fix that test

* generic range changes that work for str + int

* opt range counts up

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -306,6 +306,7 @@ jobs:
       with:
         key: spec-unit
         deps: testing_unit
+        python-version: '3.14'
     - name: Test SPEC=2
       run: IGNORE_OOB=0 SPEC=2 PYTHONPATH="." pytest --maxfail=10 -n auto --durations=30 --ignore=test/models --ignore test/unit/test_hashing.py --timeout 60 -k "not test_setitem_big" --splits 2 --group ${{ matrix.group }}
 

extra/nv_gpu_driver/nv_ioctl.py

@@ -64,14 +64,17 @@ nvcmds = {getattr(nv_gpu, x):(x, getattr(nv_gpu, "struct_"+x+"_PARAMS", getattr(
           x.startswith("NV") and x[6:].startswith("_CTRL_") and isinstance(getattr(nv_gpu, x), int)}
 
 def get_classes():
-  hdrpy = (pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "tinygrad/runtime/autogen/nv_570.py").read_text()
-  clss = re.search(r'NV01_ROOT.*?NV_SEMAPHORE_SURFACE = \(0x000000da\) # macro', hdrpy, re.DOTALL).group()
-  pattern = r'([0-9a-zA-Z_]*) = +\((0x[0-9a-fA-F]+)\)'
-  matches = re.findall(pattern, clss, re.MULTILINE)
-  return {int(num, base=16):name for name, num in matches}
+  res = {}
+  known_classes = {"NV01_DEVICE_0", "NV01_ROOT", "NV1_MEMORY_SYSTEM", "NV01_MEMORY_VIRTUAL", "NV1_MEMORY_USER", "NV50_MEMORY_VIRTUAL", "NV_FERMI_VASPACE_A",
+                   "NV20_SUBDEVICE_0"}
+  for nm,val in nv_gpu.__dict__.items():
+    if not isinstance(val, int): continue
+    if 0x3000 < val < 0xffff: res[val] = nm
+    if nm in known_classes: res[val] = nm
+  return res
 nvclasses = get_classes()
 nvuvms = {getattr(nv_gpu, x):x for x in dir(nv_gpu) if x.startswith("UVM_") and nv_gpu.__dict__.get(x+"_PARAMS")}
-nvqcmds = {int(getattr(nv_gpu, x)):x for x in dir(nv_gpu) if x[:7] in {"NVC6C0_", "NVC56F_", "NVC6B5_"} and isinstance(getattr(nv_gpu, x), int)}
+nvqcmds = {int(getattr(nv_gpu, x)):x for x in dir(nv_gpu) if x[:7] in {"NVC9B0_", "NVC6C0_", "NVC56F_", "NVC6B5_"} and isinstance(getattr(nv_gpu, x), int)}
 
 global_ioctl_id = 0
 gpus_user_modes = []

extra/sqtt/roc.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import ctypes, pathlib, argparse, pickle, re, functools, dataclasses, itertools
+import ctypes, pathlib, argparse, pickle, re, functools, dataclasses, itertools, threading
 from tinygrad.helpers import temp, unwrap, DEBUG
 from tinygrad.device import ProfileEvent, ProfileDeviceEvent, ProfileProgramEvent
 from tinygrad.runtime.ops_amd import ProfileSQTTEvent, ProfilePMCEvent
@@ -94,14 +94,14 @@ def decode(profile:list[ProfileEvent]) -> _ROCParseCtx:
   ROCParseCtx = _ROCParseCtx(dev_events, sqtt_events, prog_events)
 
   @rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_se_data_callback_t
-  def copy_cb(buf, buf_size, data_ptr):
+  def copy_cb(buf, buf_size, _):
     if (prof_info:=ROCParseCtx.next_sqtt()) is None: return 0
     buf[0] = ctypes.cast(prof_info, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_ubyte))
     buf_size[0] = len(prof_info)
     return len(prof_info)
 
   @rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_trace_callback_t
-  def trace_cb(record_type, events_ptr, n, data_ptr):
+  def trace_cb(record_type, events_ptr, n, _):
     match record_type:
       case rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_RECORD_OCCUPANCY:
         for ev in (rocprof.rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_occupancy_t * n).from_address(events_ptr): ROCParseCtx.on_occupancy_ev(ev)
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def decode(profile:list[ProfileEvent]) -> _ROCParseCtx:
     return rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_STATUS_SUCCESS
 
   @rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_isa_callback_t
-  def isa_cb(instr_ptr, mem_size_ptr, size_ptr, pc, data_ptr):
+  def isa_cb(instr_ptr, mem_size_ptr, size_ptr, pc, _):
     instr, mem_size_ptr[0] = ROCParseCtx.disasms[(unwrap(ROCParseCtx.active_kern), pc.address)]
 
     # this is the number of bytes to next instruction, set to 0 for end_pgm
@@ -126,9 +126,11 @@ def decode(profile:list[ProfileEvent]) -> _ROCParseCtx:
 
     return rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_STATUS_SUCCESS
 
-  try:
-    rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_parse_data(copy_cb, trace_cb, isa_cb, None)
-  except AttributeError as e: raise RuntimeError("Failed to find rocprof-trace-decoder. Run sudo ./extra/sqtt/install_sqtt_decoder.py to install") from e
+  def worker():
+    try: rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_parse_data(copy_cb, trace_cb, isa_cb, None)
+    except AttributeError as e: raise RuntimeError("Failed to find rocprof-trace-decoder. Run sudo ./extra/sqtt/install_sqtt_decoder.py to install") from e
+  (t:=threading.Thread(target=worker, daemon=True)).start()
+  t.join()
   return ROCParseCtx
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

extra/thunder/tiny/tk/group.py

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class Group:
     self.ker.push_store(dst_store, dst)
     return dst.after(dst_store).reshape(dst.shape)
 
-  def mma_AB(self, c:UOp|RT, a:UOp|RT, b:UOp|RT, after=True):
+  def mma_AB(self, c:UOp|RT, a:UOp|RT, b:UOp|RT):
     c, a, b = cast(UOp, c), cast(UOp, a), cast(UOp, b)
     assert self.warps == 1
 
@@ -77,9 +77,9 @@ class Group:
           c_store = UOp.group(*c_i).end(height, width, inner)
 
     self.ker.push_store(c_store, c)
-    return c.after(c_store).reshape(c.shape) if after else c_store
+    return c.after(c_store).reshape(c.shape)
 
-  def mma_ABt(self, c:UOp|RT, a:UOp|RT, b:UOp|RT, after=True):
+  def mma_ABt(self, c:UOp|RT, a:UOp|RT, b:UOp|RT):
     c, a, b = cast(UOp, c), cast(UOp, a), cast(UOp, b)
     assert self.warps == 1
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class Group:
           c_store = UOp.group(*c_i).end(height, width, inner)
 
     self.ker.push_store(c_store, c)
-    return c.after(c_store).reshape(c.shape) if after else c_store
+    return c.after(c_store).reshape(c.shape)
 
   map_rid = 400
   def map(self, a:ALL_TILES, op:Callable[[UOp], UOp]|Callable[[UOp, tuple], UOp]):

extra/thunder/tiny/tk/kernel.py

@@ -80,7 +80,11 @@ class Kernel(AbstractContextManager):
     rngs = []
     while self.range_stack: rngs.append(self.range_stack.pop(0)._rng)
 
-    return self.store_stack.pop()[0]._uop.end(*rngs).sink(arg=KernelInfo(opts_to_apply=())).simplify()
+    last_store = self.store_stack.pop()[0]
+    if hasattr(last_store, '_uop'): uop = last_store._uop
+    else: uop = last_store
+
+    return uop.end(*rngs).sink(arg=KernelInfo(opts_to_apply=())).simplify()
 
   def endrange(self):
     last_store = self.store_stack.pop()

test/external/process_replay/process_replay.py

@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ def trunc_log(x):
   logging.info("\n".join(lines))
 
 # user config
-SKIP_PROCESS_REPLAY = (k:="[skip_process_replay]") in os.getenv("COMMIT_MESSAGE", "") or k in os.getenv("PR_TITLE", "")
+# NOTE: process replay is slow so it's now disabled by default. add [pr] to enable it
+#SKIP_PROCESS_REPLAY = (k:="[skip_process_replay]") in os.getenv("COMMIT_MESSAGE", "") or k in os.getenv("PR_TITLE", "")
+SKIP_PROCESS_REPLAY = not ASSERT_DIFF
 if REF == "master": SKIP_PROCESS_REPLAY = True
 class ProcessReplayWarning(Warning): pass
 

test/test_outerworld.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import unittest
-from tinygrad import Tensor, UOp
+import numpy as np
+from tinygrad import Tensor, UOp, nn
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import AxisType, Ops
 
 class TestOuterworldReduce(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -71,21 +72,6 @@ class TestOuterScan(unittest.TestCase):
     ref.realize()
     return vec, mats, ref
 
-  def test_uop_fold_matmul(self):
-    vec, mats, ref = self._test_scan()
-
-    # 3 matmuls with FOLD
-    i = UOp.range(3, -100, AxisType.OUTER)
-    out = Tensor.empty(1, 10)
-    phi = Tensor(i.eq(0).where(vec.uop, out.uop))
-    comp = phi @ mats[i]
-    store = out.uop.store(comp.uop).end(i)
-    out = Tensor(out.uop.after(store))
-    out.realize()
-
-    # TODO: testing allclose
-    assert Tensor.allclose(ref[2], out, atol=1e-6), f"{ref.numpy()=}, {out.numpy()=}"
-
   def test_uop_scan_matmul(self):
     vec, mats, ref = self._test_scan()
 
@@ -161,83 +147,84 @@ class TestOuterworld(unittest.TestCase):
     self.assertListEqual([[0,4,8],[4,8,12],[8,12,16]], out.tolist())
 
 class TestVmap(unittest.TestCase):
-  def test_vmap_inner(self):
-    x = Tensor.ones(3, 2).contiguous()
-
-    # vmap across axis 0
-    a = UOp.range(3, -1)
-    out = x[a]*2
-    out = out.end(a)
-    out.realize()
-
-    self.assertTrue((out==2).all().item())
-
-  def test_vmap_outer(self):
-    x = Tensor.ones(3, 2).contiguous()
-
-    # vmap across axis 0
-    a = UOp.range(3, -1, AxisType.OUTER)
-    out = x[a]*2
-    out = out.end(a)
-    out.realize()
-
-    self.assertTrue((out==2).all().item())
-
-  def test_fancy_vmap(self):
-    def f(x,y): return x+y
-
-    x = Tensor.arange(9).reshape(3,3).contiguous()
-    y = Tensor.arange(9).reshape(3,3).contiguous()
-
-    a = UOp.range(3, -1)
-    out = f(x[:,a], y[a,:])
-    out = out.end(a).realize()
-    self.assertListEqual([[0,4,8],[4,8,12],[8,12,16]], out.tolist())
-
-  def test_vmap_inner_fusion(self):
-    x = Tensor.ones(3, 10, 2).contiguous()
-
-    # vmap across axis 0
-    a = UOp.range(3, -1)
-    out = x[a].sum(axis=0)*2
-    out = out.end(a)*4
-    out.realize()
-
-    self.assertTrue((out==10*2*4).all().item())
-
-  def test_vmap_outer_fusion(self):
-    x = Tensor.ones(3, 10, 2).contiguous()
-
-    # vmap across axis 0
-    a = UOp.range(3, -1, AxisType.OUTER)
-    out = x[a].sum(axis=0)*2
-    out = out.end(a)*4
-    out.realize()
-
-    self.assertTrue((out==10*2*4).all().item())
-
-  def test_vmap_outer_matmul(self):
-    x = Tensor.ones(1, 10).contiguous().requires_grad_()
-    mats = Tensor.ones(3, 10, 10).contiguous()
-
-    # vmap across axis 0
-    a = UOp.range(3, -1, AxisType.OUTER)
-    out = x @ mats[a]
-    out = out.end(a)
-
-    out.realize()
-
-  def test_vmap_outer_matmul_grad(self):
+  def test_vmap_inner(self, axis_type=AxisType.LOOP, fuse=False, grad=False):
     x = Tensor.ones(1, 10).contiguous().requires_grad_()
     mats = Tensor.ones(3, 10, 10).contiguous().requires_grad_()
 
-    # vmap across axis 0
-    a = UOp.range(3, -1, AxisType.OUTER)
-    out = x @ mats[a]
-    out = out.end(a)
-    out.mean().backward()
+    ref = x @ mats
+    if fuse: ref = ref * 2
 
-    mats.grad.realize()
+    # vmap across axis 0
+    a = UOp.range(3, -1, axis_type)
+    out = x @ mats[a]
+    out = out.reshape(1, 10).pad(((a,(3-a)-1), None))
+    out = Tensor(out.uop.reduce(a, arg=Ops.ADD))
+    if fuse: out = out * 2
+    if grad:
+      out.mean().backward()
+      np.testing.assert_allclose(mats.grad.numpy(), (2./30) if fuse else (1./30))
+    out.realize()
+
+    # TODO: testing allclose
+    assert Tensor.allclose(ref, out, atol=1e-6), f"{ref.numpy()=}, {out.numpy()=}"
+  def test_vmap_inner_fuse(self): self.test_vmap_inner(fuse=True)
+  def test_vmap_outer(self): self.test_vmap_inner(AxisType.OUTER)
+  def test_vmap_outer_fuse(self): self.test_vmap_inner(AxisType.OUTER, fuse=True)
+
+  def test_vmap_inner_grad(self): self.test_vmap_inner(grad=True)
+  def test_vmap_inner_fuse_grad(self): self.test_vmap_inner(fuse=True, grad=True)
+  def test_vmap_outer_grad(self): self.test_vmap_inner(AxisType.OUTER, grad=True)
+
+  def test_vmap_convs(self):
+    layers = [
+      nn.Conv2d(1, 8, 3), Tensor.relu,
+      nn.Conv2d(8, 8, 3), Tensor.relu]
+    img = Tensor.randn(4, 1, 16, 16).realize(*nn.state.get_parameters(layers))
+    a = UOp.range(4, -1, AxisType.OUTER)
+    out = img[a:a+1].sequential(layers)
+    out = out.pad(((a,(4-a)-1), None, None, None))
+    out = Tensor(out.uop.reduce(a, arg=Ops.ADD))
+    out.realize()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(out.numpy(), img.sequential(layers).numpy(), atol=1e-6)
+
+  def test_vmap_gemm(self):
+    layers = [
+      nn.Linear(16, 16, bias=False), Tensor.relu,
+      nn.Linear(16, 16, bias=False), Tensor.relu]
+    img = Tensor.randn(4, 16).realize(*nn.state.get_parameters(layers))
+    a = UOp.range(4, -1, AxisType.OUTER)
+    out = img[a:a+1].sequential(layers)
+    out = out.pad(((a,(4-a)-1), None))
+    out = Tensor(out.uop.reduce(a, arg=Ops.ADD))
+    out.realize()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(out.numpy(), img.sequential(layers).numpy(), atol=1e-6)
+
+  @unittest.skip("this is broken, we need to lower the outer reduce in the outer graph")
+  def test_vmap_gemm_grad(self):
+    layers = [
+      nn.Linear(16, 16, bias=False), Tensor.relu,
+      nn.Linear(16, 16, bias=False), Tensor.relu]
+    layer_tensors = nn.state.get_parameters(layers)
+    img = Tensor.randn(4, 16).realize(*layer_tensors)
+    for l in layer_tensors: l.requires_grad_()
+    a = UOp.range(4, -1, AxisType.OUTER)
+    out = img[a:a+1].sequential(layers)
+    out = out.pad(((a,(4-a)-1), None))
+    out = Tensor(out.uop.reduce(a, arg=Ops.ADD))
+    out.mean().backward()
+    grads = [l.grad for l in layer_tensors]
+    out.realize(*grads)
+    out_grads = [x.numpy() for x in grads]
+
+    # compute reference grads
+    for l in layer_tensors: l.grad = None
+    img.sequential(layers).mean().backward()
+    grads = [l.grad for l in layer_tensors]
+    out.realize(*grads)
+    ref_grads = [x.numpy() for x in grads]
+
+    # compare
+    for o,r in zip(out_grads, ref_grads): np.testing.assert_allclose(o, r, atol=1e-6)
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()

test/test_uops.py

@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ class TestUOpStr(unittest.TestCase):
 
 class TestUPatHelpers(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_location(self):
-    self.assertEqual(sym.patterns[-1][0].location[0].replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1], "math.py")
+    self.assertEqual(sym.patterns[-1][0].location[0].replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1], "symbolic.py")
     self.assertEqual(shared_spec.patterns[0][0].location[0].replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1], "spec.py")
     test_upat = UPat(Ops.CONST, dtypes.bool)
     self.assertEqual(test_upat.location[0].split("/")[-1], __file__.replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1])

test/unit/test_autogen.py

@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ from tinygrad.runtime.support.c import Struct
 class TestAutogen(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_packed_struct_sizeof(self):
     layout = [('a', ctypes.c_char), ('b', ctypes.c_int, 5), ('c', ctypes.c_char)]
-    class X(ctypes.Structure): _fields_, _layout_ = layout, 'gcc-sysv'
     class Y(ctypes.Structure): _fields_, _pack_, _layout_ = layout, 1, 'ms'
-    class Z(Struct): _packed_, _fields_ = True, layout
-    self.assertNotEqual(ctypes.sizeof(X), 4) # ctypes bug! gcc-13.3.0 says this should have size 4
+    class Z(Struct): pass
+    Z._packed_, Z._fields_ = True, layout
     self.assertEqual(ctypes.sizeof(Y), 6)
     self.assertEqual(ctypes.sizeof(Z), 3)
     layout = [('a', ctypes.c_int, 31), ('b', ctypes.c_int, 31), ('c', ctypes.c_int, 1), ('d', ctypes.c_int, 1)]
     class Foo(ctypes.Structure): _fields_, _layout_ = layout, 'gcc-sysv'
     class Bar(ctypes.Structure): _fields_, _pack_, _layout_ = layout, 1, 'ms'
-    class Baz(Struct): _fields_, _packed_ = layout, True
+    class Baz(Struct): pass
+    Baz._packed_, Baz._fields_ = True, layout
     self.assertEqual(ctypes.sizeof(Foo), 12)
     self.assertEqual(ctypes.sizeof(Bar), 12)
     self.assertEqual(ctypes.sizeof(Baz), 8)

test/unit/test_microbenchmarks.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import unittest, time
+from tinygrad.helpers import Profiling
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp
 from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes
 
@@ -38,6 +39,14 @@ class TestMicrobenchmarks(unittest.TestCase):
     a = UOp.const(dtypes.int, 2)
     for _ in range(N): (a+a).simplify()
 
+class TestMicroprofile(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_uop_simplify_complex(self):
+    x = UOp.variable("x", 0, 10)
+    y = UOp.variable("y", 0, 10)
+    expr = (x*2)+5+(x*4)+(y*2)+y
+    with Profiling():
+      for _ in range(1000): expr.simplify()
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()
 

tinygrad/codegen/opt/postrange.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class Scheduler:
     self.ast, self.ren = ast, ren
     self.dont_use_locals = self.ast.arg.dont_use_locals if self.ast.arg is not None else False
     self.applied_opts = list(self.ast.arg.applied_opts) if self.ast.arg is not None else []
+    self.opt_range = itertools.count(start=max([x.arg[0] for x in self.rngs], default=0)+1)
 
   @property
   def rngs(self):
@@ -29,8 +30,6 @@ class Scheduler:
   def full_shape(self): return [ssimplify(x.src[0]) for x in self.rngs]
   @property
   def axis_types(self): return [x.arg[-1] for x in self.rngs]
-  @property
-  def maxarg(self): return max([x.arg[0] for x in self.rngs], default=0)
 
   # strings like ['g0', 'g1', 'l0', 'l1', 'l2', 'l3', 'l4', 'l5', 'R0', 'r0', 'r1', 'r2', 'u0', 'u1', 'u2']
   def shape_str(self) -> list[str]:
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ class Scheduler:
   def shift_to(self, rng:UOp, amount:int, new_type:AxisType, top:bool=False, input_new_rng=None):
     if (old_sz:=rng.src[0].divides(amount)) is None:
       raise KernelOptError(f"{amount} can't divide {rng.src[0]} in {self.colored_shape()}")
-    new_rng = UOp.range(amount, self.maxarg+1, new_type) if input_new_rng is None else input_new_rng
+    new_rng = UOp.range(amount, next(self.opt_range), new_type) if input_new_rng is None else input_new_rng
     replaced_rng = rng.replace(src=(UOp.const(dtypes.int, old_sz),))
     sub_axis = (new_rng * old_sz + replaced_rng) if top else (replaced_rng * amount + new_rng)
     self.ast = self.ast.substitute({rng:sub_axis}, name=f"shift {rng.arg[:-1]} {amount} {str(new_type).split('.')[1].lower()}")
@@ -231,9 +230,9 @@ class Scheduler:
       for tc in tensor_cores:
         if tc.dtype_in == in0.dtype.scalar() and tc.dtype_in == in1.dtype.scalar() and tc.dtype_out == reduceop.dtype.scalar():
           # tensor cores have three ranges. X, Y, and REDUCE
-          in0_ranges = sorted([u for u in in0.ranges if u not in in1.ranges], key=lambda x: -x.arg[0])
-          in1_ranges = sorted([u for u in in1.ranges if u not in in0.ranges], key=lambda x: -x.arg[0])
-          red_ranges = sorted(reduceop.src[1:], key=lambda x: -x.arg[0])
+          in0_ranges = sorted([u for u in in0.ranges if u not in in1.ranges], key=lambda x: x.arg[0], reverse=True)
+          in1_ranges = sorted([u for u in in1.ranges if u not in in0.ranges], key=lambda x: x.arg[0], reverse=True)
+          red_ranges = sorted(reduceop.src[1:], key=lambda x: x.arg[0], reverse=True)
           if DEBUG >= 3:
             print(f"TC({axis}): {[(x.arg[0],x.vmax+1) for x in in0_ranges]}",
                               f"{[(x.arg[0],x.vmax+1) for x in in1_ranges]} {[(x.arg[0],x.vmax+1) for x in red_ranges]}")

tinygrad/gradient.py

@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ import math, dataclasses
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, PatternMatcher, UPat, Ops, all_metadata
 from tinygrad.helpers import argsort
 
-def reduce_gradient(ctx:UOp, ret:UOp):
+def reduce_gradient(ctx:UOp, ret:UOp, op:Ops):
   def broadcast_to_input(x): return x.reshape(x.shape+(1,)*(len(ret.src[0].shape)-len(x.shape))).expand(ret.src[0].shape)
-  if ret.arg[0] == Ops.ADD: return (broadcast_to_input(ctx),)
-  if ret.arg[0] == Ops.MAX:
+  if op == Ops.ADD: return (broadcast_to_input(ctx),)
+  if op == Ops.MAX:
+    assert ret.op is Ops.REDUCE_AXIS, "only works on REDUCE_AXIS"
     mask = ret.src[0].eq(broadcast_to_input(ret)).cast(ctx.dtype)
     count = mask.r(Ops.ADD, ret.arg[1])
     return ((mask/broadcast_to_input(count)) * broadcast_to_input(ctx),)
-  if ret.arg[0] == Ops.MUL: return (broadcast_to_input(ctx * ret) / ret.src[0],)
+  if op == Ops.MUL: return (broadcast_to_input(ctx * ret) / ret.src[0],)
 
 # ctx is grad_output
 pm_gradient = PatternMatcher([
@@ -28,7 +29,8 @@ pm_gradient = PatternMatcher([
     ((x>y).where(ctx, (x.eq(y)).where(ctx * 0.5, 0)), (x<y).where(ctx, (x.eq(y)).where(ctx * 0.5, 0)))),
   (UPat(Ops.MUL, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: (ret.src[1]*ctx, ret.src[0]*ctx)),
   (UPat(Ops.WHERE, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: (None, ret.src[0].where(ctx, ctx.const_like(0)), ret.src[0].where(ctx.const_like(0), ctx))),
-  (UPat(Ops.REDUCE_AXIS, name="ret"), reduce_gradient),
+  (UPat(Ops.REDUCE_AXIS, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: reduce_gradient(ctx, ret, ret.arg[0])),
+  (UPat(Ops.REDUCE, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: reduce_gradient(ctx, ret, ret.arg) + (None,)*(len(ret.src)-1)),
   (UPat(Ops.CONTIGUOUS), lambda ctx: (ctx,)),
   (UPat(Ops.CONTIGUOUS_BACKWARD), lambda ctx: (ctx.contiguous(),)),
   (UPat(Ops.RESHAPE, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: (ctx.reshape(ret.src[0].shape), None)),
@@ -43,8 +45,6 @@ pm_gradient = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.KERNEL, name="k"), lambda ctx, k: k.arg.grad_fxn(ctx, k)),
   # there's no gradient for bitcast
   (UPat(Ops.BITCAST), lambda: (None,)),
-  # this only works on single ends of outer ranges
-  (UPat(Ops.END, name="e"), lambda ctx, e: (ctx.shrink(((e.src[1],e.src[1]+1),)+(None,)*(len(ctx.shape)-1)).reshape(ctx.shape[1:]), None)),
 ])
 
 def _deepwalk(root:UOp, targets:set[UOp]) -> list[UOp]:
@@ -70,4 +70,8 @@ def compute_gradient(root:UOp, root_grad:UOp, targets:set[UOp]) -> dict[UOp, UOp
         # we add the backward metadata to everything new in the graph
         for bw_uop in v.toposort(lambda x: x not in (t0, *t0.src, grads[t0])):
           all_metadata[bw_uop] = all_metadata.get(bw_uop, ())+backward_metadata
+  # end any ranges on grads with a reduce sum
+  for k,v in grads.items():
+    if len(v.ranges):
+      grads[k] = v.reduce(*v.ranges, arg=Ops.ADD)
   return grads

tinygrad/runtime/autogen/am/smu_v14_0_2.py

@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ PP_GRTAVFS_FW_SEP_FUSE_FREQUENCY_TO_COUNT_SCALER_4 = PP_GRTAVFS_FW_SEP_FUSE_e.de
 PP_GRTAVFS_FW_SEP_FUSE_COUNT = PP_GRTAVFS_FW_SEP_FUSE_e.define('PP_GRTAVFS_FW_SEP_FUSE_COUNT', 19)
 
 class SviTelemetryScale_t(Struct): pass
-int8_t = ctypes.c_char
+int8_t = ctypes.c_byte
 SviTelemetryScale_t._fields_ = [
   ('Offset', int8_t),
   ('Padding', uint8_t),

tinygrad/runtime/autogen/mesa.py

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ NIR_CMAT_C_SIGNED = nir_cmat_signed.define('NIR_CMAT_C_SIGNED', 4)
 NIR_CMAT_RESULT_SIGNED = nir_cmat_signed.define('NIR_CMAT_RESULT_SIGNED', 8)
 
 class nir_const_value(ctypes.Union): pass
-int8_t = ctypes.c_char
+int8_t = ctypes.c_byte
 uint8_t = ctypes.c_ubyte
 int16_t = ctypes.c_int16
 uint16_t = ctypes.c_uint16
@@ -3723,7 +3723,7 @@ struct__IO_FILE._fields_ = [
   ('_flags2', ctypes.c_int32),
   ('_old_offset', ctypes.c_int64),
   ('_cur_column', ctypes.c_uint16),
-  ('_vtable_offset', ctypes.c_char),
+  ('_vtable_offset', ctypes.c_byte),
   ('_shortbuf', (ctypes.c_char * 1)),
   ('_lock', ctypes.POINTER(_IO_lock_t)),
   ('_offset', ctypes.c_int64),

tinygrad/runtime/ops_amd.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from tinygrad.runtime.support.hcq import MMIOInterface, BumpAllocator, hcq_filte
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import sint
 from tinygrad.device import Compiled, DMAFdRef, BufferSpec, CompilerPairT
 from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, round_up, data64_le, DEBUG, PROFILE, ProfileEvent, suppress_finalizing, lo32, hi32, colored, prod, ContextVar
+from tinygrad.helpers import VIZ
 from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import AMDRenderer
 from tinygrad.renderer.llvmir import AMDLLVMRenderer
 from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import kfd, hsa, pci, sqtt
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ from tinygrad.runtime.support.amd import AMDReg, AMDIP, import_module, import_so
 from tinygrad.runtime.support.system import System, PCIIfaceBase, PCIAllocationMeta, PCIDevice, USBPCIDevice, MAP_FIXED, MAP_NORESERVE
 if getenv("IOCTL"): import extra.hip_gpu_driver.hip_ioctl  # noqa: F401 # pylint: disable=unused-import
 
-SQTT, SQTT_ITRACE_SE_MASK, PMC = ContextVar("SQTT", 0), ContextVar("SQTT_ITRACE_SE_MASK", 0b11), ContextVar("PMC", 0)
+SQTT, SQTT_ITRACE_SE_MASK, PMC = ContextVar("SQTT", VIZ.value>=2), ContextVar("SQTT_ITRACE_SE_MASK", 0b11), ContextVar("PMC", 0)
 EVENT_INDEX_PARTIAL_FLUSH = 4 # based on a comment in nvd.h
 WAIT_REG_MEM_FUNCTION_EQ  = 3 # ==
 WAIT_REG_MEM_FUNCTION_NEQ = 4 # !=

tinygrad/runtime/support/autogen.py

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def gen(dll, files, args=[], prolog=[], rules=[], epilog=[], recsym=False, use_e
     suggested_name = anon_names.get(f"{loc_file(loc(decl:=clang.clang_getTypeDeclaration(t)))}:{loc_line(loc(decl))}", suggested_name)
     nonlocal lines, types, anoncnt, objc
     tmap = {clang.CXType_Void:"None", clang.CXType_Char_U:"ctypes.c_ubyte", clang.CXType_UChar:"ctypes.c_ubyte", clang.CXType_Char_S:"ctypes.c_char",
-            clang.CXType_SChar:"ctypes.c_char",
+            clang.CXType_SChar:"ctypes.c_byte",
             **{getattr(clang, f'CXType_{k}'):f"ctypes.c_{k.lower()}" for k in ["Bool", "WChar", "Float", "Double", "LongDouble"]},
             **{getattr(clang, f'CXType_{k}'):f"ctypes.c_{'u' if 'U' in k else ''}int{sz}" for sz,k in
                [(16, "UShort"), (16, "Short"), (32, "UInt"), (32, "Int"), (64, "ULong"), (64, "Long"), (64, "ULongLong"), (64, "LongLong")]}}

tinygrad/runtime/support/compiler_amd.py

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ class HIPCCCompiler(Compiler):
         subprocess.run(["hipcc", "-c", "-emit-llvm", "--cuda-device-only", "-O3", "-mcumode",
                         f"--offload-arch={self.arch}", "-I/opt/rocm/include/hip", "-o", bcf.name, srcf.name] + self.extra_options, check=True)
         subprocess.run(["hipcc", "-target", "amdgcn-amd-amdhsa", f"-mcpu={self.arch}",
-                        "-O3", "-mllvm", "-amdgpu-internalize-symbols", "-c", "-o", libf.name, bcf.name], check=True)
+                        "-O3", "-mllvm", "-amdgpu-internalize-symbols", "-c", "-o", libf.name, bcf.name] + self.extra_options, check=True)
 
         return pathlib.Path(libf.name).read_bytes()
   def disassemble(self, lib:bytes): amdgpu_disassemble(lib)

tinygrad/schedule/indexing.py

@@ -24,8 +24,10 @@ def realize_assign(ctx:dict[UOp, None], a:UOp) -> None:
 pm_generate_realize_map = PatternMatcher([
   # always realize SINK src
   (UPat(Ops.SINK, name="s"), lambda ctx,s: ctx.update((x.base, None) for x in s.src if x.base.op not in ALWAYS_CONTIGUOUS)),
-  # always realize COPY/BUFFER_VIEW/CONTIGUOUS/STORE/END
-  (UPat({Ops.COPY, Ops.BUFFER_VIEW, Ops.CONTIGUOUS, Ops.STORE, Ops.END}, name="tr"), realize),
+  # always realize COPY/BUFFER_VIEW/CONTIGUOUS/STORE
+  (UPat({Ops.COPY, Ops.BUFFER_VIEW, Ops.CONTIGUOUS, Ops.STORE}, name="tr"), realize),
+  # always realize REDUCE on outer ranges
+  (UPat(Ops.REDUCE, name="r"), lambda ctx,r: realize(ctx, r) if any(tr.arg[-1] == AxisType.OUTER for tr in r.src[1:]) else None),
   # realize srcs of COPY, MSELECT, MSTACK
   (UPat((Ops.COPY, Ops.MSELECT, Ops.MSTACK), name="rb"), realize_srcs),
   # realize ASSIGN and input to assign (might be optimized out)
@@ -66,9 +68,6 @@ def create_bufferize_and_index_based_on_ranges(ctx:IndexingContext, x:UOp):
         new_src = s.end(*[r for r in closed_ranges if r.op is Ops.RANGE])
         del ctx.realize_map[s]
       else:
-        if new_src.op is Ops.END:
-          # skip END
-          new_src = new_src.src[0]
         # None in the device assigns it a number later
         opts = BufferizeOpts(device=s.device) if len(ctx.range_map[s][1]) == len(realized_ranges) else BufferizeOpts(None, AddrSpace.LOCAL)
         new_src = UOp(Ops.BUFFERIZE, s.dtype, src=(new_src,)+closed_ranges, arg=opts, tag=s.tag if opts.addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL else None)
@@ -176,12 +175,8 @@ def run_rangeify(tsink:UOp, debug:bool=False) -> tuple[UOp, IndexingContext]:
 
     consumer_rngs = [rctx.range_map[c][0] for c in consumer_map[x] if c in rctx.range_map]
     if x in rctx.realize_map:
-      if x.op is Ops.END:
-        # for END, we use the ranges in the src as the early ones
-        out_rngs = x.src[1:]+tuple(rctx.new_range(s) for s in x.src[0].shape)
-      else:
-        # if this is in the realize_map, we create new ranges (at the output)
-        out_rngs = tuple(rctx.new_range(s) for s in x.shape)
+      # if this is in the realize_map, we create new ranges (at the output)
+      out_rngs = tuple(rctx.new_range(s) for s in x.shape)
       # all ranges are ended now
       ending_ranges[x] = []
       # mark all ranges as ended
@@ -256,10 +251,6 @@ def run_rangeify(tsink:UOp, debug:bool=False) -> tuple[UOp, IndexingContext]:
     if x.op is Ops.REDUCE_AXIS:
       rngs = tuple(rctx.new_range(s, axistype=AxisType.REDUCE) if i in x.arg[1] else r for i,(r,s) in enumerate(zip(rngs, x.src[0].shape)))
 
-    # END ends ranges
-    if x.op is Ops.END:
-      rngs = rngs[len(x.src)-1:]
-
     if debug:
       realized_ranges = rctx.realize_map.get(x, None)
       if x.op is Ops.RESHAPE or len(rngs) != len(out_rngs):

tinygrad/schedule/rangeify.py

@@ -325,6 +325,18 @@ def bufferize_to_store(ctx:itertools.count|None, x:UOp, idx:UOp, allow_locals=Tr
     for m in mops[::-1]: ret = ret._mop(*m)
     return ret
 
+  # lower outerworld reduce here
+  if x.src[0].op is Ops.REDUCE and len(x.src[0].src) == 2 and x.src[0].src[1].arg[-1] == AxisType.OUTER:
+    assert sdtype.addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL
+    outer_range = x.src[0].src[1]
+    buf = UOp.new_buffer(x.arg.device, size, x.dtype)
+    # NOTE: this has the same number as the outer range, we need string ranges!
+    zero_range = outer_range.replace(src=(UOp.const(dtypes.index, size),), arg=outer_range.arg[:-1]+(AxisType.LOOP,))
+    buf = buf.after(buf.index(zero_range).store(0).end(zero_range))
+    bufi = buf.index(idx, dtype=sdtype)
+    do_store = bufi.store(bufi.load() + x.src[0].src[0], tag=x.tag).end(*rngs).end(outer_range)
+    return buf.after(do_store)
+
   # NOTE: the DEFINE_LOCAL needs to be disambiguated here
   if sdtype.addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL:
     buf = UOp.new_buffer(x.arg.device, size, x.dtype)
@@ -500,12 +512,7 @@ def split_store(ctx:list[UOp], x:UOp) -> UOp|None:
     raise RuntimeError(f"all buffers must be on the same device: {tuple(b.buf_uop.buffer for b in kernel.src)}")
   return kernel
 
-def split_inner_and_outer_end(x: UOp):
-  outer_ranges, inner_ranges = partition(x.src[1:], lambda r: r.arg[-1] == AxisType.OUTER)
-  if len(outer_ranges) and len(inner_ranges): return x.src[0].end(*inner_ranges).end(*outer_ranges)
-
 split_kernels = PatternMatcher([
-  (UPat(Ops.END, name="x"), split_inner_and_outer_end),
   (UPat((Ops.STORE, Ops.END), name="x"), split_store),
 ])
 
@@ -516,7 +523,7 @@ def tag_uop(ctx:list[UOp], x:UOp):
   return x.replace(tag=(len(ctx)-1,))
 add_tags = PatternMatcher([
   # don't tag BUFFERs, they are global
-  (UPat(GroupOp.All-{Ops.BUFFER, Ops.CONST, Ops.DEVICE, Ops.UNIQUE, Ops.DEFINE_VAR, Ops.BIND, Ops.KERNEL,
+  (UPat(GroupOp.All-{Ops.BUFFER, Ops.CONST, Ops.DEVICE, Ops.UNIQUE, Ops.DEFINE_VAR, Ops.BIND, Ops.KERNEL, Ops.END,
                      Ops.MSTACK, Ops.MSELECT, Ops.RANGE}.union(GroupOp.Movement), name="x"), tag_uop),
   (UPat({Ops.MSTACK, Ops.MSELECT}, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: None if all(s.op is Ops.BUFFER for s in x.src) else tag_uop(ctx, x)),
 ])
@@ -549,7 +556,7 @@ def get_rangeify_map(sink:UOp) -> dict[UOp, UOp]:
   # convert movement ops to ranges
   tsink, rctx = run_rangeify(tsink, DEBUG_RANGEIFY)
 
-  tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, symbolic+pm_reduce_simplify+pm_const_buffer_folding, name="symbolic+reduce_collapse")  # this does const folding
+  tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, symbolic+pm_reduce_simplify+pm_const_buffer_folding, name="symbolic+reduce_collapse")
   tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, pm_remove_bufferize, bottom_up=True, name="remove bufferize with cost function")
   tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, symbolic+pm_reduce_simplify+pm_const_buffer_folding, name="symbolic+reduce_collapse pt 2")
   tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, pm_limit_bufs, ctx=rctx, name="limit buffers")

tinygrad/tensor.py

@@ -481,9 +481,6 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     if y.op is Ops.ADD: return Tensor.from_uop(y.src[0]) + Tensor.from_uop(y.src[1])
     raise RuntimeError(f"unhandled UOp {y}")
 
-  def end(self, *rngs:UOp):
-    return self._apply_uop(UOp.end, extra_args=rngs, dtype=self.dtype)
-
   # ***** creation entrypoint *****
 
   @staticmethod

tinygrad/uop/ops.py

@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ class UOpMetaClass(type):
     if SPEC > 1:
       from tinygrad.uop.spec import full_spec, test_pyrender
       if SPEC > 2: test_pyrender(created)
-      with Context(IGNORE_OOB=1): ret = full_spec.rewrite(created)
-      if cast(bool|None, ret) is not True: raise RuntimeError(f"SPEC ISSUE {ret}: {created}")
+      with Context(IGNORE_OOB=1): fret = cast(bool|None, full_spec.rewrite(created))
+      if fret is not True: raise RuntimeError(f"SPEC ISSUE {fret}: {created}")
     return created
 
 # some uops map to other stuff
@@ -219,13 +219,9 @@ class UOp(OpMixin, metaclass=UOpMetaClass):
       case Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL | Ops.DEFINE_LOCAL | Ops.DEFINE_REG: return (self.ptrdtype.size,)
 
       # passthrough ops
-      case Ops.REDUCE | Ops.MSTACK | Ops.MSELECT | Ops.DETACH | Ops.CONTIGUOUS | Ops.CONTIGUOUS_BACKWARD | Ops.AFTER:
+      case Ops.REDUCE | Ops.MSTACK | Ops.MSELECT | Ops.DETACH | Ops.CONTIGUOUS | Ops.CONTIGUOUS_BACKWARD | Ops.AFTER | Ops.END:
         return self.src[0]._shape
 
-      # end adds dims to the front
-      case Ops.END:
-        return None if self.src[0]._shape is None else (tuple(x.vmax+1 for x in self.src[1:]) + self.src[0]._shape)
-
       # ops with custom handling
       case Ops.KERNEL: return self.arg.ast._shape
 
@@ -402,9 +398,9 @@ class UOp(OpMixin, metaclass=UOpMetaClass):
   def load(self, *src:UOp, **kwargs): return UOp(Ops.LOAD, dtype=kwargs.pop("dtype", self.dtype.base), src=(self,)+src, **kwargs)
   def store(self, src:UOp|ConstType, **kwargs):
     return UOp(Ops.STORE, kwargs.pop("dtype", dtypes.void), (self, UOp.const(self.dtype, src) if not isinstance(src, UOp) else src), **kwargs)
-  def end(self, *src:UOp, **kwargs):
+  def end(self, *src:UOp):
     if len(src) == 0: return self
-    return UOp(Ops.END, src=(self,)+src, **kwargs)
+    return UOp(Ops.END, src=(self,)+src)
   def after(self, *src:UOp, **kwargs): return UOp(Ops.AFTER, self.dtype, (self,)+src, **kwargs)
   def assign(self, x:UOp): return UOp(Ops.ASSIGN, self.dtype, (self, x))
   def barrier(self, *src:UOp): return UOp(Ops.BARRIER, src=(self,)+src)
@@ -587,7 +583,7 @@ class UOp(OpMixin, metaclass=UOpMetaClass):
   def new_buffer(device:str|tuple[str, ...], size:int, dtype:DType, num=None):
     return UOp(Ops.BUFFER, dtype, (UOp.unique(num), UOp(Ops.DEVICE, arg=device)), size)
   @property
-  def device(self) -> str|tuple[str, ...]: return cast(str|tuple[str, ...], unwrap(self._device))
+  def device(self) -> str|tuple[str, ...]: return unwrap(self._device)
   @recursive_property
   def _device(self) -> str|tuple[str, ...]|None:
     if self.op is Ops.DEVICE: return self.arg
@@ -870,8 +866,8 @@ def print_uops(uops:list[UOp]):
 
 def get_location() -> tuple[str, int]:
   frm = sys._getframe(1)
-  # skip over ops.py/mathtraits.py (unless there's nothing but ops.py/mathtraits.py)
-  while pathlib.Path(frm.f_code.co_filename).name in ("ops.py", "mathtraits.py") and frm.f_back is not None and \
+  # skip over ops.py and anything in mixin
+  while ((codepath:=pathlib.Path(frm.f_code.co_filename)).name == "ops.py" or codepath.parent.name == "mixin") and frm.f_back is not None and \
       not frm.f_back.f_code.co_filename.startswith("<frozen"):
     frm = frm.f_back
   return frm.f_code.co_filename, frm.f_lineno
@@ -1081,20 +1077,22 @@ def track_rewrites(name:Callable[..., str|TracingKey]|bool=True, replay:bool=Fal
 
 active_rewrites:list[TrackedGraphRewrite] = []
 def profile_matches(fxn:Callable):
-  def wrap(*args, **kwargs):
-    name = str(kwargs.get("name", None) or fxn.__name__)
-    assert args and isinstance(args[0], UOp), f"invalid match tracing inputs for {name} with {args}"
-    if tracking:=(TRACK_MATCH_STATS >= 2):
+  def wrap_profile_matches(*args, **kwargs):
+    if TRACK_MATCH_STATS >= 2:
+      name = str(kwargs.get("name", None) or fxn.__name__)
+      assert args and isinstance(args[0], UOp), f"invalid match tracing inputs for {name} with {args}"
       loc = ((frm:=sys._getframe(1)).f_code.co_filename, frm.f_lineno)
       depth = len(active_rewrites)
       if not tracked_ctxs: add_trace_group(TracingKey(f"default {fxn.__name__}"))
       tracked_ctxs[-1].append(ctx:=TrackedGraphRewrite(loc, args[0].trace_num, [], name, depth, kwargs.get("bottom_up", False)))
       active_rewrites.append(ctx)
-    with cpu_profile(name, "TINY", display=tracking):
-      ret = fxn(*args, **kwargs)
-    if tracking: active_rewrites.pop()
-    return ret
-  return wrap
+      with cpu_profile(name, "TINY"):
+        ret = fxn(*args, **kwargs)
+      active_rewrites.pop()
+      return ret
+    # without tracking, we just call the function
+    return fxn(*args, **kwargs)
+  return wrap_profile_matches
 
 class TrackedPatternMatcher(PatternMatcher):
   def rewrite(self, uop:UOp, ctx=None) -> UOp|None:
@@ -1168,12 +1166,12 @@ class RewriteContext:
 
   def cached_pm_rewrite(self, x:UOp):
     if (ret:=self.pm_cache.get(x,SENTINEL)) is not SENTINEL: return ret
-    ret = self.pm_cache[x] = cast(PatternMatcher, self.pm).rewrite(x, self.ctx)
+    ret = self.pm_cache[x] = unwrap(self.pm).rewrite(x, self.ctx)
     return ret
 
   def cached_bpm_rewrite(self, x:UOp):
     if (ret:=self.bpm_cache.get(x,SENTINEL)) is not SENTINEL: return ret
-    ret = self.bpm_cache[x] = cast(PatternMatcher, self.bpm).rewrite(x, self.ctx)
+    ret = self.bpm_cache[x] = unwrap(self.bpm).rewrite(x, self.ctx)
     return ret
 
   def unified_rewrite(self, root:UOp) -> UOp:
@@ -1354,7 +1352,7 @@ pm_pyrender_extra = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.REDUCE_AXIS, name="r"), lambda ctx,r: f"{ctx[r.src[0]]}.r({r.arg[0]}, {r.arg[1]})"),
   # NOTE: range has srcs sometimes after control flow
   (UPat(Ops.RANGE, src=(UPat(Ops.CONST, name="c"),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda ctx,x,c:
-    "UOp.range("+', '.join([str(c.arg)] + [str(y) for y in x.arg])+
+    "UOp.range("+', '.join([str(c.arg)] + [repr(y) for y in x.arg])+
       (f', src={srcs(ctx, x.src[1:])}' if len(x.src) > 1 else '')+(', dtype='+str(x.dtype) if x.dtype is not dtypes.index else '')+")"),
   # TODO: index shouldn't mismatch dtype
   (UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat(), UPat()), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:

tinygrad/uop/symbolic.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import math, operator, struct, functools
 from collections import defaultdict
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops, PatternMatcher, UPat, UOp, GroupOp, exec_alu
-from tinygrad.dtype import ConstType, dtypes, PtrDType, AddrSpace, can_safe_cast, Invalid
+from tinygrad.dtype import ConstType, dtypes, PtrDType, can_safe_cast, Invalid
 from tinygrad.helpers import partition, all_same, prod, flatten, get_single_element, cdiv, cmod, CORRECT_DIVMOD_FOLDING, unwrap
 from tinygrad.uop.decompositions import xpow
 
@@ -24,19 +24,16 @@ def fold_bitcast(root:UOp, c:UOp) -> UOp|None:
 invalid_pat = UPat(Ops.CONST, arg=Invalid, name="i")
 invalid_gate = UPat.var("cond").where(UPat.var("x"), invalid_pat)
 
+# this needs to be before symbolic so that 0*something_that_might_be_invalid doesnt become 0
 propagate_invalid = PatternMatcher([
-  # this needs to be before symbolic so that 0*something_that_might_be_invalid doesnt become 0
   # propagate invalid, push it past children
-  (invalid_gate.cast(name="cast"), lambda i,x,cond,cast: x.cast(cast.dtype) if cast.dtype is not dtypes.index else None),
+  (invalid_gate.cast(name="cast"), lambda i,x,cond,cast: x.cast(cast.dtype)),
   *((invalid_gate.alu(op, UPat.var("y")).named("alu"), lambda cond,x,y,alu,i: cond.where(x.alu(alu.op,y), i))
     for op in GroupOp.Binary-GroupOp.Comparison),
+  # TODO: when can this happen? and is it always safe to just drop invalid?
   *((invalid_gate.alu(op, UPat.var("y")).named("alu"), lambda cond,x,y,alu,i: x.alu(alu.op,y)) for op in GroupOp.Comparison),
-  # invalid + y -> y same for other ops
+  # invalid + y -> invalid same for other ops
   *((invalid_pat.alu(op, UPat(dtype=dtypes.index)).named("alu"), lambda alu,i: i) for op in GroupOp.Binary-GroupOp.Comparison),
-  # i < y -> a_bool_value_that_will_never_be_used: we choose a random bool const
-  *((invalid_pat.alu(op, UPat(dtype=dtypes.index)), lambda i: UOp.const(dtypes.bool, True)) for op in GroupOp.Comparison),
-  # a.where(b.where(c, d), d) -> (a & b).where(c, d)
-  (UPat.var("a").where(UPat.var("b").where(UPat.var("c"), UPat.var("d")), UPat.var("d")), lambda a,b,c,d: (a&b).where(c,d)),
 ])
 
 symbolic_simple = propagate_invalid + PatternMatcher([
@@ -108,11 +105,6 @@ symbolic_simple = propagate_invalid + PatternMatcher([
   ((UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint64)&0xFFFFFFFF).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda x: x.cast(dtypes.uint32)&0xFFFFFFFF), # TODO: why is the and needed?
   (((UPat.var(None, dtypes.uint64)*(1<<32)) | UPat.var('y',  dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64)).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda y: y),
   (((UPat.var('x',  dtypes.uint64)*(1<<32)) | UPat.var(None, dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64))//(1<<32), lambda x: x),
-  # hacks for threefry long removal when padded (TODO: genericize)
-  (UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64) * UPat.var('y').where(UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 1<<32), UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 0)),
-   lambda x,y: y.where(x, 0).cast(dtypes.uint64) * (1<<32)),
-  ((UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint64)&(UPat.var('y').where(UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 0xFFFFFFFF), UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 0)))).cast(dtypes.uint32),
-   lambda x,y: y.where(x.cast(dtypes.uint32), 0)),
   # new decomp rules for threefry
   (((UPat.var(None, dtypes.uint64)<<32) | UPat.var('y',  dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64)).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda y: y),
   (((UPat.var('x',  dtypes.uint64)<<32) | UPat.var(None, dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64))>>32, lambda x: x),
@@ -121,6 +113,8 @@ symbolic_simple = propagate_invalid + PatternMatcher([
   # a conditional with the same results either way is a noop, also fold const conditionals
   (UPat.var().where(UPat.var("val"), UPat.var("val")), lambda val: val),
   (UPat.cvar("gate", vec=False).where(UPat.var("c0"), UPat.var("c1")), lambda gate, c0, c1: c0 if gate.arg else c1),
+  # a.where(b.where(c, d), d) -> (a & b).where(c, d)
+  (UPat.var("a").where(UPat.var("b").where(UPat.var("c"), UPat.var("d")), UPat.var("d")), lambda a,b,c,d: (a&b).where(c,d)),
 ])
 
 # ******** phase 2 builds on phase 1, it includes the old "symbolic", rules that match deeper ********
@@ -407,14 +401,10 @@ def uop_given_valid(valid:UOp, uop:UOp, try_simplex=True) -> UOp:
     expr, is_upper, c = res
     bounds[expr][int(is_upper)] = c
 
-  # don't simplify any other gates, can lead to OOB, we substitute them back later
-  uop = uop.substitute((load_subs:={u: UOp(Ops.NOOP, dtype=u.dtype, arg=u) for u in uop.toposort() if u.op is Ops.INDEX}))
-
   # simplify uop given that valid is True
   all_candidates = []
   for i,(expr,v) in enumerate(bounds.items()):
     v0, v1 = (expr.vmin if v[0] is None else v[0], expr.vmax if v[1] is None else v[1])
-    expr = expr.substitute(load_subs)  # make sure expr appears in same form in the uop
     # try checking the whole clause
     all_candidates.append((expr, UOp.variable(f"fake{i}", v0, v1, expr.dtype)))
 
@@ -438,8 +428,6 @@ def uop_given_valid(valid:UOp, uop:UOp, try_simplex=True) -> UOp:
   # try all the valids together (but only the whole expressions)
   if (s_uop:=uop.substitute(sub_dict:=dict(all_candidates))) is not uop:
     uop = s_uop.simplify().substitute({newX:X for X,newX in sub_dict.items()}).simplify(full_symbolic=False)
-  # put the loads back in
-  uop = uop.substitute({v:k for k,v in load_subs.items()})
   return uop
 
 def _valid_priority(v: UOp, valids:list[UOp]):
@@ -456,7 +444,7 @@ def simplify_valid(valid:UOp) -> UOp|None:
     if ret[-1] is not stmt: something_changed = True
   return UOp.prod(*ret) if something_changed else None
 
-# ******** phase 3 is the complete symbolic, and deals with very complex things like loop rewriting and threefry transform ********
+# ******** phase 3 is the complete symbolic ********
 
 def reduce_mul_chain(r:UOp):
   if r.arg not in {Ops.ADD, Ops.MAX}: return None
@@ -485,6 +473,8 @@ def where_on_load(c1, buf, x):
   # aditionally we can drop the clause on the where if it already exists in the load
   remaining_clause = UOp.const(dtypes.bool, True).prod(*[c for c in c1.split_uop(Ops.AND) if c not in removed])
   return remaining_clause.where(buf.index(x.get_idx().valid(functools.reduce(operator.and_, moved_clauses, c2))), 0)
+
+# where after gated load becomes alt value, TODO: this is sort of duplicated with rules in devectorizer
 pm_move_where_on_load = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat.var("c1").where(UPat.var("buf").index(UPat.var("x")), 0), where_on_load),
   (UPat.var("c1").where(0, UPat.var("buf").index(UPat.var("x"))), lambda c1,buf,x: where_on_load(c1.logical_not(),buf,x)),
@@ -500,9 +490,6 @@ pm_simplify_valid = PatternMatcher([
 # this is symbolic 2.0
 REMOVE_FROM_SINK_LIKE = {Ops.UNROLL, Ops.NOOP, Ops.VECTORIZE, Ops.SINK}
 sym = symbolic+pm_simplify_valid+PatternMatcher([
-  # LOAD/STORE -> NOOP
-  (UPat.var('x').store(UPat.var('x').load(), allow_any_len=True), lambda x: None if x.dtype.addrspace != AddrSpace.REG else x.src[0].src[0]),
-  (UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat.cvar('c'))), lambda c: c),
   # VECTORIZE/GEP
   (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(Ops.GEP, src=(UPat.var("x"),)), name="vec"), lambda vec,x: x.gep(tuple(y.arg[0] for y in vec.src))),
   # reorder ALU/VECTORIZE
@@ -531,7 +518,6 @@ sym = symbolic+pm_simplify_valid+PatternMatcher([
   # fold gated LOAD/STORE
   (UPat((Ops.LOAD, Ops.STORE), src=(UPat().index(UPat.const(dtypes.index, Invalid)).or_casted(),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"),
     lambda x: UOp(Ops.NOOP) if x.op is Ops.STORE else x.const_like(0)), # invalid store does nothing. invalid load produces 0
-  # # Where after gated load becomes alt value, TODO: this is sort of duplicated with rules in devectorizer
   ((UPat.var("x") * UPat.var("x")).reciprocal(), lambda x: x.reciprocal()*x.reciprocal()),  # 1/(x^c) -> (1/x)^c
   ((UPat.var("x") * UPat.var("x") * UPat.var("x")).reciprocal(), lambda x: x.reciprocal()*x.reciprocal()*x.reciprocal()),
   ((UPat.var("x") * UPat.cvar("c")).reciprocal(), lambda x,c: x.reciprocal()*c.reciprocal()), # 1/(x*c) -> (1/c)*(1/x)

tinygrad/viz/index.html

@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
   }
   #device-list > div {
     min-height: 32px;
-    width: 132px;
+    width: 134px;
     overflow-x: auto;
     overflow-y: hidden;
     white-space: nowrap;

tinygrad/viz/js/index.js

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ const updateProgress = ({ start, err }) => {
   d3.select("#custom").html("");
   if (err) {
     displaySelection("#custom");
-    d3.select("#custom").append(() => d3.create("div").classed("raw-text", true).call(s => s.append(() => codeBlock(err, "txt"))).node());
+    d3.select("#custom").append("div").classed("raw-text", true).call(s => s.append(() => codeBlock(err, "txt"))).node();
   }
 }
 
@@ -198,6 +198,8 @@ function focusShape(shape) {
   return metadata.replaceChildren(shapeMetadata.get(focusedShape) ?? "");
 }
 
+const EventTypes = { EXEC:0, BUF:1 };
+
 async function renderProfiler(path, unit) {
   displaySelection("#profiler");
   metadata.replaceChildren(shapeMetadata.get(focusedShape) ?? "");
@@ -238,12 +240,11 @@ async function renderProfiler(path, unit) {
     const { y:baseY, height:baseHeight } = rect(div.node());
     const offsetY = baseY-canvasTop+padding/2;
     const shapes = [], visible = [];
-    const EventTypes = {TIMELINE:0, MEMORY:1};
     const eventType = u8(), eventsLen = u32();
-    if (eventType === EventTypes.TIMELINE) {
+    if (eventType === EventTypes.EXEC) {
       const levelHeight = baseHeight-padding;
       const levels = [];
-      data.tracks.set(k, { shapes, visible, offsetY, pcolor:"#9ea2ad" });
+      data.tracks.set(k, { shapes, eventType, visible, offsetY, pcolor:"#9ea2ad" });
       let colorKey, ref;
       for (let j=0; j<eventsLen; j++) {
         const e = {name:strings[u32()], ref:optional(u32()), key:optional(u32()), st:u32(), dur:f32(), info:strings[u32()] || null};
@@ -366,7 +367,8 @@ async function renderProfiler(path, unit) {
         sum.x.push(allX[i], allX[i+1]);
         const y = maxY.get(allX[i]); sum.y1.push(y, y); sum.y0.push(base0, base0);
       }
-      data.tracks.set(k, { shapes:[sum], visible, offsetY, pcolor:"#c9a8ff", height, peak, scaleFactor:maxheight*4/height, views:[[sum], shapes], valueMap });
+      data.tracks.set(k, { shapes:[sum], eventType, visible, offsetY, pcolor:"#c9a8ff", height, peak, scaleFactor:maxheight*4/height,
+                           views:[[sum], shapes], valueMap });
       div.style("height", height+padding+"px").style("cursor", "pointer").on("click", (e) => {
         const newFocus = e.currentTarget.id === focusedDevice ? null : e.currentTarget.id;
         let offset = 0;
@@ -396,11 +398,11 @@ async function renderProfiler(path, unit) {
     xscale.domain(visibleX);
     // draw shapes
     const paths = [];
-    for (const [_, { offsetY, shapes, visible, valueMap, pcolor }] of data.tracks) {
+    for (const [_, { shapes, eventType, visible, offsetY, valueMap, pcolor }] of data.tracks) {
       visible.length = 0;
       for (const e of shapes) {
         const p = new Path2D();
-        if (e.width == null) { // generic polygon
+        if (eventType === EventTypes.BUF) { // generic polygon
           if (e.x[0]>et || e.x.at(-1)<st) continue;
           const x = e.x.map(xscale);
           p.moveTo(x[0], offsetY+e.y0[0]);