local_size, max_steps, debug, trace_len, ki
+      program, max_steps, debug, trace_len, ki
    )
    total_steps += steps
    if not ok:
@@ -345,8 +280,8 @@ def compare_emulators_with_memory(kernel: bytes, n_lanes: int, buf_sizes: list,
  ranges.add((args_ptr, ctypes.sizeof(args)))
  set_valid_mem_ranges(ranges)

-  # Legacy wrapper assumes local_size = (n_lanes, 1, 1)
-  ok, msg, _ = run_single_kernel(kernel, n_lanes, args_ptr, global_size, (n_lanes, 1, 1), max_steps, debug, trace_len)
+  program = decode_program(kernel)
+  ok, msg, _ = run_single_kernel(kernel, n_lanes, args_ptr, global_size, program, max_steps, debug, trace_len)
  return ok, msg

 def get_kernels_from_tinygrad(op_fn) -> tuple[list[KernelInfo], dict[int, int], dict[int, bytes]]:
@@ -389,7 +324,6 @@ def get_kernels_from_tinygrad(op_fn) -> tuple[list[KernelInfo], dict[int, int],
              buf_sizes.append(b.nbytes)
            kernels.append(KernelInfo(
              code=bytes(sec.content),
-              src=lowered.prg.p.src,
              global_size=tuple(lowered.prg.p.global_size),
              local_size=tuple(lowered.prg.p.local_size),
              buf_idxs=buf_idxs,
@@ -404,7 +338,6 @@ def get_kernel_from_tinygrad(op_fn) -> tuple[bytes, tuple[int, int, int], tuple[
  k = kernels[-1]
  return k.code, k.global_size, k.local_size, k.buf_sizes

-@unittest.skipUnless(Device.DEFAULT == "AMD", "requires AMD device")
 class TestTinygradKernels(unittest.TestCase):
  """Compare emulators on real tinygrad-compiled kernels."""

@@ -441,8 +374,7 @@ class TestTinygradKernels(unittest.TestCase):
  def test_cast(self): self._test_kernel(lambda T: T.empty(32).half().float() + T.empty(32).int().float())

  # Pooling - regression for VCC wave32 mode
-  def test_pool2d(self):
-    self._test_kernel(lambda T: T.empty(1, 1, 8, 8).avg_pool2d(kernel_size=(4,4)) + T.empty(1, 1, 8, 8).max_pool2d(kernel_size=(4,4)))
+  def test_pool2d(self): self._test_kernel(lambda T: T.empty(1, 1, 8, 8).avg_pool2d(kernel_size=(4,4)) + T.empty(1, 1, 8, 8).max_pool2d(kernel_size=(4,4)))

  # Convolution
  def test_conv2d(self): self._test_kernel(lambda T: T.empty(1, 2, 8, 8).conv2d(T.empty(2, 2, 3, 3)), max_steps=50000)
@@ -454,7 +386,6 @@ class TestTinygradKernels(unittest.TestCase):
    from tinygrad import dtypes
    self._test_kernel(lambda T: T.empty(4, 4)[T.arange(4).cast(dtypes.int64), :])
  def test_gelu(self): self._test_kernel(lambda T: T.empty(32, 32).gelu())
-  def test_exp(self): self._test_kernel(lambda T: T.empty(1024).exp())
  def test_cross_entropy(self):
    import numpy as np
    np.random.seed(0)
@@ -466,55 +397,5 @@ class TestTinygradKernels(unittest.TestCase):
    from tinygrad import dtypes
    self._test_kernel(lambda T: T([2.0], dtype=dtypes.float64).sin())

-  def test_sin_large_f32(self):
-    """Test sin with large values that trigger Payne-Hanek range reduction."""
-    # Values around 859240 trigger the Payne-Hanek algorithm
-    # This tests the integer multiply-high instructions used in range reduction
-    self._test_kernel(lambda T: T([859240.0, 1000000.0, 100594688.0]).sin())
-
-  def test_clip_zero_one(self):
-    """Test clip(0, 1) - regression for binary_crossentropy failure."""
-    import numpy as np
-    np.random.seed(0)
-    x_np = np.random.uniform(-2, 2, (32, 10)).astype(np.float32).tolist()
-    self._test_kernel(lambda T: T(x_np).clip(0, 1))
-
-  def test_mod_int64(self):
-    """Test int64 modulo, especially edge cases like 1 % -1."""
-    from tinygrad import dtypes
-    self._test_kernel(lambda T: T([1, 10, -10, 7], dtype=dtypes.int64) % T([-1, 3, 3, -3], dtype=dtypes.int64))
-
-  def test_expand_flatten_sum(self):
-    """Test flatten of expanded tensor followed by sum.
-
-    Bug: flatten() of an expanded tensor produces wrong results for certain sizes.
-    Sizes that are multiples of 32 work (32, 48, 64), but sizes like 33, 49, 50 fail.
-    This breaks masked_select and nonzero operations.
-    """
-    import numpy as np
-    np.random.seed(0)
-    x_np = np.random.uniform(-2, 2, (33,)).astype(np.float32)
-    self._test_kernel(lambda T: (T(x_np.tolist()) > 0.5).unsqueeze(-1).expand(33, 3).flatten().sum())
-
-  @unittest.skip("slow and broken with AMD_LLVM=1")
-  def test_nonzero(self):
-    """Test nonzero operation - counts and gathers indices of non-zero elements."""
-    import numpy as np
-    np.random.seed(42)
-    x_np = np.random.rand(10, 5, 3).astype(np.float32)
-    self._test_kernel(lambda T: (T(x_np.tolist()) > 0.5).nonzero())
-
-  @unittest.skip("Precision differences in v_exp/v_log accumulate across kernels, causing memory divergence")
-  def test_softmax_argmax_fused(self):
-    """Test fused softmax+argmax - tracks exp2 precision issue.
-
-    The fused kernel recomputes softmax inline and Python emulator's exp2 polynomial
-    has up to 1 ULP error vs native exp2f, causing accumulated differences.
-    """
-    import torch
-    torch.manual_seed(0)
-    x_np = torch.rand(4, 10).numpy()
-    self._test_kernel(lambda T: T(x_np.tolist()).softmax(1).argmax())
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
  unittest.main()
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+import unittest
+import functools
+from tinygrad import Tensor, Device, dtypes
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops, KernelInfo
+from tinygrad.renderer import Estimates
+from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler
+
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import s, v, Inst
+
+def assemble_insts(insts:list[Inst], name:str, arch:str, kernarg_size:int=8) -> tuple[UOp, UOp]:
+  kd = {"kernarg_size":kernarg_size, "user_sgpr_kernarg_segment_ptr":1, "next_free_vgpr":8, "next_free_sgpr":8, "wavefront_size32":1}
+  disasm = "\n".join([inst.disasm() for inst in insts])
+  hsasrc = f".text\n.globl {name}\n.p2align 8\n.type fn_name,@function\n{name}:\n{disasm}\ns_code_end\n"
+  hsasrc += f".rodata\n.p2align 6\n.amdhsa_kernel {name}\n"+"\n".join([f".amdhsa_{k} {v}" for k,v in kd.items()])+"\n.end_amdhsa_kernel"
+  binary = HIPCompiler(arch).compile(hsasrc)
+  return UOp(Ops.SOURCE, arg=disasm), UOp(Ops.BINARY, arg=binary)
+
+def custom_add_one(A:UOp, arch:str) -> UOp:
+  A = A.flatten()
+  assert dtypes.is_float(A.dtype.base), f"buffer dtype must be float32, got {A.dtype}"
+  threads = UOp.special(A.size, "lidx0")
+  insts = [
+    s_load_b64(s[0:1], s[0:1], soffset=NULL),
+    s_waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0),
+    v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[0], 2, v[0]), # element offset
+    global_load_b32(v[1], v[0], saddr=s[0:1]),
+    s_waitcnt(vmcnt=0),
+    v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 1.0),
+    v_add_f32_e32(v[1], v[1], v[2]),
+    global_store_b32(addr=v[0], data=v[1], saddr=s[0:1]),
+    s_endpgm(),
+  ]
+  sink = UOp.sink(A.base, threads, arg=KernelInfo(name:=f"custom_add_one_{A.size}", estimates=Estimates(ops=A.size, mem=A.size*4*2)))
+  return UOp(Ops.PROGRAM, src=(sink, UOp(Ops.DEVICE, arg="AMD"), UOp(Ops.LINEAR, src=(*sink.src, sink)), *assemble_insts(insts, name, arch)))
+
+class TestCustomKernel(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_simple(self):
+    a = Tensor.full((16, 16), 1.).contiguous().realize()
+    a = Tensor.custom_kernel(a, fxn=functools.partial(custom_add_one, arch=Device[Device.DEFAULT].arch))[0]
+    ei = a.schedule()[-1].lower()
+    self.assertEqual(ei.prg.estimates.ops, a.numel())
+    self.assertEqual(ei.prg.estimates.mem, a.nbytes()*2)
+    ei.run()
+    self.assertTrue((a.numpy() == 2.).all())
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  unittest.main()
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 import unittest
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import *
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import VDSTYField
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.enum import VOP1Op, VOP2Op
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.ins import VOP1
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import VDSTYField
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.enum import VOP1Op, VOP2Op
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import VOP1

 class TestRegisters(unittest.TestCase):
  def test_vgpr_single(self):
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 Note: Graphics-only formats (EXP, MUBUF, MTBUF, MIMG) are not supported - use GLOBAL/FLAT for memory access in compute.
 """
 import unittest
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.ins import *
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import VCC_HI, EXEC_LO, NULL
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import VCC_HI, EXEC_LO, NULL
 OFF = NULL  # OFF is alias for NULL
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd import detect_format
+from extra.assembly.amd.decode import detect_format


 class TestDS(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -213,8 +213,8 @@ class TestDetectFormat(unittest.TestCase):
    self.assertEqual(detect_format(ds_store_b32(v[0], v[1]).to_bytes()), DS)

  def test_detect_flat(self):
-    self.assertEqual(detect_format(global_load_b32(vdst=v[0], addr=v[1:2], saddr=NULL).to_bytes()), GLOBAL)
-    self.assertEqual(detect_format(global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=NULL).to_bytes()), GLOBAL)
+    self.assertEqual(detect_format(global_load_b32(vdst=v[0], addr=v[1:2], saddr=NULL).to_bytes()), FLAT)
+    self.assertEqual(detect_format(global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=NULL).to_bytes()), FLAT)

  def test_detect_vopd(self):
    inst = VOPD(VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MOV_B32, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MOV_B32, vdstx=v[0], vdsty=v[1], srcx0=0, srcy0=0)
@@ -2,26 +2,21 @@
 # the Inst constructor should be looking at the types of the fields to correctly set the value

 import unittest, struct
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.ins import *
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import Inst
-from test.amd.test_roundtrip import compile_asm
-from test.amd.disasm import disasm
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import Inst
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.test_roundtrip import compile_asm

-class IntegrationTestBase(unittest.TestCase):
+class TestIntegration(unittest.TestCase):
  inst: Inst
-  arch: str
  def tearDown(self):
    if not hasattr(self, 'inst'): return
    b = self.inst.to_bytes()
-    st = disasm(self.inst)
+    st = self.inst.disasm()
    # Test that the instruction can be compiled by LLVM and produces the same bytes
    desc = f"{st:25s} {self.inst} {b!r}"
-    self.assertEqual(b, compile_asm(st, arch=self.arch), desc)
+    self.assertEqual(b, compile_asm(st), desc)
    print(desc)

-class TestIntegration(IntegrationTestBase):
-  arch: str = "rdna3"
-
  def test_wmma(self):
    self.inst = v_wmma_f32_16x16x16_f16(v[0:7], v[184:191], v[136:143], v[0:7])

@@ -129,17 +124,6 @@ class TestIntegration(IntegrationTestBase):
    int_inst = s_mov_b32(s[0], struct.unpack("I", struct.pack("f", 1337.0))[0])
    self.assertEqual(self.inst, int_inst)

-class TestIntegrationCDNA(IntegrationTestBase):
-  arch = "cdna"
-
-  def test_mfma(self):
-    from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.cdna.ins import v_mfma_f32_16x16x16_f16
-    self.inst = v_mfma_f32_16x16x16_f16(v[0:3], v[0:1], v[0:1], 0)
-
-  def test_mfma_fp8(self):
-    from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.cdna.ins import v_mfma_f32_16x16x128_f8f6f4
-    self.inst = v_mfma_f32_16x16x128_f8f6f4(v[0:3], v[0:5], v[0:5], 1, cbsz=2, blgp=2)
-
 class TestRegisterSliceSyntax(unittest.TestCase):
  """
  Issue: Register slice syntax should use AMD assembly convention (inclusive end).
@@ -161,9 +145,9 @@ class TestRegisterSliceSyntax(unittest.TestCase):
    # Round-trip: DSL -> disasm -> DSL should preserve register count
    reg = s[4:7]  # 4 registers in AMD convention
    inst = s_load_b128(reg, s[0:1], NULL, 0)
-    d = disasm(inst)
+    disasm = inst.disasm()
    # Disasm shows s[4:7] - user should be able to copy this back
-    self.assertIn("s[4:7]", d)
+    self.assertIn("s[4:7]", disasm)
    # And s[4:7] in DSL should give the same 4 registers
    reg_from_disasm = s[4:7]
    self.assertEqual(reg_from_disasm.sz, 4, "s[4:7] from disasm should give 4 registers")
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Integration test: round-trip RDNA3 assembly through AMD toolchain."""
+import unittest, io, sys
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import *
+
+def waitcnt(vmcnt: int = 0x3f, expcnt: int = 0x7, lgkmcnt: int = 0x3f) -> int:
+  return (expcnt & 0x7) | ((lgkmcnt & 0x3f) << 4) | ((vmcnt & 0x3f) << 10)
+
+def disassemble(lib: bytes, arch: str = "gfx1100") -> str:
+  """Disassemble ELF binary using tinygrad's compiler, return raw output."""
+  from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler
+  old_stdout = sys.stdout
+  sys.stdout = io.StringIO()
+  HIPCompiler(arch).disassemble(lib)
+  output = sys.stdout.getvalue()
+  sys.stdout = old_stdout
+  return output
+
+def parse_disassembly(raw: str) -> list[str]:
+  """Parse disassembly output to list of instruction mnemonics."""
+  lines = []
+  for line in raw.splitlines():
+    if line.startswith('\t'):
+      instr = line.split('//')[0].strip()
+      if instr: lines.append(instr)
+  return lines
+
+def assemble_and_disassemble(instructions: list, arch: str = "gfx1100") -> list[str]:
+  """Assemble instructions with our DSL, then disassemble with AMD toolchain."""
+  from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler
+
+  # Generate bytes from our DSL
+  code_bytes = b''.join(inst.to_bytes() for inst in instructions)
+
+  # Wrap in minimal ELF-compatible assembly with .byte directives
+  byte_str = ', '.join(f'0x{b:02x}' for b in code_bytes)
+  asm_src = f".text\n.globl test\n.p2align 8\n.type test,@function\ntest:\n.byte {byte_str}\n"
+
+  # Assemble with AMD COMGR and disassemble
+  lib = HIPCompiler(arch).compile(asm_src)
+  return parse_disassembly(disassemble(lib, arch))
+
+class TestIntegration(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Test our DSL output matches LLVM disassembly."""
+
+  def test_simple_sop1(self):
+    """Test SOP1 instructions round-trip."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_mov_b32(s[0], s[1]),
+      s_mov_b32(s[2], 0),
+      s_not_b32(s[3], s[4]),
+    ]
+    disasm = assemble_and_disassemble(instructions)
+    self.assertIn('s_mov_b32', disasm[0])
+    self.assertIn('s_mov_b32', disasm[1])
+    self.assertIn('s_not_b32', disasm[2])
+
+  def test_simple_sop2(self):
+    """Test SOP2 instructions round-trip."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_add_u32(s[0], s[1], s[2]),
+      s_sub_u32(s[3], s[4], 10),
+      s_and_b32(s[5], s[6], s[7]),
+    ]
+    disasm = assemble_and_disassemble(instructions)
+    self.assertIn('s_add_u32', disasm[0])
+    self.assertIn('s_sub_u32', disasm[1])
+    self.assertIn('s_and_b32', disasm[2])
+
+  def test_simple_vop2(self):
+    """Test VOP2 instructions round-trip."""
+    instructions = [
+      v_add_f32_e32(v[0], v[1], v[2]),
+      v_mul_f32_e32(v[3], 1.0, v[4]),  # 1.0 is inline constant
+      v_and_b32_e32(v[5], 10, v[6]),  # small inline constant
+    ]
+    disasm = assemble_and_disassemble(instructions)
+    self.assertIn('v_add_f32', disasm[0])
+    self.assertIn('v_mul_f32', disasm[1])
+
+  def test_control_flow(self):
+    """Test control flow instructions."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_waitcnt(simm16=waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0)),
+      s_endpgm(),
+    ]
+    disasm = assemble_and_disassemble(instructions)
+    self.assertIn('s_waitcnt', disasm[0])
+    self.assertIn('s_endpgm', disasm[1])
+
+  def test_memory_ops(self):
+    """Test memory instructions."""
+    instructions = [
+      s_load_b32(s[0], s[0:1], NULL),
+      s_waitcnt(simm16=waitcnt(lgkmcnt=0)),
+      global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=OFF),
+      s_endpgm(),
+    ]
+    disasm = assemble_and_disassemble(instructions)
+    self.assertIn('s_load_b32', disasm[0])
+    self.assertIn('s_waitcnt', disasm[1])
+    self.assertIn('global_store_b32', disasm[2])
+
+  def test_full_kernel(self):
+    """Test a complete kernel similar to tinygrad output."""
+    # Simple kernel: load value, add 1, store back
+    instructions = [
+      # Get thread ID
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], s[0]),  # base addr low
+      v_mov_b32_e32(v[1], s[1]),  # base addr high
+      # Load value
+      global_load_b32(vdst=v[2], addr=v[0:1], saddr=OFF),
+      s_waitcnt(simm16=waitcnt(vmcnt=0)),
+      # Add 1.0
+      v_add_f32_e32(v[2], 1.0, v[2]),
+      # Store result
+      global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=OFF),
+      s_endpgm(),
+    ]
+    disasm = assemble_and_disassemble(instructions)
+    # Verify key instructions are present
+    self.assertTrue(any('global_load' in d for d in disasm))
+    self.assertTrue(any('v_add_f32' in d for d in disasm))
+    self.assertTrue(any('global_store' in d for d in disasm))
+    self.assertTrue(any('s_endpgm' in d for d in disasm))
+
+  def test_bytes_roundtrip(self):
+    """Test that our bytes match what AMD assembler produces."""
+    from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler
+
+    # Simple instruction
+    inst = s_mov_b32(s[0], s[1])
+    our_bytes = inst.to_bytes()
+
+    # Assemble same instruction with AMD toolchain
+    asm_src = ".text\n.globl test\n.p2align 8\n.type test,@function\ntest:\ns_mov_b32 s0, s1\n"
+    compiler = HIPCompiler("gfx1100")
+    lib = compiler.compile(asm_src)
+    raw = disassemble(lib)
+
+    for line in raw.splitlines():
+      if 's_mov_b32' in line and '//' in line:
+        # Extract hex bytes from comment: "// 000000001300: BE800001"
+        comment = line.split('//')[1].strip()
+        hex_str = comment.split(':')[1].strip()
+        # Convert big-endian hex string to little-endian bytes
+        amd_bytes = bytes.fromhex(hex_str)[::-1]  # reverse for little-endian
+        self.assertEqual(our_bytes, amd_bytes, f"Bytes mismatch: ours={our_bytes.hex()} AMD={amd_bytes.hex()}")
+        return
+    self.fail("Could not find s_mov_b32 in disassembly")
+
+class TestTinygradIntegration(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Test that we can parse disassembled tinygrad kernels."""
+
+  def test_simple_add_kernel(self):
+    """Generate a simple add kernel from tinygrad and verify disassembly."""
+    from tinygrad import Tensor
+    from tinygrad.codegen import get_program
+    from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import AMDHIPRenderer
+    from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler
+    from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops
+
+    # Create a computation that generates a real kernel
+    a = Tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]).realize()
+    b = Tensor([5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0]).realize()
+    c = a + b
+
+    # Get schedule and find SINK
+    schedule = c.schedule()
+    sink_items = [si for si in schedule if si.ast.op == Ops.SINK]
+    self.assertTrue(len(sink_items) > 0, "No SINK in schedule")
+
+    # Generate program
+    renderer = AMDHIPRenderer('gfx1100')
+    prg = get_program(sink_items[0].ast, renderer)
+    self.assertIsNotNone(prg.src)
+
+    # Compile and disassemble
+    compiler = HIPCompiler('gfx1100')
+    lib = compiler.compile(prg.src)
+    raw_disasm = disassemble(lib)
+    instrs = parse_disassembly(raw_disasm)
+
+    # Verify we got some instructions
+    self.assertTrue(len(instrs) > 0, "No instructions in disassembly")
+    # Should have an endpgm
+    self.assertTrue(any('s_endpgm' in i for i in instrs), "Missing s_endpgm")
+
+  def test_matmul_kernel(self):
+    """Generate a matmul kernel and verify disassembly has expected patterns."""
+    from tinygrad import Tensor
+    from tinygrad.codegen import get_program
+    from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import AMDHIPRenderer
+    from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler
+    from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops
+
+    # Create a small matmul
+    a = Tensor.rand(4, 4).realize()
+    b = Tensor.rand(4, 4).realize()
+    c = a @ b
+
+    # Get schedule
+    schedule = c.schedule()
+    sink_items = [si for si in schedule if si.ast.op == Ops.SINK]
+    self.assertTrue(len(sink_items) > 0)
+
+    # Generate and compile
+    renderer = AMDHIPRenderer('gfx1100')
+    prg = get_program(sink_items[0].ast, renderer)
+    compiler = HIPCompiler('gfx1100')
+    lib = compiler.compile(prg.src)
+    raw_disasm = disassemble(lib)
+    instrs = parse_disassembly(raw_disasm)
+
+    # Matmul should have multiply and add instructions
+    has_mul = any('mul' in i.lower() for i in instrs)
+    has_add = any('add' in i.lower() for i in instrs)
+    self.assertTrue(has_mul or has_add, "Matmul should have mul/add ops")
+
+  def test_disasm_to_bytes_roundtrip(self):
+    """Parse disassembled instructions and verify we can re-encode some of them."""
+    from tinygrad import Tensor
+    from tinygrad.codegen import get_program
+    from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import AMDHIPRenderer
+    from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler
+    from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops
+
+    # Simple kernel
+    a = Tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]).realize()
+    b = (a * 2.0)
+
+    schedule = b.schedule()
+    sink_items = [si for si in schedule if si.ast.op == Ops.SINK]
+    if not sink_items: return  # skip if no kernel
+
+    renderer = AMDHIPRenderer('gfx1100')
+    prg = get_program(sink_items[0].ast, renderer)
+    compiler = HIPCompiler('gfx1100')
+    lib = compiler.compile(prg.src)
+    raw_disasm = disassemble(lib)
+
+    # Find s_endpgm and verify we can encode it
+    for line in raw_disasm.splitlines():
+      if 's_endpgm' in line and '//' in line:
+        # Extract bytes from comment
+        comment = line.split('//')[1].strip()
+        hex_str = comment.split(':')[1].strip()
+        amd_bytes = bytes.fromhex(hex_str)[::-1]
+
+        # Our encoding
+        our_inst = s_endpgm()
+        our_bytes = our_inst.to_bytes()
+
+        self.assertEqual(our_bytes, amd_bytes, f"s_endpgm mismatch: ours={our_bytes.hex()} AMD={amd_bytes.hex()}")
+        return
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  unittest.main()
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ Only compute-relevant instruction formats are tested. Graphics-only formats not
  - VIMAGE/VSAMPLE: image sampling instructions (RDNA4)
  - VBUFFER: buffer instructions (RDNA4)
 """
-import unittest, re, functools
+import unittest, re, subprocess, functools
 from tinygrad.helpers import fetch
-from test.amd.disasm import disasm
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd import decode_inst, detect_format
-from test.amd.helpers import llvm_assemble, llvm_filter_valid_asm, get_target, get_mattr
+from extra.assembly.amd.disasm import disasm
+from extra.assembly.amd.decode import decode_inst, detect_format
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.helpers import get_llvm_mc

 LLVM_BASE = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/llvm/llvm-project/llvmorg-21.1.0/llvm/test/MC/AMDGPU"

@@ -25,15 +25,13 @@ RDNA_FILES = ['gfx11_asm_sop1.s', 'gfx11_asm_sop2.s', 'gfx11_asm_sopp.s', 'gfx11
  'gfx11_asm_wmma.s', 'gfx11_asm_vop3_features.s', 'gfx11_asm_vop3p_features.s', 'gfx11_asm_vopd_features.s',
  'gfx11_asm_vop3_alias.s', 'gfx11_asm_vop3p_alias.s', 'gfx11_asm_vopc_alias.s', 'gfx11_asm_vopcx_alias.s', 'gfx11_asm_vinterp_alias.s',
  'gfx11_asm_smem_alias.s']
-# CDNA (gfx9/gfx90a/gfx942/gfx950) test files for compute instructions
+# CDNA (gfx9/gfx90a/gfx942) test files for compute instructions
 # Excluded: gfx9_asm_mubuf.s, gfx9_asm_mtbuf.s, gfx90a_ldst_acc.s (has MIMG mixed in)
-# Exclude gfx90a: 'gfx90a_asm_features.s', 'mai-gfx90a.s',
-# Exclude gfx950: 'gfx950_asm_features.s' (disasm error)
 CDNA_FILES = ['gfx9_asm_sop1.s', 'gfx9_asm_sop2.s', 'gfx9_asm_sopp.s', 'gfx9_asm_sopk.s', 'gfx9_asm_sopc.s',
  'gfx9_asm_vop1.s', 'gfx9_asm_vop2.s', 'gfx9_asm_vopc.s', 'gfx9_asm_vop3.s', 'gfx9_asm_vop3p.s',
  'gfx9_asm_ds.s', 'gfx9_asm_flat.s', 'gfx9_asm_smem.s',
-  'flat-scratch-gfx942.s', 'gfx942_asm_features.s', 'mai-gfx942.s',
-  'gfx950_asm_vop1.s', 'gfx950_asm_read_tr.s', 'mai-gfx950.s']
+  'gfx90a_asm_features.s', 'flat-scratch-gfx942.s', 'gfx942_asm_features.s',
+  'mai-gfx90a.s', 'mai-gfx942.s']
 # RDNA4 (gfx12) test files for compute instructions
 # Excluded: gfx12_asm_vbuffer_mubuf.s, gfx12_asm_vbuffer_mtbuf.s, gfx12_asm_exp.s (graphics-only)
 RDNA4_FILES = ['gfx12_asm_sop1.s', 'gfx12_asm_sop2.s', 'gfx12_asm_sopp.s', 'gfx12_asm_sopk.s', 'gfx12_asm_sopc.s',
@@ -59,7 +57,8 @@ def _parse_llvm_tests(text: str, pattern: str) -> list[tuple[str, bytes]]:
      except ValueError: pass
  return tests

-def _get_tests_uncached(f: str, arch: str) -> list[tuple[str, bytes]]:
+@functools.cache
+def _get_tests(f: str, arch: str) -> list[tuple[str, bytes]]:
  text = fetch(f"{LLVM_BASE}/{f}").read_bytes().decode('utf-8', errors='ignore')
  if arch == "rdna3":
    # Match GFX11 and W32 only (wavefront32 mode)
@@ -67,25 +66,25 @@ def _get_tests_uncached(f: str, arch: str) -> list[tuple[str, bytes]]:
  elif arch == "rdna4":
    # Match GFX12 (but not GFX1250) and W32 only (wavefront32 mode)
    tests = _parse_llvm_tests(text, r'(?:GFX12(?!50)|W32)')
-  elif 'gfx90a' in f or 'gfx942' in f or 'gfx950' in f:
-    tests = _parse_llvm_tests(text, r'(?:GFX90A|GFX942|GFX950)')
+  elif 'gfx90a' in f or 'gfx942' in f:
+    tests = _parse_llvm_tests(text, r'(?:GFX90A|GFX942)')
  else:
    tests = _parse_llvm_tests(text, r'(?:VI9|GFX9|CHECK)')
-  # Exclude v_interp_* (graphics-only, not on CDNA)
-  if arch == "cdna": tests = [(asm, data) for asm, data in tests if not asm.startswith('v_interp_')]
-  # Filter out tests where original ASM isn't valid on target (e.g., gfx9 tests with gfx942/gfx950 constraints)
-  if arch == "cdna" and not ('gfx942' in f or 'gfx950' in f or 'gfx90a' in f):
-    tests = llvm_filter_valid_asm(tests, get_target(arch), get_mattr(arch))
  return tests

-@functools.cache
-def _get_tests(f: str, arch: str) -> list[tuple[str, bytes]]: return _get_tests_uncached(f, arch)
+def _compile_asm_batch(instrs: list[str], arch: str = "rdna3") -> list[bytes]:
+  if not instrs: return []
+  mcpu = {'rdna3': 'gfx1100', 'rdna4': 'gfx1200'}.get(arch, 'gfx1100')
+  result = subprocess.run([get_llvm_mc(), '-triple=amdgcn', f'-mcpu={mcpu}', '-mattr=+real-true16,+wavefrontsize32', '-show-encoding'],
+    input=".text\n" + "\n".join(instrs) + "\n", capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30)
+  if result.returncode != 0: raise RuntimeError(f"llvm-mc failed: {result.stderr.strip()}")
+  return [bytes.fromhex(line.split('encoding:')[1].strip()[1:-1].replace('0x', '').replace(',', '').replace(' ', ''))
+          for line in result.stdout.split('\n') if 'encoding:' in line]

 def _make_test(f: str, arch: str, test_type: str):
  def test(self):
    tests = _get_tests(f, arch)
    name = f"{arch}_{test_type}_{f}"
-    mcpu = "gfx942" if arch == "cdna" and "gfx942" in f else get_target(arch)
    if test_type == "roundtrip":
      passed, skipped = 0, 0
      for _, data in tests:
@@ -95,46 +94,21 @@ def _make_test(f: str, arch: str, test_type: str):
          passed += 1
        except ValueError: skipped += 1  # skip invalid opcodes not in enum
      print(f"{name}: {passed} passed, {skipped} skipped")
-      self.assertEqual(skipped, 0, f"{name}: {skipped} tests skipped, expected 0")
-    elif test_type == "repr":
-      # Test that eval(repr(inst)) reproduces the instruction
-      if arch == "rdna3": import tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.ins as ins  # type: ignore[no-redef]
-      elif arch == "rdna4": import tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna4.ins as ins  # type: ignore[no-redef]
-      elif arch == "cdna": import tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.cdna.ins as ins  # type: ignore[no-redef]
-      ns = {k: getattr(ins, k) for k in dir(ins) if not k.startswith('_')}
-      passed, skipped = 0, 0
-      for _, data in tests:
-        try:
-          decoded = detect_format(data, arch).from_bytes(data)
-          if decoded.to_bytes()[:len(data)] != data:
-            skipped += 1
-            continue  # skip if binary roundtrip fails
-          r = repr(decoded)
-          try:
-            decoded2 = eval(r, ns)  # noqa: S307
-            if decoded == decoded2: passed += 1
-            else: skipped += 1
-          except Exception: skipped += 1
-        except ValueError: skipped += 1
-      print(f"{name}: {passed} passed, {skipped} skipped")
-      self.assertEqual(skipped, 0, f"{name}: {skipped} tests skipped, expected 0")
+      if arch in ("rdna3", "rdna4"):
+        self.assertEqual(skipped, 0, f"{name}: {skipped} tests skipped, expected 0")
    elif test_type == "disasm":
      to_test = []
      for _, data in tests:
        try:
          decoded = decode_inst(data, arch)
-          enc = decoded.to_bytes()[:len(data)]
          # Skip if roundtrip fails, disasm fails, or op_name is missing (disasm starts with space)
-          if enc == data and (d := disasm(decoded)) and not d.startswith(' '): to_test.append((enc, d))
-        except Exception: pass
+          if decoded.to_bytes()[:len(data)] == data and (d := disasm(decoded)) and not d.startswith(' '): to_test.append((data, d))
+        except: pass
      skipped = len(tests) - len(to_test)
      print(f"{name}: {len(to_test)} passed, {skipped} skipped")
-      self.assertEqual(skipped, 0, f"{name}: {skipped} tests skipped, expected 0")
-      # Compare disasm->reassemble with original encoding (filter reserved bit cases where LLVM can't reproduce)
-      llvm_bytes = llvm_assemble([t[1] for t in to_test], mcpu, get_mattr(arch))
-      valid = [(enc, d, llvm) for (enc, d), llvm in zip(to_test, llvm_bytes) if llvm == enc]
-      print(f"{name}: {len(valid)}/{len(to_test)} matched LLVM encoding")
-      for enc, _, llvm in valid: self.assertEqual(llvm, enc)
+      if arch in ("rdna3", "rdna4"):
+        self.assertEqual(skipped, 0, f"{name}: {skipped} tests skipped, expected 0")
+        for (data, _), llvm in zip(to_test, _compile_asm_batch([t[1] for t in to_test], arch)): self.assertEqual(llvm, data)
  return test

 class TestLLVM(unittest.TestCase): pass
@@ -142,15 +116,12 @@ class TestLLVM(unittest.TestCase): pass
 for f in RDNA_FILES:
  setattr(TestLLVM, f"test_rdna3_roundtrip_{f.replace('.s', '').replace('-', '_')}", _make_test(f, "rdna3", "roundtrip"))
  setattr(TestLLVM, f"test_rdna3_disasm_{f.replace('.s', '').replace('-', '_')}", _make_test(f, "rdna3", "disasm"))
-  setattr(TestLLVM, f"test_rdna3_repr_{f.replace('.s', '').replace('-', '_')}", _make_test(f, "rdna3", "repr"))
 for f in CDNA_FILES:
  setattr(TestLLVM, f"test_cdna_roundtrip_{f.replace('.s', '').replace('-', '_')}", _make_test(f, "cdna", "roundtrip"))
  setattr(TestLLVM, f"test_cdna_disasm_{f.replace('.s', '').replace('-', '_')}", _make_test(f, "cdna", "disasm"))
-  setattr(TestLLVM, f"test_cdna_repr_{f.replace('.s', '').replace('-', '_')}", _make_test(f, "cdna", "repr"))
 for f in RDNA4_FILES:
  setattr(TestLLVM, f"test_rdna4_roundtrip_{f.replace('.s', '').replace('-', '_')}", _make_test(f, "rdna4", "roundtrip"))
  setattr(TestLLVM, f"test_rdna4_disasm_{f.replace('.s', '').replace('-', '_')}", _make_test(f, "rdna4", "disasm"))
-  setattr(TestLLVM, f"test_rdna4_repr_{f.replace('.s', '').replace('-', '_')}", _make_test(f, "rdna4", "repr"))

 if __name__ == "__main__":
  unittest.main()
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Test that invalid instructions raise exceptions through the mock GPU stack."""
-import unittest, subprocess, os, sys, time
+import unittest, subprocess, os, time

 class TestMockGPUInvalidInstruction(unittest.TestCase):
  def test_unsupported_instruction_raises(self):
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ dev.synchronize()
    env["HCQDEV_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS"] = "10000"

    st = time.perf_counter()
-    result = subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-c", test_code], env=env, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=60)
+    result = subprocess.run(["python", "-c", test_code], env=env, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=60)
    elapsed = time.perf_counter() - st

    self.assertNotEqual(result.returncode, 0, "should have raised")
@@ -0,0 +1,403 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Tests for the RDNA3 pseudocode DSL."""
+import unittest
+from extra.assembly.amd.pcode import (Reg, TypedView, TypedView, MASK32, MASK64,
+                                       _f32, _i32, _f16, _i16, f32_to_f16, isNAN, _bf16, _ibf16, bf16_to_f32, f32_to_bf16,
+                                       BYTE_PERMUTE, v_sad_u8, v_msad_u8, _compile_pseudocode, _expr, compile_pseudocode)
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.helpers import ExecContext
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.str_pcode import PCODE
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.enum import VOP3SDOp, VOPCOp
+
+# Compile pseudocode functions on demand for regression tests
+_VOP3SDOp_V_DIV_SCALE_F32 = compile_pseudocode('VOP3SDOp', 'V_DIV_SCALE_F32', PCODE[VOP3SDOp.V_DIV_SCALE_F32])
+_VOPCOp_V_CMP_CLASS_F32 = compile_pseudocode('VOPCOp', 'V_CMP_CLASS_F32', PCODE[VOPCOp.V_CMP_CLASS_F32_E32])
+
+class TestReg(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_u32_read(self):
+    r = Reg(0xDEADBEEF)
+    self.assertEqual(int(r.u32), 0xDEADBEEF)
+
+  def test_u32_write(self):
+    r = Reg(0)
+    r.u32 = 0x12345678
+    self.assertEqual(r._val, 0x12345678)
+
+  def test_f32_read(self):
+    r = Reg(0x40400000)  # 3.0f
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(float(r.f32), 3.0)
+
+  def test_f32_write(self):
+    r = Reg(0)
+    r.f32 = 3.0
+    self.assertEqual(r._val, 0x40400000)
+
+  def test_i32_signed(self):
+    r = Reg(0xFFFFFFFF)  # -1 as signed
+    self.assertEqual(int(r.i32), -1)
+
+  def test_u64(self):
+    r = Reg(0xDEADBEEFCAFEBABE)
+    self.assertEqual(int(r.u64), 0xDEADBEEFCAFEBABE)
+
+  def test_f64(self):
+    r = Reg(0x4008000000000000)  # 3.0 as f64
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(float(r.f64), 3.0)
+
+class TestTypedView(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_bit_slice(self):
+    r = Reg(0xDEADBEEF)
+    # Slices return TypedView which supports .u32, .u16 etc (matching pseudocode like S1.u32[1:0].u32)
+    self.assertEqual(r.u32[7:0].u32, 0xEF)
+    self.assertEqual(r.u32[15:8].u32, 0xBE)
+    self.assertEqual(r.u32[23:16].u32, 0xAD)
+    self.assertEqual(r.u32[31:24].u32, 0xDE)
+    # Also works with int() for arithmetic
+    self.assertEqual(int(r.u32[7:0]), 0xEF)
+
+  def test_single_bit_read(self):
+    r = Reg(0b11010101)
+    self.assertEqual(r.u32[0], 1)
+    self.assertEqual(r.u32[1], 0)
+    self.assertEqual(r.u32[2], 1)
+    self.assertEqual(r.u32[3], 0)
+
+  def test_single_bit_write(self):
+    r = Reg(0)
+    r.u32[5] = 1
+    r.u32[3] = 1
+    self.assertEqual(r._val, 0b00101000)
+
+  def test_nested_bit_access(self):
+    # S0.u32[S1.u32[4:0]] - access bit at position from another register
+    s0 = Reg(0b11010101)
+    s1 = Reg(3)
+    bit_pos = s1.u32[4:0]  # TypedView, int value = 3
+    bit_val = s0.u32[int(bit_pos)]  # bit 3 of s0 = 0
+    self.assertEqual(int(bit_pos), 3)
+    self.assertEqual(bit_val, 0)
+
+  def test_arithmetic(self):
+    r1 = Reg(0x40400000)  # 3.0f
+    r2 = Reg(0x40800000)  # 4.0f
+    result = r1.f32 + r2.f32
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(result, 7.0)
+
+  def test_comparison(self):
+    r1 = Reg(5)
+    r2 = Reg(3)
+    self.assertTrue(r1.u32 > r2.u32)
+    self.assertFalse(r1.u32 < r2.u32)
+    self.assertTrue(r1.u32 != r2.u32)
+
+class TestTypedView(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_slice_read(self):
+    r = Reg(0x56781234)
+    self.assertEqual(r[15:0].u16, 0x1234)
+    self.assertEqual(r[31:16].u16, 0x5678)
+
+  def test_slice_write(self):
+    r = Reg(0)
+    r[15:0].u16 = 0x1234
+    r[31:16].u16 = 0x5678
+    self.assertEqual(r._val, 0x56781234)
+
+  def test_slice_f16(self):
+    r = Reg(0)
+    r[15:0].f16 = 3.0
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(_f16(r._val & 0xffff), 3.0, places=2)
+
+class TestCompiler(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_ternary(self):
+    result = _expr("a > b ? 1 : 0")
+    self.assertIn("if", result)
+    self.assertIn("else", result)
+
+  def test_type_prefix_strip(self):
+    self.assertEqual(_expr("1'0U"), "0")
+    self.assertEqual(_expr("32'1"), "1")
+    self.assertEqual(_expr("16'0xFFFF"), "0xFFFF")
+
+  def test_suffix_strip(self):
+    self.assertEqual(_expr("0ULL"), "0")
+    self.assertEqual(_expr("1LL"), "1")
+    self.assertEqual(_expr("5U"), "5")
+    self.assertEqual(_expr("3.14F"), "3.14")
+
+  def test_boolean_ops(self):
+    self.assertIn("and", _expr("a && b"))
+    self.assertIn("or", _expr("a || b"))
+    self.assertIn("!=", _expr("a <> b"))
+
+  def test_pack16(self):
+    result = _expr("{ a, b }")
+    self.assertIn("_pack", result)
+
+  def test_type_cast_strip(self):
+    self.assertEqual(_expr("64'U(x)"), "(x)")
+    self.assertEqual(_expr("32'I(y)"), "(y)")
+
+class TestExecContext(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_float_add(self):
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=0x40400000, s1=0x40800000)  # 3.0f, 4.0f
+    ctx.D0.f32 = ctx.S0.f32 + ctx.S1.f32
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(_f32(ctx.D0._val), 7.0)
+
+  def test_float_mul(self):
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=0x40400000, s1=0x40800000)  # 3.0f, 4.0f
+    ctx.run("D0.f32 = S0.f32 * S1.f32")
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(_f32(ctx.D0._val), 12.0)
+
+  def test_scc_comparison(self):
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=42, s1=42)
+    ctx.run("SCC = S0.u32 == S1.u32")
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.SCC._val, 1)
+
+  def test_scc_comparison_false(self):
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=42, s1=43)
+    ctx.run("SCC = S0.u32 == S1.u32")
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.SCC._val, 0)
+
+  def test_ternary(self):
+    code = _compile_pseudocode("D0.u32 = S0.u32 > S1.u32 ? 1'1U : 1'0U")
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=5, s1=3)
+    ctx.run(code)
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.D0._val, 1)
+
+  def test_pack(self):
+    code = _compile_pseudocode("D0 = { S1[15:0].u16, S0[15:0].u16 }")
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=0x1234, s1=0x5678)
+    ctx.run(code)
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.D0._val, 0x56781234)
+
+  def test_tmp_with_typed_access(self):
+    code = _compile_pseudocode("""tmp = S0.u32 + S1.u32
+D0.u32 = tmp.u32""")
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=100, s1=200)
+    ctx.run(code)
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.D0._val, 300)
+
+  def test_s_add_u32_pattern(self):
+    # Real pseudocode pattern from S_ADD_U32
+    code = _compile_pseudocode("""tmp = 64'U(S0.u32) + 64'U(S1.u32)
+SCC = tmp >= 0x100000000ULL ? 1'1U : 1'0U
+D0.u32 = tmp.u32""")
+    # Test overflow case
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=0xFFFFFFFF, s1=0x00000001)
+    ctx.run(code)
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.D0._val, 0)  # Wraps to 0
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.SCC._val, 1)  # Carry set
+
+  def test_s_add_u32_no_overflow(self):
+    code = _compile_pseudocode("""tmp = 64'U(S0.u32) + 64'U(S1.u32)
+SCC = tmp >= 0x100000000ULL ? 1'1U : 1'0U
+D0.u32 = tmp.u32""")
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=100, s1=200)
+    ctx.run(code)
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.D0._val, 300)
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.SCC._val, 0)  # No carry
+
+  def test_vcc_lane_read(self):
+    ctx = ExecContext(vcc=0b1010, lane=1)
+    # Lane 1 is set
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.VCC.u64[1], 1)
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.VCC.u64[2], 0)
+
+  def test_vcc_lane_write(self):
+    ctx = ExecContext(vcc=0, lane=0)
+    ctx.VCC.u64[3] = 1
+    ctx.VCC.u64[1] = 1
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.VCC._val, 0b1010)
+
+  def test_for_loop(self):
+    # CTZ pattern - find first set bit
+    code = _compile_pseudocode("""tmp = -1
+for i in 0 : 31 do
+  if S0.u32[i] == 1 then
+    tmp = i
+  endif
+endfor
+D0.i32 = tmp""")
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=0b1000)  # Bit 3 is set
+    ctx.run(code)
+    self.assertEqual(ctx.D0._val & MASK32, 3)
+
+  def test_result_dict(self):
+    ctx = ExecContext(s0=5, s1=3)
+    ctx.D0.u32 = 42
+    ctx.SCC._val = 1
+    result = ctx.result()
+    self.assertEqual(result['d0'], 42)
+    self.assertEqual(result['scc'], 1)
+
+class TestPseudocodeRegressions(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Regression tests for pseudocode instruction emulation bugs."""
+
+  def test_v_div_scale_f32_vcc_always_returned(self):
+    """V_DIV_SCALE_F32 must always return VCC, even when VCC=0 (no scaling needed).
+    Bug: when VCC._val == vcc (both 0), VCC wasn't returned, so VCC bits weren't written.
+    This caused division to produce wrong results for multiple lanes."""
+    # Normal case: 1.0 / 3.0, no scaling needed, VCC should be 0
+    s0 = 0x3f800000  # 1.0
+    s1 = 0x40400000  # 3.0
+    s2 = 0x3f800000  # 1.0 (numerator)
+    result = _VOP3SDOp_V_DIV_SCALE_F32(s0, s1, s2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffffffff, 0, None)
+    # Must always have VCC in result
+    self.assertIn('VCC', result, "V_DIV_SCALE_F32 must always return VCC")
+    self.assertEqual(result['VCC'] & 1, 0, "VCC lane 0 should be 0 when no scaling needed")
+
+  def test_v_cmp_class_f32_detects_quiet_nan(self):
+    """V_CMP_CLASS_F32 must correctly identify quiet NaN vs signaling NaN.
+    Bug: isQuietNAN and isSignalNAN both used math.isnan which can't distinguish them."""
+    quiet_nan = 0x7fc00000   # quiet NaN: exponent=255, bit22=1
+    signal_nan = 0x7f800001  # signaling NaN: exponent=255, bit22=0
+    # Test quiet NaN detection (bit 1 in mask)
+    s1_quiet = 0b0000000010  # bit 1 = quiet NaN
+    result = _VOPCOp_V_CMP_CLASS_F32(quiet_nan, s1_quiet, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffffffff, 0, None)
+    self.assertEqual(result['D0'] & 1, 1, "Should detect quiet NaN with quiet NaN mask")
+    # Test signaling NaN detection (bit 0 in mask)
+    s1_signal = 0b0000000001  # bit 0 = signaling NaN
+    result = _VOPCOp_V_CMP_CLASS_F32(signal_nan, s1_signal, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffffffff, 0, None)
+    self.assertEqual(result['D0'] & 1, 1, "Should detect signaling NaN with signaling NaN mask")
+    # Test that quiet NaN doesn't match signaling NaN mask
+    result = _VOPCOp_V_CMP_CLASS_F32(quiet_nan, s1_signal, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffffffff, 0, None)
+    self.assertEqual(result['D0'] & 1, 0, "Quiet NaN should not match signaling NaN mask")
+    # Test that signaling NaN doesn't match quiet NaN mask
+    result = _VOPCOp_V_CMP_CLASS_F32(signal_nan, s1_quiet, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffffffff, 0, None)
+    self.assertEqual(result['D0'] & 1, 0, "Signaling NaN should not match quiet NaN mask")
+
+  def testisNAN_with_typed_view(self):
+    """isNAN must work with TypedView objects, not just Python floats.
+    Bug: isNAN checked isinstance(x, float) which returned False for TypedView."""
+    nan_reg = Reg(0x7fc00000)  # quiet NaN
+    normal_reg = Reg(0x3f800000)  # 1.0
+    inf_reg = Reg(0x7f800000)  # +inf
+    self.assertTrue(isNAN(nan_reg.f32), "isNAN should return True for NaN TypedView")
+    self.assertFalse(isNAN(normal_reg.f32), "isNAN should return False for normal TypedView")
+    self.assertFalse(isNAN(inf_reg.f32), "isNAN should return False for inf TypedView")
+
+class TestBF16(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for BF16 (bfloat16) support."""
+
+  def test_bf16_conversion(self):
+    """Test bf16 <-> f32 conversion."""
+    # bf16 is just the top 16 bits of f32
+    # 1.0f = 0x3f800000, bf16 = 0x3f80
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(_bf16(0x3f80), 1.0, places=2)
+    self.assertEqual(_ibf16(1.0), 0x3f80)
+    # 2.0f = 0x40000000, bf16 = 0x4000
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(_bf16(0x4000), 2.0, places=2)
+    self.assertEqual(_ibf16(2.0), 0x4000)
+    # -1.0f = 0xbf800000, bf16 = 0xbf80
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(_bf16(0xbf80), -1.0, places=2)
+    self.assertEqual(_ibf16(-1.0), 0xbf80)
+
+  def test_bf16_special_values(self):
+    """Test bf16 special values (inf, nan)."""
+    import math
+    # +inf: f32 = 0x7f800000, bf16 = 0x7f80
+    self.assertTrue(math.isinf(_bf16(0x7f80)))
+    self.assertEqual(_ibf16(float('inf')), 0x7f80)
+    # -inf: f32 = 0xff800000, bf16 = 0xff80
+    self.assertTrue(math.isinf(_bf16(0xff80)))
+    self.assertEqual(_ibf16(float('-inf')), 0xff80)
+    # NaN: quiet NaN bf16 = 0x7fc0
+    self.assertTrue(math.isnan(_bf16(0x7fc0)))
+    self.assertEqual(_ibf16(float('nan')), 0x7fc0)
+
+  def test_bf16_register_property(self):
+    """Test Reg.bf16 property."""
+    r = Reg(0)
+    r.bf16 = 3.0  # 3.0f = 0x40400000, bf16 = 0x4040
+    self.assertEqual(r._val & 0xffff, 0x4040)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(float(r.bf16), 3.0, places=1)
+
+  def test_bf16_slice_property(self):
+    """Test TypedView.bf16 property."""
+    r = Reg(0x40404040)  # Two bf16 3.0 values
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(r[15:0].bf16, 3.0, places=1)
+    self.assertAlmostEqual(r[31:16].bf16, 3.0, places=1)
+
+class TestBytePermute(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for BYTE_PERMUTE helper function (V_PERM_B32)."""
+
+  def test_byte_select_0_to_7(self):
+    """Test selecting bytes 0-7 from 64-bit data."""
+    # data = {s0, s1} where s0 is bytes 0-3, s1 is bytes 4-7
+    # Combined: 0x0706050403020100 (byte 0 = 0x00, byte 7 = 0x07)
+    data = 0x0706050403020100
+    for i in range(8):
+      self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(data, i), i, f"byte {i} should be {i}")
+
+  def test_sign_extend_bytes(self):
+    """Test sign extension selectors 8-11."""
+    # sel 8: sign of byte 1 (bits 15:8)
+    # sel 9: sign of byte 3 (bits 31:24)
+    # sel 10: sign of byte 5 (bits 47:40)
+    # sel 11: sign of byte 7 (bits 63:56)
+    data = 0x8000800080008000  # All relevant bytes have sign bit set
+    self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(data, 8), 0xff)
+    self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(data, 9), 0xff)
+    self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(data, 10), 0xff)
+    self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(data, 11), 0xff)
+    data = 0x7f007f007f007f00  # No sign bits set
+    self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(data, 8), 0x00)
+    self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(data, 9), 0x00)
+    self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(data, 10), 0x00)
+    self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(data, 11), 0x00)
+
+  def test_constant_zero(self):
+    """Test selector 12 returns 0x00."""
+    self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(0xffffffffffffffff, 12), 0x00)
+
+  def test_constant_ff(self):
+    """Test selectors >= 13 return 0xFF."""
+    for sel in [13, 14, 15, 255]:
+      self.assertEqual(BYTE_PERMUTE(0, sel), 0xff, f"sel {sel} should be 0xff")
+
+class TestSADHelpers(unittest.TestCase):
+  """Tests for V_SAD_U8 and V_MSAD_U8 helper functions."""
+
+  def test_v_sad_u8_basic(self):
+    """Test v_sad_u8 with simple values."""
+    # s0 = 0x04030201, s1 = 0x04030201 -> diff = 0 for all bytes
+    result = v_sad_u8(0x04030201, 0x04030201, 0)
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+    # s0 = 0x05040302, s1 = 0x04030201 -> diff = 1+1+1+1 = 4
+    result = v_sad_u8(0x05040302, 0x04030201, 0)
+    self.assertEqual(result, 4)
+
+  def test_v_sad_u8_with_accumulator(self):
+    """Test v_sad_u8 with non-zero accumulator."""
+    # s0 = 0x05040302, s1 = 0x04030201, s2 = 100 -> 4 + 100 = 104
+    result = v_sad_u8(0x05040302, 0x04030201, 100)
+    self.assertEqual(result, 104)
+
+  def test_v_sad_u8_large_diff(self):
+    """Test v_sad_u8 with maximum byte differences."""
+    # s0 = 0xffffffff, s1 = 0x00000000 -> diff = 255*4 = 1020
+    result = v_sad_u8(0xffffffff, 0x00000000, 0)
+    self.assertEqual(result, 1020)
+
+  def test_v_msad_u8_basic(self):
+    """Test v_msad_u8 masks when reference byte is 0."""
+    # s0 = 0x10101010, s1 = 0x00000000 -> all masked, result = 0
+    result = v_msad_u8(0x10101010, 0x00000000, 0)
+    self.assertEqual(result, 0)
+    # s0 = 0x10101010, s1 = 0x01010101 -> diff = |0x10-0x01|*4 = 15*4 = 60
+    result = v_msad_u8(0x10101010, 0x01010101, 0)
+    self.assertEqual(result, 60)
+
+  def test_v_msad_u8_partial_mask(self):
+    """Test v_msad_u8 with partial masking."""
+    # s0 = 0x10101010, s1 = 0x00010001 -> bytes 1 and 3 masked
+    # diff = |0x10-0x01| + |0x10-0x01| = 15 + 15 = 30
+    result = v_msad_u8(0x10101010, 0x00010001, 0)
+    self.assertEqual(result, 30)
+
+  def test_v_msad_u8_with_accumulator(self):
+    """Test v_msad_u8 with non-zero accumulator."""
+    result = v_msad_u8(0x10101010, 0x01010101, 50)
+    self.assertEqual(result, 110)  # 60 + 50
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  unittest.main()
@@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""Test PDF pseudocode extraction from generate.py."""
+"""Test PDF pseudocode extraction from amdxml.py."""
 import unittest
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd.generate import extract_pdf_text, extract_pcode, parse_xml, ARCHS, FIXES
+from extra.assembly.amd.amdxml import extract_pdf_text, extract_pcode, parse_xml, ARCHS, FIXES

 EXPECTED_PAGES = {"rdna3": 655, "rdna4": 711, "cdna": 610}

 class TestPcodePDF(unittest.TestCase):
-  pages: dict
-  enums: dict
-  pcode: dict
-
  @classmethod
  def setUpClass(cls):
    cls.pages = {arch: extract_pdf_text(cfg["pdf"]) for arch, cfg in ARCHS.items()}
    cls.enums = {}
    for arch, cfg in ARCHS.items():
-      _, enums, _, _, _, _ = parse_xml(cfg["xml"])
+      _, enums, _, _, _ = parse_xml(cfg["xml"], arch)
      for fmt, ops in FIXES.get(arch, {}).items(): enums.setdefault(fmt, {}).update(ops)
      cls.enums[arch] = enums
    cls.pcode = {arch: extract_pcode(cls.pages[arch], {n: op for ops in cls.enums[arch].values() for op, n in ops.items()}) for arch in ARCHS}
@@ -37,8 +33,7 @@ class TestPcodePDF(unittest.TestCase):
      'tmp = MEM[ADDR].u64;\nsrc = DATA.u64;\nMEM[ADDR].u64 = src >= tmp ? src : tmp;\nRETURN_DATA.u64 = tmp')
    # GLOBAL_STORE_B128: should have 4 MEM stores (not truncated)
    self.assertEqual(pcode[('GLOBAL_STORE_B128', 29)],
-      'MEM[ADDR].b32 = VDATA[31 : 0];\nMEM[ADDR + 4U].b32 = VDATA[63 : 32];\n'
-      'MEM[ADDR + 8U].b32 = VDATA[95 : 64];\nMEM[ADDR + 12U].b32 = VDATA[127 : 96]')
+      'MEM[ADDR].b32 = VDATA[31 : 0];\nMEM[ADDR + 4U].b32 = VDATA[63 : 32];\nMEM[ADDR + 8U].b32 = VDATA[95 : 64];\nMEM[ADDR + 12U].b32 = VDATA[127 : 96]')
    # S_CMOVK_I32: should have full if/endif block
    self.assertEqual(pcode[('S_CMOVK_I32', 2)],
      "if SCC then\nD0.i32 = 32'I(signext(SIMM16.i16))\nendif")
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import unittest, subprocess
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.helpers import get_llvm_mc
+
+def llvm_assemble(asm: str) -> bytes:
+  """Assemble using llvm-mc and return bytes."""
+  result = subprocess.run(
+    [get_llvm_mc(), "-triple=amdgcn", "-mcpu=gfx1100", "-show-encoding"],
+    input=asm, capture_output=True, text=True
+  )
+  out = b''
+  for line in result.stdout.split('\n'):
+    if 'encoding:' in line:
+      enc = line.split('encoding:')[1].strip()
+      enc = enc.strip('[]').replace('0x', '').replace(',', '')
+      out += bytes.fromhex(enc)
+  if not out: raise ValueError(f"no encoding found: {result.stdout} {result.stderr}")
+  return out
+
+class TestRDNA3Asm(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_full_program(self):
+    """Test the full program from rdna3fun.py matches llvm-mc output."""
+    program = [
+      v_bfe_u32(v[1], v[0], 10, 10),
+      s_load_b128(s[4:7], s[0:1], NULL),
+      v_and_b32_e32(v[0], 0x3FF, v[0]),
+      s_mulk_i32(s[3], 0x87),
+      v_mad_u64_u32(v[1:2], NULL, s[2], 3, v[1:2]),
+      v_mul_u32_u24_e32(v[0], 45, v[0]),
+      v_ashrrev_i32_e32(v[2], 31, v[1]),
+      v_add3_u32(v[0], v[0], s[3], v[1]),
+      v_lshlrev_b64(v[2:3], 2, v[1:2]),
+      v_ashrrev_i32_e32(v[1], 31, v[0]),
+      v_lshlrev_b64(v[0:1], 2, v[0:1]),
+      s_waitcnt(0xfc07),  # lgkmcnt(0)
+      v_add_co_u32(v[2], VCC_LO, s[6], v[2]),
+      v_add_co_ci_u32_e32(v[3], s[7], v[3]),
+      v_add_co_u32(v[0], VCC_LO, s[4], v[0]),
+      global_load_b32(vdst=v[2], addr=v[2:3], saddr=OFF),
+      v_add_co_ci_u32_e32(v[1], s[5], v[1]),
+      s_waitcnt(0x03f7),  # vmcnt(0)
+      global_store_b32(addr=v[0:1], data=v[2], saddr=OFF),
+      s_endpgm(),
+    ]
+
+    asm = """
+v_bfe_u32 v1, v0, 10, 10
+s_load_b128 s[4:7], s[0:1], null
+v_and_b32_e32 v0, 0x3FF, v0
+s_mulk_i32 s3, 0x87
+v_mad_u64_u32 v[1:2], null, s2, 3, v[1:2]
+v_mul_u32_u24_e32 v0, 45, v0
+v_ashrrev_i32_e32 v2, 31, v1
+v_add3_u32 v0, v0, s3, v1
+v_lshlrev_b64 v[2:3], 2, v[1:2]
+v_ashrrev_i32_e32 v1, 31, v0
+v_lshlrev_b64 v[0:1], 2, v[0:1]
+s_waitcnt lgkmcnt(0)
+v_add_co_u32 v2, vcc_lo, s6, v2
+v_add_co_ci_u32_e32 v3, vcc_lo, s7, v3, vcc_lo
+v_add_co_u32 v0, vcc_lo, s4, v0
+global_load_b32 v2, v[2:3], off
+v_add_co_ci_u32_e32 v1, vcc_lo, s5, v1, vcc_lo
+s_waitcnt vmcnt(0)
+global_store_b32 v[0:1], v2, off
+s_endpgm
+"""
+    expected = llvm_assemble(asm)
+    for inst,rt in zip(program, asm.strip().split("\n")): print(f"{inst.disasm():50s} {rt}")
+    actual = b''.join(inst.to_bytes() for inst in program)
+    self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+  def test_sop2_s_add_u32(self):
+    inst = SOP2(SOP2Op.S_ADD_U32, s[3], s[0], s[1])
+    expected = llvm_assemble("s_add_u32 s3, s0, s1")
+    self.assertEqual(inst.to_bytes(), expected)
+
+  def test_vop2_v_and_b32_inline_const(self):
+    inst = v_and_b32_e32(v[0], 10, v[0])
+    expected = llvm_assemble("v_and_b32_e32 v0, 10, v0")
+    self.assertEqual(inst.to_bytes(), expected)
+
+  def test_sopp_s_endpgm(self):
+    inst = s_endpgm()
+    expected = llvm_assemble("s_endpgm")
+    self.assertEqual(inst.to_bytes(), expected)
+
+  def test_sop1_s_mov_b32(self):
+    inst = s_mov_b32(s[0], s[1])
+    expected = llvm_assemble("s_mov_b32 s0, s1")
+    self.assertEqual(inst.to_bytes(), expected)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  unittest.main()
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Roundtrip tests: generate tinygrad kernels, decode instructions, re-encode, verify match."""
-import unittest, io, sys, re
-from tinygrad import Device
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd import detect_format
-from test.amd.helpers import llvm_assemble, llvm_disasm, get_target, get_mattr
-from test.amd.disasm import disasm
+import unittest, io, sys, re, subprocess, os
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import Inst
+from extra.assembly.amd.decode import decode_inst, detect_format
+from extra.assembly.amd.test.helpers import get_llvm_mc, get_llvm_objdump
+
+# arch: (mcpu, mattr)
+ARCH_CONFIG = {
+  'rdna3': ('gfx1100', '+real-true16,+wavefrontsize32'),
+  'rdna4': ('gfx1200', '+real-true16,+wavefrontsize32'),
+  'cdna': ('gfx942', '+wavefrontsize64'),
+}

 def disassemble_lib(lib: bytes, compiler) -> list[tuple[str, bytes]]:
  """Disassemble ELF binary and return list of (instruction_text, machine_code_bytes)."""
@@ -31,20 +37,47 @@ def disassemble_lib(lib: bytes, compiler) -> list[tuple[str, bytes]]:

 def compile_asm(instr: str, arch: str = 'rdna3') -> bytes:
  """Compile a single instruction using LLVM."""
-  return llvm_assemble([instr], get_target(arch), get_mattr(arch))[0]
+  return compile_asm_batch([instr], arch)[0]

 def compile_asm_batch(instrs: list[str], arch: str = 'rdna3') -> list[bytes]:
-  """Compile multiple instructions with a single LLVM emission."""
-  return llvm_assemble(instrs, get_target(arch), get_mattr(arch))
+  """Compile multiple instructions with a single llvm-mc call."""
+  if not instrs: return []
+  mcpu, mattr = ARCH_CONFIG[arch]
+  result = subprocess.run([get_llvm_mc(), '-triple=amdgcn', f'-mcpu={mcpu}', f'-mattr={mattr}', '-show-encoding'],
+                          input=".text\n" + "\n".join(instrs) + "\n", capture_output=True, text=True)
+  if result.returncode != 0: raise RuntimeError(f"llvm-mc batch failed: {result.stderr.strip()}")
+  encodings = []
+  for line in result.stdout.split('\n'):
+    if 'encoding:' in line:
+      enc = line.split('encoding:')[1].strip()
+      if enc.startswith('[') and enc.endswith(']'):
+        encodings.append(bytes.fromhex(enc[1:-1].replace('0x', '').replace(',', '').replace(' ', '')))
+  if len(encodings) != len(instrs): raise RuntimeError(f"expected {len(instrs)} encodings, got {len(encodings)}")
+  return encodings

 def compile_and_disasm_batch(instrs: list[str], arch: str = 'rdna3') -> list[str]:
  """Compile instructions with LLVM and get LLVM's disassembly."""
+  import tempfile
  if not instrs: return []
-  mcpu, mattr = get_target(arch), get_mattr(arch)
-  code = b''.join(llvm_assemble(instrs, mcpu, mattr))
-  return llvm_disasm(code, mcpu, mattr)[:len(instrs)]
+  mcpu, mattr = ARCH_CONFIG[arch]
+  src = ".text\n.globl test\n.p2align 8\n.type test,@function\ntest:\n" + "\n".join(f"  {instr}" for instr in instrs) + "\n"
+  with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix='.o', delete=False) as f:
+    obj_path = f.name
+  try:
+    result = subprocess.run([get_llvm_mc(), '-triple=amdgcn', f'-mcpu={mcpu}', f'-mattr={mattr}', '-filetype=obj', '-o', obj_path],
+                            input=src, capture_output=True, text=True)
+    if result.returncode != 0: raise RuntimeError(f"llvm-mc failed: {result.stderr.strip()}")
+    result = subprocess.run([get_llvm_objdump(), '-d', f'--mcpu={mcpu}', obj_path], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    if result.returncode != 0: raise RuntimeError(f"llvm-objdump failed: {result.stderr.strip()}")
+    results: list[str] = []
+    for line in result.stdout.splitlines():
+      if '//' not in line: continue
+      instr = line.split('//')[0].strip()
+      if instr: results.append(instr)
+    return results[:len(instrs)]
+  finally:
+    os.unlink(obj_path)

-@unittest.skipUnless(Device.DEFAULT == "AMD", "requires AMD device")
 class TestTinygradKernelRoundtrip(unittest.TestCase):
  """Test roundtrip on real tinygrad-generated kernels using get_kernels_from_tinygrad pattern."""
  arch = 'rdna3'
@@ -56,24 +89,26 @@ class TestTinygradKernelRoundtrip(unittest.TestCase):
    3. our disasm() matches LLVM's disassembly string (informational)
    """
    arch = self.arch
+    mcpu, mattr = ARCH_CONFIG[arch]

-    from test.amd.test_compare_emulators import get_kernels_from_tinygrad
-    from tinygrad.runtime.support.elf import elf_loader
-    from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler, AMDLLVMCompiler
-    from tinygrad.helpers import AMD_LLVM
+    from extra.assembly.amd.test.test_compare_emulators import get_kernels_from_tinygrad
+    from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler

    kernels, _, _ = get_kernels_from_tinygrad(op_fn)
-    # rendered source can be C or llvmir
-    compiler = (AMDLLVMCompiler if AMD_LLVM else HIPCompiler)(get_target(arch))
+    compiler = HIPCompiler(mcpu)

    # First pass: decode all instructions and collect info
    decoded_instrs: list[tuple] = []  # list of (ki, offset, orig_bytes, decoded, our_disasm, decode_ok, decode_err)
    for ki, kernel in enumerate(kernels):
      offset = 0
-      code = next((s.content for s in elf_loader(compiler.compile(kernel.src))[1] if s.name == ".text"))
-      while offset < len(code):
-        remaining = code[offset:]
+      while offset < len(kernel.code):
+        remaining = kernel.code[offset:]
        fmt = detect_format(remaining, arch)
+        if fmt is None:
+          decoded_instrs.append((ki, offset, None, None, None, False, "no format"))
+          offset += 4
+          continue
+
        base_size = fmt._size()
        if len(remaining) < base_size:
          break
@@ -83,7 +118,7 @@ class TestTinygradKernelRoundtrip(unittest.TestCase):
          size = decoded.size()  # actual size including literal
          orig_bytes = remaining[:size]
          reencoded = decoded.to_bytes()
-          our_disasm = disasm(decoded)
+          our_disasm = decoded.disasm()
          decode_ok = reencoded == orig_bytes
          decode_err: str | None = None if decode_ok else f"orig={orig_bytes.hex()} reenc={reencoded.hex()}"
          decoded_instrs.append((ki, offset, orig_bytes, decoded, our_disasm, decode_ok, decode_err))
@@ -147,20 +182,20 @@ class TestTinygradKernelRoundtrip(unittest.TestCase):
      if our_disasm is None:
        disasm_skipped += 1
      elif idx in disasm_llvm_map:
-        llvm_disasm_str = disasm_llvm_map[idx]
-        if our_disasm == llvm_disasm_str:
+        llvm_disasm = disasm_llvm_map[idx]
+        if our_disasm == llvm_disasm:
          disasm_passed += 1
        else:
          disasm_failed += 1
-          disasm_failures.append(f"K{ki}@{offset}: ours='{our_disasm}' llvm='{llvm_disasm_str}'")
+          disasm_failures.append(f"K{ki}@{offset}: ours='{our_disasm}' llvm='{llvm_disasm}'")
      else:
        disasm_skipped += 1

    print(f"[{arch}] decode roundtrip: {decode_passed} passed, {decode_failed} failed, {decode_skipped} skipped")
    print(f"[{arch}] asm via llvm: {asm_passed} passed, {asm_failed} failed, {asm_skipped} skipped")
    print(f"[{arch}] disasm vs llvm: {disasm_passed} passed, {disasm_failed} failed, {disasm_skipped} skipped")
-    self.assertEqual(decode_failed, 0, "Decode failures:\n" + "\n".join(decode_failures[:20]))
-    self.assertEqual(asm_failed, 0, "Asm failures:\n" + "\n".join(asm_failures[:20]))
+    self.assertEqual(decode_failed, 0, f"Decode failures:\n" + "\n".join(decode_failures[:20]))
+    self.assertEqual(asm_failed, 0, f"Asm failures:\n" + "\n".join(asm_failures[:20]))
    # Note: disasm string comparison is informational only - formatting differences between LLVM versions are expected

  # Basic unary ops
@@ -208,6 +243,7 @@ class TestTinygradKernelRoundtrip(unittest.TestCase):
  # Fused ops
  def test_fma(self): self._test_kernel_roundtrip(lambda T: (T([1.0, 2.0]) * T([3.0, 4.0]) + T([5.0, 6.0])))

+@unittest.skip("RDNA4 decode roundtrip not yet supported")
 class TestTinygradKernelRoundtripRDNA4(TestTinygradKernelRoundtrip): arch = 'rdna4'

@unittest.skip("CDNA decode roundtrip not yet supported")
@@ -5,47 +5,43 @@ from pathlib import Path
 from tinygrad.helpers import DEBUG
 from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import rocprof
 from tinygrad.runtime.support.elf import elf_loader
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd import decode_inst
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.ins import SOPP
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.enum import SOPPOp
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd.sqtt import (decode, LAYOUT_HEADER, WAVESTART, WAVESTART_RDNA4, WAVEEND, INST, INST_RDNA4, VALUINST,
-                                     IMMEDIATE, IMMEDIATE_MASK, PACKET_TYPES_RDNA3, PACKET_TYPES_RDNA4,
-                                     InstOp, InstOpRDNA4, print_packets)
-from test.amd.helpers import TARGET_TO_ARCH
+from extra.assembly.amd.decode import decode_inst
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import SOPP
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.enum import SOPPOp
+from extra.assembly.amd.sqtt import (decode, LAYOUT_HEADER, WAVESTART, WAVEEND, INST, VALUINST, IMMEDIATE, IMMEDIATE_MASK,
+                                     ALUEXEC, VMEMEXEC, PACKET_TYPES, InstOp, print_packets)

-import tinygrad
-EXAMPLES_DIR = Path(tinygrad.__file__).parent.parent / "extra/sqtt/examples"
+EXAMPLES_DIR = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent / "sqtt/examples"
 # INST ops for non-traced SIMDs (excluded from instruction count)
 OTHER_SIMD_OPS = {InstOp.OTHER_LDS_LOAD, InstOp.OTHER_LDS_STORE, InstOp.OTHER_LDS_STORE_64, InstOp.OTHER_LDS_STORE_128,
                  InstOp.OTHER_FLAT_LOAD, InstOp.OTHER_FLAT_STORE, InstOp.OTHER_FLAT_STORE_64, InstOp.OTHER_FLAT_STORE_96,
                  InstOp.OTHER_FLAT_STORE_128, InstOp.OTHER_GLOBAL_LOAD, InstOp.OTHER_GLOBAL_LOAD_VADDR,
                  InstOp.OTHER_GLOBAL_STORE_64, InstOp.OTHER_GLOBAL_STORE_96, InstOp.OTHER_GLOBAL_STORE_128,
                  InstOp.OTHER_GLOBAL_STORE_VADDR_128}
-OTHER_SIMD_OPS_RDNA4 = {InstOpRDNA4.OTHER_VMEM, InstOpRDNA4.UNK_60}

 # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
 # ROCPROF DECODER
 # ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════

-def run_rocprof_decoder(blobs: list[bytes], lib: bytes, base: int, target: str):
+def run_rocprof_decoder(blobs: list[bytes], lib: bytes, base: int):
  """Run rocprof decoder on SQTT blobs, returning raw occupancy and instruction records."""
  image, sections, _ = elf_loader(lib)
  text = next((sh for sh in sections if sh.name == ".text"), None)
  assert text is not None, "no .text section found"
  text_off, text_size = text.header.sh_addr, text.header.sh_size

-  blob_iter, current_blob = iter(blobs), [None]  # type: ignore[var-annotated]
+  blob_iter, current_blob = iter(blobs), [None]
  occupancy_records: list[tuple[int, int, int, int, bool]] = []  # (wave_id, simd, cu, time, is_start)
  wave_insts: list[list[tuple[int, int]]] = []  # per-wave list of (time, stall)

  @rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_se_data_callback_t
-  def copy_cb(buf, buf_size, _):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+  def copy_cb(buf, buf_size, _):
    blob = next(blob_iter, None)
    if blob is None: return 0
-    current_blob[0] = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(blob)).from_buffer_copy(blob)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
-    buf[0] = ctypes.cast(current_blob[0], ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_ubyte))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
-    buf_size[0] = len(current_blob[0])  # type: ignore[arg-type]
-    return len(current_blob[0])  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    current_blob[0] = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(blob)).from_buffer_copy(blob)
+    buf[0] = ctypes.cast(current_blob[0], ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_ubyte))
+    buf_size[0] = len(current_blob[0])
+    return len(current_blob[0])

  @rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_trace_callback_t
  def trace_cb(record_type, events_ptr, n, _):
@@ -62,7 +58,6 @@ def run_rocprof_decoder(blobs: list[bytes], lib: bytes, base: int, target: str):
          wave_insts.append([(inst.time, inst.stall) for inst in insts])
    return rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_STATUS_SUCCESS

-  arch = TARGET_TO_ARCH[target]
  @rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_isa_callback_t
  def isa_cb(instr_ptr, mem_size_ptr, size_ptr, pc, _):
    offset = pc.address - base
@@ -70,9 +65,8 @@ def run_rocprof_decoder(blobs: list[bytes], lib: bytes, base: int, target: str):
      mem_size_ptr[0] = 0
      return rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_STATUS_SUCCESS
    try:
-      inst = decode_inst(image[offset:], arch=arch)
+      inst = decode_inst(image[offset:])
      mem_size_ptr[0] = inst._size()
-    # this could be an error in our decode_inst
    except (ValueError, AssertionError):
      mem_size_ptr[0] = 0
      return rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_STATUS_SUCCESS
@@ -89,20 +83,16 @@ def run_rocprof_decoder(blobs: list[bytes], lib: bytes, base: int, target: str):
    try: rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_parse_data(copy_cb, trace_cb, isa_cb, None)
    except Exception as e: exc = e
  (t:=threading.Thread(target=worker, daemon=True)).start()
-  t.join(timeout=5)
+  t.join(timeout=1)
  if exc is not None: raise exc
  if t.is_alive(): raise RuntimeError("rocprof decoder timeout")
  return occupancy_records, wave_insts

-class SQTTExamplesTestBase(unittest.TestCase):
-  target: str
-  examples: dict
-
+class TestSQTTExamples(unittest.TestCase):
  @classmethod
  def setUpClass(cls):
-    if cls is SQTTExamplesTestBase: raise unittest.SkipTest("base class")
    cls.examples = {}
-    for pkl_path in sorted((EXAMPLES_DIR/cls.target).glob("*.pkl")):
+    for pkl_path in sorted(EXAMPLES_DIR.glob("*.pkl")):
      with open(pkl_path, "rb") as f:
        data = pickle.load(f)
      sqtt_events = [e for e in data if type(e).__name__ == "ProfileSQTTEvent"]
@@ -118,27 +108,23 @@ class SQTTExamplesTestBase(unittest.TestCase):
      for i, event in enumerate(events):
        with self.subTest(example=name, event=i):
          packets = list(decode(event.blob))
-          if DEBUG >= 2:
-            print(f"\n=== {name} event {i} ===")
-            print_packets(packets)
+          if DEBUG >= 2: print(f"\n=== {name} event {i} ==="); print_packets(packets)
          self.assertGreater(len(packets), 0, f"no packets decoded from {name} event {i}")
          self.assertIsInstance(packets[0], LAYOUT_HEADER, f"first packet should be LAYOUT_HEADER in {name}")

  def test_packet_types_valid(self):
-    all_classes = set(PACKET_TYPES_RDNA3.values()) | set(PACKET_TYPES_RDNA4.values())
    for name, (events, *_) in self.examples.items():
      for i, event in enumerate(events):
        with self.subTest(example=name, event=i):
          for pkt in decode(event.blob):
-            # Use isinstance to handle layout-specific subclasses (e.g., WAVESTART_RDNA4)
-            self.assertTrue(any(isinstance(pkt, cls) for cls in all_classes), f"unknown packet type {type(pkt)} in {name}")
+            self.assertIn(type(pkt), PACKET_TYPES, f"unknown packet type {type(pkt)} in {name}")

  def test_wave_lifecycle(self):
    for name, (events, *_) in self.examples.items():
      if "empty" in name: continue
      with self.subTest(example=name):
        all_packets = [p for e in events for p in decode(e.blob)]
-        self.assertGreater(len([p for p in all_packets if isinstance(p, (WAVESTART, WAVESTART_RDNA4))]), 0, f"no WAVESTART in {name}")
+        self.assertGreater(len([p for p in all_packets if isinstance(p, WAVESTART)]), 0, f"no WAVESTART in {name}")
        self.assertGreater(len([p for p in all_packets if isinstance(p, WAVEEND)]), 0, f"no WAVEEND in {name}")

  def test_time_monotonic(self):
@@ -153,22 +139,27 @@ class SQTTExamplesTestBase(unittest.TestCase):
      if "gemm" not in name: continue
      with self.subTest(example=name):
        all_packets = [p for e in events for p in decode(e.blob)]
-        self.assertGreater(len([p for p in all_packets if isinstance(p, (INST, INST_RDNA4))]), 0, f"no INST packets in {name}")
+        self.assertGreater(len([p for p in all_packets if isinstance(p, INST)]), 0, f"no INST packets in {name}")

-  expected: dict[str, list[int]] = {}  # override in subclasses
  def test_packet_counts(self):
-    if not self.expected: self.skipTest("no expected packet counts for this target")
+    expected = {
+      "profile_empty_run_0": [559, 600],
+      "profile_empty_run_1": [517, 570],
+      "profile_gemm_run_0": [1489, 604, 1789, 466, 17570, 407],
+      "profile_gemm_run_1": [1453, 604, 1871, 493, 17827, 460],
+      "profile_plus_run_0": [695, 668],
+      "profile_plus_run_1": [663, 593],
+    }
    for name, (events, *_) in self.examples.items():
      with self.subTest(example=name):
-        if not self.expected.get(name): continue
        counts = [len(list(decode(e.blob))) for e in events]
-        self.assertEqual(counts, self.expected[name], f"packet count mismatch in {name}")
+        self.assertEqual(counts, expected[name], f"packet count mismatch in {name}")

  def test_rocprof_wave_times_match(self):
    """Wave start/end times must match rocprof exactly."""
    for name, (events, lib, base) in self.examples.items():
      with self.subTest(example=name):
-        occupancy, _ = run_rocprof_decoder([e.blob for e in events], lib, base, self.target)
+        occupancy, _ = run_rocprof_decoder([e.blob for e in events], lib, base)
        # extract from rocprof occupancy records
        roc_starts: dict[tuple[int, int, int], int] = {}
        roc_waves: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
@@ -181,7 +172,7 @@ class SQTTExamplesTestBase(unittest.TestCase):
        for event in events:
          wave_starts: dict[tuple[int, int, int], int] = {}
          for p in decode(event.blob):
-            if isinstance(p, (WAVESTART, WAVESTART_RDNA4)): wave_starts[(p.wave, p.simd, p.cu)] = p._time
+            if isinstance(p, WAVESTART): wave_starts[(p.wave, p.simd, p.cu)] = p._time
            elif isinstance(p, WAVEEND) and (key := (p.wave, p.simd, p.cu)) in wave_starts:
              our_waves.append((wave_starts[key], p._time))
        self.assertEqual(sorted(our_waves), sorted(roc_waves), f"wave times mismatch in {name}")
@@ -190,7 +181,7 @@ class SQTTExamplesTestBase(unittest.TestCase):
    """Instruction times must match rocprof exactly (excluding s_endpgm)."""
    for name, (events, lib, base) in self.examples.items():
      with self.subTest(example=name):
-        _, wave_insts = run_rocprof_decoder([e.blob for e in events], lib, base, self.target)
+        _, wave_insts = run_rocprof_decoder([e.blob for e in events], lib, base)
        # skip last inst per wave (s_endpgm) - it needs special handling (time + duration instead of time + stall)
        roc_insts = [time + stall for insts in wave_insts for time, stall in insts[:-1]]
        # extract from our decoder
@@ -198,27 +189,11 @@ class SQTTExamplesTestBase(unittest.TestCase):
        for event in events:
          for p in decode(event.blob):
            if isinstance(p, INST) and p.op not in OTHER_SIMD_OPS: our_insts.append(p._time)
-            elif isinstance(p, INST_RDNA4) and p.op not in OTHER_SIMD_OPS_RDNA4: our_insts.append(p._time)
            elif isinstance(p, VALUINST): our_insts.append(p._time)
            elif isinstance(p, IMMEDIATE): our_insts.append(p._time)
            elif isinstance(p, IMMEDIATE_MASK):
              for _ in range(bin(p.mask).count('1')): our_insts.append(p._time)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(our_insts), sorted(roc_insts), f"instruction times mismatch in {name}")

-class TestSQTTExamplesRDNA3(SQTTExamplesTestBase):
-  target = "gfx1100"
-  expected = {
-    "profile_empty_run_0": [1844, 1885, 1905, 1956, 1983, 1889],
-    "profile_empty_run_1": [1780, 1885, 1905, 1956, 1983, 1889],
-    "profile_gemm_run_0": [2656, 2025, 2045, 2096, 2123, 2029, 3183, 2019, 2039, 2090, 2117, 2023, 19119, 2013, 2033, 2084, 2111, 2017],
-    "profile_gemm_run_1": [2662, 2025, 2045, 2096, 2123, 2029, 3179, 2019, 2039, 2090, 2117, 2023, 19113, 2071, 2091, 2142, 2169, 2075],
-    "profile_plus_run_0": [1886, 2013, 2033, 2084, 2111, 2017],
-    "profile_plus_run_1": [1988, 2071, 2091, 2142, 2169, 2075],
-  }
-
-class TestSQTTExamplesRDNA4(SQTTExamplesTestBase): target = "gfx1200"
-@unittest.skip("TODO: fix CDNA")
-class TestSQTTExamplesCDNA(SQTTExamplesTestBase): target = "gfx950"
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
  unittest.main()
@@ -67,11 +67,12 @@ def export_model_clang(functions:Dict[str,str], statements:Dict[str,Tuple[str,in
  forward_args = ",".join(f"{dtype}{'*' if name not in symbolic_vars.values() else ''} {name}" for name,dtype,_ in (outputs+inputs if wasm else inputs+outputs))

  if not wasm:
+    thread_id = 0 # NOTE: export does not support threading, thread_id is always 0
    for name,cl in bufs_to_save.items():
      weight = ''.join(["\\x%02X"%x for x in bytes(to_mv(cl._buf.va_addr, cl._buf.size))])
      cprog.append(f"unsigned char {name}_data[] = \"{weight}\";")
    cprog += [f"{dtype_map[dtype]} {name}[{len}];" if name not in bufs_to_save else f"{dtype_map[dtype]} *{name} = ({dtype_map[dtype]} *){name}_data;" for name,(len,dtype,_key) in bufs.items() if name not in input_names+output_names]
-    cprog += [f"void net({forward_args}) {{"] + [f"{name}({', '.join(args)});" for (name, args, _global_size, _local_size) in statements] + ["}"]
+    cprog += [f"void net({forward_args}) {{"] + [f"{name}({', '.join(args)}, {thread_id});" for (name, args, _global_size, _local_size) in statements] + ["}"]
    return '\n'.join(headers + cprog)
  else:
    if bufs_to_save:
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def custom_matmul(output: UOp, inp: UOp, weight: UOp) -> UOp:
  return store_op.sink(arg=KernelInfo(name=f"fp8_matmul_{inp.shape}x{weight.shape}"))

 def custom_matmul_backward(gradient: UOp, kernel: UOp) -> tuple[UOp, UOp]:
-  _, input_uop, weight_uop = kernel.src[1:]
+  _, input_uop, weight_uop = kernel.src
  input_tensor = Tensor(input_uop, device=input_uop.device)
  grad_tensor = Tensor(gradient, device=gradient.device)
  weight_tensor = Tensor(weight_uop, device=weight_uop.device)
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@
 # Workgroup: 128 threads (arranged as 32x4 for coalesced memory access)
 # Inner loop: 8 iterations per K-block, processing 8 columns of A and 8 rows of B
 #
-# Accumulators: 128 vgprs (v[2-129])
+# Accumulators: 128 vgprs (v[2-117], v[120-124], v[126-129], v[131-133])

 import numpy as np
+from pathlib import Path
 from tinygrad import Tensor, Device, Context, GlobalCounters
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops, KernelInfo
 from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, colored
-from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, AddrSpace
 from tinygrad.engine.realize import Estimates
-from tinygrad.renderer.amd.dsl import s, v, VCC_LO, NULL
-from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.amd.rdna3.ins import *
+from extra.assembly.amd.dsl import s, v, VCC_LO, NULL
+from extra.assembly.amd.autogen.rdna3.ins import *

 # =============================================================================
 # Kernel constants
@@ -27,39 +27,46 @@ LDS_B_STRIDE = 0x200  # LDS stride for B tile (512 bytes)
 LDS_BASE_OFFSET = 0x1080  # Base LDS offset for tiles
 ADDR_MASK = 0x3fffff80    # Address alignment mask

+# s_waitcnt encodings: wait for memory operations to complete
+WAIT_LGKM = 64519    # wait for LDS/GDS/KMEM (lgkm_cnt=0)
+WAIT_ALL = 0         # wait for everything
+WAIT_VMEM = 1015     # wait for VMEM only (vm_cnt=0, lgkm_cnt=63)
+
 # =============================================================================
-# Named register assignments (VGPRs)
+# Named register assignments (VGPRs) - COMPACT LAYOUT
 # =============================================================================
-V_LANE_ID = 0             # lane_id set on startup
-# Use tile gaps (v146-159) for named regs to minimize max VGPR
-V_LANE_ID_MOD8 = 146      # lane_id & 7
-V_LANE_MOD8_X4 = 147      # (lane_id & 7) << 2
-V_LANE_DIV8_X4 = 150      # ((lane_id >> 3) & 3) << 2
-V_LDS_B_BASE = 151        # LDS B-tile base address for inner loop
-V_LDS_A_BASE = 154        # LDS A-tile base address for inner loop
-V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR = 155     # global memory A prefetch address
-V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR = 158     # global memory B prefetch address
-V_LDS_A_ADDR = 159        # single base register for A stores
-V_LDS_B_ADDR = 162        # single base register for B stores
+V_LANE_ID_MOD8 = 182      # lane_id & 7 (column within 8-wide tile chunk)
+V_OUTPUT_ROW = 171        # output row coordinate
+V_LANE_MOD8_X4 = 174      # V_LANE_ID_MOD8 << 2 (byte offset)
+V_LANE_DIV8_X4 = 175      # (lane_id >> 3) << 2
+V_ADDR_HI_ZERO = 188      # always 0 (for 64-bit address high bits)
+V_LDS_A_BASE = 186        # LDS A-tile base address for inner loop
+V_LDS_B_BASE = 170        # LDS B-tile base address for inner loop
+V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR = 171     # global memory A prefetch address (reuses V_OUTPUT_ROW slot during main loop)
+V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR = 178     # global memory B prefetch address

 # LDS tile register destinations - SEPARATE from DATA to avoid overlap
 # A on banks 2-3, B on banks 0-1 to avoid bank conflicts in VOPD
-V_A_TILE_REGS = [130, 134, 138, 142]  # A tile: banks 2,2,2,2 (130%4=2, etc.)
-V_B_TILE_REGS = [132, 136, 140, 144, 148, 152, 156, 160]  # B tile: banks 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
+# Double-buffered: buffer 0 (v130-v161), buffer 1 (v194-v225)
+V_A_TILE_REGS = [[130, 134, 138, 142], [194, 198, 202, 206]]  # A tile: banks 2,2,2,2 (mod 4 = 2)
+V_B_TILE_REGS = [[132, 136, 140, 144, 148, 152, 156, 160], [192, 196, 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 220]]  # B tile: banks 0,0,0,0 (mod 4 = 0)

 # =============================================================================
 # Named register assignments (SGPRs)
 # =============================================================================
 S_OUT_PTR = (0, 1)        # output C matrix base pointer
-S_WORKGROUP_X = 2         # workgroup_id_x (system SGPR, follows user SGPRs)
-S_WORKGROUP_Y = 3         # workgroup_id_y (system SGPR)
+S_TILE_X = 2              # workgroup_x << 7
+S_TILE_Y = 3              # workgroup_y << 7
 S_DIM_N = 4               # matrix dimension N
 S_LOOP_BOUND = 7          # K-8 (loop termination bound)
+S_A_PTR = (8, 9)          # A matrix base pointer
+S_B_PTR = (10, 11)        # B matrix base pointer
 S_LOOP_CTR = 12           # loop counter (increments by 8)
 S_PREFETCH_FLAG = 13      # prefetch condition flag / row stride in epilogue
-S_TILE_X = 14             # workgroup_x << 7
-S_TILE_Y = 15             # workgroup_y << 7
-# Kernarg load destinations
+S_WORKGROUP_X = 14        # workgroup_id_x
+S_WORKGROUP_Y = 15        # workgroup_id_y
+# Kernarg load destinations (before copy to working regs)
+S_KERNARG_OUT = (16, 17)  # output pointer from kernarg
 S_KERNARG_A = (20, 21)    # A pointer from kernarg
 S_KERNARG_B = (22, 23)    # B pointer from kernarg
 # Prefetch base pointers (8 pairs each, 16KB/256KB apart)
@@ -92,7 +99,7 @@ FMAC_PAIR_ORDER = [
  (0,4),(0,5),(1,5),(1,4), (2,4),(2,5),(3,5),(3,6), (0,6),(0,7),(1,7),(1,6), (2,6),(2,7),(3,7),(3,0),
 ]

-def derive_fmac_pattern(acc_grid, a_tile_regs=None, b_tile_regs=None):
+def derive_fmac_pattern(acc_grid, a_tile_regs, b_tile_regs):
  """Generate 64 dual FMAC ops from accumulator grid with optimized iteration order."""
  pattern = []
  for idx, (a_pair, b_pair) in enumerate(FMAC_PAIR_ORDER):
@@ -111,15 +118,15 @@ def derive_fmac_pattern(acc_grid, a_tile_regs=None, b_tile_regs=None):
                     a_base+1, b_base, a_base, b_base+1))
  return pattern

-# Derived: 64 dual FMAC operations
-FMAC_PATTERN = derive_fmac_pattern(ACC_GRID, V_A_TILE_REGS, V_B_TILE_REGS)
+# Derived: 64 dual FMAC operations for each buffer
+FMAC_PATTERN = [derive_fmac_pattern(ACC_GRID, V_A_TILE_REGS[i], V_B_TILE_REGS[i]) for i in range(2)]

 def derive_permute_swaps(acc_grid, out_regs):
  """Derive swap sequence to permute accumulators from FMAC layout to output order.

  After FMAC loop: acc_grid[a][b] holds C[a,b]
  Output order: for row_half in 0,1; col_group in 0-3; row_in_group in 0-3; b_off in 0-3
-    -> need C[row_half*4 + row_in_group, col_group*4 + b_off] in specified reg order
+    -> need C[row_half*4 + row_in_group, col_group*4 + b_off] in descending reg order
  """
  def target_ab(i):
    row_half, col_group = i // 64, (i // 16) % 4
@@ -142,40 +149,45 @@ def derive_permute_swaps(acc_grid, out_regs):
  return swaps

 # Derived: swap sequence to arrange accumulators for output
-# Each group of 4 registers is ascending for direct global_store_b128
-OUT_REGS = [r for i in range(32) for r in range(126 - i*4, 130 - i*4)]
+OUT_REGS = list(range(129, 1, -1))
 PERMUTE_SWAPS = derive_permute_swaps(ACC_GRID, OUT_REGS)

 # =============================================================================
-# LDS tile staging registers
+# LDS tile staging registers - COMPACT LAYOUT
 # =============================================================================
 # DATA regs receive contiguous global prefetch, then write to LDS
 # TILE regs receive scattered LDS loads (ds_load_b64 pairs), then feed FMACs
-# Contiguous layout with mod4=[3,0,1,2,3,0,1,2] for bank conflict avoidance
-V_LDS_A_DATA = [163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170]
-V_LDS_B_DATA = [171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178]
-
-# Initial tile prefetch: (vdst, saddr_lo) - load into A data regs using B prefetch pointers (s[24:31])
-INIT_PREFETCH = [(V_LDS_A_DATA[i], S_PREFETCH_B+2*i) for i in range(4)]
+# These are SEPARATE - DATA lives during prefetch/store, TILE lives during inner loop
+V_LDS_A_ADDR = 189                            # single base register for A stores (use +512 offsets)
+V_LDS_A_DATA = [155, 172, 173, 154, 159, 176, 177, 158]  # 8 data registers for A prefetch (mod 4: 3,0,1,2,3,0,1,2)
+V_LDS_B_ADDR = 190                            # single base register for B stores (use 16-bit offsets)
+V_LDS_B_DATA = [163, 180, 181, 162, 167, 184, 185, 166]  # 8 data registers for B prefetch (mod 4: 3,0,1,2,3,0,1,2)

 # Global memory prefetch schedule: (vdst1, vdst2, addr_vreg, saddr_lo1, saddr_lo2)
 # First 2 pairs from B prefetch pointers (s[32:39]), next 4 pairs from A prefetch pointers (s[40:55])
 PREFETCH_LOADS = [(V_LDS_A_DATA[4+2*i], V_LDS_A_DATA[4+2*i+1], V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR, S_PREFETCH_B+8+4*i, S_PREFETCH_B+10+4*i) for i in range(2)] + \
                 [(V_LDS_B_DATA[2*(i-2)], V_LDS_B_DATA[2*(i-2)+1], V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR, S_PREFETCH_A+4*(i-2), S_PREFETCH_A+2+4*(i-2)) for i in range(2, 6)]

+# Initial tile prefetch: (vdst, saddr_lo) - load into A data regs using B prefetch pointers (s[24:31])
+INIT_PREFETCH = [(V_LDS_A_DATA[i], S_PREFETCH_B+2*i) for i in range(4)]
+
+# Initial tile loads: (vdst, addr_lo) pairs - use temp regs in accumulator gaps
+INIT_TILE_LOADS = [(23,5),(24,9),(25,7),(26,2),(27,11),(28,13),(29,6),(30,8),(31,10),(12,12),(13,14),(3,2),(4,4),(5,8),(6,6),(7,10)]
+
+# A matrix row offset registers (scattered to avoid accumulator conflicts)
+ROW_REGS = [165, 146, 147, 164, 169, 150, 151, 168]  # mod 4: 1,2,3,0,1,2,3,0
+
 # =============================================================================
 # Kernel class
 # =============================================================================

 class Kernel:
-  def __init__(self, arch='gfx1100'): self.instructions, self.labels, self.pos, self.arch = [], {}, 0, arch
-  def label(self, name): self.labels[name] = self.pos
+  def __init__(self, arch='gfx1100'):
+    self.instructions, self.labels, self.branch_targets, self.arch = [], {}, {}, arch

-  def emit(self, inst, target=None):
-    self.instructions.append(inst)
-    inst._target, inst._pos = target, self.pos
-    self.pos += inst.size()
-    return inst
+  def emit(self, inst): self.instructions.append(inst); return inst
+  def label(self, name): self.labels[name] = len(self.instructions)
+  def branch_to(self, label): self.branch_targets[len(self.instructions) - 1] = label

  def waitcnt(self, lgkm=None, vm=None):
    """Wait for memory operations. lgkm=N waits until N lgkm ops remain, vm=N waits until N vmem ops remain."""
@@ -183,14 +195,48 @@ class Kernel:
    waitcnt = (expcnt & 0x7) | ((lgkmcnt & 0x3f) << 4) | ((vmcnt & 0x3f) << 10)
    self.emit(s_waitcnt(simm16=waitcnt))

-  def finalize(self):
-    """Patch branch offsets and return the finalized instruction list."""
-    for inst in self.instructions:
-      if inst._target is None: continue
-      offset_dwords = (self.labels[inst._target] - inst._pos - inst.size()) // 4
-      if not -32768 <= offset_dwords <= 32767: raise ValueError(f"branch to '{inst._target}' offset {offset_dwords} exceeds simm16 range")
-      inst.simm16 = offset_dwords
-    return self.instructions
+  def to_asm(self):
+    import re
+    # Instruction stream with labels
+    label_at = {pos: name for name, pos in self.labels.items()}
+    body = []
+    for i, inst in enumerate(self.instructions):
+      if i in label_at: body.append(f'.{label_at[i]}:')
+      asm = inst.disasm()
+      if i in self.branch_targets:
+        asm = re.sub(r'(s_cbranch_\w+|s_branch)\s+\S+', rf'\1 .{self.branch_targets[i]}', asm)
+      body.append('\t' + asm)
+
+    # limit wave occupancy by using more LDS
+    lds_size = max(LDS_SIZE, 65536//getenv("LIMIT_OCC", 65536))
+
+    # HSA kernel descriptor attributes (zeros included for compatibility)
+    hsa = [
+      ('group_segment_fixed_size', lds_size), ('private_segment_fixed_size', 0), ('kernarg_size', 36),
+      ('user_sgpr_count', 14), ('user_sgpr_dispatch_ptr', 0), ('user_sgpr_queue_ptr', 0),
+      ('user_sgpr_kernarg_segment_ptr', 1), ('user_sgpr_dispatch_id', 0), ('user_sgpr_private_segment_size', 0),
+      ('wavefront_size32', 1), ('uses_dynamic_stack', 0), ('enable_private_segment', 0),
+      ('system_sgpr_workgroup_id_x', 1), ('system_sgpr_workgroup_id_y', 1), ('system_sgpr_workgroup_id_z', 0),
+      ('system_sgpr_workgroup_info', 0), ('system_vgpr_workitem_id', 0), ('next_free_vgpr', 222),
+      ('next_free_sgpr', 16), ('float_round_mode_32', 0), ('float_round_mode_16_64', 0),
+      ('float_denorm_mode_32', 3), ('float_denorm_mode_16_64', 3), ('dx10_clamp', 1), ('ieee_mode', 1),
+      ('fp16_overflow', 0), ('workgroup_processor_mode', 0), ('memory_ordered', 1), ('forward_progress', 0),
+      ('shared_vgpr_count', 0)]
+
+    return '\n'.join([
+      '\t.text', f'\t.amdgcn_target "amdgcn-amd-amdhsa--{self.arch}"',
+      '\t.protected\tkernel', '\t.globl\tkernel', '\t.p2align\t8', '\t.type\tkernel,@function', 'kernel:',
+      *body,
+      '\t.section\t.rodata,"a",@progbits', '\t.p2align\t6, 0x0', '\t.amdhsa_kernel kernel',
+      *[f'\t\t.amdhsa_{k} {v}' for k, v in hsa],
+      '\t.end_amdhsa_kernel', '\t.text', '.Lfunc_end0:', '\t.size\tkernel, .Lfunc_end0-kernel',
+      '\t.amdgpu_metadata', '---', 'amdhsa.kernels:', '  - .args:',
+      *[f'      - .address_space: global\n        .offset: {i*8}\n        .size: 8\n        .value_kind: global_buffer' for i in range(3)],
+      f'    .group_segment_fixed_size: {lds_size}', '    .kernarg_segment_align: 8',
+      '    .kernarg_segment_size: 24', '    .max_flat_workgroup_size: 128', '    .name: kernel',
+      '    .private_segment_fixed_size: 0', '    .sgpr_count: 60', '    .symbol: kernel.kd',
+      '    .vgpr_count: 222', '    .wavefront_size: 32', f'amdhsa.target: amdgcn-amd-amdhsa--{self.arch}',
+      'amdhsa.version:', '  - 1', '  - 2', '...', '\t.end_amdgpu_metadata'])


 # =============================================================================
@@ -204,20 +250,27 @@ def build_kernel(arch='gfx1100'):
  # PROLOGUE: Load kernel arguments, compute tile coordinates and addresses
  # ===========================================================================
  k.emit(s_load_b128(sdata=s[S_KERNARG_A[0]:S_KERNARG_B[1]], sbase=s[0:1], offset=0x0, soffset=NULL))
-  k.emit(s_load_b64(sdata=s[S_OUT_PTR[0]:S_OUT_PTR[1]], sbase=s[0:1], offset=0x10, soffset=NULL))
+  k.emit(s_load_b64(sdata=s[S_KERNARG_OUT[0]:S_KERNARG_OUT[1]], sbase=s[0:1], offset=0x10, soffset=NULL))
  k.emit(s_mov_b32(s[S_DIM_N], MATRIX_DIM))
  k.emit(s_mov_b32(s[S_LOOP_CTR], 0))  # used by LDS swizzle, always 0 for valid workgroups
  k.emit(s_lshl_b32(s[S_TILE_X], s[S_WORKGROUP_X], 7))
  k.emit(s_lshl_b32(s[S_TILE_Y], s[S_WORKGROUP_Y], 7))

  # Lane-derived values
-  k.emit(v_and_b32_e32(v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8], 7, v[V_LANE_ID]))
-  k.emit(v_lshrrev_b32_e32(v[4], 3, v[V_LANE_ID]))
-  k.emit(v_or_b32_e32(v[1], s[S_TILE_X], v[V_LANE_ID]))
+  k.emit(v_and_b32_e32(v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8], 7, v[0]))
+  k.emit(v_lshrrev_b32_e32(v[4], 3, v[0]))
+  k.emit(v_or_b32_e32(v[1], s[S_TILE_X], v[0]))
  k.emit(v_or_b32_e32(v[22], s[S_TILE_Y], v[4]))
  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[V_LANE_MOD8_X4], 2, v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8]))
+  k.emit(v_mov_b32_e32(v[2], 0))  # v[1] always positive, sign extension is 0
+  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b64(v[5:6], 2, v[1:2]))
  k.waitcnt(lgkm=0)

+  # Copy pointers to working registers
+  k.emit(s_mov_b64(s[S_OUT_PTR[0]:S_OUT_PTR[1]], s[S_KERNARG_OUT[0]:S_KERNARG_OUT[1]]))
+  k.emit(s_mov_b64(s[S_A_PTR[0]:S_A_PTR[1]], s[S_KERNARG_A[0]:S_KERNARG_A[1]]))
+  k.emit(s_mov_b64(s[S_B_PTR[0]:S_B_PTR[1]], s[S_KERNARG_B[0]:S_KERNARG_B[1]]))
+
  # Compute 8 A and B matrix tile base pointers for prefetch
  k.emit(s_mov_b64(s[S_PREFETCH_B:S_PREFETCH_B+1], s[S_KERNARG_B[0]:S_KERNARG_B[1]]))  # B[0]: no offset
  for i in range(1, 8):  # B: 16KB apart
@@ -229,84 +282,168 @@ def build_kernel(arch='gfx1100'):
    k.emit(s_addc_u32(s[S_PREFETCH_A+i*2+1], s[S_KERNARG_A[1]], 0))

  # Global prefetch addresses: B = (tile_x + lane_id) * 4, A = ((tile_y << 12) + (lane_id/8)*4K + lane_id%8) * 4
-  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR], s[S_TILE_X], v[V_LANE_ID]))
+  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR], s[S_TILE_X], v[0]))
  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR], 2, v[V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR]))
  k.emit(s_lshl_b32(s[19], s[S_TILE_Y], 12))
  k.emit(v_lshl_add_u32(v[V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR], v[4], 12, v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8]))  # (lane_id/8)*4K + lane_id%8
  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR], s[19], v[V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR]))
  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR], 2, v[V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR]))

-  # Do initial loads
-  for vdst, saddr_lo in INIT_PREFETCH:
-    k.emit(global_load_b32(vdst=v[vdst], addr=v[V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR], saddr=s[saddr_lo:saddr_lo+1]))
-  for iter in range(6):
-    vdst1, vdst2, addr, slo1, slo2 = PREFETCH_LOADS[iter]
-    k.emit(global_load_b32(vdst=v[vdst1], addr=v[addr], saddr=s[slo1:slo1+1]))
-    k.emit(global_load_b32(vdst=v[vdst2], addr=v[addr], saddr=s[slo2:slo2+1]))
+  # ===========================================================================
+  # Tile address computation for initial A/B matrix loads
+  # ===========================================================================
+  k.emit(s_lshl_b32(s[S_LOOP_BOUND], s[S_DIM_N], 4))  # row stride = 16*N
+  k.emit(v_mul_lo_u32(v[ROW_REGS[0]], v[22], s[S_DIM_N]))  # A matrix row offsets
+  for i in range(1, 8): k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[ROW_REGS[i]], s[S_LOOP_BOUND], v[ROW_REGS[i-1]]))
+
+  def addr64(dst, base_s):  # 64-bit address: v[dst:dst+1] = s[base_s:base_s+1] + v[dst]*4
+    k.emit(v_mov_b32_e32(v[dst+1], 0))  # offset always positive, sign ext = 0
+    k.emit(v_lshlrev_b64(v[dst:dst+1], 2, v[dst:dst+1]))
+    k.emit(v_add_co_u32(v[dst], VCC_LO, s[base_s], v[dst]))
+    k.emit(v_add_co_ci_u32_e32(v[dst+1], s[base_s+1], v[dst+1]))
+
+  def b_addr(dst, mult, tmp=None):  # B address for col + mult*N
+    tmp = tmp if tmp is not None else dst
+    k.emit(v_mad_u32_u24(v[tmp], s[S_DIM_N], mult, v[1]))
+    if tmp != dst:
+      k.emit(v_mov_b32_e32(v[tmp+1], 0))  # offset always positive
+      k.emit(v_lshlrev_b64(v[dst:dst+1], 2, v[tmp:tmp+1]))
+      k.emit(v_add_co_u32(v[dst], VCC_LO, s[S_B_PTR[0]], v[dst]))
+      k.emit(v_add_co_ci_u32_e32(v[dst+1], s[S_B_PTR[1]], v[dst+1]))
+    else: addr64(dst, S_B_PTR[0])
+
+  def a_addr(dst, row_reg, tmp):  # A address for row_reg + lane_id_mod8
+    k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[tmp], v[row_reg], v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8]))
+    k.emit(v_mov_b32_e32(v[tmp+1], 0))  # offset always positive
+    k.emit(v_lshlrev_b64(v[dst:dst+1], 2, v[tmp:tmp+1]))
+    k.emit(v_add_co_u32(v[dst], VCC_LO, s[S_A_PTR[0]], v[dst]))
+    k.emit(v_add_co_ci_u32_e32(v[dst+1], s[S_A_PTR[1]], v[dst+1]))
+
+  # Batch 1: B addresses (cols 0-5) and loads
+  k.emit(v_add_co_u32(v[5], VCC_LO, s[S_B_PTR[0]], v[5]))
+  k.emit(v_add_co_ci_u32_e32(v[6], s[S_B_PTR[1]], v[6]))
+  for dst, mult in [(9,1), (7,2), (2,3), (11,4), (13,5)]: b_addr(dst, mult)
+  k.emit(s_clause(simm16=5))  # 6 consecutive global loads
+  for vdst, addr in INIT_TILE_LOADS[:6]: k.emit(global_load_b32(vdst=v[vdst], addr=v[addr:addr+1], saddr=NULL))
+
+  # Batch 2: A addresses (rows 0-4) and loads
+  for dst, ri in [(6,0), (8,1), (10,2), (12,3), (14,4)]:
+    k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[dst], v[ROW_REGS[ri]], v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8]))
+    addr64(dst, S_A_PTR[0])
+  k.emit(s_clause(simm16=4))  # 5 consecutive global loads
+  for vdst, addr in INIT_TILE_LOADS[6:11]: k.emit(global_load_b32(vdst=v[vdst], addr=v[addr:addr+1], saddr=NULL))
+
+  # Batch 3: B cols 6-7, A rows 5-7, and loads
+  for dst, mult, tmp in [(2,6,15), (4,7,4)]: b_addr(dst, mult, tmp)
+  for dst, ri, tmp in [(8,5,16), (6,6,18), (10,7,20)]: a_addr(dst, ROW_REGS[ri], tmp)
+  k.emit(s_clause(simm16=4))  # 5 consecutive global loads
+  for vdst, addr in INIT_TILE_LOADS[11:]: k.emit(global_load_b32(vdst=v[vdst], addr=v[addr:addr+1], saddr=NULL))

  # ===========================================================================
  # LDS store address computation (bank-conflict-avoiding swizzle)
  # ===========================================================================
  # This section computes LDS store addresses with a swizzle pattern to avoid bank conflicts.
+  # Key outputs:
+  #   v[8]: A-tile initial store base (used only for initial stores with stride64)
+  #   V_LDS_B_ADDR (v145): B-tile store base (used for both initial and main loop)
+  #   V_LANE_DIV8_X4 (v135): (lane_id >> 3) << 2 for epilogue
+  #
  # The swizzle ensures that threads in the same wavefront write to different LDS banks.
  # Formula: swizzled_addr = base + (lane_id & 7) * LDS_A_STRIDE + swizzle_offset
  # where swizzle_offset depends on (lane_id >> 3) to distribute across banks.
-  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[9], s[S_LOOP_CTR], v[22]))  # row 0 base
+
+  # v[22] = tile_y | (lane_id >> 3) from prologue, used as base for row offsets
+  # Compute 7 row offsets for B-tile rows 1-7 (row 0 computed separately in v[9])
+  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[9], s[S_LOOP_CTR], v[22]))  # row 0 base (S_LOOP_CTR=0)
+  for i in range(7): k.emit(v_or_b32_e32(v[10 + i if i < 2 else 12 + i], 16 * (i + 1), v[22]))  # rows 1-7
+
+  # Extract sign bit of workgroup_x (always 0 for valid workgroups, used for masking)
+  k.emit(s_bfe_i32(s[S_LOOP_BOUND], s[S_WORKGROUP_X], 0x10018))
  k.emit(v_and_b32_e32(v[9], ADDR_MASK, v[9]))
+  k.emit(s_lshr_b32(s[S_LOOP_BOUND], s[S_LOOP_BOUND], 25))
+
+  # Compute masked row offsets for bank conflict avoidance pattern
+  # Pattern: v[row] = row_val - (row_val & ADDR_MASK) extracts lower bits
+  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[19], s[S_LOOP_CTR], v[10]))
+  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[8], s[S_LOOP_BOUND], v[1]))  # A-tile base computation
+  for d, r in zip([20, 21, 32, 33, 34, 35], [11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]):
+    k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[d], s[S_LOOP_CTR], v[r]))
+  k.emit(v_and_b32_e32(v[8], ADDR_MASK, v[8]))
  k.emit(v_sub_nc_u32_e32(v[9], v[22], v[9]))  # row 0 swizzle offset
-  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[9], 2, v[9]))  # * 4
+  for d, s_ in zip([19, 20, 21, 22, 32, 33, 34], [20, 21, 22, 32, 33, 34, 35]):
+    k.emit(v_and_b32_e32(v[d], ADDR_MASK, v[s_]))
+  k.emit(v_sub_nc_u32_e32(v[8], v[1], v[8]))  # A-tile swizzle
+
+  # Apply swizzle offsets and scale to byte offsets
+  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[9], 2, v[9]))  # row 0 offset * 4
+  for r, t in zip([10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18], [19, 20, 21, 22, 32, 33, 34]):
+    k.emit(v_sub_nc_u32_e32(v[r], v[r], v[t]))  # rows 1-7 swizzle
+  k.emit(v_bfe_u32(v[2], v[0], 3, 2))  # v[2] = (lane_id >> 3) & 3
+  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[8], 2, v[8]))  # A-tile base * 4
+
+  # Compute B-tile base address: LDS_A_STRIDE * (lane_id % 8) + row0_offset
  k.emit(v_mad_u32_u24(v[V_LDS_B_ADDR], LDS_A_STRIDE, v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8], v[9]))
-
-  # For V_LDS_A_BASE and epilogue
-  k.emit(v_bfe_u32(v[2], v[V_LANE_ID], 3, 2))  # v[2] = (lane_id >> 3) & 3
+  # Scale row offsets 1-7 to byte offsets (row 0 already in v[9])
+  for d, r in zip([9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17], [10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]):
+    k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[d], 2, v[r]))
  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[V_LANE_DIV8_X4], 2, v[2]))
+  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[8], 0x80, v[8]))  # A-tile initial store base + 128

-  # Compute LDS load/store base addresses for inner loop
+  # Store initial tile data to LDS
+  k.waitcnt(vm=0)
+  for i, (d0, d1) in enumerate([(0,1), (2,3), (4,5), (11,12)]):
+    k.emit(ds_store_2addr_stride64_b32(addr=v[8], data0=v[INIT_TILE_LOADS[d0][0]], data1=v[INIT_TILE_LOADS[d1][0]], offset0=16+i*4, offset1=18+i*4))
+  # B stores: single base with offsets 0,64,128,192,256,320,384,448
+  for i, idx in enumerate([6,7,8,9,10,13,14,15]):
+    offset = i * 64
+    k.emit(ds_store_b32(addr=v[V_LDS_B_ADDR], data0=v[INIT_TILE_LOADS[idx][0]], offset0=offset & 0xFF, offset1=offset >> 8))
+
+  # ===========================================================================
+  # INIT: Compute LDS base addresses, then zero accumulators
+  # ===========================================================================
+  # v[3] = v[1] & 0x7F (lower 7 bits) since S_LOOP_BOUND=0 for valid workgroups
  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[2], 4, v[2]))
-  k.emit(v_and_b32_e32(v[3], 0x7F, v[1]))  # simplified from 3 lines
+  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[3], s[S_LOOP_BOUND], v[1]))
+  k.emit(v_and_b32_e32(v[3], ADDR_MASK, v[3]))
+  k.emit(v_sub_nc_u32_e32(v[3], v[1], v[3]))
  k.emit(v_lshl_or_b32(v[V_LDS_B_BASE], v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8], 4, LDS_BASE_OFFSET))
  k.emit(v_lshl_add_u32(v[V_LDS_A_ADDR], v[3], 2, LDS_BASE_OFFSET))
-  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[3], 2, v[V_LANE_ID]))
+  k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[3], 2, v[0]))
  k.emit(v_and_or_b32(v[V_LDS_A_BASE], 0x180, v[3], v[2]))

-  # Do initial stores
-  k.waitcnt(vm=0)
-  for i in range(4):  # A tile: 8 values via 4 stride64 stores
-    k.emit(ds_store_2addr_stride64_b32(addr=v[V_LDS_A_ADDR], data0=v[V_LDS_A_DATA[i*2]], data1=v[V_LDS_A_DATA[i*2+1]], offset0=i*4, offset1=i*4+2))
-  for i in range(8):  # B tile: 8 values via 8 scalar stores with 64-byte spacing
-    offset = i * 64
-    k.emit(ds_store_b32(addr=v[V_LDS_B_ADDR], data0=v[V_LDS_B_DATA[i]], offset0=offset & 0xFF, offset1=offset >> 8))
-
  # Zero all 128 accumulators using VOPD dual moves (64 instructions instead of 128)
  for i in range(0, len(OUT_REGS), 2):
    k.emit(VOPD(VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MOV_B32, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MOV_B32, vdstx=v[OUT_REGS[i]], vdsty=v[OUT_REGS[i+1]], srcx0=0, srcy0=0))
-  k.emit(s_add_i32(s[S_LOOP_BOUND], s[S_DIM_N], -8))

+  k.emit(s_add_i32(s[S_LOOP_BOUND], s[S_DIM_N], -8))
+  k.emit(s_add_u32(s[S_A_PTR[0]], s[S_A_PTR[0]], 32))
+  k.emit(s_addc_u32(s[S_A_PTR[1]], s[S_A_PTR[1]], 0))
  # S_LOOP_CTR is already 0 from prologue initialization
-  k.emit(s_branch(), target='LOOP_ENTRY')
+  k.emit(s_branch(simm16=0)); k.branch_to('LOOP_ENTRY')

  # ===========================================================================
  # MAIN GEMM LOOP
  # ===========================================================================

-  NO_DS, NO_GLOBAL = getenv("NO_DS", 0), getenv("NO_GLOBAL", 0)
+  NO_ALU, NO_DS, NO_GLOBAL = getenv("NO_ALU", 0), getenv("NO_DS", 0), getenv("NO_GLOBAL", 0)

  k.label('LOOP_INC')
  k.emit(s_add_i32(s[S_LOOP_CTR], s[S_LOOP_CTR], 8))
  k.emit(s_cmp_ge_i32(s[S_LOOP_CTR], s[S_DIM_N]))
-  k.emit(s_cbranch_scc1(), target='EPILOGUE')
+  k.emit(s_cbranch_scc1(simm16=0)); k.branch_to('EPILOGUE')

  k.label('LOOP_ENTRY')
  k.emit(s_cmp_lt_i32(s[S_LOOP_CTR], s[S_LOOP_BOUND]))
  k.emit(s_cselect_b32(s[S_PREFETCH_FLAG], -1, 0))  # s_cselect doesn't modify SCC
-  k.emit(s_cbranch_scc0(), target='SKIP_PREFETCH')  # branch if loop_ctr >= loop_bound
+  k.emit(s_cbranch_scc0(simm16=0)); k.branch_to('SKIP_PREFETCH')  # branch if loop_ctr >= loop_bound

  if not NO_GLOBAL:
    # Advance prefetch pointers (VGPR)
-    #k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR], 0x20000, v[V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR]))
-    #k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR], 0x20, v[V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR]))
+    k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR], 0x20000, v[V_GLOBAL_B_ADDR]))
+    k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR], 0x20, v[V_GLOBAL_A_ADDR]))

-    # Advance prefetch pointers (64-bit adds)
+    """
+    # Advance prefetch pointers (SGPRs, 64-bit adds)
    k.emit(s_clause(simm16=31))
    for i in range(8):
      k.emit(s_add_u32(s[S_PREFETCH_B+i*2], s[S_PREFETCH_B+i*2], 0x20000))
@@ -314,6 +451,7 @@ def build_kernel(arch='gfx1100'):
    for i in range(8):
      k.emit(s_add_u32(s[S_PREFETCH_A+i*2], s[S_PREFETCH_A+i*2], 0x20))
      k.emit(s_addc_u32(s[S_PREFETCH_A+i*2+1], s[S_PREFETCH_A+i*2+1], 0))
+    """

    # do the fetch
    for vdst, saddr_lo in INIT_PREFETCH:
@@ -326,18 +464,38 @@ def build_kernel(arch='gfx1100'):
  k.waitcnt(lgkm=0)
  k.emit(s_barrier())

+  # Load initial tiles for iter=0 into buffer 0
+  if not NO_DS:
+    a_tile_regs = V_A_TILE_REGS[0]
+    b_tile_regs = V_B_TILE_REGS[0]
+    k.emit(s_clause(simm16=len(a_tile_regs) + len(b_tile_regs) - 1))
+    for i, vdst in enumerate(a_tile_regs):
+      a_off = (i & 1) * 8 + (i >> 1) * 64  # iter=0
+      k.emit(ds_load_b64(vdst=v[vdst:vdst+1], addr=v[V_LDS_A_BASE], offset0=a_off & 0xFF, offset1=a_off >> 8))
+    for i, vdst in enumerate(b_tile_regs):
+      b_off = (i & 1) * 8 + (i & 2) * 64 + (i >> 2) * 256  # iter=0
+      k.emit(ds_load_b64(vdst=v[vdst:vdst+1], addr=v[V_LDS_B_BASE], offset0=b_off & 0xFF, offset1=b_off >> 8))
+
  # 8 inner loop iterations
+  # Double-buffered inner loop: load next iteration's tiles while computing current
+  # Buffer 0 used for even iterations, buffer 1 for odd iterations
  for iter in range(8):
-    # Load A tile (4 pairs) and B tile (8 pairs) from LDS
-    if not NO_DS:
-      k.emit(s_clause(simm16=len(V_A_TILE_REGS) + len(V_B_TILE_REGS) - 1))  # 12 loads total: 4 A + 8 B
+    buf = iter & 1        # current compute buffer
+    next_buf = 1 - buf    # next load buffer
+
+    # Load tiles for NEXT iteration into next_buf (except on last iteration)
+    if not NO_DS and iter < 7:
+      next_iter = iter + 1
+      a_tile_regs = V_A_TILE_REGS[next_buf]
+      b_tile_regs = V_B_TILE_REGS[next_buf]
+      k.emit(s_clause(simm16=len(a_tile_regs) + len(b_tile_regs) - 1))  # 12 loads total: 4 A + 8 B
      # A tile: 4 ds_load_b64
-      for i, vdst in enumerate(V_A_TILE_REGS):
-        a_off = (i & 1) * 8 + (i >> 1) * 64 + iter * LDS_A_STRIDE
+      for i, vdst in enumerate(a_tile_regs):
+        a_off = (i & 1) * 8 + (i >> 1) * 64 + next_iter * LDS_A_STRIDE
        k.emit(ds_load_b64(vdst=v[vdst:vdst+1], addr=v[V_LDS_A_BASE], offset0=a_off & 0xFF, offset1=a_off >> 8))
      # B tile: 8 ds_load_b64
-      for i, vdst in enumerate(V_B_TILE_REGS):
-        b_off = (i & 1) * 8 + (i & 2) * 64 + (i >> 2) * 256 + iter * LDS_B_STRIDE
+      for i, vdst in enumerate(b_tile_regs):
+        b_off = (i & 1) * 8 + (i & 2) * 64 + (i >> 2) * 256 + next_iter * LDS_B_STRIDE
        k.emit(ds_load_b64(vdst=v[vdst:vdst+1], addr=v[V_LDS_B_BASE], offset0=b_off & 0xFF, offset1=b_off >> 8))

    # Issue global prefetch (first 6 iterations only)
@@ -346,14 +504,20 @@ def build_kernel(arch='gfx1100'):
      k.emit(global_load_b32(vdst=v[vdst1], addr=v[addr], saddr=s[slo1:slo1+1]))
      k.emit(global_load_b32(vdst=v[vdst2], addr=v[addr], saddr=s[slo2:slo2+1]))

-    # 64 dual FMACs
-    k.waitcnt(lgkm=0)
-    k.emit(s_clause(simm16=len(FMAC_PATTERN)-1))
-    for i, (vdst_x, vdst_y, ax, bx, ay, by) in enumerate(FMAC_PATTERN):
-      k.emit(VOPD(VOPDOp.V_DUAL_FMAC_F32, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_FMAC_F32,
-                  vdstx=v[vdst_x], vdsty=v[vdst_y], srcx0=v[ax], vsrcx1=v[bx], srcy0=v[ay], vsrcy1=v[by]))
+    # Wait for current buffer's loads to complete
+    # iter 0-6: 12 loads for next iteration are in flight, wait for the other 12 (lgkm=12)
+    # iter 7: no loads in flight, wait for all (lgkm=0)
+    k.waitcnt(lgkm=0 if iter == 7 else 12)

-  # wait for all global loads to finish
+    # 64 dual FMACs using current buffer
+    if not NO_ALU:
+      fmac_pattern = FMAC_PATTERN[buf]
+      k.emit(s_clause(simm16=len(fmac_pattern)-1))
+      for i, (vdst_x, vdst_y, ax, bx, ay, by) in enumerate(fmac_pattern):
+        k.emit(VOPD(VOPDOp.V_DUAL_FMAC_F32, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_FMAC_F32,
+                    vdstx=v[vdst_x], vdsty=v[vdst_y], srcx0=v[ax], vsrcx1=v[bx], srcy0=v[ay], vsrcy1=v[by]))
+
+  # wait for all global stores to finish
  # then sync the warp so it's safe to store local
  k.waitcnt(vm=0)
  k.emit(s_barrier())
@@ -370,7 +534,7 @@ def build_kernel(arch='gfx1100'):
      offset = i * 64
      k.emit(ds_store_b32(addr=v[V_LDS_B_ADDR], data0=v[V_LDS_B_DATA[i]], offset0=offset & 0xFF, offset1=offset >> 8))

-  k.emit(s_branch(), target='LOOP_INC')
+  k.emit(s_branch(simm16=0)); k.branch_to('LOOP_INC')

  # ===========================================================================
  # EPILOGUE: Permute and store results
@@ -381,52 +545,59 @@ def build_kernel(arch='gfx1100'):
  for a, b in PERMUTE_SWAPS:
    k.emit(v_swap_b32_e32(v[a], v[b]))

-  # Compute output base coordinates
-  # v[130] = col_base = tile_x + (lane_id & 7) * 4
-  # v[131] = row_base = tile_y + (lane_id & 0x60) + ((lane_id >> 3) & 3) * 4
-  # v[132] = 0 (for 64-bit address high part)
-  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[130], s[S_TILE_X], v[V_LANE_MOD8_X4]))
-  k.emit(v_and_b32_e32(v[131], 0x60, v[V_LANE_ID]))
-  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[131], s[S_TILE_Y], v[131]))
-  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[131], v[V_LANE_DIV8_X4], v[131]))
-  k.emit(v_mov_b32_e32(v[132], 0))
+  # Compute output coordinates: v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8] = col, v[V_OUTPUT_ROW] = row
+  k.emit(VOPD(VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MOV_B32, VOPDOp.V_DUAL_MOV_B32,
+              vdstx=v[149], vdsty=v[150], srcx0=v[V_LANE_MOD8_X4], vsrcx1=v[0], srcy0=v[V_LANE_DIV8_X4], vsrcy1=v[0]))
+  k.emit(v_and_b32_e32(v[0], 0x60, v[0]))
+  k.emit(v_or_b32_e32(v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8], s[S_TILE_X], v[149]))
+  k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[0], s[S_TILE_Y], v[0]))
+  k.emit(v_or_b32_e32(v[V_OUTPUT_ROW], v[0], v[150]))

-  # Precompute row offsets: v[133-136] for rows 0-3, v[137-140] for rows 16-19
-  for base, row_off in [(133, 0), (137, 16)]:
-    if row_off: k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[141], row_off, v[131]))
-    k.emit(v_mul_lo_u32(v[base], v[141] if row_off else v[131], s[S_DIM_N]))
-    for j in range(3): k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[base + 1 + j], s[S_DIM_N], v[base + j]))
+  # Precompute row offsets: v[144-147] for rows 0-3, v[148-151] for rows 16-19
+  for base, row_off in [(144, 0), (148, 16)]:
+    if row_off: k.emit(v_or_b32_e32(v[1], row_off, v[V_OUTPUT_ROW]))
+    k.emit(v_mul_lo_u32(v[base], v[1] if row_off else v[V_OUTPUT_ROW], s[S_DIM_N]))
+    for i in range(3): k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[base + 1 + i], s[S_DIM_N], v[base + i]))

-  # s[S_PREFETCH_FLAG] = row stride in bytes (N * 4)
-  k.emit(s_lshl_b32(s[S_PREFETCH_FLAG], s[S_DIM_N], 2))
+  k.emit(v_mov_b32_e32(v[V_ADDR_HI_ZERO], 0))
+  k.emit(s_lshl_b32(s[S_PREFETCH_FLAG], s[S_DIM_N], 2))  # row stride in bytes

  # Store 128 output values as 32 groups of 4 (128-bit stores)
  # Layout: 2 row halves (0-3, 16-19) x 4 col groups x 4 rows = 32 stores of 4 floats
+  epilogue_reserved = {V_LANE_ID_MOD8, V_OUTPUT_ROW, V_LANE_MOD8_X4, V_LANE_DIV8_X4, V_ADDR_HI_ZERO}
+
  for i, (row_half, col_off, row_in_group) in enumerate([(rh, co, ri)
      for rh in range(2) for co in [0, 32, 64, 96] for ri in range(4)]):
    row = row_half * 16 + row_in_group
-    src = OUT_REGS[i*4]  # first reg of ascending group of 4
+    srcs = OUT_REGS[i*4:(i+1)*4]

-    if row_in_group == 0:
-      # First row of group: compute full address
-      if col_off == 0: k.emit(v_mov_b32_e32(v[141], v[130]))
-      else: k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[141], col_off, v[130]))
-      row_base = 133 + row if row < 4 else 137 + row - 16
-      k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[141], v[row_base], v[141]))
-      k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[141], 2, v[141]))
-      k.emit(v_add_co_u32(v[141], VCC_LO, s[S_OUT_PTR[0]], v[141]))
-      k.emit(v_add_co_ci_u32_e32(v[142], s[S_OUT_PTR[1]], v[132]))
-    else:
-      # Subsequent rows: add stride
-      k.emit(v_add_co_u32(v[141], VCC_LO, s[S_PREFETCH_FLAG], v[141]))
-      k.emit(v_add_co_ci_u32_e32(v[142], v[142], v[132]))
+    # Find temp register for scaled values (must not conflict with reserved regs)
+    tmp = max(srcs) + 5
+    while any(r in epilogue_reserved for r in range(tmp, tmp + 4)): tmp += 1

-    k.emit(global_store_b128(addr=v[141:142], data=v[src:src+3], saddr=NULL))
+    # Copy values to temp regs for output (alpha=1.0 hardcoded, so just move)
+    for j, src in enumerate(srcs):
+      k.emit(v_mov_b32_e32(v[tmp + j], v[src]))
+
+    # Compute output address
+    if row_in_group == 0:  # first row: compute base address for this column group
+      if col_off == 0: k.emit(v_mov_b32_e32(v[0], v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8]))
+      else: k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[0], col_off, v[V_LANE_ID_MOD8]))
+      row_base = 144 + row if row < 4 else 148 + row - 16
+      k.emit(v_add_nc_u32_e32(v[0], v[row_base], v[0]))
+      k.emit(v_lshlrev_b32_e32(v[0], 2, v[0]))
+      k.emit(v_add_co_u32(v[0], VCC_LO, s[S_OUT_PTR[0]], v[0]))
+      k.emit(v_add_co_ci_u32_e32(v[1], s[S_OUT_PTR[1]], v[V_ADDR_HI_ZERO]))
+    else:  # subsequent rows: just add stride
+      k.emit(v_add_co_u32(v[0], VCC_LO, s[S_PREFETCH_FLAG], v[0]))
+      k.emit(v_add_co_ci_u32_e32(v[1], v[1], v[V_ADDR_HI_ZERO]))
+
+    k.emit(global_store_b128(addr=v[0:1], data=v[tmp:tmp+3], saddr=NULL))

  k.emit(s_sendmsg(simm16=3))  # DEALLOC_VGPRS
  k.emit(s_endpgm())

-  return k.finalize()
+  return k.to_asm()

 # =============================================================================
 # Test harness
@@ -438,9 +609,18 @@ THREADS = 128

 def test_matmul():
  dev = Device[Device.DEFAULT]
-  print(f"Device arch: {dev.renderer.arch}")
+  print(f"Device arch: {dev.arch}")

-  insts = build_kernel(dev.renderer.arch)
+  if getenv("STOCK", 0):
+    # Load the stock kernel from amd_seb/kernel8_batched_gmem.s
+    stock_path = Path(__file__).parent / "amd_seb" / "kernel8_batched_gmem.s"
+    asm = stock_path.read_text()
+    print(f"Loaded stock kernel from {stock_path}")
+  else:
+    asm = build_kernel(dev.arch)
+
+  binary = dev.compiler.compile(asm)
+  print(f"Compiled! Binary size: {len(binary)} bytes")

  rng = np.random.default_rng(42)
  a = Tensor(rng.random((N, N), dtype=np.float32) - 0.5)
@@ -455,10 +635,10 @@ def test_matmul():
  def asm_kernel(A:UOp, B:UOp, C:UOp) -> UOp:
    gidxs = [UOp.special(n, f"gidx{i}") for i,n in enumerate(grid)]
    lidxs = [UOp.special(n, f"lidx{i}") for i,n in enumerate(local)]
-    lds = UOp(Ops.DEFINE_LOCAL, dtypes.uint8.ptr(size=max(LDS_SIZE, 65536//getenv("LIMIT_OCC", 65536)), addrspace=AddrSpace.LOCAL), (), 'lds')
-    sink = UOp.sink(A.base, B.base, C.base, lds, *gidxs, *lidxs, arg=KernelInfo(name=colored("kernel", "cyan"),
-                                                                                  estimates=Estimates(ops=N*N*N*2, mem=N*N*4*3)))
-    return UOp(Ops.PROGRAM, src=(sink, UOp(Ops.DEVICE, arg=dname), UOp(Ops.LINEAR, src=tuple([UOp(Ops.INS, arg=x) for x in insts]))))
+    sink = UOp.sink(A.base, B.base, C.base, *gidxs, *lidxs, arg=KernelInfo(name=colored("kernel", "cyan"),
+                                                                           estimates=Estimates(ops=N*N*N*2, mem=N*N*4*3)))
+    return UOp(Ops.PROGRAM, src=(sink, UOp(Ops.DEVICE, arg=dname), UOp(Ops.LINEAR, src=(*sink.src, sink)), UOp(Ops.SOURCE, arg=asm),
+                                 UOp(Ops.BINARY, arg=binary)))
  c = Tensor.custom_kernel(a, b, c, fxn=asm_kernel)[2]
  ei = c.schedule()[0].lower()

@@ -499,6 +679,6 @@ def run_sqtt():
  print(f"Wrote {len(output)} bytes to /tmp/sqtt_trace.txt")

 if __name__ == "__main__":
-  if getenv("ASM", 0): print("\n".join(str(inst) for inst in build_kernel(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer.arch)))
+  if getenv("ASM", 0): print(build_kernel(Device[Device.DEFAULT].arch))
  elif getenv("SQTT", 0): run_sqtt()
  else: test_matmul()
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-import atexit, functools
-from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler
-from tinygrad import Tensor, Device, dtypes
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops, KernelInfo, AxisType
-from tinygrad.renderer import Estimates
-from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, all_same, dedup
-from extra.gemm.asm.cdna.asm import build_kernel, GEMM_ARGS
-
-# ** CDNA4 assembly gemm
-
-WORKGROUP_SIZE = 256
-
-@functools.cache
-def custom_asm_gemm(C:UOp, A:UOp, B:UOp, dname:str, arch:str, wg:int) -> UOp:
-  batch, M, K = A.shape
-  K2, N = B.shape[(1 if B.ndim == 3 else 0):]
-  assert K == K2
-  lidx = UOp.special(WORKGROUP_SIZE, "lidx0")
-  gidx = UOp.special(wg, "gidx0")
-  k = build_kernel(batch, M, N, K, A.dtype.base)
-  sink = UOp.sink(C.base, A.base, B.base, lidx, gidx,
-                  arg=KernelInfo(name=k.name, estimates=Estimates(ops=2*batch*M*N*K, mem=(batch*M*K + K*N + batch*M*N)*2)))
-  # TODO: you shouldn't have to call the compiler here, BINARY should be auto-added
-  binary = HIPCompiler(arch).compile(k.to_asm())
-  return UOp(Ops.PROGRAM, src=(sink, UOp(Ops.DEVICE, arg=dname), UOp(Ops.LINEAR, src=(*sink.src, sink)),
-                               UOp(Ops.SOURCE, arg=k.to_text()), UOp(Ops.BINARY, arg=binary)))
-
-counters = {"used":0, "todos":[]}
-def todo(msg:str) -> bool: counters["todos"].append(msg); return False
-atexit.register(lambda: print(f'asm_gemm: {counters["used"]} used, {len(counters["todos"])} not used'))
-
-def can_use_asm_gemm(a:Tensor, b:Tensor) -> bool:
-  if a.dtype != b.dtype: return todo(f"dtypes must match {a.dtype} != {b.dtype}")
-  if a.dtype not in {dtypes.bfloat16, dtypes.float16}: return todo(f"only bfloat16/float16, got {a.dtype}")
-  batch, M, K = (1, *a.shape) if a.ndim == 2 else a.shape
-  N = b.shape[1]
-  # only sharding on the batch or K is tested, others might work too
-  if isinstance(a.device, tuple):
-    if a.ndim == 2 and a.uop.axis == 1 and b.uop.axis == 0: K //= len(a.device)
-    elif a.ndim == 3 and a.uop.axis == 0 and b.uop.axis is None: batch //= len(a.device)
-    else: return todo(f"sharding mismatch a.ndim={a.ndim} a.uop.axis={a.uop.axis} b.uop.axis={b.uop.axis}")
-    dname = a.device[0]
-  else: dname = a.device
-  arch = getattr(Device[dname].renderer, "arch", "")
-  if batch not in {1, 2}: return todo(f"GEMM batch size {batch}")
-  if (key:=(M, N, K)) not in GEMM_ARGS and arch == "gfx950": return todo(f"GEMM shape not supported {key} on {arch}")
-  return True
-
-# ** UOp gemm to test Tensor.custom_kernel multi and backward correctness on non cdna4
-# note: this can be removed after we have GEMM on mixins
-
-def custom_uop_gemm(C:UOp, A:UOp, B:UOp) -> UOp:
-  M, K = A.shape[0]*A.shape[1], A.shape[2]
-  K2, N = B.shape[(1 if B.ndim == 3 else 0):]
-  assert K == K2
-  m = UOp.range(M, 1, AxisType.LOOP)
-  n = UOp.range(N, 2, AxisType.LOOP)
-  k = UOp.range(K, 0, AxisType.REDUCE)
-  mul = (A.index((m*UOp.const(dtypes.index, K)+k))*B.index((k*UOp.const(dtypes.index, N)+n))).cast(dtypes.float32)
-  red = mul.reduce(k, arg=Ops.ADD, dtype=dtypes.float32).cast(C.dtype.base)
-  store = C.index((m*UOp.const(dtypes.index, N)+n), ptr=True).store(red).end(m, n)
-  return store.sink(arg=KernelInfo(name=f'uop_gemm_{M}_{N}_{K}'))
-
-# ** backward gemm, might use the asm gemm
-
-def custom_gemm_bw(gradient:UOp, kernel:UOp):
-  out, a, b = kernel.src[1:]
-  assert all_same([gradient.device, a.device, b.device, out.device])
-  a_t, b_t, g_t = Tensor(a, device=a.device), Tensor(b, device=a.device), Tensor(gradient, device=a.device)
-  # TODO: this needs to be cleaned up and done properly, the batch dim of grad and a multi need to align
-  g_t = g_t[:a.shape[0]]
-  grad_a = (g_t @ b_t.T).uop
-  grad_b = (a_t.permute(2, 0, 1).reshape(a_t.shape[2], -1) @ g_t.reshape(-1, g_t.shape[-1])).uop
-  return (None, grad_a, grad_b)
-
-# ** main gemm function
-
-def asm_gemm(a:Tensor, b:Tensor) -> Tensor:
-  assert can_use_asm_gemm(a, b), f"{counters['todos'][-1]}"
-  counters["used"] += 1
-  squeeze = a.ndim == 2
-  if squeeze: a = a.unsqueeze(0)
-
-  batch, M, K = a.shape
-  N = b.shape[1]
-  is_multi = isinstance(a.device, tuple)
-  if (k_sharded:=is_multi and a.uop.axis == 2): K //= len(a.device)
-
-  if is_multi:
-    out = Tensor(Tensor.empty(batch//len(a.device) if a.uop.axis==0 else batch, M, N, dtype=a.dtype, device=a.device).uop.multi(0), device=a.device)
-  else:
-    out = Tensor.empty(batch, M, N, dtype=a.dtype, device=a.device)
-
-  dname = a.device[0] if is_multi else a.device
-  arch = getattr(Device[dname].renderer, "arch", "")
-  if arch.startswith("gfx950") and getenv("USE_ASM", 1):
-    numWG = GEMM_ARGS[(M, N, K)][0]
-    out = Tensor.custom_kernel(out, a, b, fxn=functools.partial(custom_asm_gemm, dname=dname, wg=numWG, arch=arch), grad_fxn=custom_gemm_bw)[0]
-  else:
-    out = Tensor.custom_kernel(out, a, b, fxn=custom_uop_gemm, grad_fxn=custom_gemm_bw)[0]
-  if k_sharded: out = out.sum(0)
-  return out.squeeze(0) if squeeze else out
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+.text
+.section	.text.
+.global	gemm
+.p2align	8
+.type	gemm,@function
+
+gemm:
+INSTRUCTIONS
+
+.section .rodata,"a",@progbits
+.p2align 6, 0x0
+.amdhsa_kernel gemm
+  # basic memory requirements
+  .amdhsa_group_segment_fixed_size 133120
+  .amdhsa_private_segment_fixed_size 0
+  .amdhsa_kernarg_size 28
+  # register usage (RSRC1)
+  .amdhsa_next_free_vgpr 504
+  .amdhsa_next_free_sgpr 96
+  # workgroup / workitem IDs (RSRC2)
+  .amdhsa_system_sgpr_workgroup_id_x 1
+  .amdhsa_system_sgpr_workgroup_id_y 1
+  .amdhsa_system_sgpr_workgroup_id_z 1
+  # user SGPRs, we only specify the kernel args ptr in s[0:1]
+  .amdhsa_user_sgpr_kernarg_segment_ptr 1
+  .amdhsa_user_sgpr_count 2
+  .amdhsa_user_sgpr_kernarg_preload_length 0
+  .amdhsa_user_sgpr_kernarg_preload_offset 0
+  # gfx90a / gfx940 specifics (RSRC3)
+  .amdhsa_accum_offset 248
+  .amdhsa_uses_dynamic_stack 0
+  .amdhsa_tg_split 0
+.end_amdhsa_kernel
+
+.amdgpu_metadata
+---
+amdhsa.kernels:
+  - .name: gemm
+    .symbol: gemm.kd
+    .args:
+      - .name: C
+        .address_space: global
+        .offset: 0
+        .size: 8
+        .value_kind: global_buffer
+        .value_type: bf16
+      - .name: B
+        .address_space: global
+        .offset: 8
+        .size: 8
+        .value_kind: global_buffer
+        .value_type: bf16
+      - .name: A
+        .address_space: global
+        .offset: 16
+        .size: 8
+        .value_kind: global_buffer
+        .value_type: bf16
+      - .name: sz
+        .offset: 24
+        .size: 4
+        .value_kind: by_value
+        .value_type: u32
+    .group_segment_fixed_size: 133120
+    .private_segment_fixed_size: 0
+    .kernarg_segment_align: 8
+    .kernarg_segment_size: 28
+    .max_flat_workgroup_size: 256
+    .sgpr_count: 88
+    .sgpr_spill_count: 0
+    .vgpr_count: 248
+    .vgpr_spill_count: 0
+    .wavefront_size: 64
+amdhsa.version:
+  - 1
+  - 0
+...
+.end_amdgpu_metadata
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# Run assembly on the AMD runtime and check correctness
+# VIZ=2 to profile
+import pathlib
+from tinygrad import Tensor, Device, dtypes, Context
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops, KernelInfo
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv
+
+fp = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent/"gemm.s"
+
+N = getenv("N", 8192)
+THREADS_PER_WG = 256
+NUM_WG = N//THREADS_PER_WG * N//THREADS_PER_WG
+
+assert N % THREADS_PER_WG == 0, "N must be divisible by THREADS_PER_WG"
+
+# ** generate inputs on CPU
+
+scale = 10.0
+
+import torch
+torch.manual_seed(0)
+A = (torch.randn(N, N, dtype=torch.float32, device="cpu") / scale).to(torch.bfloat16).contiguous()
+B = (torch.randn(N, N, dtype=torch.float32, device="cpu") / scale).to(torch.bfloat16).contiguous()
+Bt = B.t().contiguous() # transpose B for the asm gemm
+C_torch = A@B
+
+# ** copy buffers to AMD
+
+# input creation and validation run on the copy engine for simpler tracing
+
+def from_torch(t:torch.Tensor) -> Tensor:
+  return Tensor.from_blob(t.data_ptr(), t.shape, dtype=dtypes.bfloat16, device="cpu").to(Device.DEFAULT).realize()
+
+C_tiny = from_torch(A) @ from_torch(B)
+C_asm = Tensor.empty_like(C_tiny)
+
+# ** assembly custom kernel
+
+def custom_asm_gemm(C:UOp, A:UOp, B:UOp) -> UOp:
+  lidx = UOp.special(THREADS_PER_WG, "lidx0")
+  gidx = UOp.special(NUM_WG, "gidx0")
+
+  src = (pathlib.Path(__file__).parent/"template.s").read_text().replace("INSTRUCTIONS", fp.read_text())
+
+  sz = UOp.variable("SZ", 256, 8192)
+
+  sink = UOp.sink(C.base, A.base, B.base, sz, lidx, gidx, arg=KernelInfo(name="gemm"))
+  return UOp(Ops.PROGRAM, src=(sink, UOp(Ops.DEVICE, arg=Device.DEFAULT), UOp(Ops.LINEAR, src=(*sink.src, sink)), UOp(Ops.SOURCE, arg=src)))
+
+C_asm = Tensor.custom_kernel(C_asm, from_torch(A), from_torch(Bt), fxn=custom_asm_gemm)[0]
+
+# ** run gemms
+
+sched = Tensor.schedule(C_tiny, C_asm)
+eis = [si.lower() for si in sched]
+
+with Context(DEBUG=2):
+  for ei in eis:
+    et = ei.run({"SZ":N}, wait=True)
+    print(f"{(N*N*N*2 / et)*1e-12:.2f} REAL TFLOPS")
+
+# ** correctness
+
+import ctypes
+
+def torch_bf16(t:Tensor) -> torch.tensor:
+  asm_out = t.to("cpu").realize().uop.buffer._buf
+  buf = (ctypes.c_uint16*C_asm.uop.size).from_address(asm_out.va_addr)
+  return torch.frombuffer(buf, dtype=torch.bfloat16, count=C_asm.uop.size).reshape(C_asm.shape)
+
+assert torch.allclose(torch_bf16(C_asm), C_torch, rtol=1e-2, atol=1e-3)
+assert torch.allclose(torch_bf16(C_tiny), C_torch, rtol=1e-2, atol=1e-3)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ b.copyin(row.data)
 c.copyin(mat.data)
 ret = prog(a._buf, b._buf, c._buf, global_size=[1,1,1], local_size=[8,1,1], wait=True)
 print(ret)
-out = np.frombuffer(a.as_memoryview(), np.float32)
+out = np.frombuffer(a.as_buffer(), np.float32)
 real = row.astype(np.float32)@mat.T.astype(np.float32)
 print("out:", out)
 print("real", real)
@@ -98,10 +98,10 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
  # check correctness
  if getenv("VERIFY"):
    from tinygrad.engine.realize import run_schedule
-    triton_buf = np.frombuffer(si.bufs[0].as_memoryview(), np.float16).reshape(M,N)
+    triton_buf = np.frombuffer(si.bufs[0].as_buffer(), np.float16).reshape(M,N)
    print(triton_buf)
    run_schedule(sched)
-    tinygrad_buf = np.frombuffer(si.bufs[0].as_memoryview(), np.float16).reshape(M,N)
+    tinygrad_buf = np.frombuffer(si.bufs[0].as_buffer(), np.float16).reshape(M,N)
    print(tinygrad_buf)
    np.testing.assert_allclose(triton_buf, tinygrad_buf)
    print("correct!")
@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3

 import argparse, glob, os, time, subprocess, sys
-from tinygrad.helpers import temp

 def scan_devs_based_on_lock(prefix:str, args) -> list[str]:
  target_dev = args.pci_bus if 'pci_bus' in args.__dir__() else ""

  devs = []
-  for dev in glob.glob(temp(f'{prefix}_*.lock')):
-    dev_id = dev.split('/')[-1][len(prefix)+1:-5]
-    if dev_id.startswith(target_dev): devs.append(dev_id)
+  for dev in glob.glob(f'/tmp/{prefix}_*.lock'):
+    dev_id = dev[8:-5]
+    if os.path.exists(f"/sys/bus/pci/devices/{dev_id}") and dev_id.startswith(target_dev): devs.append(dev_id)
  return devs

 def _do_reset_device(pci_bus): os.system(f"sudo sh -c 'echo 1 > /sys/bus/pci/devices/{pci_bus}/reset'")
@@ -54,7 +53,16 @@ def cmd_show_pids(args):

  for dev in devs:
    try:
-      pid = subprocess.check_output(['sudo', 'lsof', temp(f'{prefix}_{dev}.lock')]).decode('utf-8').strip().split('\n')[1].split()[1]
+      pid = subprocess.check_output(['sudo', 'lsof', f'/tmp/{prefix}_{dev}.lock']).decode('utf-8').strip().split('\n')[1].split()[1]
+      print(f"{dev}: {pid}")
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError: print(f"{dev}: No processes found using this device")
+
+def cmd_kill_pids(args):
+  devs = scan_devs_based_on_lock(prefix:={"amd":"am", "nv":"nv"}[args.backend], args)
+
+  for dev in devs:
+    try:
+      pid = subprocess.check_output(['sudo', 'lsof', f'/tmp/{prefix}_{dev}.lock']).decode('utf-8').strip().split('\n')[1].split()[1]
      print(f"{dev}: {pid}")
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError: print(f"{dev}: No processes found using this device")

@@ -66,7 +74,7 @@ def cmd_kill_pids(args):
      if i > 0: time.sleep(0.2)

      try:
-        try: pid = subprocess.check_output(['sudo', 'lsof', temp(f'{prefix}_{dev}.lock')]).decode('utf-8').strip().split('\n')[1].split()[1]
+        try: pid = subprocess.check_output(['sudo', 'lsof', f'/tmp/{prefix}_{dev}.lock']).decode('utf-8').strip().split('\n')[1].split()[1]
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError: break

        print(f"Killing process {pid} (which uses {dev})")
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More