toposort recursive_property is faster

* clean up slow rules

* fix rule

* non n^2 toposort

* topovisit

* state dict profile_marker

.github/actions/setup-tinygrad/action.yml

@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ runs:
       uses: actions/cache@v4
       with:
         path: ${{ github.workspace }}/.venv
-        key: venv-${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ steps.setup-python.outputs.python-version }}-${{ inputs.deps }}-${{ inputs.pydeps }}-${{ hashFiles('**/pyproject.toml') }}-${{ env.CACHE_VERSION }}
+        key: venv-${{ runner.os }}-python-${{ steps.setup-python.outputs.python-version }}-${{ inputs.deps }}-${{ inputs.pydeps }}-${{ env.CACHE_VERSION }}
 
     # **** Caching downloads ****
 
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ runs:
         sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/lib
         curl -s -H "Authorization: token $GH_TOKEN" curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/nimlgen/amdcomgr_dylib/releases/latest | \
           jq -r '.assets[] | select(.name == "libamd_comgr.dylib").browser_download_url' | \
-          sudo xargs curl -L -o /usr/local/lib/libamd_comgr.dylib
+          sudo xargs curl -fL -o /usr/local/lib/libamd_comgr.dylib
         cargo build --release --manifest-path ./extra/remu/Cargo.toml
 
     # **** gpuocelot ****
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ runs:
       if: inputs.webgpu == 'true' && runner.os == 'Linux'
       shell: bash
       run: |
-        sudo curl -L https://github.com/wpmed92/pydawn/releases/download/v0.1.6/libwebgpu_dawn.so -o /usr/local/lib/libwebgpu_dawn.so
+        sudo curl -fL https://github.com/wpmed92/pydawn/releases/download/v0.1.6/libwebgpu_dawn.so -o /usr/local/lib/libwebgpu_dawn.so
         sudo ldconfig
     - name: Install WebGPU dawn (macOS)
       if: inputs.webgpu == 'true' && runner.os == 'macOS'
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ runs:
     - name: Install mesa (linux)
       if: inputs.mesa == 'true' && runner.os == 'Linux'
       shell: bash
-      run: sudo curl -L https://github.com/sirhcm/tinymesa/releases/download/tinymesa-32dc66c/libtinymesa_cpu-mesa-25.2.4-linux-amd64.so -o /usr/lib/libtinymesa_cpu.so
+      run: sudo curl -fL https://github.com/sirhcm/tinymesa/releases/download/tinymesa-32dc66c/libtinymesa_cpu-mesa-25.2.4-linux-amd64.so -o /usr/lib/libtinymesa_cpu.so
     - name: Install mesa (macOS)
       if: inputs.mesa == 'true' && runner.os == 'macOS'
       shell: bash

.github/workflows/autogen.yml

@@ -13,9 +13,11 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     paths:
     - 'tinygrad/runtime/autogen/**/*'
+    - 'tinygrad/runtime/support/autogen.py'
   workflow_dispatch:
     paths:
     - 'tinygrad/runtime/autogen/**/*'
+    - 'tinygrad/runtime/support/autogen.py'
 
 jobs:
   autogen:

.github/workflows/szdiff.yml

@@ -56,15 +56,15 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
         with:
           path: base
-      - name: Set up Python 3.10
+      - name: Set up Python 3.12
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
-          python-version: '3.10'
+          python-version: '3.12'
       - name: Count Line Diff
         run: |
-          pip install tabulate
           BASE="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/base"
           PR="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/pr"
+          pip install tabulate $BASE
           cp "$BASE/sz.py" .
           echo "loc_content<<EOF" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
           python sz.py "$BASE" "$PR" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -86,65 +86,67 @@ jobs:
         clang -O2 recognize.c -lm -o recognize
         cat test/models/efficientnet/Chicken.jpg | ./recognize | grep cock
 
-  # TODO: fix the torch backend and reenable
-  # torchbackend:
-  #   name: Torch Backend Tests
-  #   runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-  #   timeout-minutes: 15
-  #   steps:
-  #   - name: Checkout Code
-  #     uses: actions/checkout@v4
-  #   - name: Setup Environment
-  #     uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
-  #     with:
-  #       key: torch-backend-pillow-torchvision-et-pt
-  #       deps: testing_minimal
-  #       pydeps: "pillow torchvision expecttest"
-  #       llvm: 'true'
-  #   - name: Install ninja
-  #     run: |
-  #       sudo apt update || true
-  #       sudo apt install -y --no-install-recommends ninja-build
-  #   - name: Lint with ruff
-  #     run: |
-  #       pip3 install --upgrade --force-reinstall ruff==0.11.0
-  #       python3 -m ruff check extra/torch_backend/backend.py
-  #   - name: Test one op
-  #     run: FORWARD_ONLY=1 TINY_BACKEND=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
-  #   - name: Test ResNet-18
-  #     run: DEBUG=2 python3 extra/torch_backend/example.py
-  #   - name: My (custom) tests
-  #     run: python3 extra/torch_backend/test.py
-  #   - name: Test one op in torch tests
-  #     run: DEBUG=2 python3 extra/torch_backend/torch_tests.py TestTinyBackendPRIVATEUSE1.test_unary_log_tiny_float32
-  #   - name: Test Ops with TINY_BACKEND
-  #     run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 LLVMOPT=0 TINY_BACKEND=1 python3 -m pytest -n auto test/test_ops.py --durations=20
-  #   - name: Test in-place operations on views
-  #     run: TORCH_DEBUG=1 python3 extra/torch_backend/test_inplace.py
-  #   - name: Test multi-gpu
-  #     run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 GPUS=4 TORCH_DEBUG=1 python3 extra/torch_backend/test_multigpu.py
+  torchbackend:
+    name: Torch Backend Tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 15
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout Code
+      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Setup Environment
+      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
+      with:
+        key: torch-backend-pillow-torchvision-et-pt
+        deps: testing_minimal
+        pydeps: "pillow torchvision expecttest"
+        llvm: 'true'
+    - name: Install ninja
+      run: |
+        sudo apt update || true
+        sudo apt install -y --no-install-recommends ninja-build
+    - name: Lint with ruff
+      run: |
+        pip3 install --upgrade --force-reinstall ruff==0.11.0
+        python3 -m ruff check extra/torch_backend/backend.py
+    - name: Test one op
+      run: FORWARD_ONLY=1 TINY_BACKEND=1 python3 test/test_ops.py TestOps.test_add
+    - name: Test ResNet-18
+      run: DEBUG=2 python3 extra/torch_backend/example.py
+    - name: My (custom) tests
+      run: python3 extra/torch_backend/test.py
+    - name: Test one op in torch tests
+      run: DEBUG=2 python3 extra/torch_backend/torch_tests.py TestTinyBackendPRIVATEUSE1.test_unary_log_tiny_float32
+    - name: Test Ops with TINY_BACKEND
+      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 LLVMOPT=0 TINY_BACKEND=1 python3 -m pytest -n auto test/test_ops.py --durations=20
+    - name: Test in-place operations on views
+      run: TORCH_DEBUG=1 python3 extra/torch_backend/test_inplace.py
+    - name: Test multi-gpu
+      run: CPU=1 CPU_LLVM=1 GPUS=4 TORCH_DEBUG=1 python3 extra/torch_backend/test_multigpu.py
+    - name: Test kernel fusion
+      run: python3 extra/torch_backend/test_kernel_fusion.py
 
-  # torchbackendmore:
-  #   name: Torch Backend Tests More
-  #   runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-  #   timeout-minutes: 15
-  #   steps:
-  #   - name: Checkout Code
-  #     uses: actions/checkout@v4
-  #   - name: Setup Environment
-  #     uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
-  #     with:
-  #       key: torch-backend-pillow-torchvision-et-pt
-  #       deps: testing_minimal
-  #       llvm: 'true'
-  #   - name: Install ninja
-  #     run: |
-  #       sudo apt update || true
-  #       sudo apt install -y --no-install-recommends ninja-build
-  #   - name: Test beautiful_mnist in torch with TINY_BACKEND
-  #     run: STEPS=20 CPU=1 TARGET_EVAL_ACC_PCT=90.0 TINY_BACKEND=1 python3 examples/other_mnist/beautiful_mnist_torch.py
-  #   - name: Test some torch tests (expect failure)
-  #     run: python3 -m pytest extra/torch_backend/torch_tests.py -v --tb=no || true
+
+  torchbackendmore:
+    name: Torch Backend Tests More
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 15
+    steps:
+    - name: Checkout Code
+      uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - name: Setup Environment
+      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-tinygrad
+      with:
+        key: torch-backend-pillow-torchvision-et-pt
+        deps: testing_minimal
+        llvm: 'true'
+    - name: Install ninja
+      run: |
+        sudo apt update || true
+        sudo apt install -y --no-install-recommends ninja-build
+    - name: Test beautiful_mnist in torch with TINY_BACKEND
+      run: STEPS=20 CPU=1 TARGET_EVAL_ACC_PCT=90.0 TINY_BACKEND=1 python3 examples/other_mnist/beautiful_mnist_torch.py
+    - name: Test some torch tests (expect failure)
+      run: python3 -m pytest extra/torch_backend/torch_tests.py -v --tb=no || true
 
   bepython:
     name: Python Backend
@@ -306,6 +308,7 @@ jobs:
       with:
         key: spec-unit
         deps: testing_unit
+        python-version: '3.14'
     - name: Test SPEC=2
       run: IGNORE_OOB=0 SPEC=2 PYTHONPATH="." pytest --maxfail=10 -n auto --durations=30 --ignore=test/models --ignore test/unit/test_hashing.py --timeout 60 -k "not test_setitem_big" --splits 2 --group ${{ matrix.group }}
 
@@ -323,6 +326,8 @@ jobs:
         deps: testing_unit
     - name: Fuzz Test symbolic
       run: python test/external/fuzz_symbolic.py
+    - name: Fuzz Test symbolic (symbolic divisors)
+      run: python test/external/fuzz_symbolic_symbolic_div.py
     - name: Fuzz Test fast idiv
       run: python test/external/fuzz_fast_idiv.py
     - name: Fuzz Test shape ops

docs/ramp.py

@@ -1,293 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-
-# this file is a "ramp" for people new to tinygrad to think about how to approach it
-# it is runnable and editable.
-# whenever you see stuff like DEBUG=2 or CPU=1 discussed, these are environment variables
-# in a unix shell like bash `DEBUG=2 CPU=1 python docs/ramp.py`
-
-# this pip installs tinygrad master for the system
-# the -e allows you to edit the tinygrad folder and update system tinygrad
-# tinygrad is pure Python, so you are encouraged to do this
-# git pull in the tinygrad directory will also get you the latest
-"""
-git clone https://github.com/tinygrad/tinygrad.git
-cd tinygrad
-python3 -m pip install -e .
-"""
-
-# %% ********
-print("******* PART 1 *******")
-
-# we start with a Device.
-# a Device is where Tensors are stored and compute is run
-# tinygrad autodetects the best device on your system and makes it the DEFAULT
-from tinygrad import Device
-print(Device.DEFAULT)  # on Mac, you can see this prints METAL
-
-# now, lets create a Tensor
-from tinygrad import Tensor, dtypes
-t = Tensor([1,2,3,4])
-
-# you can see this Tensor is on the DEFAULT device with int dtype and shape (4,)
-assert t.device == Device.DEFAULT
-assert t.dtype == dtypes.int
-assert t.shape == (4,)
-
-# unlike in torch, if we print it, it doesn't print the contents
-# this is because tinygrad is lazy
-# this Tensor has not been computed yet
-print(t)
-# <Tensor <UOp METAL (4,) int (<Ops.COPY: 7>, None)> on METAL with grad None>
-
-# the ".uop" property on Tensor contains the specification of how to compute it
-print(t.uop)
-"""
-UOp(Ops.COPY, dtypes.int, arg=None, src=(
-  UOp(Ops.BUFFER, dtypes.int, arg=4, src=(
-    UOp(Ops.UNIQUE, dtypes.void, arg=0, src=()),
-    UOp(Ops.DEVICE, dtypes.void, arg='PYTHON', src=()),)),
-  UOp(Ops.DEVICE, dtypes.void, arg='METAL', src=()),))
-"""
-# as you can see, it's specifying a copy from PYTHON device
-# which is where the [1,2,3,4] array lives
-
-# UOps are the specification language in tinygrad
-# they are immutable and form a DAG
-# they have a "Ops", a "dtype", a tuple of srcs (parents), and an arg
-
-t.realize()
-# if we want to "realize" a tensor, we can with the "realize" method
-# now when we look at the uop, it's changed
-print(t.uop)
-"""
-UOp(Ops.BUFFER, dtypes.int, arg=4, src=(
-  UOp(Ops.UNIQUE, dtypes.void, arg=1, src=()),
-  UOp(Ops.DEVICE, dtypes.void, arg='METAL', src=()),))
-"""
-# the copy was actually run, and now the "uop" of the Tensor is just a BUFFER
-# if you run this script with DEBUG=2 in the environment, you can see the copy happen
-# *** METAL      1 copy       16,   METAL <- PYTHON ...
-
-# now let's do some compute
-# we look at the uop to see the specification of the compute
-t_times_2 = t * 2
-print(t_times_2.uop)
-"""
-UOp(Ops.MUL, dtypes.int, arg=None, src=(
-  UOp(Ops.BUFFER, dtypes.int, arg=4, src=(
-    UOp(Ops.UNIQUE, dtypes.void, arg=1, src=()),
-    x2:=UOp(Ops.DEVICE, dtypes.void, arg='METAL', src=()),)),
-  UOp(Ops.EXPAND, dtypes.int, arg=(4,), src=(
-    UOp(Ops.RESHAPE, dtypes.int, arg=(1,), src=(
-      UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.int, arg=2, src=(
-        UOp(Ops.VIEW, dtypes.void, arg=ShapeTracker(views=(View(shape=(), strides=(), offset=0, mask=None, contiguous=True),)), src=(
-           x2,)),)),)),)),))
-"""
-# the BUFFER from above is being multiplied by a CONST 2
-# it's RESHAPEd and EXPANDed to broadcast the CONST to the BUFFER
-
-# we can check the result with
-assert t_times_2.tolist() == [2, 4, 6, 8]
-
-# UOps are both immutable and globally unique
-# if i multiply the Tensor by 4 twice, these result Tensors will have the same uop specification
-t_times_4_try_1 = t * 4
-t_times_4_try_2 = t * 4
-assert t_times_4_try_1.uop is t_times_4_try_2.uop
-# the specification isn't just the same, it's the exact same Python object
-assert t_times_4_try_1 is not t_times_4_try_2
-# the Tensor is a different Python object
-
-# if we realize `t_times_4_try_1` ...
-t_times_4_try_1.realize()
-print(t_times_4_try_2.uop)
-"""
-UOp(Ops.BUFFER, dtypes.int, arg=4, src=(
-  UOp(Ops.UNIQUE, dtypes.void, arg=4, src=()),
-  UOp(Ops.DEVICE, dtypes.void, arg='METAL', src=()),))
-"""
-# ... `t_times_4_try_2` also becomes the same BUFFER
-assert t_times_4_try_1.uop is t_times_4_try_2.uop
-# so this print doesn't require any computation, just a copy back to the CPU so we can print it
-print("** only the copy start")
-print(t_times_4_try_2.tolist())  # [4, 8, 12, 16]
-print("** only the copy end")
-# you can confirm this with DEBUG=2, seeing what's printed in between the "**" prints
-
-# tinygrad has an auto differentiation engine that operates according to these same principles
-# the derivative of "log(x)" is "1/x", and you can see this on line 20 of gradient.py
-t_float = Tensor([3.0])
-t_log = t_float.log()
-t_log_grad, = t_log.sum().gradient(t_float)
-# due to how log is implemented, this gradient contains a lot of UOps
-print(t_log_grad.uop)
-# ...not shown here...
-# but if you run with DEBUG=4 (CPU=1 used here for simpler code), you can see the generated code
-"""
-void E_(float* restrict data0, float* restrict data1) {
-  float val0 = *(data1+0);
-  *(data0+0) = (1/val0);
-}
-"""
-# the derivative is close to 1/3
-assert (t_log_grad.item() - 1/3) < 1e-6
-
-# %% ********
-print("******* PART 2 *******")
-
-# we redefine the same t here so this cell can run on it's own
-from tinygrad import Tensor
-t = Tensor([1,2,3,4])
-
-# what's above gives you enough of an understanding to go use tinygrad as a library
-# however, a lot of the beauty of tinygrad is in how easy it is to interact with the internals
-# NOTE: the APIs here are subject to change
-
-t_plus_3_plus_4 = t + 3 + 4
-print(t_plus_3_plus_4.uop)
-"""
-UOp(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int, arg=None, src=(
-  UOp(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int, arg=None, src=(
-    UOp(Ops.BUFFER, dtypes.int, arg=4, src=(
-      UOp(Ops.UNIQUE, dtypes.void, arg=1, src=()),
-      x3:=UOp(Ops.DEVICE, dtypes.void, arg='CPU', src=()),)),
-    UOp(Ops.EXPAND, dtypes.int, arg=(4,), src=(
-      UOp(Ops.RESHAPE, dtypes.int, arg=(1,), src=(
-        UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.int, arg=3, src=(
-          x7:=UOp(Ops.VIEW, dtypes.void, arg=ShapeTracker(views=(View(shape=(), strides=(), offset=0, mask=None, contiguous=True),)), src=(
-             x3,)),)),)),)),)),
-  UOp(Ops.EXPAND, dtypes.int, arg=(4,), src=(
-    UOp(Ops.RESHAPE, dtypes.int, arg=(1,), src=(
-      UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.int, arg=4, src=(
-         x7,)),)),)),))
-"""
-# you can see it's adding both 3 and 4
-
-# but by the time we are actually running the code, it's adding 7
-# `kernelize` will simplify and group the operations in the graph into kernels
-t_plus_3_plus_4.kernelize()
-print(t_plus_3_plus_4.uop)
-"""
-UOp(Ops.ASSIGN, dtypes.int, arg=None, src=(
-  x0:=UOp(Ops.BUFFER, dtypes.int, arg=4, src=(
-    UOp(Ops.UNIQUE, dtypes.void, arg=7, src=()),
-    x2:=UOp(Ops.DEVICE, dtypes.void, arg='CPU', src=()),)),
-  UOp(Ops.KERNEL, dtypes.void, arg=<Kernel 12 SINK(<Ops.STORE: 48>,) (__add__,)>, src=(
-     x0,
-    UOp(Ops.BUFFER, dtypes.int, arg=4, src=(
-      UOp(Ops.UNIQUE, dtypes.void, arg=1, src=()),
-       x2,)),)),))
-"""
-# ASSIGN has two srcs, src[0] is the BUFFER that's assigned to, and src[1] is the thing to assign
-# src[1] is the GPU Kernel that's going to be run
-# we can get the ast of the Kernel as follows
-kernel_ast = t_plus_3_plus_4.uop.src[1].arg.ast
-
-# almost everything in tinygrad functions as a rewrite of the UOps
-# the codegen rewrites the ast to a simplified form ready for "rendering"
-from tinygrad.codegen import full_rewrite_to_sink
-rewritten_ast = full_rewrite_to_sink(kernel_ast)
-print(rewritten_ast)
-"""
-UOp(Ops.SINK, dtypes.void, arg=None, src=(
-  UOp(Ops.STORE, dtypes.void, arg=None, src=(
-    UOp(Ops.INDEX, dtypes.int.ptr(4), arg=None, src=(
-      UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.int.ptr(4), arg=0, src=()),
-      x3:=UOp(Ops.SPECIAL, dtypes.int, arg=('gidx0', 4), src=()),)),
-    UOp(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int, arg=None, src=(
-      UOp(Ops.LOAD, dtypes.int, arg=None, src=(
-        UOp(Ops.INDEX, dtypes.int.ptr(4), arg=None, src=(
-          UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.int.ptr(4), arg=1, src=()),
-           x3,)),)),
-      UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.int, arg=7, src=()),)),)),))
-"""
-# you can see at this point we are adding 7, not 3 and 4
-
-# with DEBUG=4, we can see the code.
-# since optimizations are on, it UPCASTed the operation, explicitly writing out all 4 +7s
-t_plus_3_plus_4.realize()
-"""
-void E_4n2(int* restrict data0, int* restrict data1) {
-  int val0 = *(data1+0);
-  int val1 = *(data1+1);
-  int val2 = *(data1+2);
-  int val3 = *(data1+3);
-  *(data0+0) = (val0+7);
-  *(data0+1) = (val1+7);
-  *(data0+2) = (val2+7);
-  *(data0+3) = (val3+7);
-}
-"""
-# the function name E_4n2 is "E" for elementwise op (as opposed to "r" for reduce op)
-# "4" for the size, and "n2" for name deduping (it's the 3rd function with the same E and 4 in this session)
-# when you print the name with DEBUG=2, you'll see the 4 is yellow, meaning that it's upcasted
-# if you run with NOOPT=1 ...
-"""
-void E_4n2(int* restrict data0, int* restrict data1) {
-  for (int ridx0 = 0; ridx0 < 4; ridx0++) {
-    int val0 = *(data1+ridx0);
-    *(data0+ridx0) = (val0+7);
-  }
-}
-"""
-# ... you get this unoptimized code with a loop and the 4 is blue (for global). the color code is in kernel.py
-
-# %% ********
-print("******* PART 3 *******")
-
-# now, we go even lower and understand UOps better and how the graph rewrite engine works.
-# it's much simpler than what's in LLVM or MLIR
-
-from tinygrad import dtypes
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops
-
-# first, we'll construct some const UOps
-a = UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.int, arg=2)
-b = UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.int, arg=2)
-
-# if you have been paying attention, you should know these are the same Python object
-assert a is b
-
-# UOps support normal Python math operations, so a_plus_b expresses the spec for 2 + 2
-a_plus_b = a + b
-print(a_plus_b)
-"""
-UOp(Ops.ADD, dtypes.int, arg=None, src=(
-  x0:=UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.int, arg=2, src=()),
-   x0,))
-"""
-
-# we could actually render this 2+2 into a language like c and run it
-# or, we can use tinygrad's graph rewrite engine to "constant fold"
-
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import graph_rewrite, UPat, PatternMatcher
-
-# a `PatternMatcher` is a list of tuples. for each element in the list:
-# [0] is the pattern to match, and [1] is the function to run.
-# this function can return either a UOp to replace the pattern with, or None to not replace
-simple_pm = PatternMatcher([
-  (UPat(Ops.ADD, src=(UPat(Ops.CONST, name="c1"), UPat(Ops.CONST, name="c2"))),
-   lambda c1,c2: UOp(Ops.CONST, dtype=c1.dtype, arg=c1.arg+c2.arg)),
-])
-# this pattern matches the addition of two CONST and rewrites it into a single CONST UOp
-
-# to actually apply the pattern to a_plus_b, we use graph_rewrite
-a_plus_b_simplified = graph_rewrite(a_plus_b, simple_pm)
-print(a_plus_b_simplified)
-"""
-UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.int, arg=4, src=())
-"""
-# 2+2 is in fact, 4
-
-# we can also use syntactic sugar to write the pattern nicer
-simpler_pm = PatternMatcher([
-  (UPat.cvar("c1")+UPat.cvar("c2"), lambda c1,c2: c1.const_like(c1.arg+c2.arg))
-])
-assert graph_rewrite(a_plus_b, simple_pm) is graph_rewrite(a_plus_b, simpler_pm)
-# note again the use of is, UOps are immutable and globally unique
-
-# %% ********
-
-# that brings you to an understanding of the most core concepts in tinygrad
-# you can run this with VIZ=1 to use the web based graph rewrite explorer
-# hopefully now you understand it. the nodes in the graph are just UOps

docs/tinybox.md

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ The BMC also has a web interface you can use if you find that easier.
 It is recommended that you change the BMC password after setting up the box, as the password on the screen is only the initial password.
 
 If you do decide to change the BMC password and no longer want the initial password to be displayed, remove the `/root/.bmc_password` file.
-Reboot after making these changes or restart the `displayservice.service` service.
+Reboot after making these changes or restart the `tinybox-display.service` service.
 
 ## What do I use it for?
 

examples/llama3.py

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import List
 import json, argparse, random, time, os
-import tiktoken
-from tiktoken.load import load_tiktoken_bpe
 from extra.models.llama import Transformer, convert_from_huggingface, convert_from_gguf, fix_bf16
 from tinygrad.nn.state import safe_load, torch_load, load_state_dict, get_parameters, gguf_load
 from tinygrad import Tensor, dtypes, nn, Context, Device, GlobalCounters
@@ -12,6 +10,8 @@ from extra.bench_log import BenchEvent, WallTimeEvent
 class Tokenizer:
   pat_str = r"(?i:'s|'t|'re|'ve|'m|'ll|'d)|[^\r\n\p{L}\p{N}]?\p{L}+|\p{N}{1,3}| ?[^\s\p{L}\p{N}]+[\r\n]*|\s*[\r\n]+|\s+(?!\S)|\s+"
   def __init__(self, model_path: str):
+    import tiktoken
+    from tiktoken.load import load_tiktoken_bpe
     mergeable_ranks = load_tiktoken_bpe(model_path)
     self.num_base_tokens = len(mergeable_ranks)
     special_tokens = [

examples/stable_diffusion.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from typing import Dict, Any
 from PIL import Image
 import numpy as np
 from tinygrad import Device, GlobalCounters, dtypes, Tensor, TinyJit
-from tinygrad.helpers import Timing, Context, getenv, fetch, colored, tqdm, flatten
+from tinygrad.helpers import Timing, Context, getenv, fetch, colored, tqdm, flatten, profile_marker
 from tinygrad.nn import Conv2d, GroupNorm
 from tinygrad.nn.state import torch_load, load_state_dict, get_state_dict
 from extra.models.clip import Closed, Tokenizer, FrozenOpenClipEmbedder
@@ -266,13 +266,16 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
   parser.add_argument('--fakeweights', action='store_true', help="Skip loading checkpoints and use fake weights")
   args = parser.parse_args()
 
+  profile_marker("create model")
   model = StableDiffusion()
 
-  # load in weights
+  profile_marker("load in weights")
   with WallTimeEvent(BenchEvent.LOAD_WEIGHTS):
     if not args.fakeweights:
       model_bin = fetch('https://huggingface.co/CompVis/stable-diffusion-v-1-4-original/resolve/main/sd-v1-4.ckpt', 'sd-v1-4.ckpt')
-      load_state_dict(model, torch_load(model_bin)['state_dict'], verbose=False, strict=False, realize=False)
+      state_dict = torch_load(model_bin)['state_dict']
+      profile_marker("state dict loaded")
+      load_state_dict(model, state_dict, verbose=False, strict=False, realize=False)
 
     if args.fp16:
       for k,v in get_state_dict(model).items():
@@ -281,12 +284,13 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
     Tensor.realize(*get_state_dict(model).values())
 
-  # run through CLIP to get context
+  profile_marker("run clip (conditional)")
   tokenizer = Tokenizer.ClipTokenizer()
   prompt = Tensor([tokenizer.encode(args.prompt)])
   context = model.cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model(prompt).realize()
   print("got CLIP context", context.shape)
 
+  profile_marker("run clip (unconditional)")
   prompt = Tensor([tokenizer.encode("")])
   unconditional_context = model.cond_stage_model.transformer.text_model(prompt).realize()
   print("got unconditional CLIP context", unconditional_context.shape)
@@ -310,6 +314,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
   step_times = []
   with Context(BEAM=getenv("LATEBEAM")):
     for index, timestep in (t:=tqdm(list(enumerate(timesteps))[::-1])):
+      profile_marker(f"step {len(timesteps)-index-1}")
       GlobalCounters.reset()
       st = time.perf_counter_ns()
       t.set_description("%3d %3d" % (index, timestep))
@@ -319,24 +324,26 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
           latent = run(model, unconditional_context, context, latent, Tensor([timestep]), alphas[tid], alphas_prev[tid], Tensor([args.guidance]))
           if args.timing: Device[Device.DEFAULT].synchronize()
       step_times.append((time.perf_counter_ns() - st)*1e-6)
+    # done with diffusion model
     del run
+    del model.model
 
   if (assert_time:=getenv("ASSERT_MIN_STEP_TIME")):
     min_time = min(step_times)
     assert min_time < assert_time, f"Speed regression, expected min step time of < {assert_time} ms but took: {min_time} ms"
-  # upsample latent space to image with autoencoder
-  x = model.decode(latent)
+  profile_marker("run decoder") # upsample latent space to image with autoencoder
+  x = model.decode(latent).realize()
   print(x.shape)
 
-  # save image
+  profile_marker("save image")
   im = Image.fromarray(x.numpy())
   print(f"saving {args.out}")
   im.save(args.out)
   # Open image.
   if not args.noshow: im.show()
 
-  # validation!
   if args.prompt == default_prompt and args.steps == 6 and args.seed == 0 and args.guidance == 7.5:
+    profile_marker("validate")
     ref_image = Tensor(np.array(Image.open(Path(__file__).parent / "stable_diffusion_seed0.png")))
     distance = (((x.cast(dtypes.float) - ref_image.cast(dtypes.float)) / ref_image.max())**2).mean().item()
     assert distance < 3e-3, colored(f"validation failed with {distance=}", "red")  # higher distance with WINO

extra/gemm/amd_uop_matmul.py

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@ from tinygrad.engine.realize import ExecItem, get_runner
 from tinygrad.dtype import AddrSpace
 from tinygrad.helpers import getenv
 
-N = 4096
+N = getenv("N", 4096)
 M = K = N
-run_count = 5
+run_count = getenv("CNT", 5)
 
 # ---------------------------
 # launch/config constants
@@ -155,14 +155,15 @@ def test_matmul(sink:UOp, N=N):
       ets.append(ei.run(wait=True))
   print(f"REAL TFLOPS {N * N * N * 2 / min(ets) * 1e-12:.2f}")
 
-  GlobalCounters.reset()
-  with Context(DEBUG=2):
-    tc = (a @ b).realize()
-  with Context(DEBUG=0):
-    err = (hc - tc).square().mean().item()
-  print(f"mean squared error {err}")
-  if err > 1e-06:
-    raise RuntimeError("matmul is wrong!")
+  if getenv("VERIFY", 1):
+    GlobalCounters.reset()
+    with Context(DEBUG=2):
+      tc = (a @ b).realize()
+    with Context(DEBUG=0):
+      err = (hc - tc).square().mean().item()
+    print(f"mean squared error {err}")
+    if err > 1e-06:
+      raise RuntimeError("matmul is wrong!")
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
   test_matmul(hand_spec_kernel3(), N=N)

extra/mmapeak/mmapeak.py

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-import pathlib
+import os, pathlib
+
+# TODO: there is a timing bug without this
+os.environ["AMD_AQL"] = "1"
+
 from tinygrad.device import Device
 from tinygrad.runtime.ops_amd import AMDProgram, HIPCompiler
-import time
-import os
 
 NUM_WORKGROUPS = 96
 WAVE_SIZE = 32
@@ -44,9 +46,9 @@ if __name__=="__main__":
     raise RuntimeError("Error while initiating AMD device")
 
   COMPILER = HIPCompiler(DEV.arch)
-  if DEV.arch in {'gfx1100', 'gfx1103'}:
-    if DEV.arch == 'gfx1103':
-      NUM_WORKGROUPS = 8
+  if DEV.arch in {'gfx1100', 'gfx1103', 'gfx1151'}:
+    if DEV.arch == 'gfx1103': NUM_WORKGROUPS = 8
+    if DEV.arch == 'gfx1151': NUM_WORKGROUPS = 40
     launchBenchmark("v_wmma_bf16_16x16x16_bf16", (7,8,15))
     launchBenchmark("v_wmma_f16_16x16x16_f16", (7,8,15))
     launchBenchmark("v_wmma_f32_16x16x16_bf16", (7,8,15))

extra/nv_gpu_driver/nv_ioctl.py

@@ -64,14 +64,17 @@ nvcmds = {getattr(nv_gpu, x):(x, getattr(nv_gpu, "struct_"+x+"_PARAMS", getattr(
           x.startswith("NV") and x[6:].startswith("_CTRL_") and isinstance(getattr(nv_gpu, x), int)}
 
 def get_classes():
-  hdrpy = (pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "tinygrad/runtime/autogen/nv_570.py").read_text()
-  clss = re.search(r'NV01_ROOT.*?NV_SEMAPHORE_SURFACE = \(0x000000da\) # macro', hdrpy, re.DOTALL).group()
-  pattern = r'([0-9a-zA-Z_]*) = +\((0x[0-9a-fA-F]+)\)'
-  matches = re.findall(pattern, clss, re.MULTILINE)
-  return {int(num, base=16):name for name, num in matches}
+  res = {}
+  known_classes = {"NV01_DEVICE_0", "NV01_ROOT", "NV1_MEMORY_SYSTEM", "NV01_MEMORY_VIRTUAL", "NV1_MEMORY_USER", "NV50_MEMORY_VIRTUAL", "NV_FERMI_VASPACE_A",
+                   "NV20_SUBDEVICE_0"}
+  for nm,val in nv_gpu.__dict__.items():
+    if not isinstance(val, int): continue
+    if 0x3000 < val < 0xffff: res[val] = nm
+    if nm in known_classes: res[val] = nm
+  return res
 nvclasses = get_classes()
 nvuvms = {getattr(nv_gpu, x):x for x in dir(nv_gpu) if x.startswith("UVM_") and nv_gpu.__dict__.get(x+"_PARAMS")}
-nvqcmds = {int(getattr(nv_gpu, x)):x for x in dir(nv_gpu) if x[:7] in {"NVC6C0_", "NVC56F_", "NVC6B5_"} and isinstance(getattr(nv_gpu, x), int)}
+nvqcmds = {int(getattr(nv_gpu, x)):x for x in dir(nv_gpu) if x[:7] in {"NVC9B0_", "NVC6C0_", "NVC56F_", "NVC6B5_"} and isinstance(getattr(nv_gpu, x), int)}
 
 global_ioctl_id = 0
 gpus_user_modes = []

extra/self_tokenize.py

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ from sz import NONCORE_DIRS
 # llama 3 tokenizer
 tokenizer = Tokenizer(fetch("https://huggingface.co/bofenghuang/Meta-Llama-3-8B/resolve/main/original/tokenizer.model").as_posix())
 
-def read_code(base_path):
+def read_code(base_path, full=False):
   ret = []
   for path, _, files in os.walk(os.path.join(base_path, "tinygrad")):
-    if not getenv("CORE") and any(path.split("./")[1].startswith(x) for x in NONCORE_DIRS): continue
+    if not full and any(path.split("./")[1].startswith(x) for x in NONCORE_DIRS): continue
     for name in files:
       if not name.endswith(".py"): continue
       if 'tinygrad/runtime/autogen' in path.replace('\\', '/'): continue
@@ -23,9 +23,10 @@ def read_code(base_path):
 if __name__ == "__main__":
   parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Analyze and optionally save tinygrad code.")
   parser.add_argument("--output", help="Output file to write the combined code to.")
+  parser.add_argument("--full", action="store_true", help="All directories")
   args = parser.parse_args()
 
-  ret = read_code(".")
+  ret = read_code(".", args.full)
 
   table = []
   for name,code in ret:

extra/sqtt/active_sqtt_parse.py

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+import os
+os.environ["PYTHONPATH"] = "."
+os.environ["SQTT"] = "1"
+if "DEV" not in os.environ: os.environ["DEV"] = "AMD"
+os.environ["PROFILE"] = "1"
+os.environ["AMD_LLVM"] = "0"
+
+from dataclasses import replace
+import atexit, contextlib
+from tinygrad import Tensor
+from tinygrad.helpers import system, OSX
+from tinygrad.runtime.ops_amd import AMDProgram
+from extra.sqtt.roc import decode, WaveExec, ProfileSQTTEvent
+from tinygrad.device import Device, ProfileDeviceEvent
+
+from extra.sqtt.attempt_sqtt_parse import parse_sqtt_print_packets
+
+dev = Device["AMD"]
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def save_sqtt():
+  # clear the old traces
+  dev.profile_events.clear()
+  sqtt:dict[str, list[WaveExec]] = {}
+  yield sqtt
+  events = dev.profile_events+[ProfileDeviceEvent("AMD", props=dev.device_props())]
+
+  #rctx = decode(events)
+  #assert len(rctx.inst_execs) > 0, "empty sqtt output"
+  #sqtt.update(rctx.inst_execs)
+
+  for e in events:
+    if isinstance(e, ProfileSQTTEvent):
+      print(replace(e, blob=b''))
+      if e.se == 0:
+        parse_sqtt_print_packets(e.blob)
+
+template = """.text
+.globl matmul
+.p2align 8
+.type matmul,@function
+matmul:
+  INSTRUCTION
+
+.rodata
+.p2align 6
+.amdhsa_kernel matmul
+  .amdhsa_user_sgpr_kernarg_segment_ptr 1
+  .amdhsa_next_free_vgpr .amdgcn.next_free_vgpr
+  .amdhsa_next_free_sgpr .amdgcn.next_free_sgpr
+  .amdhsa_wavefront_size32 1
+.end_amdhsa_kernel
+
+.amdgpu_metadata
+---
+amdhsa.version:
+  - 1
+  - 0
+amdhsa.kernels:
+  - .name: matmul
+    .symbol: matmul.kd
+    .group_segment_fixed_size: 0
+    .private_segment_fixed_size: 0
+    .wavefront_size: 32
+    .sgpr_count: 8
+    .vgpr_count: 8
+    .max_flat_workgroup_size: 1024
+    .kernarg_segment_align: 8
+    .kernarg_segment_size: 8
+    .args:
+      - .address_space:  global
+        .name:           a
+        .offset:         0
+        .size:           8
+        .type_name:      'float*'
+        .value_kind:     global_buffer
+...
+.end_amdgpu_metadata
+"""
+
+def run_asm(src, num_workgroups=1, num_waves=1):
+  WAVE_SIZE = 32
+  t = Tensor.empty(0x1000).realize()
+  buf = t.uop.buffer.ensure_allocated()
+  lib = dev.compiler.compile(template.replace("INSTRUCTION", '\n'.join(src)))
+  dev.compiler.disassemble(lib)
+  fxn = AMDProgram(dev, "matmul", lib)
+  fxn(buf._buf, global_size=(num_workgroups,1,1), local_size=(WAVE_SIZE*num_waves,1,1), wait=True)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  with save_sqtt() as sqtt:
+    run_asm([
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "s_load_b64 s[0:1], s[0:1], null",
+      "s_waitcnt lgkmcnt(0)",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "s_add_i32 s2, s2, 10",
+      "s_add_i32 s2, s2, 10",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "v_mov_b32_e32 v0, 0",
+      "v_mov_b32_e32 v0, 0",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "v_dual_fmac_f32 v2, v48, v24 :: v_dual_fmac_f32 v9, v37, v51",
+      "v_dual_fmac_f32 v2, v48, v24 :: v_dual_fmac_f32 v9, v37, v51",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "global_load_b128 v[2:5], v0, s[0:1]",
+      "global_load_b128 v[2:5], v0, s[0:1]",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "s_nop 100",
+      "s_sendmsg sendmsg(MSG_DEALLOC_VGPRS)",
+      "s_endpgm",
+    ], num_workgroups=1, num_waves=1)
+  exit(0)
+
+  with save_sqtt() as sqtt:
+    #(Tensor.empty(16,16) @ Tensor.empty(16,16)).elu().realize()
+    #Tensor.empty(1, 64).sum(axis=1).realize()
+    Tensor.empty(1).log2().realize()
+  exit(0)
+
+  with save_sqtt() as sqtt:
+    # what's in v0?
+    run_asm([
+      "v_mov_b32_e32 v0, 0",
+      "v_mov_b32_e32 v1, 0",
+      "s_clause 0x1",
+      "s_load_b64 s[0:1], s[0:1], null",
+      "s_waitcnt lgkmcnt(0)",
+    ]+[
+      "global_load_b32 v1, v0, s[0:1]",
+    ]*10+[
+      "global_load_b32 v10, v1, s[0:1]",
+      "s_waitcnt vmcnt(0)",
+
+      #"v_rcp_f32 v1, v0"
+      #"v_add_f32_e32 v1 v0 v0",
+      #"v_add_f32_e32 v5 v4 v4",
+      #"v_add_f32_e32 v7 v6 v6",
+      #"v_add_f32_e32 v1 v0 v0",
+      #"v_add_f32_e32 v2 v1 v1",
+      #"s_nop 1"
+    ]*5+[
+      "v_add_f32_e32 v3 v2 v2",
+    ]*5+[
+      "v_mul_f32_e32 v3 v2 v2",
+    ]*7)

extra/sqtt/attempt_sqtt_parse.py

@@ -0,0 +1,548 @@
+import pickle, sys
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, Timing, colored
+from extra.sqtt.roc import decode, ProfileSQTTEvent
+
+# do these enums match fields in the packets?
+#from tinygrad.runtime.support.amd import import_soc
+#soc = import_soc([11])
+#perf_sel = {getattr(soc, k):k for k in dir(soc) if k.startswith("SQ_PERF_")}
+
+# Instruction packets (one per ISA op)
+# NOTE: these are bad guesses and may be wrong! feel free to update if you know better
+# some names were taken from SQ_TT_TOKEN_MASK_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_SHIFT
+
+# we see 18 opcodes
+# opcodes(18):  1  2  3  4  5  6  8  9  F 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19
+# if you exclude everything, you are left with 6
+# opcodes( 6): 10 11 14 15 16 17
+# sometimes we see a lot of B, but not repeatable
+
+# not seen
+# 7 A C
+
+# NOTE: INST runs before EXEC
+
+OPCODE_COLORS = {
+  # dispatches are BLACK
+  0x1: "BLACK",
+  0x18: "BLACK",
+
+  # execs are yellow
+  0x2: "yellow",
+  0x3: "yellow",
+  0x4: "YELLOW",
+  0x5: "YELLOW",
+
+  # waves are blue
+  0x8: "blue",
+  0x9: "blue",
+  0x6: "cyan",
+  0xb: "cyan",
+}
+
+OPCODE_NAMES = {
+  # gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_VALUINST_SHIFT (but others must be enabled for it to show)
+  0x01: "VALUINST",
+  # gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_VMEMEXEC_SHIFT
+  0x02: "VMEMEXEC",
+  # gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_ALUEXEC_SHIFT
+  0x03: "ALUEXEC",
+  # gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_IMMEDIATE_SHIFT
+  0x04: "IMMEDIATE",
+  0x05: "IMMEDIATE_MASK",
+
+  # gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_WAVERDY_SHIFT
+  0x06: "WAVERDY",
+  # gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_WAVESTARTEND_SHIFT
+  0x08: "WAVEEND",
+  0x09: "WAVESTART",
+  # gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_WAVEALLOC_SHIFT
+  0x0B: "WAVEALLOC",  # FFF00
+
+  # gated by NOT SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_PERF_SHIFT
+  0x0D: "PERF",
+  # gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_EVENT_SHIFT
+  0x12: "EVENT",
+  0x13: "EVENT_BIG",  # FFFFF800
+  # some gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_REG_SHIFT, some always there. something is broken with the timing on this
+  0x14: "REG",
+  # gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_INST_SHIFT
+  0x18: "INST",
+  # gated by SQ_TT_TOKEN_EXCLUDE_UTILCTR_SHIFT
+  0x19: "UTILCTR",
+
+  # this is the first (8 byte) packet in the bitstream
+  0x17: "LAYOUT_HEADER",       # layout/mode/group + selectors A/B (reversed)
+
+  # pure time (no extra bits)
+  0x0F: "TS_DELTA_SHORT",
+  0x10: "NOP",
+  0x11: "TS_WAVE_STATE",     # almost pure time, has a small flag
+
+  # not a good name, but seen and understood mostly
+  0x15: "SNAPSHOT",          # small delta + 50-ish bits of snapshot
+  0x16: "TS_DELTA_OR_MARK",  # 36-bit long delta or 36-bit marker
+
+  # packets we haven't seen / rarely see 0x0b
+  0x07: "TS_DELTA_S8_W3_7",         # shift=8,  width=3  (small delta)
+  0x0A: "TS_DELTA_S5_W2_A",         # shift=5,  width=2
+  0x0C: "TS_DELTA_S5_W3_B",         # shift=5,  width=3 (different consumer)
+}
+
+#  SALU    =  0x0 / s_mov_b32
+#  SMEM    =  0x1 / s_load_b*
+#  JUMP    =  0x3 / s_cbranch_scc0
+#  NEXT    =  0x4 / s_cbranch_execz
+#  MESSAGE =  0x9 / s_sendmsg
+#  VALU    =  0xb / v_(exp,log)_f32_e32
+#  VALU    =  0xd / v_lshlrev_b64
+#  VALU    =  0xe / v_mad_u64_u32
+#  VMEM    = 0x21 / global_load_b32
+#  VMEM    = 0x22 / global_load_b32
+#  VMEM    = 0x24 / global_store_b32
+#  VMEM    = 0x25 / global_store_b64
+#  VMEM    = 0x27 / global_store
+#  VMEM    = 0x28 / global_store_b64
+#  LDS     = 0x29 / ds_load_b128
+#  LDS     = 0x2b / ds_store_b32
+#  LDS     = 0x2e / ds_store_b128
+#  ????    = 0x5a / hidden global_load  instruction
+#  ????    = 0x5b / hidden global_load  instruction
+#  ????    = 0x5c / hidden global_store instruction
+#  VALU    = 0x73 / v_cmpx_eq_u32_e32 (not normal VALUINST)
+OPNAME = {
+  0x0: "SALU",
+  0x1: "SMEM",
+  0x3: "JUMP",
+  0x4: "NEXT",
+  0x9: "MESSAGE",
+  0xb: "VALU",
+  0xd: "VALU",
+  0xe: "VALU",
+  0x10: "__END",
+  0x21: "VMEM_LOAD",
+  0x22: "VMEM_LOAD",
+  0x24: "VMEM_STORE",
+  0x25: "VMEM_STORE",
+  0x26: "VMEM_STORE",
+  0x27: "VMEM_STORE",
+  0x28: "VMEM_STORE",
+  0x29: "LDS_LOAD",
+  0x2b: "LDS_STORE",
+  0x2e: "LDS_STORE",
+  0x50: "__SIMD_LDS_LOAD",
+  0x51: "__SIMD_LDS_LOAD",
+  0x54: "__SIMD_LDS_STORE",
+  0x5a: "__SIMD_VMEM_LOAD",
+  0x5b: "__SIMD_VMEM_LOAD",
+  0x5c: "__SIMD_VMEM_STORE",
+  0x5d: "__SIMD_VMEM_STORE",
+  0x5e: "__SIMD_VMEM_STORE",
+  0x5f: "__SIMD_VMEM_STORE",
+  0x72: "SALU_OR",
+  0x73: "VALU_CMPX",
+}
+
+ALUSRC = {
+  1: "SALU",
+  2: "VALU",
+  3: "VALU_ALT",
+}
+
+MEMSRC = {
+  0: "LDS",
+  1: "__LDS",
+  2: "VMEM",
+  3: "__VMEM",
+}
+
+
+# these tables are from rocprof trace decoder
+# rocprof_trace_decoder_parse_data-0x11c6a0
+# parse_sqtt_180 = b *rocprof_trace_decoder_parse_data-0x11c6a0+0x110040
+
+# ---------- 1. local_138: 256-byte state->opcode table ----------
+
+STATE_TO_OPCODE: bytes = bytes([
+  0x10, 0x16, 0x18, 0x01, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x09, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x17, 0x18, 0x01, 0x06, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x07, 0x18, 0x01, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x09, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x19, 0x18, 0x01, 0x06, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x00, 0x18, 0x01, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x09, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x11, 0x18, 0x01, 0x06, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x12, 0x18, 0x01, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x09, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x15, 0x18, 0x01, 0x06, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x16, 0x18, 0x01, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x09, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x17, 0x18, 0x01, 0x06, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x07, 0x18, 0x01, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x09, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x19, 0x18, 0x01, 0x06, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x00, 0x18, 0x01, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x09, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x11, 0x18, 0x01, 0x06, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x13, 0x18, 0x01, 0x05, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x09, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+  0x10, 0x15, 0x18, 0x01, 0x06, 0x08, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x0f, 0x14, 0x18, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02,
+])
+
+# opcode mask (the bits used to determine the opcode, worked out by looking at the repeats in STATE_TO_OPCODE)
+
+opcode_mask = {
+  0x10: 0b1111,
+
+  0x16: 0b1111111,
+  0x17: 0b1111111,
+  0x07: 0b1111111,
+  0x19: 0b1111111,
+  0x11: 0b1111111,
+  0x12: 0b11111111,
+  0x13: 0b11111111,
+  0x15: 0b1111111,
+
+  0x18: 0b111,
+  0x1: 0b111,
+
+  0x5: 0b11111,
+  0x6: 0b11111,
+  0xb: 0b11111,
+  0x8: 0b11111,
+  0xc: 0b11111,
+  0xd: 0b11111,
+
+  0xf: 0b1111,
+  0x14: 0b1111,
+
+  0x9: 0b11111,
+  0xa: 0b11111,
+
+  0x4: 0b1111,
+  0x3: 0b1111,
+  0x2: 0b1111,
+}
+
+# ---------- 2. DAT_0012e280: nibble budget per opcode&0x1F ----------
+
+NIBBLE_BUDGET = [
+  0x08, 0x0C, 0x08, 0x08, 0x0C, 0x18, 0x18, 0x40, 0x14, 0x20, 0x30, 0x14, 0x34, 0x1C, 0x30, 0x08,
+  0x04, 0x18, 0x18, 0x20, 0x40, 0x40, 0x30, 0x40, 0x14, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+]
+
+# ---------- 3. delta_map from your hash nodes ----------
+
+# opcode -> (shift, width)
+DELTA_MAP_DEFAULT = {
+  0x01: (3,  3),   # shift=3,  end=6
+  0x02: (4,  2),   # shift=4,  end=6
+  0x03: (4,  2),   # shift=4,  end=6
+  0x04: (4,  3),   # shift=4,  end=7
+  0x05: (5,  3),   # shift=5,  end=8
+  0x06: (5,  3),   # shift=5,  end=8
+  0x07: (8,  3),   # shift=8,  end=11
+  0x08: (5,  3),   # shift=5,  end=8
+  0x09: (5,  2),   # shift=5,  end=7
+  0x0A: (5,  2),   # shift=5,  end=7
+  0x0B: (5,  3),   # shift=5,  end=8
+  0x0C: (5,  3),   # shift=5,  end=8
+  0x0D: (5,  3),   # shift=5,  end=8
+  # NOTE: 0x0e can never be decoded, it's not in the STATE_TO_OPCODE table
+  #0x0E: (7,  2),   # shift=7,  end=9
+  0x0F: (4,  4),   # shift=4,  end=8
+  0x10: (0,  0),   # shift=0,  end=0  (no delta)
+  0x11: (7,  9),   # shift=7,  end=16
+  0x12: (8,  3),   # shift=8,  end=11
+  0x13: (8,  3),   # shift=8,  end=11
+  0x14: (4,  3),   # shift=4,  end=7
+  0x15: (7,  3),   # shift=7,  end=10
+  0x16: (12, 36),  # shift=12, end=48 (36-bit field, matches the 0x16 special-case)
+  0x17: (0,  0),   # shift=0,  end=0  (no delta)
+  0x18: (4,  3),   # shift=4,  end=7
+  0x19: (7,  2),   # shift=7,  end=9
+}
+
+# ---------- 4. One-line-per-packet parser ----------
+
+def reg_mask(opcode):
+  nb_bits = NIBBLE_BUDGET[opcode & 0x1F]
+  shift, width = DELTA_MAP_DEFAULT[opcode]
+  delta_mask = ((1 << width) - 1) << shift
+  assert delta_mask & opcode_mask[opcode] == 0, "masks shouldn't overlap"
+  return ((1 << nb_bits) - 1) & ~(delta_mask | opcode_mask[opcode])
+
+def decode_packet_fields(opcode: int, reg: int) -> str:
+  """
+  Decode packet payloads conservatively, using:
+    - NIBBLE_BUDGET[opcode & 0x1F] to mask reg down to true width.
+    - DELTA_MAP_DEFAULT[opcode] to expose the "primary" field (often delta).
+    - Per-opcode layouts derived from rocprof's decompiled consumers.
+  """
+  # --- 0. Restrict to real packet bits not used in delta ---------------------------------
+  pkt = reg & reg_mask(opcode)
+  fields: list[str] = []
+
+  match opcode:
+    case 0x01: # VALUINST
+      # 6 bit field
+      flag = (pkt >> 6) & 1
+      wave = pkt >> 7
+      fields.append(f"wave={wave:x}")
+      if flag: fields.append("flag")
+    case 0x02: # VMEMEXEC
+      # 2 bit field (pipe is a guess)
+      src = pkt>>6
+      fields.append(f"src={src} [{MEMSRC.get(src, '')}]")
+    case 0x03: # ALUEXEC
+      # 2 bit field
+      src = pkt>>6
+      fields.append(f"src={src} [{ALUSRC.get(src, '')}]")
+    case 0x04: # IMMEDIATE_4
+      # 5 bit field (actually 4)
+      wave = pkt >> 7
+      fields.append(f"wave={wave:x}")
+    case 0x05: # IMMEDIATE_5
+      # 16 bit field
+      # 1 bit per wave
+      fields.append(f"mask={pkt>>8:016b}")
+    case 0x6:
+      # wave ready FFFF00
+      # 16 bit field
+      # 1 bit per wave
+      fields.append(f"mask={pkt>>8:016b}")
+    case 0x0d:
+      # 20 bit field
+      fields.append(f"arg = {pkt>>8:X}")
+    case 0x12:
+      fields.append(f"event = {pkt>>11:X}")
+    case 0x15:
+      fields.append(f"snap = {pkt>>10:X}")
+    case 0x19:
+      # wave end
+      fields.append(f"ctr = {pkt>>9:X}")
+    case 0xf:
+      extracted_delta = (reg >> 4) & 0xF
+      fields.append(f"strange_delta=0x{extracted_delta:x}")
+    case 0x11:
+      # DELTA_MAP_DEFAULT: shift=7, width=9 -> small delta.
+      # FF0000 is the mask
+      coarse    = pkt >> 16
+      fields.append(f"coarse=0x{coarse:02x}")
+      # From decomp:
+      #  - when layout<3 and coarse&1, it sets a "has interesting wave" flag
+      #  - when coarse&8, it marks all live waves as "terminated"
+      if coarse & 0x01:
+        fields.append("flag_wave_interest=1")
+      if coarse & 0x08:
+        fields.append("flag_terminate_all=1")
+    case 0x8:
+      # wave end, this is 20 bits (FFF00)
+      flag7   = (pkt >> 8) & 1
+      simd    = (pkt >> 9) & 3
+      cu      = ((pkt >> 11) & 0x7) | (flag7 << 3)
+      wave    = (pkt >> 15) & 0x1f
+      fields.append(f"wave={wave:x}")
+      fields.append(f"simd={simd}")
+      fields.append(f"cu={cu}")
+    case 0x9:
+      # From case 9 (WAVESTART) in multiple consumers:
+      #   flag7  = (w >> 7) & 1        (low bit of uVar41)
+      #   cls2   = (w >> 8) & 3        (class / group)
+      #   slot4  = (w >> 10) & 0xf     (slot / group index)
+      #   idx_lo = (w >> 0xd) & 0x1f   (low index, layout<4 path)
+      #   idx_hi = (w >> 0xf) & 0x1f   (high index, layout>=4 path)
+      #   id7    = (w >> 0x19) & 0x7f  (7-bit id)
+      flag7   = (pkt >> 7) & 1
+      simd    = (pkt >> 8) & 3
+      cu      = ((pkt >> 10) & 0x7) | (flag7 << 3)
+      wave    = (pkt >> 13) & 0x1F
+      id7     = (pkt >> 17)
+      fields.append(f"wave={wave:x}")
+      fields.append(f"simd={simd}")
+      fields.append(f"cu={cu}")
+      fields.append(f"id7=0x{id7:x}")
+    case 0x18:
+      # FFF88 is the mask
+      # From case 0x18:
+      #   low3   = w & 7
+      #   grp3   = (w >> 3) or (w >> 4) & 7   (layout-dependent)
+      #   flags  = bits 6 (B6) and 7 (B7)
+      #   hi8    = (w >> 0xc) & 0xff   (layout 4 path)
+      #   hi7    = (w >> 0xd) & 0x7f   (other layouts)
+      #   idx5   = (w >> 7) or (w >> 8) & 0x1f, used as wave index
+      flag1 = (pkt >> 3) & 1
+      flag2 = (pkt >> 7) & 1
+      wave = (pkt >> 8) & 0x1F
+      op = (pkt >> 13)
+      fields.append(f"wave={wave:x}")
+      fields.append(f"op=0x{op:02x} [{OPNAME.get(op, '')}]")
+      if flag1: fields.append("flag1")
+      if flag2: fields.append("flag2")
+    case 0x14:
+      subop   = (pkt >> 16) & 0xFFFF       # (short)(w >> 0x10)
+      val32   = (pkt >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF   # (uint)(w >> 0x20)
+      slot    = (pkt >> 7) & 0x7           # index in local_168[...] tables
+      hi_byte = (pkt >> 8) & 0xFF          # determines config vs marker
+
+      fields.append(f"subop=0x{subop:04x}")
+      fields.append(f"slot={slot}")
+      fields.append(f"val32=0x{val32:08x}")
+
+      if hi_byte & 0x80:
+        # Config flavour: writes config words into per-slot state arrays.
+        fields.append("kind=config")
+        if subop == 0x000C:
+          fields.append("slot=lo")
+        elif subop == 0x000D:
+          fields.append("slot=hi")
+      else:
+        # COR marker: subop 0xC342, payload "COR\0" → start of a COR region.
+        if subop == 0xC342:
+          fields.append("kind=cor_stream")
+          if val32 == 0x434F5200:
+            fields.append("cor_magic='COR\\0'")
+    case 0x16:
+      # Bits:
+      #   bit8  -> 0x100
+      #   bit9  -> 0x200
+      #   bits 12..47 -> 36-bit field used as delta or marker
+      bit8 = bool(pkt & 0x100)
+      bit9 = bool(pkt & 0x200)
+      if not bit9:
+        mode = "delta"
+      elif not bit8:
+        mode = "marker"
+      else:
+        mode = "other"
+      # need to use reg here
+      val36 = (reg >> 12) & ((1 << 36) - 1)
+      fields.append(f"mode={mode}")
+      if mode != "delta":
+        fields.append(f"val36=0x{val36:x}")
+    case 0x17:
+      # From decomp (two sites with identical logic):
+      #   layout = (w >> 7) & 0x3f
+      #   mode   = (w >> 0xd) & 3
+      #   group  = (w >> 0xf) & 7
+      #   sel_a  = (w >> 0x1c) & 0xf
+      #   sel_b  = (w >> 0x21) & 7
+      #   flag4  = (w >> 0x3b) & 1  (only meaningful when layout == 4)
+      layout = (pkt >> 7)  & 0x3F
+      simd   = (pkt >> 13) & 0x3  # you can change this by changing traced simd
+      group  = (pkt >> 15) & 0x7
+      sel_a  = (pkt >> 0x1C) & 0xF
+      sel_b  = (pkt >> 0x21) & 0x7
+      flag4  = (pkt >> 0x3B) & 0x1
+
+      fields.append(f"layout={layout}")
+      fields.append(f"group={group}")
+      fields.append(f"simd={simd}")
+      fields.append(f"sel_a={sel_a}")
+      fields.append(f"sel_b={sel_b}")
+      if layout == 4:
+        fields.append(f"layout4_flag={flag4}")
+    case _:
+      fields.append(f"{pkt:X} & {reg_mask(opcode):X}")
+  return ",".join(fields)
+
+FILTER_LEVEL = getenv("FILTER", 1)
+
+DEFAULT_FILTER: tuple[int, ...] = tuple()
+# NOP + pure time + "sample"
+if FILTER_LEVEL >= 0: DEFAULT_FILTER += (0x10, 0xf, 0x11)
+# reg + event + sample + marker
+# TODO: events are probably good
+if FILTER_LEVEL >= 1: DEFAULT_FILTER += (0x14, 0x12, 0x16)
+# instruction runs + valuinst
+if FILTER_LEVEL >= 2: DEFAULT_FILTER += (0x01, 0x02, 0x03)
+# instructions dispatch (inst, immed)
+if FILTER_LEVEL >= 3: DEFAULT_FILTER += (0x4, 0x5, 0x18)
+# waves
+if FILTER_LEVEL >= 4: DEFAULT_FILTER += (0x6, 0x8, 0x9)
+
+def parse_sqtt_print_packets(data: bytes, filter=DEFAULT_FILTER, verbose=True) -> None:
+  """
+  Minimal debug: print ONE LINE per decoded token (packet).
+
+  Now prints only the actual nibbles that belong to each packet, instead of
+  the full 64-bit shift register.
+  """
+  n = len(data)
+  time = 0
+  last_printed_time = 0
+  reg = 0          # shift register
+  offset = 0       # bit offset, in steps of 4 (one nibble)
+  nib_budget = 0x40
+  flags = 0
+  token_index = 0
+  opcodes_seen = set()
+
+  while (offset >> 3) < n:
+    # 1) Fill register with nibbles according to nib_budget
+    if nib_budget != 0:
+      target = offset + 4 + ((nib_budget - 1) & ~3)
+      while offset != target and (offset >> 3) < n:
+        byte = data[offset >> 3]
+        nib = (byte >> (offset & 4)) & 0xF
+        reg = ((reg >> 4) | (nib << 60)) & ((1 << 64) - 1)
+        offset += 4
+
+    # 2) Decode token from low 8 bits
+    opcode = STATE_TO_OPCODE[reg & 0xFF]
+    opcodes_seen.add(opcode)
+
+    # 4) Set next nibble budget based on opcode
+    nib_budget = NIBBLE_BUDGET[opcode & 0x1F]
+
+    # 5) Get delta
+    shift, width = DELTA_MAP_DEFAULT[opcode]
+    delta = (reg >> shift) & ((1 << width) - 1)
+
+    # 6) Update time and handle special opcodes 0xF/0x16
+    if opcode == 0x16:
+      two_bits = (reg >> 8) & 0x3
+      if two_bits == 1:
+        flags |= 0x01
+
+      # Common 36-bit field at bits [12..47]
+      if (reg & 0x200) == 0:
+        # delta mode: add 36-bit delta to time
+        pass
+      elif (reg & 0x100) == 0:
+        # marker / other modes: no time advance
+        # real marker: bit9=1, bit8=0, non-zero payload
+        # "other" 0x16 variants, ignored for timing
+        delta = 0
+      else:
+        raise RuntimeError("unknown 0x16 delta")
+    elif opcode == 0x0F:
+      # opcode 0x0F has an offset of 4 to the delta
+      # update: it's actually computed to be 8 to match WAVESTART
+      delta = delta + 8
+
+    # Append extra decoded fields into the note string
+    note = decode_packet_fields(opcode, reg)
+
+    # this delta happens before the instruction
+    time += delta
+    token_index += 1
+
+    if verbose and (filter is None or opcode not in filter):
+      print(f"{time:8d} +{time-last_printed_time:8d} : "+colored(f"{OPCODE_NAMES[opcode]:18s} ", OPCODE_COLORS.get(opcode, "white"))+f"{note}")
+      last_printed_time = time
+
+  # Optional summary at the end
+  print(f"# done: tokens={token_index:_}, final_time={time}, flags=0x{flags:02x}")
+  if verbose:
+    print(f"opcodes({len(opcodes_seen):2d}):",
+          ' '.join([colored(f"{op:2X}", "WHITE" if op in opcodes_seen else "BLACK") for op in sorted(opcode_mask)]))
+
+
+def parse(fn:str):
+  with Timing(f"unpickle {fn}: "): dat = pickle.load(open(fn, "rb"))
+  if getenv("ROCM", 0):
+    with Timing(f"decode {fn}: "): ctx = decode(dat)
+  dat_sqtt = [x for x in dat if isinstance(x, ProfileSQTTEvent)]
+  print(f"got {len(dat_sqtt)} SQTT events in {fn}")
+  return dat_sqtt
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  fn = "extra/sqtt/examples/profile_gemm_run_0.pkl"
+  dat_sqtt = parse(sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else fn)
+  for i,dat in enumerate(dat_sqtt):
+    with Timing(f"decode pkt {i} with len {len(dat.blob):_}: "):
+      parse_sqtt_print_packets(dat.blob, verbose=getenv("V", 1))

extra/sqtt/roc.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-import ctypes, pathlib, argparse, pickle, re, functools, dataclasses, itertools
+import ctypes, pathlib, argparse, pickle, re, functools, dataclasses, itertools, threading
+from typing import Generator
 from tinygrad.helpers import temp, unwrap, DEBUG
 from tinygrad.device import ProfileEvent, ProfileDeviceEvent, ProfileProgramEvent
 from tinygrad.runtime.ops_amd import ProfileSQTTEvent, ProfilePMCEvent
@@ -31,30 +32,50 @@ def llvm_disasm(arch:str, lib:bytes) -> dict[int, tuple[str, int]]:
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
 class InstExec:
   typ:str
-  inst:str
+  pc:int
   stall:int
   dur:int
   time:int
 
 @dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
-class WaveExec:
+class WaveSlot:
   wave_id:int
   cu:int
   simd:int
+  se:int
+  @property
+  def simd_loc(self) -> str: return f"SE:{self.se} CU:{self.cu} SIMD:{self.simd}"
+  @property
+  def wave_loc(self) -> str: return f"{self.simd_loc} WAVE:{self.wave_id}"
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class WaveExec(WaveSlot):
   begin_time:int
   end_time:int
-  insts:list[InstExec]
+  insts:bytearray
+  def unpack_insts(self) -> Generator[InstExec, None, None]:
+    sz = ctypes.sizeof(struct:=rocprof.rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_inst_t)
+    insts_array = (struct*(len(self.insts)//sz)).from_buffer(self.insts)
+    for inst in insts_array:
+      inst_typ = rocprof.enum_rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_inst_category_t.get(inst.category)
+      yield InstExec(inst_typ, inst.pc.address, inst.stall, inst.duration, inst.time)
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class OccEvent(WaveSlot):
+  time:int
+  start:int
 
 class _ROCParseCtx:
   def __init__(self, dev_evs:dict[str, ProfileDeviceEvent], sqtt_evs:list[ProfileSQTTEvent], prog_evs:list[ProfileProgramEvent]):
     self.dev_evs, self.sqtt_evs, self.prog_evs = dev_evs, iter(sqtt_evs), prog_evs
-    self.disasms:dict[tuple[str, int], tuple[str, int]] = {}
+    self.disasms:dict[str, dict[int, tuple[str, int]]] = {}
     self.inst_execs:dict[str, list[WaveExec]] = {}
+    self.occ_events:dict[str, list[OccEvent]] = {}
 
     for prog in prog_evs:
       arch = "gfx%d%x%x" % ((trgt:=unwrap(dev_evs[prog.device].props)['gfx_target_version']) // 10000, (trgt // 100) % 100, trgt % 100)
-      for addr, info in llvm_disasm(arch, unwrap(prog.lib)).items():
-        self.disasms[(prog.name, unwrap(prog.base) + addr)] = info
+      base = unwrap(prog.base)
+      self.disasms[prog.name] = asm = {base+addr:info for addr,info in llvm_disasm(arch, unwrap(prog.lib)).items()}
 
   def next_sqtt(self):
     x = next(self.sqtt_evs, None)
@@ -63,21 +84,20 @@ class _ROCParseCtx:
     self.active_blob = (ctypes.c_ubyte * len(x.blob)).from_buffer_copy(x.blob) if x is not None else None
     return self.active_blob
 
-  def on_occupancy_ev(self, ev):
-    if DEBUG >= 5: print("OCC", ev.time, self.active_se, ev.cu, ev.simd, ev.wave_id, ev.start)
+  def on_occupancy_ev(self, ev:rocprof.rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_occupancy_t):
+    if DEBUG >= 5: print(f"OCC {ev.time=} {self.active_se=} {ev.cu=} {ev.simd=} {ev.wave_id=} {ev.start=}")
+    self.occ_events.setdefault(unwrap(self.active_kern), []).append(OccEvent(ev.wave_id, ev.cu, ev.simd, unwrap(self.active_se), ev.time, ev.start))
 
-  def on_wave_ev(self, ev):
-    if DEBUG >= 5: print("WAVE", ev.wave_id, self.active_se, ev.cu, ev.simd, ev.contexts, ev.begin_time, ev.end_time)
+  def on_wave_ev(self, ev:rocprof.rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_wave_t):
+    if DEBUG >= 5: print(f"WAVE {ev.wave_id=} {self.active_se=} {ev.cu=} {ev.simd=} {ev.contexts=} {ev.begin_time=} {ev.end_time=}")
+    # Skip wave events without instruction timings, occupancy events give the start and duration.
+    if ev.instructions_size == 0: return
 
-    inst_execs:list[InstExec] = []
-    for j in range(ev.instructions_size):
-      inst_ev = ev.instructions_array[j]
-      inst_typ = rocprof.enum_rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_inst_category_t.get(inst_ev.category)
-      inst_disasm = self.disasms[(unwrap(self.active_kern), unwrap(inst_ev.pc.address))][0]
-      inst_execs.append(InstExec(inst_typ, inst_disasm, inst_ev.stall, inst_ev.duration, inst_ev.time))
+    insts_blob = bytearray(sz:=ev.instructions_size * ctypes.sizeof(rocprof.rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_inst_t))
+    ctypes.memmove((ctypes.c_char * sz).from_buffer(insts_blob), ev.instructions_array, sz)
 
-    if ev.instructions_size > 0:
-      self.inst_execs.setdefault(unwrap(self.active_kern), []).append(WaveExec(ev.wave_id, ev.cu, ev.simd, ev.begin_time, ev.end_time, inst_execs))
+    self.inst_execs.setdefault(unwrap(self.active_kern), []).append(WaveExec(ev.wave_id, ev.cu, ev.simd, unwrap(self.active_se), ev.begin_time,
+                                                                             ev.end_time, insts_blob))
 
 def decode(profile:list[ProfileEvent]) -> _ROCParseCtx:
   dev_events:dict[str, ProfileDeviceEvent] = {}
@@ -91,26 +111,30 @@ def decode(profile:list[ProfileEvent]) -> _ROCParseCtx:
   ROCParseCtx = _ROCParseCtx(dev_events, sqtt_events, prog_events)
 
   @rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_se_data_callback_t
-  def copy_cb(buf, buf_size, data_ptr):
+  def copy_cb(buf, buf_size, _):
     if (prof_info:=ROCParseCtx.next_sqtt()) is None: return 0
     buf[0] = ctypes.cast(prof_info, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_ubyte))
     buf_size[0] = len(prof_info)
     return len(prof_info)
 
   @rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_trace_callback_t
-  def trace_cb(record_type, events_ptr, n, data_ptr):
+  def trace_cb(record_type, events_ptr, n, _):
     match record_type:
       case rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_RECORD_OCCUPANCY:
         for ev in (rocprof.rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_occupancy_t * n).from_address(events_ptr): ROCParseCtx.on_occupancy_ev(ev)
       case rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_RECORD_WAVE:
         for ev in (rocprof.rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_wave_t * n).from_address(events_ptr): ROCParseCtx.on_wave_ev(ev)
+      case rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_RECORD_REALTIME:
+        if DEBUG >= 5:
+          pairs = [(ev.shader_clock, ev.realtime_clock) for ev in (rocprof.rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_realtime_t * n).from_address(events_ptr)]
+          print(f"REALTIME {pairs}")
       case _:
         if DEBUG >= 5: print(rocprof.enum_rocprofiler_thread_trace_decoder_record_type_t.get(record_type), events_ptr, n)
     return rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_STATUS_SUCCESS
 
   @rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_isa_callback_t
-  def isa_cb(instr_ptr, mem_size_ptr, size_ptr, pc, data_ptr):
-    instr, mem_size_ptr[0] = ROCParseCtx.disasms[(unwrap(ROCParseCtx.active_kern), pc.address)]
+  def isa_cb(instr_ptr, mem_size_ptr, size_ptr, pc, _):
+    instr, mem_size_ptr[0] = ROCParseCtx.disasms[unwrap(ROCParseCtx.active_kern)][pc.address]
 
     # this is the number of bytes to next instruction, set to 0 for end_pgm
     if instr == "s_endpgm": mem_size_ptr[0] = 0
@@ -123,9 +147,11 @@ def decode(profile:list[ProfileEvent]) -> _ROCParseCtx:
 
     return rocprof.ROCPROFILER_THREAD_TRACE_DECODER_STATUS_SUCCESS
 
-  try:
-    rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_parse_data(copy_cb, trace_cb, isa_cb, None)
-  except AttributeError as e: raise RuntimeError("Failed to find rocprof-trace-decoder. Run sudo ./extra/sqtt/install_sqtt_decoder.py to install") from e
+  def worker():
+    try: rocprof.rocprof_trace_decoder_parse_data(copy_cb, trace_cb, isa_cb, None)
+    except AttributeError as e: raise RuntimeError("Failed to find rocprof-trace-decoder. Run sudo ./extra/sqtt/install_sqtt_decoder.py to install") from e
+  (t:=threading.Thread(target=worker, daemon=True)).start()
+  t.join()
   return ROCParseCtx
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

extra/sqtt/test_timing.py

@@ -7,11 +7,9 @@ os.environ["AMD_LLVM"] = "0"
 
 import unittest
 import sys, contextlib
-from tinygrad import Tensor
-from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes
-from tinygrad.renderer import ProgramSpec
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops, KernelInfo, AddrSpace
-from tinygrad.engine.realize import CompiledRunner
+from tinygrad import Tensor, dtypes
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops, KernelInfo
 from tinygrad.device import Device, ProfileDeviceEvent
 
 from extra.sqtt.roc import decode, WaveExec
@@ -39,10 +37,10 @@ def save_sqtt():
   sqtt:dict[str, list[WaveExec]] = {}
   yield sqtt
   # decode sqtt
-  if os.environ["DEV"] == "AMD":
-    rctx = decode(dev.profile_events+[ProfileDeviceEvent("AMD", props=dev.device_props())])
-    assert len(rctx.inst_execs) > 0, "empty sqtt output"
-    sqtt.update(rctx.inst_execs)
+  if os.environ["DEV"] != "AMD": return
+  rctx = decode(dev.profile_events+[ProfileDeviceEvent("AMD", props=dev.device_props())])
+  assert len(rctx.inst_execs) > 0, "empty sqtt output"
+  sqtt.update(rctx.inst_execs)
 
 class TestTiming(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_v_add(self):
@@ -75,7 +73,6 @@ class TestTiming(unittest.TestCase):
     inp = Tensor([-2.0]).realize()
     with save_sqtt() as sqtt:
       Tensor.custom_kernel(out, inp, fxn=custom_vrcp)[0].realize()
-
     wave = list(sqtt.values())[0][0]
     for i in range(len(wave.insts)):
       if wave.insts[i].inst.startswith("global_store"):
@@ -84,13 +81,17 @@ class TestTiming(unittest.TestCase):
 
   def test_wmma(self):
     with save_sqtt() as sqtt:
-      asm_kernel([
-        "v_wmma_f32_16x16x16_f16 v[16:23], v[0:7], v[8:15], v[16:23]",
-        "v_add_f32_e32 v0 v16 v0",
-      ], l=32*4).realize()
-    assert len(sqtt) == 2, f"expected two waves, got {len(sqtt)} {list(sqtt.keys())}"
-    wmma = list(sqtt.values())[0][0]
-    self.assertGreater(wmma.dur, 1) # rgp says 32 clocks
+      for tc in dev.renderer.get_tensor_cores(dev.arch):
+        M, K, N = tc.dims
+        s = 32
+        a = Tensor.empty(M*s, K*s, dtype=tc.dtype_in)@Tensor.empty(K*s, N*s, dtype=tc.dtype_in)
+        a.realize()
+        print(a)
+    for p,waves in sqtt.items():
+      for e in waves[0].insts:
+        if (e.inst.startswith("v_wmma")):
+          instruction = e.inst.split(" ")[0]
+          print(f"{instruction:<29} : {e.dur} cycles")
 
   def test_sleep(self):
     n = 1
@@ -98,15 +99,35 @@ class TestTiming(unittest.TestCase):
       assert data0.dtype.base == dtypes.ulong
       op = custom("unsigned long long t0 = __builtin_readcyclecounter();")
       op = custom(f"__builtin_amdgcn_s_sleep({n});", op)
-      op = custom(f"unsigned long long t1 = __builtin_readcyclecounter();", op)
+      op = custom("unsigned long long t1 = __builtin_readcyclecounter();", op)
       op = custom(f"data0_{data0.size}[0] = t1 - t0;", op)
       return UOp.sink(data0, op, arg=KernelInfo(name=f"sleep_{n}"))
     diff_hw_reg = Tensor.empty(1, dtype=dtypes.ulong)
     diff_hw_reg = Tensor.custom_kernel(diff_hw_reg, fxn=sleep_kernel)[0]
     with save_sqtt() as sqtt:
       diff_hw_reg.realize()
-    diff_sqtt = list(sqtt.values())[0][2]
-    self.assertEqual(diff_sqtt.dur, diff_hw_reg.item()-1) # 1 cycle for reading the counter register
+    sleep = next((e for e in sqtt[f"sleep_{n}"][0].insts if e.inst.startswith("s_sleep")))
+    # cycles = sleep dur + overhead of storing hi/lo REG_SHADER_CYCLES
+    self.assertGreaterEqual(diff_hw_reg.item(), sleep.dur)
+
+  def test_nop(self):
+    with save_sqtt() as sqtt:
+      asm_kernel(["s_nop 1"]*10).realize()
+    wave = list(sqtt.values())[0][0]
+    for e in wave.insts:
+      print(f"{e.inst} {e.dur=} {e.stall=}")
+
+  def test_wave_sched(self):
+    num_waves = getenv("NUM_WAVES", 16)
+    num_wgps = getenv("NUM_WGPS", 2)
+    num_vgpr = getenv("NUM_VGPR", 256)
+    with save_sqtt() as sqtt:
+      # 1 cycle decode, no stall
+      asm_kernel([f"v_mov_b32_e32 v{i} {i}" for i in range(num_vgpr)], l=32*num_waves, g=num_wgps).realize()
+    waves = list(sqtt.values())[0]
+    print(len(waves), "waves decoded")
+    for w in waves:
+      print(f"{w.wave_id:<2} {w.simd=} {w.cu=} {w.se=} @ clk {w.begin_time}")
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
   unittest.main()

extra/test_mi350.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+AMD=1 AMD_LLVM=1 python -m pytest -n=1 test/test_ops.py test/test_dtype.py test/test_dtype_alu.py test/test_linearizer.py test/test_randomness.py test/test_jit.py test/test_graph.py test/test_multitensor.py --durations=20
+AMD=1 AMD_LLVM=0 python -m pytest -n=1 test/test_ops.py test/test_dtype.py test/test_dtype_alu.py test/test_linearizer.py test/test_randomness.py test/test_jit.py test/test_graph.py test/test_multitensor.py --durations=20
+
+CNT=1 AMD_LLVM=0 DEBUG=2 FP8E4M3=1 HALF=0 BFLOAT16=0 SHOULD_USE_TC=1 python extra/gemm/simple_matmul.py
+CNT=1 AMD_LLVM=0 DEBUG=2 FP8E4M3=0 HALF=1 BFLOAT16=0 SHOULD_USE_TC=1 python extra/gemm/simple_matmul.py
+CNT=1 AMD_LLVM=0 DEBUG=2 FP8E4M3=0 HALF=0 BFLOAT16=1 SHOULD_USE_TC=1 python extra/gemm/simple_matmul.py
+
+CNT=1 AMD_LLVM=1 DEBUG=2 FP8E4M3=0 HALF=1 BFLOAT16=0 SHOULD_USE_TC=1 python extra/gemm/simple_matmul.py
+CNT=1 AMD_LLVM=1 DEBUG=2 FP8E4M3=0 HALF=0 BFLOAT16=1 SHOULD_USE_TC=1 python extra/gemm/simple_matmul.py
+CNT=1 AMD_LLVM=1 DEBUG=2 FP8E4M3=1 HALF=0 BFLOAT16=0 SHOULD_USE_TC=1 python extra/gemm/simple_matmul.py

extra/thunder/tiny/tk/__init__.py

@@ -1 +1,6 @@
-WARP_THREADS = 32
+from tinygrad.device import Device
+
+if Device.DEFAULT == "AMD":
+  WARP_THREADS = 64
+else:
+  WARP_THREADS = 32

extra/thunder/tiny/tk/group.py

@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ class Group:
     self.ker.push_store(dst_store, dst)
     return dst.after(dst_store).reshape(dst.shape)
 
-  def mma_AB(self, c:UOp|RT, a:UOp|RT, b:UOp|RT, after=True):
+  def mma_AB(self, c:UOp|RT, a:UOp|RT, b:UOp|RT):
     c, a, b = cast(UOp, c), cast(UOp, a), cast(UOp, b)
     assert self.warps == 1
 
     for height in self.ker.range(c.shape[-3], track=False):
       for width in self.ker.range(c.shape[-2], track=False):
-        for inner in self.ker.range(a.shape[-2], AxisType.REDUCE, track=False):
+        for inner in self.ker.range(a.shape[-2], axis_type=AxisType.REDUCE, track=False):
           wmma_arg = ("WMMA_8_16_16_bfloat16_float", (8, 16, 16), dtypes.bfloat16, dtypes.float, "CUDA", 32, (((4, 2), (3, 2), (8, 2)), ((4, 2), (3, 2)), ((4, 2), (3, 2))), ())
 
           a_in = UOp.vectorize(*[a[height, inner, i] for i in range(8)])
@@ -77,15 +77,15 @@ class Group:
           c_store = UOp.group(*c_i).end(height, width, inner)
 
     self.ker.push_store(c_store, c)
-    return c.after(c_store).reshape(c.shape) if after else c_store
+    return c.after(c_store).reshape(c.shape)
 
-  def mma_ABt(self, c:UOp|RT, a:UOp|RT, b:UOp|RT, after=True):
+  def mma_ABt(self, c:UOp|RT, a:UOp|RT, b:UOp|RT):
     c, a, b = cast(UOp, c), cast(UOp, a), cast(UOp, b)
     assert self.warps == 1
 
     for height in self.ker.range(c.shape[-3], track=False):
       for width in self.ker.range(c.shape[-2], track=False):
-        for inner in self.ker.range(a.shape[-2], AxisType.REDUCE, track=False):
+        for inner in self.ker.range(a.shape[-2], axis_type=AxisType.REDUCE, track=False):
           wmma_arg = ("WMMA_8_16_16_bfloat16_float", (8, 16, 16), dtypes.bfloat16, dtypes.float, "CUDA", 32, (((4, 2), (3, 2), (8, 2)), ((4, 2), (3, 2)), ((4, 2), (3, 2))), ())
 
           a_in = UOp.vectorize(*[a[height, inner, i] for i in range(8)])
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class Group:
           c_store = UOp.group(*c_i).end(height, width, inner)
 
     self.ker.push_store(c_store, c)
-    return c.after(c_store).reshape(c.shape) if after else c_store
+    return c.after(c_store).reshape(c.shape)
 
   map_rid = 400
   def map(self, a:ALL_TILES, op:Callable[[UOp], UOp]|Callable[[UOp, tuple], UOp]):
@@ -135,8 +135,8 @@ class Group:
       red_reg = red_reg.after(reg_store).reshape(red_reg.shape)
 
       for outer in self.ker.range(2, track=False):
-        for width in self.ker.range(src.shape[-2], AxisType.REDUCE, track=False):
-          for inner in self.ker.range(4, AxisType.REDUCE, track=False):
+        for width in self.ker.range(src.shape[-2], axis_type=AxisType.REDUCE, track=False):
+          for inner in self.ker.range(4, axis_type=AxisType.REDUCE, track=False):
             elem_index = inner + 2 * (inner // 2) + outer * 2
             reg_store = red_reg[outer].store(op(red_reg[outer], src[height, width, elem_index])).end(inner, width, outer)
             red_reg = red_reg.after(reg_store).reshape(red_reg.shape)
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ class Group:
 
       # reduce from shared memory
       for outer in self.ker.range(2, track=False):
-        for inner in self.ker.range(3, AxisType.REDUCE, track=False):
+        for inner in self.ker.range(3, axis_type=AxisType.REDUCE, track=False):
           offset = (self.laneid // 4) * 4 + ((self.laneid + inner + 1) % 4)
           reg_store = red_reg[outer].store(op(red_reg[outer], red_local[offset, outer])).end(inner, outer)
           red_reg = red_reg.after(reg_store).reshape(red_reg.shape)
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ class Group:
 
   # ops that can work across multiple warps
 
-  LOAD_INNER = 8
+  LOAD_INNER = 4
   def load(self, dst:ALL_TILES, src:ALL_TILES, dst_idxs:tuple[UOp|int,...]=(), idxs:tuple[UOp|int,...]=(), axis:int=0, transpose:bool=False):
     dst, src = cast(UOp, dst), cast(UOp, src)
     assert isinstance(dst.dtype, PtrDType) and isinstance(src.dtype, PtrDType)
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ class Group:
 
     return dst.after(dst_store.barrier()).reshape(dst.shape)
 
-  STORE_INNER = 8
+  STORE_INNER = 4
   def store(self, dst:ALL_TILES, src:ALL_TILES, idxs:tuple[UOp|int,...]=(), src_idxs:tuple[UOp|int,...]=(), axis:int=0, transpose:bool=False):
     dst, src = cast(UOp, dst), cast(UOp, src)
     assert isinstance(dst.dtype, PtrDType) and isinstance(src.dtype, PtrDType)

extra/thunder/tiny/tk/kernel.py

@@ -6,13 +6,15 @@ from extra.thunder.tiny.tk.tiles import GL, ST, RT, RV
 
 class _tk_range:
   user_rid = 0
-  def __init__(self, end:int, axis_type:AxisType): self.end, self.axis_type, self.done = end, axis_type, False
+  def __init__(self, start:int, end:int, step:int, axis_type:AxisType):
+    self.start, self.end, self.step = start, end, step
+    self.axis_type, self.done = axis_type, False
   def __iter__(self): return self
   def __next__(self):
     if not self.done:
       self.done = True
       _tk_range.user_rid += 1
-      self._rng = UOp.range(self.end, _tk_range.user_rid-1, axis_type=self.axis_type)
+      self._rng = UOp.range(self.end // self.step, _tk_range.user_rid-1, axis_type=self.axis_type) * self.step + self.start
       return self._rng
     raise StopIteration
 
@@ -43,8 +45,9 @@ class Kernel(AbstractContextManager):
   @property
   def warpgroup(self): return self.group(4)
 
-  def range(self, end:int, axis_type:AxisType=AxisType.LOOP, track:bool=True):
-    rng = _tk_range(end, axis_type)
+  def range(self, start:int, end:int=0, step:int=1, axis_type:AxisType=AxisType.LOOP, track:bool=True):
+    if end == 0: start, end = 0, start
+    rng = _tk_range(start, end, step, axis_type)
     if track: self.range_stack.append(rng)
     return rng
 
@@ -80,7 +83,11 @@ class Kernel(AbstractContextManager):
     rngs = []
     while self.range_stack: rngs.append(self.range_stack.pop(0)._rng)
 
-    return self.store_stack.pop()[0]._uop.end(*rngs).sink(arg=KernelInfo(opts_to_apply=())).simplify()
+    last_store = self.store_stack.pop()[0]
+    if hasattr(last_store, '_uop'): uop = last_store._uop
+    else: uop = last_store
+
+    return uop.end(*rngs).sink(arg=KernelInfo(opts_to_apply=())).simplify()
 
   def endrange(self):
     last_store = self.store_stack.pop()

extra/thunder/tiny/tk/tiles.py

@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ def unwrap(x):
   if isinstance(x, dict): return {k: unwrap(v) for k,v in x.items()}
   return x
 
-def wrap(x, ker, cls):
-  if isinstance(x, UOp): return cls(x, ker)
-  if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)): return type(x)(wrap(y, ker, cls) for y in x)
+def wrap(x, s):
+  if isinstance(x, UOp): return s.ruop(x)
+  if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)): return type(x)(wrap(y, s) for y in x)
   return x
 
 def autowrap(source_cls, blacklist=None):
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ def autowrap(source_cls, blacklist=None):
       if callable(val):
         @functools.wraps(val)
         def proxy(*args, **kwargs):
-          return wrap(val(*unwrap(args), **unwrap(kwargs)), self.ker, cls)
+          return wrap(val(*unwrap(args), **unwrap(kwargs)), self)
         return proxy
       if name in UOp.__slots__: return val
-      return wrap(val, self.ker, cls)
+      return wrap(val, self)
     cls.__getattr__ = __getattr__
 
     for name in dir(source_cls):
@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ def autowrap(source_cls, blacklist=None):
       else:
         original = getattr(source_cls, name)
         if callable(original):
-          def make_proxy(op_name, func):
+          def make_proxy(_, func):
             def proxy(self, *args, **kwargs):
-              return wrap(func(self._uop, *unwrap(args), **unwrap(kwargs)), self.ker, cls)
+              return wrap(func(self._uop, *unwrap(args), **unwrap(kwargs)), self)
             return proxy
           setattr(cls, name, make_proxy(name, original))
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class TileMathMixin(MathMixin):
         if isinstance(self, RT) and isinstance(src[0], RV): uop = self.ker.warp.map(self._uop, lambda x, idx: UOp.alu(x, op, inner_op(src[0]._uop[idx[0], 0, (idx[2]%4)//2])))
         else: uop = self.ker.warp.map(self._uop, lambda x, idx: UOp.alu(x, op, inner_op(src[0]._uop[*idx])))
     else: raise NotImplementedError
-    return type(self)(uop, self.ker)
+    return self.ruop(uop)
   def const_like(self, b): return b
 
   # override ops that do compute on the src uop
@@ -83,6 +83,9 @@ class GL:
   def __init__(self, uop, ker):
     self._uop, self.ker = uop, ker
 
+  def ruop(self, uop):
+    return GL(uop, self.ker)
+
   @classmethod
   def create(cls, shape, dtype, ker):
     uop = ker.alloc(shape, dtype, AddrSpace.GLOBAL)
@@ -93,6 +96,9 @@ class ST:
   def __init__(self, uop, ker):
     self._uop, self.ker = uop, ker
 
+  def ruop(self, uop):
+    return ST(uop, self.ker)
+
   @classmethod
   def create(cls, shape, dtype, ker):
     uop = ker.alloc(shape, dtype, AddrSpace.LOCAL)
@@ -107,6 +113,9 @@ class RT(TileMathMixin):
   def __init__(self, uop, ker):
     self._uop, self.ker = uop, ker
 
+  def ruop(self, uop):
+    return RT(uop, self.ker)
+
   @classmethod
   def create(cls, shape, dtype, ker):
     assert len(shape) == 2
@@ -121,8 +130,11 @@ class RT(TileMathMixin):
 
 @autowrap(UOp)
 class RV(TileMathMixin):
-  def __init__(self, uop, ker):
-    self._uop, self.ker = uop, ker
+  def __init__(self, uop, layout, ker):
+    self._uop, self.layout, self.ker = uop, layout, ker
+
+  def ruop(self, uop):
+    return RV(uop, self.layout, self.ker)
 
   @classmethod
   def create(cls, length, dtype, layout, ker):
@@ -138,6 +150,6 @@ class RV(TileMathMixin):
       case _: raise NotImplementedError(f"rv layout {layout} not implemented")
 
     uop = ker.alloc((outer_dim, inner_dim, 2), dtype, AddrSpace.REG)
-    return RV(uop, ker)
+    return RV(uop, layout, ker)
 
 ALL_TILES = UOp | GL | ST | RT | RV

extra/tinyfs/fetch_file.py

@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
   parser.add_argument("--dest", type=str, required=True, help="destination path to save the file")
   args = parser.parse_args()
 
-  Tensor(bytes.fromhex(args.hash), device="CPU").load(args.len).to(f"disk:{args.dest}").realize()
+  Tensor(bytes.fromhex(args.hash), device="CPU").fs_load(args.len).to(f"disk:{args.dest}").realize()

extra/tinyfs/fetch_raid.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import json, multiprocessing
+import json, multiprocessing, functools
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor
@@ -14,23 +14,25 @@ def fetch_file(item):
   path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
 
   try:
-    pt = Tensor(bytes.fromhex(h), device="CPU").load(size).to(f"disk:{path.as_posix()}").realize()
+    pt = Tensor(bytes.fromhex(h), device="CPU").fs_load(size).to(f"disk:{path.as_posix()}").realize()
   except Exception as e:
     print(f"error fetching {path}, {h}, {size}: {e}")
     raise
 
   pt.uop.buffer.deallocate()
 
-def fetch_mapping():
-  mapping_tensor = Tensor(bytes.fromhex("d734f5e3be9f1e9d863bfaa4fc6c1ef2")).load(175866113).realize()
+def fetch_mapping(h, l):
+  mapping_tensor = Tensor(bytes.fromhex(h)).fs_load(l).realize()
   mapping = mapping_tensor.data().tobytes().decode()
   mapping = json.loads(mapping)
   mapped_files = mapping.items()
   return list(mapped_files)
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
+  h, l = getenv("HASH", "d734f5e3be9f1e9d863bfaa4fc6c1ef2"), getenv("LENGTH", 175866113)
+
   with multiprocessing.Pool(processes=1) as pool:
-    mapped_files = pool.apply(fetch_mapping)
+    mapped_files = pool.apply(functools.partial(fetch_mapping, h, l))
 
   print(f"fetched mapping for {len(mapped_files)} files")
 

extra/tinyfs/upload_raid.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ raid_root = Path("/raid")
 
 def upload_file(path: Path):
   pt = Tensor(path).realize()
-  h = pt.store().realize()
+  h = pt.fs_store().realize()
   pt.uop.realized.deallocate()
   return h.data().hex(), path, pt.nbytes()
 
@@ -26,6 +26,6 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
   mapping = json.dumps(mapping).encode()
   mapping_tensor = Tensor(mapping, device="CPU")
-  h = mapping_tensor.store().realize()
+  h = mapping_tensor.fs_store().realize()
 
   print(f"final hash: {h.data().hex()}, size: {len(mapping)}")

extra/torch_backend/backend.py

@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
 # A006 Lambda argument `input` is shadowing a Python builtin
 from tinygrad import Tensor, dtypes, Device
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops
-from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, prod
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, prod, strides_for_shape, argfix
 import torch.lib
 TORCH_DEBUG = getenv("TORCH_DEBUG")
-import torch, pathlib, math, operator, functools, inspect
+import torch, pathlib, math, operator, functools, weakref
 torch.autograd.grad_mode.set_multithreading_enabled(False)
 from tinygrad.dtype import _from_torch_dtype, _to_torch_dtype
 
@@ -18,7 +18,17 @@ def _to_torch_device(device: str): return torch.device("tiny", int(device.partit
 
 import torch.utils.cpp_extension
 mod = torch.utils.cpp_extension.load(name="custom_device_extension", sources=[str(pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "wrapped_tensor.cpp")])
-def wrap(x:Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: return mod.wrap(x, _to_torch_dtype(x.dtype), _to_torch_device(x.device).index)
+def calculate_storage_offset(x: Tensor) -> int:
+  offset = 0
+  for u in x.uop.toposort():
+    if u.op == Ops.SHRINK:
+      u_strides = strides_for_shape(u.src[0].shape)
+      for i, (start, _) in enumerate(u.marg): offset += start * u_strides[i]
+  return offset
+def wrap(x: Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+  x._strides = strides_for_shape(x.shape) # always recalculate
+  if (not hasattr(x, '_storage_offset')) or (not x.uop.is_realized): x._storage_offset = calculate_storage_offset(x)
+  return mod.wrap(x, _to_torch_dtype(x.dtype), _to_torch_device(x.device).index)
 def unwrap(x:torch.Tensor) -> Tensor:
   assert isinstance(x, torch.Tensor), f"x isn't {type(x)}"
   return mod.unwrap(x)
@@ -35,17 +45,20 @@ torch.utils.generate_methods_for_privateuse1_backend()
 aten = torch.ops.aten
 
 # track view relationships for in place operations
-def is_view(tensor: Tensor): return hasattr(tensor, "_view_base")
 def canonical_base(view: Tensor): return getattr(view, "_view_base", view)
 def derived_views(base: Tensor): return [t for tref in getattr(base, "_views", set()) if (t:=tref()) is not None]
+def unwrap_args(args, kwargs):
+  return [unwrap(x) if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else x for x in args], {k:unwrap(v) if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor) else v for k,v in kwargs.items()}
 def wrap_view_op(fn):
-  def _wrap(*args,**kwargs):
-    args = [unwrap(x) if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else x for x in args]
-    kwargs = {k:unwrap(v) if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor) else v for k,v in kwargs.items()}
-    ret = fn(*args,**kwargs)
-    ret._view_base = base = canonical_base(args[0])
-    if not hasattr(base, "_views"): base._views = set()
+  @functools.wraps(fn)
+  def _wrap(*args, **kwargs):
+    args, kwargs = unwrap_args(args, kwargs)
+    ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)
+    base = canonical_base(args[0])
+    ret._view_base = base
+    base._views = getattr(base, "_views", set())
     base._views.add(weakref.ref(ret))
+    ret._view_ops = _get_view_ops(args[0]) + [(fn, args[1:], kwargs)]
     return wrap(ret)
   return _wrap
 
@@ -58,48 +71,83 @@ view_ops = {
   "aten.transpose.int": Tensor.transpose,
   "aten.squeeze.dim": Tensor.squeeze,
   "aten.unsqueeze": Tensor.unsqueeze,
-  "aten.detach": Tensor.detach,
   "aten.select.int": lambda self, dim, idx: self[(slice(None),) * (dim%self.ndim) + (idx,)],
-}
+  "aten.permute": Tensor.permute,
+  "aten.alias": lambda self: self,
+  }
+
+# torch 2.10 handles this natively
+if tuple(map(int, torch.__version__.split('.')[:2])) < (2, 10): view_ops.update({"aten.detach": Tensor.detach})
 
 for k,v in view_ops.items(): torch.library.impl(k.replace("aten.", "aten::"), "privateuseone")(wrap_view_op(v))
 
-# in place operations with views
-def realize_with_views(self: Tensor, views: Tensor):
-  if not self.uop.st.contiguous: self.replace(self.contiguous())
-  self.replace(self.clone().realize())
-  for v in views:
-    if v.uop.base.op is Ops.BUFFER_VIEW: continue # skip subbuffer, we just use the real buffer view
-    ret = self
-    st = ShapeTracker(self.uop.st.views + v.uop.st.views) # TODO: is this right?
-    for mo in cached_to_movement_ops(self.shape, st): ret = apply_mop(ret, mo)
-    v.replace(ret)
-def maybe_realize_storage(self: Tensor) -> bool:
-  if realize:=is_view(self): realize_with_views((base:=canonical_base(self)), derived_views(base))
-  return realize
-def inplace_fn(outvars: str|list[str]):
-  if type(outvars) is str: outvars = [outvars]
-  def decorator(fn):
-    sig = inspect.signature(fn)
-    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-      bound = sig.bind(*args, **kwargs)
-      outs = [kwargs.get(v, bound.arguments.get(v)) for v in outvars]
-      outs = [unwrap(o) if isinstance(o, torch.Tensor) else o for o in outs]
-      realize = any(maybe_realize_storage(o) for o in outs)
-      ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)
-      if realize: Tensor.realize(*(o for o in outs))
-      return ret
-    return wrapper
-  return decorator
+def _get_view_ops(view): return getattr(view, "_view_ops", [])
+
+def _apply_view_ops(target, ops):
+  for fn, args, kwargs in ops: target = fn(target, *args, **kwargs)
+  return target
+
+# similar to https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/main/aten/src/ATen/InferSize.h
+def _reshape_target_shape(shape:tuple[int, ...], args) -> tuple[int, ...]|None:
+  if not (req := argfix(*args)): return None
+  new_shape, infer_idx = [], -1
+  for i, s in enumerate(req):
+    if s is None: s = shape[i] if i < len(shape) else None
+    if not isinstance(s, int): return None
+    if s == -1:
+      if infer_idx != -1: return None
+      infer_idx = len(new_shape)
+    new_shape.append(s)
+  total = prod(shape)
+  if infer_idx != -1:
+    known = prod(x for x in new_shape if x != -1)
+    if known == 0:
+      if total != 0: return None
+      new_shape[infer_idx] = 0
+    else: new_shape[infer_idx] = total // known
+  return tuple(new_shape) if prod(new_shape) == total else None
+
+# TODO: can we get rid of this? only for test_flatten_reshape_add
+def _try_simple_reshape_view_write(base: Tensor, view: Tensor, val: Tensor) -> bool:
+  if not (ops := _get_view_ops(view)): return False
+  shapes = [base.shape]
+  for fn, args, _ in ops:
+    if fn is Tensor.reshape:
+      if not (next_shape := _reshape_target_shape(shapes[-1], args)): return False
+      shapes.append(next_shape)
+  if shapes[-1] != view.shape: return False
+  for s in reversed(shapes[:-1]): val = val.reshape(s)
+  base.assign(val)
+  return True
+
+def _view_write(base: Tensor, view: Tensor, value: Tensor) -> None:
+  val = value if value.dtype == base.dtype else value.cast(base.dtype)
+  if view.shape == base.shape: return base.assign(val)
+  if _try_simple_reshape_view_write(base, view, val): return
+  idx_base = Tensor.arange(base.numel(), device=base.device, dtype=dtypes.int32).reshape(base.shape)
+  idx_view = _apply_view_ops(idx_base, _get_view_ops(view)).reshape(-1)
+  flat_base = base.reshape(base.numel()).contiguous()
+  flat_base[idx_view] = val.reshape(-1)
+  base.assign(flat_base.reshape(base.shape))
+
+def _apply_inplace(target: Tensor, value: Tensor) -> None:
+  val = value if value.dtype == target.dtype else value.cast(target.dtype)
+  base = canonical_base(target)
+  views = derived_views(base)
+  if not views: return target.assign(val)
+  view_ops_map = {v: _get_view_ops(v) for v in views}
+  if target is base or target.uop is base.uop: base.assign(val)
+  else: _view_write(base, target, val)
+  for v in views: v.replace(_apply_view_ops(base, view_ops_map[v]))
 
 # *** bad functions on CPU ***
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::_index_put_impl_", "privateuseone")
-@inplace_fn("self")
 def _index_put_impl_(self, indices, values, accumulate=False, unsafe=False):
   # TODO: move to tinygrad
   ret = aten._index_put_impl_(self.cpu(), [x.cpu() if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else None for x in indices], values.cpu(), accumulate, unsafe).to(self.device)
-  return wrap(unwrap(self).assign(unwrap(ret)))
+  unwrap(self).assign(unwrap(ret))
+  return self
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::index_put", "privateuseone")
 def index_put(self, indices, values, accumulate=False):
@@ -150,43 +198,23 @@ for i in [
 def index_tensor(x, y):
   return wrap(unwrap(x)[[unwrap(_y.to(x.device)) if _y is not None else slice(None) for _y in y]])
 
-@torch.library.impl("aten::zero_", "privateuseone")
-@inplace_fn("x")
-def zero_(x):
-  if TORCH_DEBUG: print(f"zero_ {x.shape}")
-  tt = unwrap(x)
-  tt.assign(tt.zeros_like())
-
-@torch.library.impl("aten::fill_.Scalar", "privateuseone")
-@inplace_fn("x")
-def fill_scalar(x, y):
-  if TORCH_DEBUG: print(f"fill_.Scalar {x.shape} {y}")
-  tt = unwrap(x)
-  tt.assign(tt.full_like(y))
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::_local_scalar_dense", "privateuseone")
 def _local_scalar_dense(tensor): return unwrap(tensor).item()
 
-@functools.cache
-def cached_to_movement_ops(shape, st) -> list:
-  mops = to_movement_ops(st)
-  if mops[0] == (MovementOps.RESHAPE, shape): mops = mops[1:]
-  return mops
-
-from tinygrad.shape.shapetracker import ShapeTracker, View
-from extra.to_movement_ops import to_movement_ops, apply_mop, MovementOps
-
 @wrap_view_op
-def _as_strided(tensor:Tensor, size, stride, storage_offset=None):
-  # multiple as_strided do not compound
-  base = canonical_base(tensor)
-  # TODO: this is heavyweight
-  st = ShapeTracker(base.uop.st.views + (View.create(tuple(size), tuple(stride), storage_offset),))
-  ret = base
-  if TORCH_DEBUG >= 1: print("**** as_strided", tensor.shape, size, stride, st)
-  if prod(size) == 1: return ret.flatten()[storage_offset].reshape(size)
-  for mo in cached_to_movement_ops(tuple(base.shape), st): ret = apply_mop(ret, mo)
-  return ret
+def _as_strided(tensor:Tensor, size, stride, storage_offset=0):
+  base = getattr(tensor, "_as_strided_base", canonical_base(tensor)).flatten()
+  if prod(size) == 1: return base[storage_offset].reshape(size)
+  indices = Tensor.zeros(size, dtype=dtypes.int32, device=base.device) + storage_offset
+  for dim, (sz, st) in enumerate(zip(size, stride)):
+    if st != 0:
+      dim_range = Tensor.arange(sz, device=base.device, dtype=dtypes.int32) * st
+      shape_for_broadcast = [1] * dim + [sz] + [1] * (len(size) - dim - 1)
+      indices = indices + dim_range.reshape(shape_for_broadcast)
+  result = base[indices.flatten()].reshape(size)
+  result._as_strided_base = base
+  return result
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::as_strided", "privateuseone")
 def as_strided(tensor:torch.Tensor, size, stride, storage_offset=None):
@@ -245,15 +273,14 @@ def convolution_overrideable(input, weight, bias, stride, padding, dilation, tra
   if TORCH_DEBUG >= 1:
     print(f"convolution {input.shape=} {weight.shape=} {stride=} {padding=} {dilation=} {transposed=} {output_padding=} {groups=}")
   input, weight, bias = unwrap(input), unwrap(weight), unwrap(bias) if bias is not None else None
-  # TODO: fix test_biased_conv2d fails without realize()
-  if not transposed: return wrap(input.conv2d(weight, bias, groups=groups, stride=stride, dilation=dilation, padding=padding).realize())
-  return wrap(input.conv_transpose2d(weight, bias, groups=groups, stride=stride, dilation=dilation, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding).realize())
+  if not transposed: return wrap(input.conv2d(weight, bias, groups=groups, stride=stride, dilation=dilation, padding=padding))
+  return wrap(input.conv_transpose2d(weight, bias, groups=groups, stride=stride, dilation=dilation, padding=padding, output_padding=output_padding))
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::convolution_backward_overrideable", "privateuseone")
 def convolution_backward_overrideable(grad_out, input, weight, stride, padding, dilation, transposed, output_padding, groups, output_mask):
   if TORCH_DEBUG >= 1:
     print(f"convolution_backward {input.shape=} {weight.shape=} {stride=} {padding=} {dilation=} {transposed=} {output_padding=} {groups=}")
-  grad_out, input, weight, bias = unwrap(grad_out), unwrap(input), unwrap(weight), Tensor.zeros(weight.shape[0], device=_from_torch_device(weight.device))
+  grad_out, input, weight, bias = unwrap(grad_out).detach(), unwrap(input).detach(), unwrap(weight).detach(), Tensor.zeros(weight.shape[0], device=_from_torch_device(weight.device))
   if not transposed: out = Tensor.conv2d(input, weight, bias, groups=groups, stride=stride, dilation=dilation, padding=padding)
   else:
     bias = Tensor.zeros(weight.shape[1] * groups)
@@ -315,55 +342,57 @@ for i,pre in enumerate(["", "bi", "tri"]):
   torch.library.impl(f"aten::_upsample_nearest_exact{i+1}d", "privateuseone")(functools.partial(upsample, mode="nearest-exact"))
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::scatter_add.out", "privateuseone")
-@inplace_fn("out")
 def scatter_add(self, dim, index, src, out):
-  self, index, src, out = unwrap(self), unwrap(index), unwrap(src), unwrap(out)
-  if self.shape == (): return wrap(out.assign(src))
-  return wrap(out.assign(Tensor.scatter_reduce(self, dim, index, src, reduce='sum')))
+  self, index, src, out_unwrapped = unwrap(self), unwrap(index), unwrap(src), unwrap(out)
+  if self.shape == (): _apply_inplace(out_unwrapped, src)
+  else: _apply_inplace(out_unwrapped, Tensor.scatter_reduce(self, dim, index, src, reduce='sum'))
+  return out
 
-@torch.library.impl("aten::_copy_from", "privateuseone")
-def _copy_from(src: torch.Tensor, dest, non_blocking=False):
-  realize = dest.is_tiny and maybe_realize_storage(unwrap(dest))
-  cast_dtype = _from_torch_dtype(dest.dtype)
+def _copy_between_devices(src, dest, cast_dtype, to_device, non_blocking=False):
   if src.is_tiny and dest.is_tiny:
-    to_device = _from_torch_device(dest.device)
-    src,dest = unwrap(src),unwrap(dest)
-    # TODO we need to properly match dest shape and strides, not blindly assign
-    if dest.uop.st.contiguous or dest.uop.is_realized: src = src.contiguous() # this only solves some cases
-    dest.assign(src.cast(cast_dtype).to(to_device))
-    if realize: Tensor.realize(dest)
+    src_t, dest_t = unwrap(src), unwrap(dest)
+    if dest_t.uop.is_contiguous() or dest_t.uop.is_realized: src_t = src_t.contiguous()
+    _apply_inplace(dest_t, src_t.cast(cast_dtype).to(to_device))
   elif src.is_tiny and dest.is_cpu:
-    # TODO: is there a better way?
     dest.resize_(src.numel()).resize_(src.shape)
     dest.copy_(torch.from_numpy(unwrap(src).cast(cast_dtype).numpy()))
   elif src.is_cpu and dest.is_tiny:
-    to_device = _from_torch_device(dest.device)
-    # TODO we need to properly match dest shape and strides, not blindly assign
     unwrap(dest).assign(Tensor(src.numpy()).cast(cast_dtype).to(to_device))
-    if realize: Tensor.realize(unwrap(dest))
   else:
     raise NotImplementedError(f"can't copy from {src.device} -> {dest.device}")
 
+@torch.library.impl("aten::_copy_from", "privateuseone")
+def _copy_from(src: torch.Tensor, dest, non_blocking=False):
+  cast_dtype = _from_torch_dtype(dest.dtype)
+  to_device = _from_torch_device(dest.device)
+  _copy_between_devices(src, dest, cast_dtype, to_device, non_blocking)
+  return dest
+
+@torch.library.impl("aten::copy_", "privateuseone")
+def copy_(self, src, non_blocking=False):
+  cast_dtype = _from_torch_dtype(self.dtype)
+  to_device = _from_torch_device(self.device)
+  _copy_between_devices(src, self, cast_dtype, to_device, non_blocking)
+  return self
+
 @torch.library.impl("aten::cat.out", "privateuseone")
-@inplace_fn("out")
 def cat_out(tensors, dim=0, out=None):
-  unwrap(out).assign(Tensor.cat(*[unwrap(x) for x in tensors], dim=dim))
+  _apply_inplace(unwrap(out), Tensor.cat(*[unwrap(x) for x in tensors], dim=dim))
+  return out
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::topk.values", "privateuseone")
-@inplace_fn(["values", "indices"])
 def topk_values(input, k, dim=None, largest=True, sorted=True, values=None, indices=None):
   out_values, out_indices = unwrap(input).topk(k, dim if dim is not None else -1, largest, sorted)
-  unwrap(values).assign(out_values)
-  unwrap(indices).assign(out_indices.cast(dtypes.int64))
-  return wrap(out_values), wrap(out_indices)
+  _apply_inplace(unwrap(values), out_values)
+  _apply_inplace(unwrap(indices), out_indices.cast(dtypes.int64))
+  return values, indices
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::sort.values_stable", "privateuseone")
-@inplace_fn(["values", "indices"])
 def sort_values(input, dim=-1, descending=False, stable=True, values=None, indices=None):
   out_values, out_indices = unwrap(input).sort(dim, descending)
-  unwrap(values).assign(out_values)
-  unwrap(indices).assign(out_indices.cast(dtypes.int64))
-  return wrap(out_values), wrap(out_indices)
+  _apply_inplace(unwrap(values), out_values)
+  _apply_inplace(unwrap(indices), out_indices.cast(dtypes.int64))
+  return values, indices
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::_linalg_svd", "privateuseone")
 def _linalg_svd(self, full_matrices=False):
@@ -373,7 +402,6 @@ def _linalg_svd(self, full_matrices=False):
 # register some decompositions
 from torch._decomp import get_decompositions
 decomps = [
-  aten.native_batch_norm, aten.native_batch_norm_backward,
   aten.native_layer_norm_backward,
   aten.linalg_cross,
   aten.addmm,
@@ -510,7 +538,6 @@ tiny_backend_out = {**{f"aten.{x}.out":getattr(Tensor,x) for x in simple_tensor_
 
 # we add the "out" here
 def wrap_out(f):
-  @inplace_fn("out")
   def _wrap_out(*args, **kwargs):
     out = kwargs.pop('out')
     assigned = f(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -518,22 +545,33 @@ def wrap_out(f):
     assert out.shape == assigned.shape, f"shape mismatch: {assigned.shape} -> {out.shape}"
     assert out.device == assigned.device, f"device mismatch: {assigned.device} -> {out.device}"
     assert out.dtype == assigned.dtype, f"dtype mismatch: {assigned.dtype} -> {out.dtype}"
-    if out.uop.is_realized: assigned = assigned.contiguous() # TODO: how does this map to torch's semantics
     return out.assign(assigned)
   return _wrap_out
 
+def _inplace_op(t, new_value):
+  if not hasattr(t, "_view_base") and not getattr(canonical_base(t), "_views", set()): t.replace(new_value)
+  else: _apply_inplace(t, new_value)
+  return t
+
 tiny_backend = {**{k:wrap_out(v) for k,v in tiny_backend_out.items()}, **{
   "aten.remainder.Scalar_Tensor": lambda x,y: x%y,
   "aten.floor_divide": lambda x,y: x//y,
-  "aten.floor_divide_.Tensor": inplace_fn("x")(lambda x,y: x.assign(x//y)),
+  "aten.floor_divide_.Tensor": lambda x,y: x//y,
   # TODO: use tinygrad methods, but they require x to be unsigned
   "aten.__lshift__.Scalar": lambda x,y: x*(2**y),
-  "aten.__ilshift__.Scalar": inplace_fn("x")(lambda x,y: x.assign(x*(2**y))),
+  "aten.__ilshift__.Scalar": lambda x,y: x*(2**y),
   "aten.__rshift__.Scalar": lambda x,y: x//(2**y),
-  "aten.__irshift__.Scalar": inplace_fn("x")(lambda x,y: x.assign(x//(2**y))),
+  "aten.__irshift__.Scalar": lambda x,y: x//(2**y),
+  # inplace ops using replace for fusion
+  "aten.zero_": lambda x: x.zeros_like(),
+  "aten.fill_.Scalar": lambda x, y: x.full_like(y),
+  "aten.add_.Tensor": lambda self, other, alpha=1.0: self + other * alpha,
+  "aten.add_.Scalar": lambda self, other, alpha=1.0: self + other * alpha,
+  "aten.mul_.Tensor": lambda self, other: self * other,
+  "aten.mul_.Scalar": lambda self, other: self * other,
   # relu doesn't have an out form?
   "aten.relu": Tensor.relu,
-  "aten.relu_": inplace_fn("x")(lambda x: x.assign(x.relu())),
+  "aten.relu_": lambda x: x.relu(),
   "aten.mean": Tensor.mean,
   "aten.mean.dim": Tensor.mean,
   "aten.min": Tensor.min,
@@ -554,19 +592,17 @@ tiny_backend = {**{k:wrap_out(v) for k,v in tiny_backend_out.items()}, **{
   "aten.repeat": lambda x,*repeats: Tensor.repeat(x,*repeats).contiguous(), # not a view
   "aten._softmax": lambda self,dim,half_to_float: self.softmax(dim),
   "aten._log_softmax": lambda self,dim,half_to_float: self.log_softmax(dim),
-  "aten.random_": inplace_fn("self")(lambda self:
-    self.assign(Tensor.randint(*self.shape, low=dtypes.min(self.dtype), high=dtypes.max(self.dtype), device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype))),
-  "aten.random_.from": inplace_fn("self")(lambda self, from_, to:
-    self.assign(Tensor.randint(*self.shape, low=from_, high=to, device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype))),
-  "aten.uniform_": inplace_fn("self")(lambda self, low=0, high=1: self.assign(Tensor.uniform(*self.shape, low=low, high=high, dtype=self.dtype))),
-  "aten.normal_": inplace_fn("self")(lambda self, mean=0, std=1: self.assign(Tensor.normal(*self.shape, mean=mean, std=std, dtype=self.dtype))),
+  "aten.random_": lambda self: Tensor.randint(*self.shape, low=dtypes.min(self.dtype), high=dtypes.max(self.dtype), device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype),
+  "aten.random_.from": lambda self, from_, to: Tensor.randint(*self.shape, low=from_, high=to, device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype),
+  "aten.uniform_": lambda self, low=0, high=1: Tensor.uniform(*self.shape, low=low, high=high, dtype=self.dtype),
+  "aten.normal_": lambda self, mean=0, std=1: Tensor.normal(*self.shape, mean=mean, std=std, dtype=self.dtype),
   # these don't work in out form, they have size 0
   "aten.abs": Tensor.abs,
   "aten.logical_not": Tensor.logical_not,
-  "aten.logical_or_": inplace_fn("x")(lambda x, y: x.assign(x | y)),
+  "aten.logical_or_": lambda x, y: x | y,
   "aten.multinomial": Tensor.multinomial,
-  "aten.masked_fill_.Scalar": inplace_fn("self")(lambda self, mask, value: self.assign(self.masked_fill(mask, value))),
-  "aten.masked_fill_.Tensor": inplace_fn("self")(lambda self, mask, value: self.assign(self.masked_fill(mask, value))),
+  "aten.masked_fill_.Scalar": lambda self, mask, value: self.masked_fill(mask, value),
+  "aten.masked_fill_.Tensor": lambda self, mask, value: self.masked_fill(mask, value),
   "aten.masked_fill.Scalar": Tensor.masked_fill,
   "aten.masked_fill.Tensor": Tensor.masked_fill,
   "aten.masked_select": Tensor.masked_select,
@@ -580,7 +616,7 @@ tiny_backend = {**{k:wrap_out(v) for k,v in tiny_backend_out.items()}, **{
   "aten.asinh": Tensor.asinh,
   "aten.mul": Tensor.mul,
   "aten.atanh": Tensor.atanh,
-  "aten.fill_.Tensor": Tensor.full, # TODO: looks wrong
+  "aten.fill_.Tensor": lambda self, value: Tensor.full(self.shape, value.reshape(()).item(), device=self.device, dtype=self.dtype),
   "aten.flip": Tensor.flip,
   "aten.scatter_reduce.two": Tensor.scatter_reduce,
   "aten.squeeze_.dim": lambda self, dim: self.replace(self.squeeze(dim), allow_shape_mismatch=True), # TODO: inplace view op, here?
@@ -601,20 +637,51 @@ tiny_backend = {**{k:wrap_out(v) for k,v in tiny_backend_out.items()}, **{
   "aten.unfold": Tensor.unfold,
 }}
 
+# operations that need inplace treatment (use _inplace_op instead of wrap_fxn) AKA return original tensor
+inplace_ops = {
+  "aten.zero_",
+  "aten.fill_.Scalar",
+  "aten.fill_.Tensor",
+  "aten.add_.Tensor",
+  "aten.add_.Scalar",
+  "aten.mul_.Tensor",
+  "aten.mul_.Scalar",
+  "aten.floor_divide_.Tensor",
+  "aten.__ilshift__.Scalar",
+  "aten.__irshift__.Scalar",
+  "aten.relu_",
+  "aten.random_",
+  "aten.random_.from",
+  "aten.uniform_",
+  "aten.normal_",
+  "aten.logical_or_",
+  "aten.masked_fill_.Scalar",
+  "aten.masked_fill_.Tensor",
+}
+
 def wrap_fxn(k,f):
   def nf(*args, **kwargs):
     if TORCH_DEBUG:
       print(k, len(args), [x.shape if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else x for x in args],
                           {k:v.shape if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor) else v for k,v in kwargs.items()})
-    args = [unwrap(x) if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else x for x in args]
-    kwargs = {k:unwrap(v) if isinstance(v, torch.Tensor) else v for k,v in kwargs.items()}
+    args, kwargs = unwrap_args(args, kwargs)
     out = f(*args, **kwargs)
     if isinstance(out, Tensor): return wrap(out)
     elif isinstance(out, tuple): return tuple(wrap(x) for x in out)
     else: raise RuntimeError(f"unknown output type {type(out)}")
   return nf
 
-for k,v in tiny_backend.items(): torch.library.impl(k.replace("aten.", "aten::"), "privateuseone")(wrap_fxn(k,v))
+def wrap_inplace(k,f):
+  def nf(*args, **kwargs):
+    orig = args[0]
+    args, kwargs = unwrap_args(args, kwargs)
+    _inplace_op(args[0], f(*args, **kwargs))
+    return orig
+  return nf
+
+for k,v in tiny_backend.items():
+  wrapper = wrap_inplace if k in inplace_ops else wrap_fxn
+  torch.library.impl(k.replace("aten.", "aten::"), "privateuseone")(wrapper(k,v))
 
 @torch.library.impl("aten::equal", "privateuseone")
 def equal(x: torch.Tensor, y: torch.Tensor): return (x==y).all().item()
@@ -628,42 +695,72 @@ if TORCH_DEBUG:
       return func(*args, **(kwargs or {}))
   (_dispatch_log:=DispatchLog()).__enter__() # NOTE: must be kept alive
 
-# NOTE: patch torch optimizer step to avoid continously growing the computation graph
-import weakref
-_torch_modules_with_buffers: weakref.WeakSet[torch.nn.Module] = weakref.WeakSet()
-def register_torch_buffer(mod, _name, _buffer): _torch_modules_with_buffers.add(mod)
-def get_real_tinygrad_buffers():
-  res = set()
-  for mod in _torch_modules_with_buffers:
-    for _,b in mod.named_buffers(recurse=False):
-      if b is not None and b.is_tiny:
-        res.add(unwrap(b))
-  return res
-torch.nn.modules.module.register_module_buffer_registration_hook(register_torch_buffer)
+# this implementation is needed to allow the batchnorm kernels to fuse in e.g. mnist training
+# aten::native_batch_norm does more than Tensor.batchnorm
+@torch.library.impl("aten::native_batch_norm", "privateuseone")
+def native_batch_norm(input, weight, bias, running_mean, running_var, training, momentum, eps):
+  input_t, weight_t, bias_t = unwrap(input), unwrap(weight) if weight is not None else None, unwrap(bias) if bias is not None else None
+  running_mean_t, running_var_t = unwrap(running_mean) if running_mean is not None else None, unwrap(running_var) if running_var is not None else None
+  if training:
+    batch_var, batch_mean = input_t.var_mean(axis=tuple(x for x in range(input_t.ndim) if x != 1), correction=0)
+    batch_invstd = batch_var.add(eps).rsqrt()
+    out = input_t.batchnorm(weight_t, bias_t, batch_mean, batch_invstd)
+    if running_mean_t is not None and running_var_t is not None:
+      numel_ratio = input_t.numel() / (input_t.numel() - input_t.shape[1])
+      running_mean_t.assign((1 - momentum) * running_mean_t + momentum * batch_mean.detach())
+      running_var_t.assign((1 - momentum) * running_var_t + momentum * numel_ratio * batch_var.detach())
+    return wrap(out), wrap(batch_mean), wrap(batch_invstd)
+  else:
+    out = input_t.batchnorm(weight_t, bias_t, running_mean_t, running_var_t.add(eps).rsqrt())
+    return wrap(out), wrap(running_mean_t), wrap(running_var_t.add(eps).rsqrt())
 
-from torch.nn.modules import Module
-def param_hook(_grad):
-  if _grad is not None and _grad.is_tiny: Tensor.realize(unwrap(_grad))
-def module_hook(module:Module, _name, _submodule):
-  for param in _submodule.parameters(recurse=False):
-    if param.requires_grad: param.register_hook(param_hook)
-torch.nn.modules.module.register_module_module_registration_hook(module_hook)
+@torch.library.impl("aten::native_batch_norm_backward", "privateuseone")
+def native_batch_norm_backward(grad_out, input, weight, running_mean, running_var, save_mean, save_invstd, train, eps, output_mask):
+  grad_out_t, input_t = unwrap(grad_out), unwrap(input)
+  weight_t = unwrap(weight) if weight is not None else None
+  save_mean_t = unwrap(save_mean)
+  save_invstd_t = unwrap(save_invstd)
+  out = input_t.batchnorm(weight_t, None, save_mean_t, save_invstd_t)
+  targets = [t for t, m in zip([input_t, weight_t], output_mask[:2]) if t is not None and m]
+  if targets:
+    grads = out.gradient(*targets, gradient=grad_out_t)
+    grad_input = grads.pop(0) if output_mask[0] else None
+    grad_weight = grads.pop(0) if output_mask[1] and weight_t is not None else None
+  else:
+    grad_input, grad_weight = None, None
+  grad_bias = grad_out_t.sum(axis=tuple(x for x in range(grad_out_t.ndim) if x != 1)) if output_mask[2] else None
+  return (wrap(grad_input) if grad_input is not None else None,
+          wrap(grad_weight) if grad_weight is not None else None,
+          wrap(grad_bias) if grad_bias is not None else None)
 
-def realize_optimizer_step(optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer, *args, **kwargs):
-  tinygrad_tensors = []
-  for param_group in optimizer.param_groups:
-    for param in param_group["params"]:
-      if param is None: continue
-      tinygrad_tensors.append(param.data)
-  for state_dict in optimizer.state.values():
-    for _, value in state_dict.items():
-      if torch.is_tensor(value): tinygrad_tensors.append(value)
-  real_tinygrad_tensors = [unwrap(x) for x in tinygrad_tensors if x.is_tiny]
-  real_tinygrad_tensors += get_real_tinygrad_buffers()
-  if len(real_tinygrad_tensors): Tensor.realize(*real_tinygrad_tensors)
+# _pad_circular is not CompositeImplicitAutograd (unlike reflect/replicate pad)
+# we need torch.autograd.Function with explicit AutogradPrivateUse1 registration
+class _PadCircular(torch.autograd.Function):
+  @staticmethod
+  def forward(ctx, input, padding):
+    ctx.save_for_backward(input)
+    ctx.padding = padding
+    return pad_forward(input, padding, mode="circular")
+  @staticmethod
+  def backward(ctx, grad_output):
+    input, = ctx.saved_tensors
+    return pad_backward(grad_output, input, ctx.padding, mode="circular"), None
 
-_optimizer_init = torch.optim.Optimizer.__init__
-def _optimizer_patched_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
-  _optimizer_init(self, *args, **kwargs)
-  self.register_step_post_hook(realize_optimizer_step)
-torch.optim.Optimizer.__init__ = _optimizer_patched_init
+@torch.library.impl("aten::_pad_circular", "privateuseone")
+def _pad_circular(self, padding): return _PadCircular.apply(self, padding)
+
+@torch.library.impl("aten::_pad_circular", "AutogradPrivateUse1")
+def _pad_circular_autograd(self, padding): return _PadCircular.apply(self, padding)
+
+# only needed for test_diag_backward_gradient_values
+# was going through torch before, but now we are using tinygrad directly and tracking views
+# Tensor.diagonal does not support all cases tests in the tests
+@torch.library.impl("aten::diagonal", "privateuseone")
+@wrap_view_op
+def diagonal(self, offset=0, dim1=0, dim2=1):
+  if offset != 0: raise NotImplementedError(f"diagonal with {offset=} not implemented")
+  dim1, dim2 = dim1 % self.ndim, dim2 % self.ndim
+  if dim1 != self.ndim - 2 or dim2 != self.ndim - 1: raise NotImplementedError(f"diagonal with {dim1=}, {dim2=} not implemented, only last two dims supported")
+  batch_shape, m, n = self.shape[:-2], self.shape[-2], self.shape[-1]
+  diag_len = min(m, n)
+  return self.reshape(*batch_shape, m*n).pad(tuple((0,0) for _ in batch_shape) + ((0, diag_len),)).reshape(*batch_shape, diag_len, n+1)[..., :, 0]

extra/torch_backend/example.py

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 from PIL import Image
-from tinygrad.helpers import getenv
-import torch, torchvision, pathlib
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, GlobalCounters
+import torch, torchvision, pathlib, warnings
 import torchvision.transforms as transforms
 import extra.torch_backend.backend
 device = "tiny"
 torch.set_default_device(device)
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
+  GlobalCounters.reset()
   img = Image.open(pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "test/models/efficientnet/Chicken.jpg").convert('RGB')
   transform = transforms.Compose([
     transforms.Resize(256), transforms.CenterCrop(224), transforms.ToTensor(),
@@ -19,3 +20,10 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
   out = model(img).detach().cpu().numpy()
   print("output:", out.shape, out.argmax())
   assert out.argmax() == 7  # cock
+
+  kernel_count = GlobalCounters.kernel_count
+  assert kernel_count > 0, "No kernels, test failed"
+  expected_kernels = 228
+  expectation = f"ResNet18 kernels are {kernel_count} vs {expected_kernels} expected."
+  if kernel_count < expected_kernels: warnings.warn(f"{expectation} Expectation can be lowered.", UserWarning)
+  assert kernel_count <= expected_kernels, f"{expectation}"

extra/torch_backend/test.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import unittest
 import torch
 import numpy as np
-from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, Context, GlobalCounters
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, GlobalCounters
 if getenv("TINY_BACKEND2"):
   import extra.torch_backend.backend2
   device = "cpu"
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class TestTorchBackend(unittest.TestCase):
     a = torch.ones(4, device=device)
     np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), [1,1,1,1])
 
-  def test_numpy_ones(self):
+  def test_numpy_ones_int32(self):
     a = torch.ones(4, dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
     assert a.dtype == torch.int32
     np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), [1,1,1,1])
@@ -219,7 +219,6 @@ class TestTorchBackend(unittest.TestCase):
     a = torch.ones(4, device=device)
     print(str(a))
 
-  @unittest.skip("failed")
   def test_floor_div(self):
     a = torch.tensor([10., 7., 5.], device=device)
     b = torch.tensor([3., 2., 2.], device=device)
@@ -248,5 +247,672 @@ class TestTorchBackend(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_diagonal_rectangular(self): self._test_diagonal(4, 5, 6)
   def test_diagonal_4d(self): self._test_diagonal(2, 3, 4, 5)
 
+  def test_pad_circular_simple(self):
+    a = torch.arange(4, dtype=torch.float32, device=device).reshape(1,1,2,2)
+    padded = torch.nn.functional.pad(a, (1,1,1,1), mode="circular")
+    expected = np.array([[[[3.,2.,3.,2.], [1.,0.,1.,0.], [3.,2.,3.,2.], [1.,0.,1.,0.]]]], dtype=np.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(padded.cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_pad_circular_backward(self):
+    a = torch.arange(4, dtype=torch.float32, device=device).reshape(1,1,2,2).requires_grad_(True)
+    padded = torch.nn.functional.pad(a, (1,1,1,1), mode="circular")
+    loss = padded.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = np.array([[[[4., 4.], [4., 4.]]]], dtype=np.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad)
+
+
+  def test_matmul_backward(self):
+    x = torch.randn(3, 4, device=device, dtype=torch.float32, requires_grad=True)
+    y = torch.randn(4, 5, device=device, dtype=torch.float32, requires_grad=True)
+    z = (x @ y).sum()
+    z.backward()
+    assert x.grad is not None
+    assert y.grad is not None
+    assert x.grad.shape == x.shape
+    assert y.grad.shape == y.shape
+
+  def test_matmul_broadcast_backward(self):
+    x = torch.randn(2, 3, 4, device=device, dtype=torch.float32, requires_grad=True)
+    y = torch.randn(4, 5, device=device, dtype=torch.float32, requires_grad=True)
+    z = (x @ y).sum()
+    z.backward()
+    assert x.grad is not None
+    assert y.grad is not None
+    assert x.grad.shape == x.shape
+    assert y.grad.shape == y.shape
+
+  def test_diag_vector_to_matrix(self):
+    vec = torch.tensor([1., 2., 3., 4., 5.], dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    mat = torch.diag(vec)
+    expected = np.diag([1., 2., 3., 4., 5.])
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(mat.cpu().numpy(), expected, rtol=1e-5)
+    assert mat.shape == (5, 5)
+
+  def test_diagonal_matrix_to_vector(self):
+    mat = torch.tensor([[1., 2., 3.], [4., 5., 6.], [7., 8., 9.]], dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    vec = torch.linalg.diagonal(mat)
+    expected = np.array([1., 5., 9.])
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(vec.cpu().numpy(), expected, rtol=1e-5)
+    assert vec.shape == (3,)
+
+  def test_permute_2(self):
+    a = torch.randn(2, 3, 4, dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    b = a.permute(2, 0, 1)
+    assert b.shape == (4, 2, 3)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(b.cpu().numpy(), a.cpu().numpy().transpose(2, 0, 1))
+
+  def test_batchnorm_unsqueeze(self):
+    bn = torch.nn.BatchNorm2d(4).to(device)
+    x = torch.randn(8, 4, 3, 3, device=device)
+    out = bn(x)
+    self.assertEqual(out.shape, x.shape)
+
+  def test_slice_inplace_zero(self):
+    a = torch.ones((3, 3), device=device)
+    b = a[1:, 1:]
+    b.zero_()
+    expected = np.array([[1., 1., 1.],
+                         [1., 0., 0.],
+                         [1., 0., 0.]])
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_slice_inplace_fill(self):
+    a = torch.ones((3, 3), device=device)
+    b = a[1:, 1:]
+    b.fill_(5.0)
+    expected = np.array([[1., 1., 1.],
+                         [1., 5., 5.],
+                         [1., 5., 5.]])
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_fill_tensor_value(self):
+    a = torch.zeros((2, 2), dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    value = torch.tensor(3, dtype=torch.int64, device=device)
+    a.fill_(value)
+    expected = np.full((2, 2), 3, dtype=np.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_slice_inplace_mul(self):
+    a = torch.ones((3, 3), device=device)
+    b = a[1:, 1:]
+    b *= 2
+    expected = np.array([[1., 1., 1.],
+                         [1., 2., 2.],
+                         [1., 2., 2.]])
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_permute_slice_zero(self):
+    a = torch.ones((3, 3), device=device)
+    b = a[1:, 1:].permute(1, 0)
+    b.zero_()
+    expected = np.array([[1., 1., 1.],
+                         [1., 0., 0.],
+                         [1., 0., 0.]])
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_permute_slice_mul(self):
+    a = torch.ones((3, 3), device=device)
+    b = a[1:, 1:].permute(1, 0)
+    b *= 2
+    expected = np.array([[1., 1., 1.],
+                         [1., 2., 2.],
+                         [1., 2., 2.]])
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_simple_slice_setitem(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([10, 20, 30], device=device)
+    a[1] = 99
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), [10, 99, 30])
+
+  def test_2d_slice_setitem(self):
+    a = torch.zeros((3, 3), device=device)
+    a[1, 2] = 99
+    self.assertEqual(a[1, 2].item(), 99)
+    self.assertEqual(a.sum().item(), 99)
+
+  def test_view_copy(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([10, 20, 30], device=device)
+    view = a[1]
+    view.copy_(torch.tensor(88, device=device))
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), [10, 88, 30])
+
+  def test_diag_2d_input(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], device=device)
+    d = torch.diag(a)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(d.cpu().numpy(), [1, 5, 9])
+
+  def test_diag_1d_input(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3], device=device)
+    d = torch.diag(a)
+    expected = [[1, 0, 0], [0, 2, 0], [0, 0, 3]]
+    np.testing.assert_equal(d.cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_permute_view_tracking(self):
+    a = torch.ones((2, 3, 4), device=device)
+    b = a.permute(2, 0, 1)
+    self.assertEqual(b.shape, (4, 2, 3))
+
+  def test_detach_view_creation(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], device=device)
+    b = a.detach()
+    np.testing.assert_equal(b.cpu().numpy(), [1.0, 2.0, 3.0])
+
+  def test_view_zero_inplace(self):
+    a = torch.ones((4, 4), device=device)
+    view = a[1:3, 1:3]
+    view.zero_()
+    self.assertEqual(view.sum().item(), 0)
+
+  def test_view_fill_inplace(self):
+    a = torch.zeros((4, 4), device=device)
+    view = a[1:3, 1:3]
+    view.fill_(5)
+    self.assertEqual(view.sum().item(), 20)
+
+  def test_permute_contiguous(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]], device=device)
+    b = a.permute(1, 0)
+    c = b.contiguous()
+    expected = [[1, 3], [2, 4]]
+    np.testing.assert_equal(c.cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_diag_2d_extract_diagonal(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]], device=device)
+    result = torch.diag(a)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(result.cpu().numpy(), [1, 4])
+
+  def test_slice_inplace_multiply_offset_preservation(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3], device=device)
+    a[1:] *= 2
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), [1, 4, 6])
+
+  def test_slice_inplace_mul_pattern(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4], device=device)
+    a[:2] *= 3
+    a[2:] *= 2
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), [3, 6, 6, 8])
+
+  def test_chained_slice_column(self):
+    a = torch.arange(16, dtype=torch.float32, device=device).reshape(4, 4)
+    torch_res = a[:, 1:2][:, 0:1].cpu().numpy()
+    cpu_res = torch.arange(16, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(4, 4)[:, 1:2][:, 0:1].numpy()
+    np.testing.assert_equal(torch_res, cpu_res)
+
+  def test_slice_with_step(self):
+    a = torch.arange(20, dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    torch_res = a[::2][1:4].cpu().numpy()
+    cpu_res = torch.arange(20, dtype=torch.float32)[::2][1:4].numpy()
+    np.testing.assert_equal(torch_res, cpu_res)
+
+  def test_slice_negative_dim(self):
+    a = torch.arange(13, dtype=torch.int32, device=device).repeat(8, 1)
+    torch_chunks = a.chunk(3, -1)
+    cpu_chunks = torch.arange(13, dtype=torch.int32).repeat(8, 1).chunk(3, -1)
+    assert len(torch_chunks) == len(cpu_chunks)
+    for i in range(len(torch_chunks)):
+      np.testing.assert_equal(torch_chunks[i].cpu().numpy(), cpu_chunks[i].numpy())
+
+  def test_dot_vector_matrix(self):
+    a = torch.arange(65, dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    b = torch.arange(65*45, dtype=torch.float32, device=device).reshape(65, 45)
+    torch_res = a.matmul(b).reshape(-1).cpu().numpy()
+    cpu_res = torch.arange(65, dtype=torch.float32).matmul(torch.arange(65*45, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(65, 45)).numpy()
+    np.testing.assert_equal(torch_res, cpu_res)
+
+  def test_alias_passthrough(self):
+    a = torch.randn(3, 3, device=device)
+    alias_view = torch.ops.aten.alias(a)
+    alias_view += 1
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), alias_view.cpu().numpy())
+
+  def test_split_simple_vector(self):
+    a = torch.arange(10, dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    torch_chunks = a.split([1,4,5])
+    cpu_chunks = torch.arange(10, dtype=torch.float32).split([1,4,5])
+    for tc, cc in zip(torch_chunks, cpu_chunks):
+      np.testing.assert_equal(tc.cpu().numpy(), cc.cpu().numpy())
+
+  def test_split_matches_torch(self):
+    a = torch.arange(10, dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    torch_chunks = a.split([1,4,5])
+    tiny_chunks = [chunk.cpu().numpy() for chunk in torch_chunks]
+    cpu_chunks = [torch.arange(10, dtype=torch.float32).split([1,4,5])[i].numpy() for i in range(3)]
+    for tr, cr in zip(tiny_chunks, cpu_chunks): np.testing.assert_equal(tr, cr)
+
+  def test_sum_matches_torch(self):
+    a = torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32, device=device).reshape(2,3)
+    torch_res = a.sum().cpu().numpy()
+    cpu_res = torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(2,3).sum().numpy()
+    np.testing.assert_equal(torch_res, cpu_res)
+
+  def test_view_matches_torch(self):
+    a = torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    torch_res = a.view(2, 3).cpu().numpy()
+    cpu_res = torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32).view(2, 3).numpy()
+    np.testing.assert_equal(torch_res, cpu_res)
+
+  def test_view_zero_with_indices(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4], device=device)
+    a[1:3].zero_()
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), [1, 0, 0, 4])
+
+  def test_view_fill_with_indices(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4], device=device)
+    a[::2].fill_(9)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), [9, 2, 9, 4])
+
+  def test_nested_slice_inplace_ops(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], device=device)
+    a[:3] += 10
+    a[3:] *= 2
+    np.testing.assert_equal(a.cpu().numpy(), [11, 12, 13, 8, 10, 12])
+
+  def test_diag_1d(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3], device=device)
+    result = torch.diag(a)
+    expected = [[1, 0, 0], [0, 2, 0], [0, 0, 3]]
+    np.testing.assert_equal(result.cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_diag_backward(self):
+    a = torch.randn(5, dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.diag(a)
+    b.sum().backward()
+    assert a.grad is not None
+
+  def test_diagonal(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[1., 2., 3.], [4., 5., 6.], [7., 8., 9.]], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.diagonal(a)
+    expected = torch.tensor([1., 5., 9.], dtype=torch.float32)
+    self.assertEqual(b.shape, (3,))
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(b.detach().cpu().numpy(), expected.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_diagonal_backward(self):
+    a = torch.randn(5, 5, dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.diagonal(a)
+    b.sum().backward()
+    assert a.grad is not None
+
+  def test_expand_backward(self):
+    a = torch.randn(4, 3, 1, 6, dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = a.expand(4, 3, 2, 6)
+    b.sum().backward()
+    assert a.grad is not None
+
+  def test_einsum_backward(self):
+    a = torch.randn(10, 10, dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.einsum('ij->ji', a)
+    b.sum().backward()
+    assert a.grad is not None
+
+  def test_diag_backward_gradient_values(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.diag(a)
+    loss = b.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = torch.ones(3, dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_diag_backward_gradient_values_2d_to_1d(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
+                      [4.0, 5.0, 6.0],
+                      [7.0, 8.0, 9.0]], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.diagonal(a)
+    loss = b.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = torch.tensor([[1.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+                                   [0.0, 1.0, 0.0],
+                                   [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_expand_backward_gradient_values(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[1.0], [2.0], [3.0]], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = a.expand(3, 4)
+    loss = b.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = torch.tensor([[4.0], [4.0], [4.0]], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_expand_backward_with_leading_dims(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[1.0, 2.0]], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = a.expand(3, 1, 2)
+    loss = b.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = torch.tensor([[3.0, 3.0]], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_diag_2d_to_1d_backward(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.diag(a)
+    loss = b.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = torch.tensor([[1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 1.0]], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_expand_complex_backward(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[[1.0, 2.0]]], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = a.expand(2, 3, 2)
+    loss = b.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = torch.tensor([[[6.0, 6.0]]], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_diag_backward_with_scaling(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.diag(a)
+    loss = (b * torch.tensor([[2.0, 0.0, 0.0],
+                               [0.0, 3.0, 0.0],
+                               [0.0, 0.0, 4.0]], device=device)).sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = torch.tensor([2.0, 3.0, 4.0], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_repeat_basic(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3], dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    b = a.repeat(2, 1)
+    expected = torch.tensor([[1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(b.cpu().numpy(), expected.numpy())
+
+  def test_repeat_multidim(self):
+    a = torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32, device=device).reshape(2, 3)
+    b = a.repeat(2, 3)
+    expected = torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(2, 3).repeat(2, 3)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(b.cpu().numpy(), expected.numpy())
+
+  def test_repeat_backward(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[1.0, 2.0]], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = a.repeat(3, 2)
+    loss = b.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = torch.tensor([[6.0, 6.0]], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_cumsum_1d(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    b = torch.cumsum(a, dim=0)
+    expected = torch.tensor([1, 3, 6, 10], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(b.cpu().numpy(), expected.numpy())
+
+  def test_cumsum_2d(self):
+    a = torch.arange(12, dtype=torch.float32, device=device).reshape(3, 4)
+    b = torch.cumsum(a, dim=0)
+    expected = torch.arange(12, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(3, 4).cumsum(dim=0)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(b.cpu().numpy(), expected.numpy())
+
+    c = torch.cumsum(a, dim=1)
+    expected = torch.arange(12, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(3, 4).cumsum(dim=1)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(c.cpu().numpy(), expected.numpy())
+
+  def test_cumsum_backward(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.cumsum(a, dim=0)
+    loss = b.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = torch.tensor([4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_constant_pad_nd_1d(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3], dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    b = torch.nn.functional.pad(a, (1, 2), mode='constant', value=0)
+    expected = torch.tensor([0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 0], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(b.cpu().numpy(), expected.numpy())
+
+  def test_constant_pad_nd_2d(self):
+    a = torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32, device=device).reshape(2, 3)
+    b = torch.nn.functional.pad(a, (1, 1, 1, 1), mode='constant', value=0)
+    expected = torch.nn.functional.pad(torch.arange(6, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(2, 3), (1, 1, 1, 1), mode='constant', value=0)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(b.cpu().numpy(), expected.numpy())
+
+  def test_constant_pad_nd_2d_backward(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([[1.0, 2.0], [3.0, 4.0]], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.nn.functional.pad(a, (1, 1, 1, 1), mode='constant', value=0)
+    loss = b.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected_grad = torch.ones((2, 2), dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected_grad.numpy(), rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_negative_strides_cumsum_backward(self):
+    a = torch.randn(5, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.cumsum(a, dim=0)
+    b.sum().backward()
+    grad = a.grad.cpu().numpy()
+    self.assertEqual(len(grad), 5)
+
+  def test_cumsum_fix_gradient_values(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.cumsum(a, dim=0)
+    loss = b.sum()
+    loss.backward()
+    expected = np.array([4.0, 3.0, 2.0, 1.0])
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(a.grad.cpu().numpy(), expected, rtol=1e-5)
+
+  def test_diag_1d_to_2d(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0], dtype=torch.float32, device=device, requires_grad=True)
+    b = torch.diag(a)
+    expected = [[1, 0, 0], [0, 2, 0], [0, 0, 3]]
+    np.testing.assert_equal(b.detach().cpu().numpy(), expected)
+
+  def test_diag_2d_to_1d(self):
+    c = torch.tensor([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], dtype=torch.float32, device=device)
+    d = torch.diag(c)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(d.cpu().numpy(), [1, 5, 9])
+
+  def test_biased_conv2d(self):
+    # Test case for two sequential conv2d with same weights/bias and ReLU in between, this is as special case from test_ops.py
+    torch.manual_seed(0)
+    C = 8
+    x_cpu = torch.randn(1, C, 5, 5, requires_grad=True)
+    w_cpu = torch.randn(C, C, 1, 1, requires_grad=True)
+    b_cpu = torch.randn(C, requires_grad=True)
+    x_tiny = x_cpu.detach().to(device).requires_grad_(True)
+    w_tiny = w_cpu.detach().to(device).requires_grad_(True)
+    b_tiny = b_cpu.detach().to(device).requires_grad_(True)
+    out_cpu = torch.nn.functional.conv2d(torch.nn.functional.conv2d(x_cpu, w_cpu, b_cpu).relu(), w_cpu, b_cpu)
+    out_tiny = torch.nn.functional.conv2d(torch.nn.functional.conv2d(x_tiny, w_tiny, b_tiny).relu(), w_tiny, b_tiny)
+    grad_out = torch.randn_like(out_cpu)
+    out_cpu.backward(grad_out)
+    out_tiny.backward(grad_out.to(device))
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(x_tiny.grad.cpu().numpy(), x_cpu.grad.numpy(), atol=1e-4, rtol=1e-3)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(w_tiny.grad.cpu().numpy(), w_cpu.grad.numpy(), atol=1e-4, rtol=1e-3)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(b_tiny.grad.cpu().numpy(), b_cpu.grad.numpy(), atol=1e-4, rtol=1e-3)
+
+
+from tinygrad import Tensor
+class TestBackendHelpers(unittest.TestCase):
+
+  def test_calculate_storage_offset_no_shrink(self):
+    t = Tensor.ones(3, 4)
+    assert extra.torch_backend.backend.calculate_storage_offset(t) == 0
+
+  def test_calculate_storage_offset_with_shrink(self):
+    t = Tensor.ones(10, 10)[2:5, 3:7]
+    # strides for (10, 10) are [10, 1]
+    # offset = 2*10 + 3*1 = 23
+    assert extra.torch_backend.backend.calculate_storage_offset(t) == 23
+
+  def test_calculate_storage_offset_multiple_shrinks(self):
+    t = Tensor.ones(5, 6, 7)[1:3, 2:4, 3:5]
+    # strides for (5, 6, 7) are [42, 7, 1]
+    # offset = 1*42 + 2*7 + 3*1 = 42 + 14 + 3 = 59
+    assert extra.torch_backend.backend.calculate_storage_offset(t) == 59
+
+  def test_calculate_storage_offset_with_reshape(self):
+    t = Tensor.ones(10, 10)
+    orig_offset = extra.torch_backend.backend.calculate_storage_offset(t)
+    assert orig_offset == 0
+    t = t.reshape(100)
+    assert extra.torch_backend.backend.calculate_storage_offset(t) == orig_offset
+
+  def test_slice_values_match_torch(self):
+    torch_cpu = torch.arange(100, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(10, 10)
+    torch_tiny = torch_cpu.to(device)
+    sliced_cpu = torch_cpu[2:5, 3:7]
+    sliced_tiny = torch_tiny[2:5, 3:7]
+    np.testing.assert_equal(sliced_tiny.cpu().numpy(), sliced_cpu.numpy())
+
+  def test_slice_values_match_torch_3d(self):
+    torch_cpu_3d = torch.arange(210, dtype=torch.float32).reshape(5, 6, 7)
+    torch_tiny_3d = torch_cpu_3d.to(device)
+    sliced_cpu_3d = torch_cpu_3d[1:3, 2:4, 3:5]
+    sliced_tiny_3d = torch_tiny_3d[1:3, 2:4, 3:5]
+    np.testing.assert_equal(sliced_tiny_3d.cpu().numpy(), sliced_cpu_3d.numpy())
+
+  def test_topk_out(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 3, 2, 4], device=device)
+    values = torch.empty(2, device=device)
+    indices = torch.empty(2, dtype=torch.int64, device=device)
+    ret_values, ret_indices = torch.topk(a, k=2, out=(values, indices))
+    np.testing.assert_equal(values.cpu().numpy(), [4, 3])
+    np.testing.assert_equal(indices.cpu().numpy(), [3, 1])
+    assert ret_values is values
+    assert ret_indices is indices
+
+  def test_sort_out(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([3, 1, 4, 2], device=device)
+    values = torch.empty(4, device=device)
+    indices = torch.empty(4, dtype=torch.int64, device=device)
+    ret_values, ret_indices = torch.sort(a, out=(values, indices))
+    np.testing.assert_equal(values.cpu().numpy(), [1, 2, 3, 4])
+    np.testing.assert_equal(indices.cpu().numpy(), [1, 3, 0, 2])
+    assert ret_values is values
+    assert ret_indices is indices
+
+  def test_cat_out(self):
+    a = torch.tensor([1, 2], device=device)
+    b = torch.tensor([3, 4], device=device)
+    out = torch.empty(4, device=device)
+    ret = torch.cat([a, b], out=out)
+    np.testing.assert_equal(out.cpu().numpy(), [1, 2, 3, 4])
+    assert ret is out
+
+  def test_scatter_add_out(self):
+    src = torch.tensor([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], device=device, dtype=torch.float32)
+    index = torch.tensor([[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2]], device=device)
+    input = torch.zeros(3, 3, device=device, dtype=torch.float32)
+    out = torch.zeros(3, 3, device=device, dtype=torch.float32)
+    ret = torch.scatter_add(input, 0, index, src, out=out)
+    expected = torch.tensor([[5, 0, 0], [0, 7, 0], [0, 0, 9]], dtype=torch.float32)
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(out.cpu().numpy(), expected.cpu().numpy())
+    assert ret is out
+
+  def test_floor_divide_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([10, 20, 30, 40], dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
+    y = torch.tensor([2, 4, 5, 8], dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
+    ret = x.floor_divide_(y)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [5, 5, 6, 5])
+
+  def test_lshift_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
+    ret = x.__ilshift__(2)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [4, 8, 12, 16])
+
+  def test_rshift_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([16, 32, 48, 64], dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
+    ret = x.__irshift__(2)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [4, 8, 12, 16])
+
+  def test_relu_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([-1.0, 2.0, -3.0, 4.0], device=device)
+    ret = x.relu_()
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [0.0, 2.0, 0.0, 4.0])
+
+  def test_random_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.zeros(10, dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
+    ret = x.random_()
+    assert ret is x
+    assert x.shape == (10,)
+
+  def test_random_from_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.zeros(10, dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
+    ret = x.random_(5, 10)
+    assert ret is x
+    # values should be in range [5, 10)
+    assert torch.all(x >= 5).item() and torch.all(x < 10).item()
+
+  def test_uniform_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.zeros(10, device=device)
+    ret = x.uniform_(0.0, 1.0)
+    assert ret is x
+    # values should be in range [0, 1)
+    assert torch.all(x >= 0.0).item() and torch.all(x < 1.0).item()
+
+  def test_normal_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.zeros(100, device=device)
+    ret = x.normal_(0.0, 1.0)
+    assert ret is x
+    # just check that values changed from zeros
+    assert not torch.all(x == 0.0).item()
+
+  def test_logical_or_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([True, False, True, False], device=device)
+    y = torch.tensor([False, False, True, True], device=device)
+    ret = x.logical_or_(y)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [True, False, True, True])
+
+  def test_masked_fill_scalar_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], device=device)
+    mask = torch.tensor([True, False, True, False], device=device)
+    ret = x.masked_fill_(mask, 0.0)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [0.0, 2.0, 0.0, 4.0])
+
+  def test_masked_fill_tensor_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], device=device)
+    mask = torch.tensor([True, False, True, False], device=device)
+    value = torch.tensor(99.0, device=device)
+    ret = x.masked_fill_(mask, value)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [99.0, 2.0, 99.0, 4.0])
+
+  def test_zero_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], device=device)
+    ret = x.zero_()
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+
+  def test_fill_scalar_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], device=device)
+    ret = x.fill_(5.0)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0])
+
+  def test_fill_tensor_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], device=device)
+    value = torch.tensor(7.0, device=device)
+    ret = x.fill_(value)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [7.0, 7.0, 7.0, 7.0])
+
+  def test_add_tensor_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], device=device)
+    y = torch.tensor([10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0], device=device)
+    ret = x.add_(y)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [11.0, 22.0, 33.0, 44.0])
+
+  def test_add_scalar_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], device=device)
+    ret = x.add_(10.0)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0])
+
+  def test_mul_tensor_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], device=device)
+    y = torch.tensor([2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0], device=device)
+    ret = x.mul_(y)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [2.0, 6.0, 12.0, 20.0])
+
+  def test_mul_scalar_inplace_identity(self):
+    x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0], device=device)
+    ret = x.mul_(2.0)
+    assert ret is x
+    np.testing.assert_equal(x.cpu().numpy(), [2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
   unittest.main()

extra/torch_backend/test_kernel_fusion.py

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# simple tests
+import unittest
+import torch
+import warnings
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, GlobalCounters
+if getenv("TINY_BACKEND2"):
+  import extra.torch_backend.backend2
+  device = "cpu"
+else:
+  import extra.torch_backend.backend
+  device = "tiny"
+
+
+class TestKernelFusionRegression(unittest.TestCase):
+  def _realize(self, t): _ = t.detach().cpu().numpy()
+
+  def _check_kernel_count(self, fn, expected_kernels):
+    torch.manual_seed(42)
+    GlobalCounters.reset()
+    fn().detach().cpu().numpy()
+    expectation = f"{GlobalCounters.kernel_count} vs {expected_kernels} expected."
+    if GlobalCounters.kernel_count < expected_kernels: warnings.warn(f"{expectation} Expectation can be lowered.", UserWarning)
+    self.assertLessEqual(GlobalCounters.kernel_count, expected_kernels, f"{expectation}")
+
+  def test_elementwise_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(128, 128, device=device)
+      return (x + 1.0) * 2.0 - 0.5
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 6)
+
+  def test_relu_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(1, 3, 32, 32, device=device)
+      conv = torch.nn.Conv2d(3, 16, 3, padding=1).to(device)
+      with torch.no_grad():
+        return torch.nn.functional.relu(conv(x))
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 8)
+
+  def test_batchnorm_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(2, 3, 16, 16, device=device)
+      conv = torch.nn.Conv2d(3, 8, 3, padding=1).to(device)
+      bn = torch.nn.BatchNorm2d(8).to(device)
+      bn.eval()
+      with torch.no_grad():
+        return torch.nn.functional.relu(bn(conv(x)))
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 16)
+
+  def test_reduce_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(64, 64, device=device)
+      return (x * 2.0).sum()
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 7)
+
+  def test_matmul_elementwise_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(32, 32, device=device)
+      w = torch.randn(32, 32, device=device)
+      return torch.nn.functional.relu(x @ w + 1.0)
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 6)
+
+  def test_pooling_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(1, 8, 16, 16, device=device)
+      return torch.nn.functional.max_pool2d(x * 2.0, 2)
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 5)
+
+  def test_residual_add_relu_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(1, 8, 16, 16, device=device)
+      identity = torch.randn(1, 8, 16, 16, device=device)
+      out = x + identity
+      return torch.nn.functional.relu(out)
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 6)
+
+  def test_inplace_add_relu_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(1, 16, 32, 32, device=device)
+      y = torch.randn(1, 16, 32, 32, device=device)
+      x += y
+      return torch.nn.functional.relu(x)
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 6)
+
+  def test_conv_bn_add_relu_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(1, 8, 16, 16, device=device)
+      identity = torch.randn(1, 8, 16, 16, device=device)
+      conv = torch.nn.Conv2d(8, 8, 3, padding=1, bias=False).to(device)
+      bn = torch.nn.BatchNorm2d(8).to(device)
+      bn.eval()
+      with torch.no_grad():
+        out = bn(conv(x))
+        out += identity
+        return torch.nn.functional.relu(out)
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 16)
+
+  def test_multiple_inplace_ops_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(64, 64, device=device)
+      x += 1.0
+      x *= 2.0
+      return torch.nn.functional.relu(x)
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 4)
+
+  def test_view_inplace_no_fusion_break(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(4, 64, device=device)
+      view = x[1:3]
+      view += 1.0
+      return x.sum()
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 8)
+
+  def test_batchnorm_running_stats_update(self):
+    def fn():
+      x = torch.randn(2, 8, 8, 8, device=device)
+      bn = torch.nn.BatchNorm2d(8).to(device)
+      bn.train()
+      with torch.no_grad():
+        return bn(x)
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 10)
+
+  # this is a minimal extra/other_mnist/beautiful_mnist_torch.py to cover fusion for training with optimizer
+  def test_mnist_training_fusion(self):
+    def fn():
+      model = torch.nn.Sequential(
+        torch.nn.Conv2d(1, 8, 3, padding=1),
+        torch.nn.ReLU(),
+        torch.nn.MaxPool2d(2),
+        torch.nn.Flatten(),
+        torch.nn.Linear(8*14*14, 10)
+      ).to(device)
+      optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters(), 1e-3)
+      x = torch.randn(32, 1, 28, 28, device=device)
+      labels = torch.randint(0, 10, (32,), device=device)
+      out = model(x)
+      loss = torch.nn.functional.cross_entropy(out, labels)
+      optimizer.zero_grad()
+      loss.backward()
+      optimizer.step()
+      return loss
+    self._check_kernel_count(fn, 33)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  unittest.main()

extra/torch_backend/wrapped_tensor.cpp

@@ -113,16 +113,9 @@ int register_hook() {
 int temp_register_hook = register_hook();
 
 at::Tensor wrap_tensor(py::object &py_obj, c10::ScalarType dtype, c10::DeviceIndex device_index) {
-  // TODO: we have to get the dtype and the shape from the tinygrad Tensor
   std::vector<int64_t> sizes = py_obj.attr("shape").cast<std::vector<int64_t>>();
-
-  py::list views = py_obj.attr("uop").attr("st").attr("views");
-  std::vector<int64_t> strides = views[views.size() - 1].attr("strides").cast<std::vector<int64_t>>();
-  int64_t storage_offset = 0;
-  for (auto& v: views) {
-    storage_offset += v.attr("offset").cast<int64_t>(); // TODO: is this correct?
-  }
-
+  std::vector<int64_t> strides = py_obj.attr("_strides").cast<std::vector<int64_t>>();
+  int64_t storage_offset = py_obj.attr("_storage_offset").cast<int64_t>();
   return at::detail::make_tensor<at::TinyOpaqueTensorImpl<std::shared_ptr<c10::SafePyObject>>>(
     at::DispatchKeySet(at::DispatchKey::PrivateUse1),
     c10::scalarTypeToTypeMeta(dtype),

sz.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import token
 import tokenize
 import itertools
 from tabulate import tabulate
+from tinygrad.uop import Ops
+from tinygrad.helpers import ContextVar
 
 TOKEN_WHITELIST = [token.OP, token.NAME, token.NUMBER, token.STRING]
 
@@ -79,11 +81,15 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
       print(tabulate([headers] + sorted(table, key=lambda x: -x[1]), headers="firstrow", floatfmt=".1f")+"\n")
       groups = sorted([('/'.join(x[0].rsplit("/", 1)[0].split("/")[0:2]), x[1], x[2]) for x in table])
       dir_sizes = {}
-      for dir_name, group in itertools.groupby(groups, key=lambda x:x[0]):
+      for dir_name, _group in itertools.groupby(groups, key=lambda x:x[0]):
+        group = list(_group)
         dir_sizes[dir_name] = sum([x[1] for x in group])
-        print(f"{dir_name:30s} : {dir_sizes[dir_name]:6d}")
-      print(f"\n core line count: {sum([v for k,v in dir_sizes.items() if k not in NONCORE_DIRS])}")
+        print(f"{dir_name:30s} : {dir_sizes[dir_name]:6d} in {len(group):2d} files")
+      print()
+      print(f"        ops: {len(Ops)}")
+      print(f"      flags: {len(ContextVar._cache)}")
+      print(f" core lines: {sum([v for k,v in dir_sizes.items() if k not in NONCORE_DIRS])}")
       total_lines = sum([x[1] for x in table])
-      print(f"total line count: {total_lines}")
+      print(f"total lines: {total_lines}")
       max_line_count = int(os.getenv("MAX_LINE_COUNT", "-1"))
       assert max_line_count == -1 or total_lines <= max_line_count, f"OVER {max_line_count} LINES"

test/external/external_benchmark_pyrender.py

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# benchmark speed of pyrender for all created UOps saved with TRACK_MATCH_STATS=2
+import functools, pickle
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops
+from tinygrad.helpers import tqdm, temp, time_to_str, cpu_profile
+
+BENCHMARK_OPS = {Ops.INDEX, Ops.BUFFERIZE}
+
+@functools.cache
+def create_uop(a:int) -> UOp:
+  op, dtype, src, arg, *rest = trace.uop_fields[a]
+  return UOp(op, dtype, tuple(create_uop(s) for s in src), arg, *rest)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  # load rewrite trace
+  with open(temp("rewrites.pkl", append_user=True), "rb") as f:
+    trace = pickle.load(f)
+
+  # benchmark
+  result:list[tuple[str, int]] = []
+  try:
+    for steps in tqdm(trace.rewrites):
+      for r in steps:
+        for _,yn,_,__ in r.matches:
+          y = create_uop(yn)
+          if y.op in BENCHMARK_OPS:
+            with cpu_profile("pyrender") as e:
+              try: ren = y.render()
+              except Exception: ren = "PYRENDER_ERR"
+            result.append((ren, float(e.en-e.st)/1e6))
+  finally:
+    N = 10
+    print(f"Slowst {N} renders from {len(result)} samples:")
+    for ren,tm in sorted(result, key=lambda x:x[1], reverse=True)[:N]:
+      print(f"{time_to_str(tm).strip():<10s} {ren}")

test/external/external_test_example.py

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 import unittest
 from tinygrad import Device
 from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor
-from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, CI
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, CI, OSX
 
 def multidevice_test(fxn):
   exclude_devices = getenv("EXCLUDE_DEVICES", "").split(",")
   def ret(self):
     for device in Device._devices:
-      if device in ["REMOTE", "DISK", "NPY", "FAKE", "DSP", "NULL"]: continue
+      # broken on OSX USB AMD, why?
+      if device in ["REMOTE", "DISK", "NPY", "FAKE", "DSP", "NULL"] or (OSX and device in ["AMD"]): continue
       if not CI: print(device)
       if device in exclude_devices:
         if not CI: print(f"WARNING: {device} test is excluded")

test/external/external_uop_gc.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import gc
 from tinygrad import Tensor, UOp, Device, nn
 from tinygrad.engine.realize import method_cache, get_program
 from tinygrad.schedule.indexing import apply_movement_op
+from tinygrad.uop.divandmod import fold_divmod_general
 from test.test_tiny import TestTiny
 
 def uops_allocated(): return sum([isinstance(x, UOp) for x in gc.get_objects()])
@@ -69,6 +70,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     # these caches will keep uops alive
     method_cache.clear()
     apply_movement_op.cache_clear()
+    fold_divmod_general.cache_clear()
     Tensor._device_seeds.clear()
     Tensor._device_rng_counters.clear()
 

test/external/fuzz_symbolic_symbolic_div.py

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import random
+import z3
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops
+from tinygrad.uop.validate import uops_to_z3
+from tinygrad.helpers import DEBUG, Context, colored
+
+seed = random.randint(0, 100)
+print(f"Seed: {seed}")
+random.seed(seed)
+
+def get_random_term(ranges, factors):
+  # 10% chance of nesting
+  if random.randint(0,9) == 0: return get_random_expr(ranges, factors)
+  return random.choice(ranges)*random.choice(factors)*random.choice([1, 1, 1, -1])
+
+def get_random_expr(ranges, factors):
+  num_terms = random.randint(2,4)
+  x = UOp.sum(*[get_random_term(ranges, factors) for _ in range(num_terms)])
+  return x.alu(random.choice([Ops.IDIV, Ops.MOD]), x.ufix(random.choice(factors)*random.choice([1, 1, 1, -1])))
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+  skipped = 0
+  for i in range(700):
+    if i % 100 == 0:
+      print(f"Running test {i}")
+    upper_bounds = [*list(range(1, 4)), 16, 33, 53, 64, 256]
+    variable_names = ["i", "j", "k"]
+    variables = [UOp.variable(s, 1, random.choice(upper_bounds)) for s in variable_names]
+    factors = variables+upper_bounds
+    # add some products
+    for _ in range(2): factors.append(random.choice(variables)*random.choice(variables))
+    # add some adds
+    for _ in range(2): factors.append(random.choice(variables)+random.choice(factors))
+    num_ranges = 4
+    ranges = [UOp.range(random.choice(factors), i) for i in range(num_ranges)]
+    variable_names += [f"r{i}" for i in range(num_ranges)]
+    expr = get_random_expr(ranges, factors)
+
+    with Context(CORRECT_DIVMOD_FOLDING=1):
+      simplified_expr = expr.simplify()
+
+    if DEBUG>=1:
+      print(expr.render(simplify=False), "  -->  ", simplified_expr.render(simplify=False))
+
+    solver = z3.Solver()
+    solver.set(timeout=3000)  # some expressions take very long verify, but its very unlikely they actually return sat
+    z3_expr, z3_simplified_expr, *z3_vars = uops_to_z3(solver, expr, simplified_expr, *variables, *ranges)
+    check = solver.check(z3_simplified_expr != z3_expr)
+    if check == z3.unknown and DEBUG>=1:
+      skipped += 1
+      print("skipped z3 verification due to timeout")
+    elif check == z3.sat:
+      print(colored("simplify INCORRECT!", "red"))
+      print(solver.model())
+      var_vals = {s:solver.model()[z] for s,z in zip(variable_names, z3_vars)}
+      print("reproduce with:")
+      print("var_vals = ", var_vals)
+      print("globals = var_vals|{'cdiv':cdiv,'cmod':cmod}")
+      print("expr = ast.simplify()")
+      print("assert eval(ast.render(pm=renderer_infer, simplify=False),globals) == eval(expr.render(pm=renderer_infer, simplify=False),globals)")
+      print()
+
+      assert False
+
+    if DEBUG >= 2: print(f"validated {expr.render()}")
+  print(f"Skipped {skipped} expressions due to timeout")

test/external/process_replay/process_replay.py

@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ def trunc_log(x):
   logging.info("\n".join(lines))
 
 # user config
-SKIP_PROCESS_REPLAY = (k:="[skip_process_replay]") in os.getenv("COMMIT_MESSAGE", "") or k in os.getenv("PR_TITLE", "")
+# NOTE: process replay is slow so it's now disabled by default. add [pr] to enable it
+#SKIP_PROCESS_REPLAY = (k:="[skip_process_replay]") in os.getenv("COMMIT_MESSAGE", "") or k in os.getenv("PR_TITLE", "")
+SKIP_PROCESS_REPLAY = not ASSERT_DIFF and not ((k:="[p]") in os.getenv("COMMIT_MESSAGE", "") or k in os.getenv("PR_TITLE", ""))
 if REF == "master": SKIP_PROCESS_REPLAY = True
 class ProcessReplayWarning(Warning): pass
 

test/mockgpu/amd/amdgpu.py

@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ class PM4Executor(AMDQueue):
     elif mem_data_sel == 3:
       if mem_event_type == CACHE_FLUSH_AND_INV_TS_EVENT: ptr.cast('Q')[0] = int(time.perf_counter() * 1e8)
       else: raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown {mem_data_sel=} {mem_event_type=}")
+    elif mem_data_sel == 0: pass # no write
     else: raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown {mem_data_sel=}")
 
   def _exec_copy_data(self, n):

test/models/test_whisper.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import unittest
 import pathlib
 from examples.whisper import init_whisper, load_file_waveform, transcribe_file, transcribe_waveform
+import examples.mlperf.metrics as metrics
 from tinygrad.helpers import CI, fetch, CPU_LLVM
 from tinygrad import Device, dtypes
 from tinygrad.device import is_dtype_supported
@@ -14,7 +15,39 @@ TEST_FILE_2 = str(pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "whisper/test2.wav")
 TRANSCRIPTION_2 = "a slightly longer audio file so that we can test batch transcriptions of varying length."
 # TODO this file will possibly not survive long. find another 1-2 minute sound file online to transcribe
 TEST_FILE_3_URL = 'https://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~karchung/miniconversations/mc45.mp3'
-TRANSCRIPTION_3 = "Just lie back and relax. Is the level of pressure about right? Yes, it's fine, and I'd like conditioner please. Sure. I'm going to start the second lathering now. Would you like some Q-tips? How'd you like it cut? I'd like my bangs and the back trimmed, and I'd like the rest thinned out a bit and layered. Where would you like the part? On the left, right about here. Here, have a look. What do you think? It's fine. Here's a thousand anti-dollars. It's 30-ant extra for the rants. Here's your change and receipt. Thank you, and please come again. So how do you like it? It could have been worse, but you'll notice that I didn't ask her for her card. Hmm, yeah. Maybe you can try that place over there next time."   # noqa: E501
+TRANSCRIPTION_3 = """Just lie back and relax.
+Is the level of pressure about right?
+Yes, it's fine. And I'd like conditioner, please.
+Sure. I'm going to start the second lathering now.
+Would you like some Q-tips?
+How'd you like it cut?
+I'd like my bangs and the back trimmed,
+and I'd like the rest thinned out a bit and layered.
+Where would you like the part?
+On the left, right about here.
+Here, have a look. What do you think?
+It's fine. Here's thousand NT dollars.
+It's 30 NT extra for the rinse. Here's your change and receipt.
+Thank you, and please come again!
+So, how do you like it?
+It could have been worse. But you'll notice that I didn't ask her for her card.
+Hmm, yeah.
+Mm, maybe you can try that place over there next time."""
+
+TRANSCRIPTION_3_ALT = "Just lie back and relax. Is the level of pressure about right? Yes, it's fine. And I'd like conditioner please. Sure. I'm going to start the second lathering now. Would you like some Q-tips? How'd you like it cut? I'd like my bangs on the back trimmed, and I'd like the rest to stand out a bit and layered. Where would you like the part? On the left, right about here. Here. Have a look. What do you think? It's fine. Here's a thousand and eighty dollars. It's thirty and t extra for the rants. Here's your change and receipt. Thank you, and please come again. So how do you like it? It could have been worse, but you'll notice that I didn't ask her for her card. Hmm, yeah. Maybe you can try that place over there next time." #noqa: E501
+# NOTE: same as TRANSCRIPTION_3 but with minor changes that should only amount to ~0.079 WER difference (see test_wer_same)
+# 'and'     --> 'on'
+# 'thinned' --> 'to stand'
+# 'nt'      --> 'and eighty'
+# '30 nt'   --> 'thirty and t'
+# 'rinse'   --> 'rants'
+# 'mm'      --> ''
+
+def wer_helper(result: str, reference: str)->float:
+  result = metrics.normalize_string(result)
+  reference = metrics.normalize_string(reference)
+  wer, _, _ = metrics.word_error_rate([result], [reference])
+  return wer
 
 @unittest.skipIf(Device.DEFAULT in ["CPU"], "slow")
 @unittest.skipUnless(is_dtype_supported(dtypes.float16), "need float16 support")
@@ -30,6 +63,15 @@ class TestWhisper(unittest.TestCase):
     del cls.model
     del cls.enc
 
+  def assertWER(self, actual: str, expected: str, threshold: float):
+    __tracebackhide__ = True  # Hide traceback for py.test
+    wer = wer_helper(actual, expected)
+    if wer > threshold:
+      err = f"WER={wer:.3f} > {threshold}"
+      raise AssertionError(
+        err
+      )
+
   def test_transcribe_file1(self):
     self.assertEqual(transcribe_file(self.model, self.enc, TEST_FILE_1),  TRANSCRIPTION_1)
 
@@ -56,7 +98,7 @@ class TestWhisper(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_transcribe_long(self):
     waveform = [load_file_waveform(fetch(TEST_FILE_3_URL))]
     transcription = transcribe_waveform(self.model, self.enc, waveform)
-    self.assertEqual(TRANSCRIPTION_3, transcription)
+    self.assertWER(transcription, TRANSCRIPTION_3, 0.085)
 
   @unittest.skipIf(CI or (Device.DEFAULT == "CPU" and CPU_LLVM), "too long for CI")
   def test_transcribe_long_no_batch(self):
@@ -64,8 +106,24 @@ class TestWhisper(unittest.TestCase):
 
     trancriptions = transcribe_waveform(self.model, self.enc, waveforms)
     self.assertEqual(2, len(trancriptions))
-    self.assertEqual(TRANSCRIPTION_3, trancriptions[0])
+    self.assertWER(trancriptions[0], TRANSCRIPTION_3, 0.085)
     self.assertEqual(TRANSCRIPTION_1, trancriptions[1])
 
+  def test_wer_same(self):
+    reference = TRANSCRIPTION_3
+    self.assertWER(TRANSCRIPTION_3_ALT, reference, 0.079)
+
+  def test_wer_different(self):
+    reference = TRANSCRIPTION_3
+    self.assertWER("[no speech]", reference, 1.0)
+
+  def test_wer_different_2(self):
+    reference = TRANSCRIPTION_3
+    self.assertWER("", reference, 1.0)
+
+  def test_wer_different_3(self):
+    reference = TRANSCRIPTION_3
+    self.assertWER(reference[:len(reference)//2], reference, 0.524)
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()

test/test_arange.py

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ from tinygrad.helpers import CI, Context, getenv
 from tinygrad.engine.realize import run_schedule
 from tinygrad.engine.realize import CompiledRunner, ExecItem, get_program
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops
+from tinygrad.renderer import Estimates
+from tinygrad.renderer.ptx import PTXRenderer
 
 class TestArange(unittest.TestCase):
   def _get_flops(self, tensor, desired):
@@ -29,6 +31,14 @@ class TestArange(unittest.TestCase):
       # NOTE: not every backend supports CMPEQ
       self.assertLessEqual(self._get_flops(Tensor.eye(2560).contiguous(), np.eye(2560)), 2*2560*2560)
 
+  @unittest.skipIf(isinstance(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, PTXRenderer), "PTX indexing is weird")
+  def test_tri_complexity(self):
+    with Context(NOOPT=1):
+      t = Tensor.ones(256, 256).contiguous().realize()
+      sched = t.triu().schedule()
+      p = get_program(sched[-1].ast)
+      self.assertLessEqual(Estimates.from_uops(p.uops).ops, 4 * 256 * 256)
+
 DSET, DDIM = 2048, 32
 
 class TestIndexing(unittest.TestCase):

test/test_custom_kernel.py

@@ -102,6 +102,11 @@ def backward_gemm_custom(gradient:UOp, kernel:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, UOp]:
 # **** tests ****
 
 class TestCustomKernel(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_empty(self):
+    a = Tensor.empty(1)
+    a = Tensor.custom_kernel(a, fxn=lambda _: UOp.sink())[0]
+    a.realize()
+
   def test_simple(self):
     a = Tensor.ones(16, 16).contiguous()
     b = Tensor.ones(16, 16).contiguous()

test/test_multitensor.py

@@ -765,6 +765,16 @@ class TestMultiTensor(unittest.TestCase):
     with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
       Tensor.rand_like(t, device=(d3, d4))
 
+  def test_full_like_on_shard(self, axis=None):
+    t = Tensor.empty((16, 16)).shard(devices_2, axis=axis)
+    t2 = Tensor.full_like(t, 1.0)
+    self.assertEqual(t.shape, t2.shape)
+    self.assertEqual(t.device, t2.device)
+    self.assertEqual(t.dtype, t2.dtype)
+    self.assertEqual(t.uop.axis, t2.uop.axis)
+    t2.realize()
+  def test_full_like_on_shard_axis(self): self.test_full_like_on_shard(0)
+
   def test_dropout_on_shard(self):
     with Tensor.train():
       X = Tensor.ones(256).to(devices_2)

test/test_ops.py

@@ -2699,6 +2699,9 @@ class TestOps(unittest.TestCase):
     a = Tensor(3.14)
     np.testing.assert_allclose(Tensor.stack(a, a).numpy(), Tensor([3.14, 3.14]).numpy())
 
+  def test_stack_max(self):
+    helper_test_op(None, lambda x, y: torch.stack((x, y)).max(axis=0)[0], lambda x, y: Tensor.stack(x, y).max(axis=0), vals=[[1.], [2.]])
+
   def test_repeat(self):
     x = Tensor.randn(4, 6, 3)
     base_repeats = [2, 4, 3]

test/test_outerworld.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import unittest
-from tinygrad import Tensor, UOp
+import numpy as np
+from tinygrad import Tensor, UOp, nn
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import AxisType, Ops
 
 class TestOuterworldReduce(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -50,47 +51,41 @@ class TestOuterRange(unittest.TestCase):
     # 3 matmuls with outer world range
     i = UOp.range(3, -100, AxisType.OUTER)
     vec_i = Tensor(vec.uop.after(i))
-    vi = UOp.variable("i", i.vmin, i.vmax).bind(i)
-    out = Tensor(vec.uop.after(vec_i.uop.store((vec_i.contiguous() @ mats[vi]).uop).end(i)))
+    comp = vec_i.contiguous() @ mats[i]
+    store = vec_i.uop.store(comp.uop).end(i)
+    out = Tensor(vec.uop.after(store))
     out.realize()
 
     # TODO: testing allclose
     assert Tensor.allclose(ref, out, atol=1e-6), f"{ref.numpy()=}, {out.numpy()=}"
 
-  def test_range_grad(self):
-    def range_matmul(vec, mats):
-      # vec: (1, 10), mats: (3, 10, 10)
-      # assume vec, mats already have requires_grad set however you like
+class TestOuterScan(unittest.TestCase):
+  def _test_scan(self):
+    vec = Tensor.randn(1, 10).realize()
+    mats = Tensor.randn(3, 10, 10).realize()
 
-      i = UOp.range(3, -100, AxisType.OUTER)      # loop axis
-      vec_i = Tensor(vec.uop.after(i))            # "loop-carried" vector
-      vi = UOp.variable("i", i.vmin, i.vmax).bind(i)
+    # 3 matmuls in "scan"
+    vec1 = vec @ mats[0]
+    vec2 = vec1 @ mats[1]
+    vec3 = vec2 @ mats[2]
+    ref = Tensor.stack(vec1, vec2, vec3)
+    ref.realize()
+    return vec, mats, ref
 
-      body = (vec_i.contiguous() @ mats[vi])      # matmul using loop index
-      out = Tensor(vec.uop.after(vec_i.uop.store(body.uop).end(i)))
-      return out
+  def test_uop_scan_matmul(self):
+    vec, mats, ref = self._test_scan()
 
-    vec = Tensor.randn(1, 3, requires_grad=True)
-    mats = Tensor.randn(3, 3, 3, requires_grad=True)
-    Tensor.realize(vec, mats)
+    # 3 matmuls with SCAN
+    i = UOp.range(3, -100, AxisType.OUTER)
+    out = Tensor.empty(3, 1, 10)
+    phi = Tensor(i.eq(0).where(vec.uop, out[(i-1).maximum(0)].uop))
+    comp = phi @ mats[i]
+    store = out[i].uop.store(comp.uop).end(i)
+    out = Tensor(out.uop.after(store))
+    out.realize()
 
-    ref = ((vec @ mats[0]) @ mats[1]) @ mats[2]
-    loss = (1.0 - ref).square().mean()
-    loss.backward()
-    Tensor.realize(vec.grad, mats.grad)
-    print(vec.grad.numpy())
-    print(mats.grad.numpy())
-    vec.grad = None
-    mats.grad = None
-
-    out = range_matmul(vec, mats)
-    loss = (1.0 - out).square().mean()
-    loss.backward()
-    Tensor.realize(vec.grad, mats.grad)
-
-    print(vec.grad, mats.grad)   # should be non-None and finite
-    print(vec.grad.numpy())
-    print(mats.grad.numpy())
+    # TODO: testing allclose
+    assert Tensor.allclose(ref, out, atol=1e-6), f"{ref.numpy()=}, {out.numpy()=}"
 
 class TestOuterworld(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_range_plus_1(self):
@@ -151,5 +146,85 @@ class TestOuterworld(unittest.TestCase):
     out = out.reshape(1, 3).expand(a, 3).contiguous().realize()
     self.assertListEqual([[0,4,8],[4,8,12],[8,12,16]], out.tolist())
 
+class TestVmap(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_vmap_inner(self, axis_type=AxisType.LOOP, fuse=False, grad=False):
+    x = Tensor.ones(1, 10).contiguous().requires_grad_()
+    mats = Tensor.ones(3, 10, 10).contiguous().requires_grad_()
+
+    ref = x @ mats
+    if fuse: ref = ref * 2
+
+    # vmap across axis 0
+    a = UOp.range(3, -1, axis_type)
+    out = x @ mats[a]
+    out = out.reshape(1, 10).pad(((a,(3-a)-1), None))
+    out = Tensor(out.uop.reduce(a, arg=Ops.ADD))
+    if fuse: out = out * 2
+    if grad:
+      out.mean().backward()
+      np.testing.assert_allclose(mats.grad.numpy(), (2./30) if fuse else (1./30))
+    out.realize()
+
+    # TODO: testing allclose
+    assert Tensor.allclose(ref, out, atol=1e-6), f"{ref.numpy()=}, {out.numpy()=}"
+  def test_vmap_inner_fuse(self): self.test_vmap_inner(fuse=True)
+  def test_vmap_outer(self): self.test_vmap_inner(AxisType.OUTER)
+  def test_vmap_outer_fuse(self): self.test_vmap_inner(AxisType.OUTER, fuse=True)
+
+  def test_vmap_inner_grad(self): self.test_vmap_inner(grad=True)
+  def test_vmap_inner_fuse_grad(self): self.test_vmap_inner(fuse=True, grad=True)
+  def test_vmap_outer_grad(self): self.test_vmap_inner(AxisType.OUTER, grad=True)
+
+  def test_vmap_convs(self):
+    layers = [
+      nn.Conv2d(1, 8, 3), Tensor.relu,
+      nn.Conv2d(8, 8, 3), Tensor.relu]
+    img = Tensor.randn(4, 1, 16, 16).realize(*nn.state.get_parameters(layers))
+    a = UOp.range(4, -1, AxisType.OUTER)
+    out = img[a:a+1].sequential(layers)
+    out = out.pad(((a,(4-a)-1), None, None, None))
+    out = Tensor(out.uop.reduce(a, arg=Ops.ADD))
+    out.realize()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(out.numpy(), img.sequential(layers).numpy(), atol=1e-6)
+
+  def test_vmap_gemm(self):
+    layers = [
+      nn.Linear(16, 16, bias=False), Tensor.relu,
+      nn.Linear(16, 16, bias=False), Tensor.relu]
+    img = Tensor.randn(4, 16).realize(*nn.state.get_parameters(layers))
+    a = UOp.range(4, -1, AxisType.OUTER)
+    out = img[a:a+1].sequential(layers)
+    out = out.pad(((a,(4-a)-1), None))
+    out = Tensor(out.uop.reduce(a, arg=Ops.ADD))
+    out.realize()
+    np.testing.assert_allclose(out.numpy(), img.sequential(layers).numpy(), atol=1e-6)
+
+  @unittest.skip("this is broken, we need to lower the outer reduce in the outer graph")
+  def test_vmap_gemm_grad(self):
+    layers = [
+      nn.Linear(16, 16, bias=False), Tensor.relu,
+      nn.Linear(16, 16, bias=False), Tensor.relu]
+    layer_tensors = nn.state.get_parameters(layers)
+    img = Tensor.randn(4, 16).realize(*layer_tensors)
+    for l in layer_tensors: l.requires_grad_()
+    a = UOp.range(4, -1, AxisType.OUTER)
+    out = img[a:a+1].sequential(layers)
+    out = out.pad(((a,(4-a)-1), None))
+    out = Tensor(out.uop.reduce(a, arg=Ops.ADD))
+    out.mean().backward()
+    grads = [l.grad for l in layer_tensors]
+    out.realize(*grads)
+    out_grads = [x.numpy() for x in grads]
+
+    # compute reference grads
+    for l in layer_tensors: l.grad = None
+    img.sequential(layers).mean().backward()
+    grads = [l.grad for l in layer_tensors]
+    out.realize(*grads)
+    ref_grads = [x.numpy() for x in grads]
+
+    # compare
+    for o,r in zip(out_grads, ref_grads): np.testing.assert_allclose(o, r, atol=1e-6)
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()

test/test_pickle.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class TestPickle(unittest.TestCase):
     self.assertEqual(pm2.rewrite(sink).key, tt.key)
 
   def test_pickle_main_pattern_matcher(self):
-    from tinygrad.codegen.late.devectorizer import sym
+    from tinygrad.uop.symbolic import sym
     ssym = pickle.dumps(sym)
     dsym = pickle.loads(ssym)
     self.assertEqual(dsym.patterns[0][0].location, sym.patterns[0][0].location)

test/test_profiler.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def helper_collect_profile(*devs):
   cpu_events.clear()
 
   profile_list = []
-  with Context(VIZ=1):
+  with Context(VIZ=1, PROFILE=1):
     yield profile_list
     for dev in devs: dev.synchronize()
     for dev in devs: dev._at_profile_finalize()

test/test_tiny.py

@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ class TestTiny(unittest.TestCase):
     out = Tensor.cat(Tensor.ones(8).contiguous(), Tensor.zeros(8).contiguous())
     self.assertListEqual(out.tolist(), [1]*8+[0]*8)
 
-  def test_sum(self):
-    out = Tensor.ones(256).contiguous().sum()
-    self.assertEqual(out.item(), 256)
+  def test_sum(self, N=getenv("SUM_N", 256)):
+    out = Tensor.ones(N).contiguous().sum()
+    self.assertEqual(out.item(), N)
 
   def test_gemm(self, N=getenv("GEMM_N", 64), out_dtype=dtypes.float):
     a = Tensor.ones(N,N).contiguous()

test/test_uops.py

@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ class TestUOpStr(unittest.TestCase):
 
 class TestUPatHelpers(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_location(self):
-    self.assertEqual(sym.patterns[-1][0].location[0].replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1], "math.py")
+    self.assertEqual(sym.patterns[-1][0].location[0].replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1], "symbolic.py")
     self.assertEqual(shared_spec.patterns[0][0].location[0].replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1], "spec.py")
     test_upat = UPat(Ops.CONST, dtypes.bool)
     self.assertEqual(test_upat.location[0].split("/")[-1], __file__.replace("\\", "/").split("/")[-1])

test/testextra/test_tk.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import numpy as np
 from extra.thunder.tiny.tk import WARP_THREADS
 from extra.thunder.tiny.tk.kernel import Kernel
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(Device.DEFAULT in ["CUDA", "NV"], "only cuda")
+@unittest.skipIf(CI and Device.DEFAULT not in ["CUDA", "NV"], "only cuda")
 @unittest.skipIf(isinstance(Device[Device.DEFAULT].renderer, PTXRenderer), "no ptx")
 class TestTK(unittest.TestCase):
   @unittest.skipIf(CI, "no wmma in ci")

test/unit/test_autogen.py

@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@ from tinygrad.runtime.support.c import Struct
 class TestAutogen(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_packed_struct_sizeof(self):
     layout = [('a', ctypes.c_char), ('b', ctypes.c_int, 5), ('c', ctypes.c_char)]
-    class X(ctypes.Structure): _fields_, _layout_ = layout, 'gcc-sysv'
     class Y(ctypes.Structure): _fields_, _pack_, _layout_ = layout, 1, 'ms'
-    class Z(Struct): _packed_, _fields_ = True, layout
-    self.assertNotEqual(ctypes.sizeof(X), 4) # ctypes bug! gcc-13.3.0 says this should have size 4
+    class Z(Struct): pass
+    Z._packed_, Z._fields_ = True, layout
     self.assertEqual(ctypes.sizeof(Y), 6)
     self.assertEqual(ctypes.sizeof(Z), 3)
     layout = [('a', ctypes.c_int, 31), ('b', ctypes.c_int, 31), ('c', ctypes.c_int, 1), ('d', ctypes.c_int, 1)]
     class Foo(ctypes.Structure): _fields_, _layout_ = layout, 'gcc-sysv'
     class Bar(ctypes.Structure): _fields_, _pack_, _layout_ = layout, 1, 'ms'
-    class Baz(Struct): _fields_, _packed_ = layout, True
+    class Baz(Struct): pass
+    Baz._packed_, Baz._fields_ = True, layout
     self.assertEqual(ctypes.sizeof(Foo), 12)
     self.assertEqual(ctypes.sizeof(Bar), 12)
     self.assertEqual(ctypes.sizeof(Baz), 8)

test/unit/test_microbenchmarks.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import unittest, time
+from tinygrad.helpers import Profiling
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp
 from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes
 
@@ -38,6 +39,14 @@ class TestMicrobenchmarks(unittest.TestCase):
     a = UOp.const(dtypes.int, 2)
     for _ in range(N): (a+a).simplify()
 
+class TestMicroprofile(unittest.TestCase):
+  def test_uop_simplify_complex(self):
+    x = UOp.variable("x", 0, 10)
+    y = UOp.variable("y", 0, 10)
+    expr = (x*2)+5+(x*4)+(y*2)+y
+    with Profiling():
+      for _ in range(1000): expr.simplify()
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()
 

test/unit/test_simplify_valid_idx.py

@@ -430,5 +430,27 @@ class TestImageSimplification(unittest.TestCase):
     load = get_load_image_uop((128, 768, 4), valid, (alu0, alu1))
     self.check(load, None, "((((idx1*24)+r3)+(r5*3))+-3)", "(((idx2*2)+r4)+-1)")
 
+  def test_simplify7(self):
+    # DEBUG=2 ALLOWED_KERNEL_COUNT=123 ALLOWED_READ_IMAGE=1397 ALLOWED_GATED_READ_IMAGE=94 FLOAT16=1 CL=1 IMAGE=2 python examples/openpilot/compile3.py https://gitlab.com/commaai/openpilot-lfs.git/gitlab-lfs/objects/cf6376aa9a090f0da26c280ef69eabf9bbdd51d1faac9ed392919c3db69be916 # noqa: E501
+    # kernel 143
+    gidx0 = Special("gidx0", 32)
+    lidx0 = Special("lidx0", 16)
+    lidx1 = Special("lidx1", 8)
+    r0 = Range(0, 7)
+
+    # buf.render()='UOp(Ops.DEFINE_GLOBAL, dtypes.imageh((32, 1024, 4)), arg=1, src=())'
+    alu0 = ((gidx0*2+(lidx0*128+r0*64+lidx1*8+-183)%64*64+(lidx0*128+r0*64+lidx1*8+-183)//64%32*4096+1)//4%1024)
+    alu1 = ((gidx0*2+(lidx0*128+r0*64+lidx1*8+-183)%64*64+(lidx0*128+r0*64+lidx1*8+-183)//64%32*4096+1)//4096)
+    valid = ((lidx1<7)&((((lidx0*2+r0)<3)!=1)&((lidx0*2+r0)<35)))
+    load = get_load_image_uop((32, 1024, 4), valid, (alu0, alu1))
+    self.check(load, None, "(lidx1*128+gidx0//2+144)", "(lidx0*2+r0+-3)")
+
+    # TODO: this is the same idx as above, but simplifying idx too early makes it hard to drop the valid
+    alu0 = ((gidx0*2+lidx1*512+(lidx0*8192+r0*4096)+-11711)//4%1024)
+    alu1 = (lidx0*2+r0+-3)
+    valid = ((lidx1<7)&((((lidx0*2+r0)<3)!=1)&((lidx0*2+r0)<35)))
+    load = get_load_image_uop((32, 1024, 4), valid, (alu0, alu1))
+    self.check(load, "(lidx1<7)", "((gidx0*2+lidx1*512+(lidx0*8192+r0*4096)+-11711)//4%1024)", "(lidx0*2+r0+-3)")
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
   unittest.main()

test/unit/test_symbolic_failures.py

@@ -159,3 +159,38 @@ class TestFuzzFailure(unittest.TestCase):
     num = expr.simplify().substitute({v1:v1_val, v2:v2_val, v3:v3_val}).ssimplify()
     rn = expr.substitute({v1:v1_val, v2:v2_val, v3:v3_val}).ssimplify()
     self.assertEqual(num, rn)
+
+  def test_fuzz_failure11(self):
+    v1=Variable("v1", 0, 16)
+    v2=Variable("v2", 0, 128)
+    v3=Variable("v3", 0, 5)
+    expr = UOp(Ops.MOD, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+      UOp(Ops.ADD, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+        UOp(Ops.MOD, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+          UOp(Ops.ADD, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+            UOp(Ops.MAX, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+              UOp(Ops.MUL, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+                x5:=UOp(Ops.DEFINE_VAR, dtypes.index, arg=('v2', 0, 128), src=()),
+                UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.index, arg=0, src=()),)),
+              UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.index, arg=8, src=()),)),
+            UOp(Ops.MUL, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+              x5,
+              UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.index, arg=-2, src=()),)),)),
+          x10:=UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.index, arg=5, src=()),)),
+        UOp(Ops.ADD, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+          UOp(Ops.ADD, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+            UOp(Ops.IDIV, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+              x14:=UOp(Ops.DEFINE_VAR, dtypes.index, arg=('v1', 0, 16), src=()),
+              UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.index, arg=6, src=()),)),
+            UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.index, arg=4, src=()),)),
+          UOp(Ops.ADD, dtypes.index, arg=None, src=(
+            x14,
+            UOp(Ops.CONST, dtypes.index, arg=1, src=()),)),)),)),
+      x10,))
+    v1_val, v2_val, v3_val = UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0), UOp.const(dtypes.int, 7),UOp.const(dtypes.int, 0)
+    num = expr.simplify().substitute({v1:v1_val, v2:v2_val, v3:v3_val}).ssimplify()
+    rn = expr.substitute({v1:v1_val, v2:v2_val, v3:v3_val}).ssimplify()
+    self.assertEqual(num, rn)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  unittest.main()

test/unit/test_tinyfs.py

@@ -3,19 +3,19 @@ from tinygrad import Tensor
 
 class TestLoadStore(unittest.TestCase):
   def test_load_shape(self):
-    t = Tensor(bytes(16)).load(1024).kernelize()
+    t = Tensor(bytes(16)).fs_load(1024).kernelize()
     assert t.shape == (1024,), t.shape
 
   def test_store_shape(self):
-    t = Tensor.zeros(1024).store().kernelize()
+    t = Tensor.zeros(1024).fs_store().kernelize()
     assert t.shape == (16,), t.shape
 
   def test_load_large_shape(self):
-    t = Tensor(bytes(16)).load(10_000_000).kernelize()
+    t = Tensor(bytes(16)).fs_load(10_000_000).kernelize()
     assert t.shape == (10_000_000,), t.shape
 
   def test_store_large_shape(self):
-    t = Tensor.zeros(10_000_000).store().kernelize()
+    t = Tensor.zeros(10_000_000).fs_store().kernelize()
     assert t.shape == (16,), t.shape
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

test/unit/test_tqdm.py

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ class TestProgressBar(unittest.TestCase):
       tqdm_output = tqdm.format_meter(n=total, total=total, elapsed=elapsed, ncols=ncols, prefix="Test")
       self._compare_bars(tinytqdm_output, tqdm_output)
 
+  @unittest.skip("this is flaky")
   @patch('sys.stderr', new_callable=StringIO)
   @patch('shutil.get_terminal_size')
   def test_unit_scale(self, mock_terminal_size, mock_stderr):
@@ -127,6 +128,7 @@ class TestProgressBar(unittest.TestCase):
         self._compare_bars(tinytqdm_output, tqdm_output)
         if n > 5: break
 
+  @unittest.skip("this is flaky")
   @patch('sys.stderr', new_callable=StringIO)
   @patch('shutil.get_terminal_size')
   def test_set_description(self, mock_terminal_size, mock_stderr):

test/unit/test_uop_symbolic.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ def check_uop_against_string(self, v:UOp, s:str):
   if isinstance(s_eval, int) and v.dtype==dtypes.index: s_eval = UOp.const(dtypes.index, s_eval)
   elif isinstance(s_eval, (bool, int, float)): s_eval = UOp.const(dtypes.from_py(s_eval), s_eval)
   s_eval = graph_rewrite(s_eval, commutative, name="cannonicalize eval")
-  self.assertIs(s_eval, v, f"eval did not match simplified: {s_eval} != {v} for {s}")
+  self.assertIs(s_eval, v, f"eval did not match simplified: {s_eval} != {v.render()} for {s}")
 
 def Variable(name: str, min_val: ConstType, max_val: ConstType, dtype: DType=dtypes.index): return UOp.variable(name,min_val,max_val,dtype)
 def uconst(val): return UOp.const(dtypes.index, val)
@@ -679,6 +679,10 @@ class TestSymbolic(unittest.TestCase):
     b = Variable("b", 0, 3)
     c = Variable("c", 0, 3)
     d = Variable("d", -3, 3)
+    self.helper_test_variable((a<2), 0, 1, "(a<2)")
+    self.helper_test_variable((a<=2), 0, 1, "((2<a)!=True)")
+    self.helper_test_variable((a>1), 0, 1, "(1<a)")
+    self.helper_test_variable((a>=1), 0, 1, "((a<1)!=True)")
     self.helper_test_variable((a<1).ne(True), 0, 1, "((a<1)!=True)")
     self.helper_test_variable((a+b<1).ne(True), 0, 1, "(((a+b)<1)!=True)")
     self.helper_test_variable((a*3+b*4<1).ne(True), 0, 1, "(((a+b)<1)!=True)")

test/unit/test_viz.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, UPat, Ops, PatternMatcher, TrackedPatternMatch
 from tinygrad.uop.symbolic import sym
 from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes
 from tinygrad.helpers import PROFILE, colored, ansistrip, flatten, TracingKey, ProfileRangeEvent, ProfileEvent, Context, cpu_events, profile_marker
+from tinygrad.helpers import VIZ
 from tinygrad.device import Buffer
 
 @track_rewrites(name=True)
@@ -33,11 +34,14 @@ class BaseTestViz(unittest.TestCase):
     cpu_events.clear()
     self.tms = TRACK_MATCH_STATS.value
     self.profile = PROFILE.value
+    self.viz = VIZ.value
     TRACK_MATCH_STATS.value = 2
     PROFILE.value = 1
+    VIZ.value = 1
   def tearDown(self):
     TRACK_MATCH_STATS.value = self.tms
     PROFILE.value = self.profile
+    VIZ.value = self.viz
 
 class TestViz(BaseTestViz):
   def test_simple(self):

tinygrad/codegen/late/devectorizer.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from collections import defaultdict
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, ImageDType, DType, AddrSpace, Invalid, PtrDType
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, Ops, UPat, PatternMatcher, graph_rewrite, GroupOp, identity_element
-from tinygrad.uop.symbolic import uop_given_valid, parse_valid, sym, symbolic, invalid_gate
+from tinygrad.uop.symbolic import uop_given_valid, parse_valid, symbolic, invalid_gate
 from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, flatten, AMX, prod
 from tinygrad.renderer import Renderer
 
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ def simplify_valid_load(buf:UOp, start_idx:UOp, valid:UOp) -> UOp|None:
     # for X0 + X1 + ... >= 1, check if it's out of bound when Xi = 0 for all i
     if not is_upper_bound and c == 1 and all(u.op in GroupOp.Irreducible and u.vmin == 0 for u in X.split_uop(Ops.ADD)):
       testidx = functools.reduce(lambda nowidx,u: nowidx.substitute({u:u.const_like(0)}), X.split_uop(Ops.ADD), idx)
-      testidx = testidx.simplify()
       if testidx.gep(0).vmax < 0 or testidx.gep(1).vmax < 0:
         drop_stmt.append(stmt)
         continue
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ def simplify_valid_load(buf:UOp, start_idx:UOp, valid:UOp) -> UOp|None:
     test_value = c + 1 if is_upper_bound else c - 1
     for i,b in zip(idx.src, (buf.dtype.shape[1], buf.dtype.shape[0])):
       if i.is_increasing():
-        rw = i.substitute({X:X.const_like(test_value)}).simplify()
+        rw = i.substitute({X:X.const_like(test_value)})
         if rw.vmin >= b or rw.vmax < 0:
           drop_stmt.append(stmt)
           break
@@ -314,7 +313,7 @@ pm_reduce = PatternMatcher([
   # tensor core built in accumulate
   (UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="wmma") + UPat.var("add"),
     lambda add, wmma: UOp(wmma.op, wmma.dtype, (wmma.src[0], wmma.src[1], wmma.src[2]+add), wmma.arg)),
-])+sym
+])
 
 # add loads
 

tinygrad/codegen/opt/postrange.py

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ class Scheduler:
     self.ast, self.ren = ast, ren
     self.dont_use_locals = self.ast.arg.dont_use_locals if self.ast.arg is not None else False
     self.applied_opts = list(self.ast.arg.applied_opts) if self.ast.arg is not None else []
+    self.opt_range = itertools.count(start=max([x.arg[0] for x in self.rngs], default=0)+1)
 
   @property
   def rngs(self):
@@ -29,8 +30,6 @@ class Scheduler:
   def full_shape(self): return [ssimplify(x.src[0]) for x in self.rngs]
   @property
   def axis_types(self): return [x.arg[-1] for x in self.rngs]
-  @property
-  def maxarg(self): return max([x.arg[0] for x in self.rngs], default=0)
 
   # strings like ['g0', 'g1', 'l0', 'l1', 'l2', 'l3', 'l4', 'l5', 'R0', 'r0', 'r1', 'r2', 'u0', 'u1', 'u2']
   def shape_str(self) -> list[str]:
@@ -52,8 +51,10 @@ class Scheduler:
   def get_optimized_ast(self, name_override:str|None=None):
     if name_override is not None: name = name_override
     else:
-      kernel_type = "r" if self.reduceop is not None else "E"
-      name = kernel_type + colored('_', 'BLACK').join(['']+[colored(x.src[0].render(), color) for x,color in zip(self.rngs, self.colors())])
+      k_type = "r" if self.reduceop is not None else "E"
+      special_uops = sorted([x for x in self.ast.toposort() if x.op is Ops.SPECIAL], key=lambda x: x.arg)
+      special_ops = [colored(str(x.vmax+1), "blue" if x.arg[0] == "g" else "cyan") for x in special_uops]
+      name = k_type + colored('_', 'BLACK').join(['']+special_ops+[colored(x.src[0].render(), color) for x,color in zip(self.rngs, self.colors())])
       Scheduler.kernel_cnt[(function_name := to_function_name(name))] += 1
       num = f"n{Scheduler.kernel_cnt[function_name]-1}" if Scheduler.kernel_cnt[function_name] > 1 else ""
       name += colored(num, 'BLACK')
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@ class Scheduler:
   def shift_to(self, rng:UOp, amount:int, new_type:AxisType, top:bool=False, input_new_rng=None):
     if (old_sz:=rng.src[0].divides(amount)) is None:
       raise KernelOptError(f"{amount} can't divide {rng.src[0]} in {self.colored_shape()}")
-    new_rng = UOp.range(amount, self.maxarg+1, new_type) if input_new_rng is None else input_new_rng
+    new_rng = UOp.range(amount, next(self.opt_range), new_type) if input_new_rng is None else input_new_rng
     replaced_rng = rng.replace(src=(UOp.const(dtypes.int, old_sz),))
     sub_axis = (new_rng * old_sz + replaced_rng) if top else (replaced_rng * amount + new_rng)
     self.ast = self.ast.substitute({rng:sub_axis}, name=f"shift {rng.arg[:-1]} {amount} {str(new_type).split('.')[1].lower()}")
@@ -229,9 +230,9 @@ class Scheduler:
       for tc in tensor_cores:
         if tc.dtype_in == in0.dtype.scalar() and tc.dtype_in == in1.dtype.scalar() and tc.dtype_out == reduceop.dtype.scalar():
           # tensor cores have three ranges. X, Y, and REDUCE
-          in0_ranges = sorted([u for u in in0.ranges if u not in in1.ranges], key=lambda x: -x.arg[0])
-          in1_ranges = sorted([u for u in in1.ranges if u not in in0.ranges], key=lambda x: -x.arg[0])
-          red_ranges = sorted(reduceop.src[1:], key=lambda x: -x.arg[0])
+          in0_ranges = sorted([u for u in in0.ranges if u not in in1.ranges], key=lambda x: x.arg[0], reverse=True)
+          in1_ranges = sorted([u for u in in1.ranges if u not in in0.ranges], key=lambda x: x.arg[0], reverse=True)
+          red_ranges = sorted(reduceop.src[1:], key=lambda x: x.arg[0], reverse=True)
           if DEBUG >= 3:
             print(f"TC({axis}): {[(x.arg[0],x.vmax+1) for x in in0_ranges]}",
                               f"{[(x.arg[0],x.vmax+1) for x in in1_ranges]} {[(x.arg[0],x.vmax+1) for x in red_ranges]}")

tinygrad/codegen/simplify.py

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ pm_reduce_simplify = pm_reduce_unparented + PatternMatcher([
 # remove REDUCE on load, comes from indexing a tensor with another tensor
 def no_load(u:UOp) -> bool: return not any(x.op is Ops.INDEX for x in u.backward_slice_with_self)
 pm_load_collapse = PatternMatcher([
-  (UPat(Ops.REDUCE, src=(UPat.var("u"), UPat()), name="red"), reduce_load_collapse),
+  (UPat(Ops.REDUCE, arg=Ops.ADD, src=(UPat.var("u"), UPat()), name="red"), reduce_load_collapse),
   # we want to make sure we dont do math on a loaded index since that can cause overflow, this undoes the rule in pm_reduce_load_collapse
   ((UPat.var("x", dtypes.index)+UPat.var("y"))<UPat.var("c"), lambda x,y,c: x < c-y if no_load(y) and no_load(c) and not no_load(x) else None),
 ])

tinygrad/device.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from typing import Any, Generic, TypeVar, Iterator, Sequence, cast, Generator
 import importlib, inspect, functools, pathlib, os, platform, contextlib, sys, re, atexit, pickle, decimal
 from tinygrad.helpers import CI, OSX, LRU, getenv, diskcache_get, diskcache_put, DEBUG, GlobalCounters, flat_mv, PROFILE, temp, colored, CPU_LLVM
 from tinygrad.helpers import Context, CCACHE, ALLOW_DEVICE_USAGE, MAX_BUFFER_SIZE, cpu_events, ProfileEvent, ProfilePointEvent, dedup
-from tinygrad.helpers import unwrap_class_type, suppress_finalizing, AMD_LLVM, select_first_inited
+from tinygrad.helpers import unwrap_class_type, suppress_finalizing, select_first_inited, VIZ
 from tinygrad.dtype import DType, ImageDType, PtrDType, dtypes, _to_np_dtype
 from tinygrad.renderer import Renderer
 
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ def is_dtype_supported(dtype:DType, device:str|None=None) -> bool:
     return device in {"AMD", "PYTHON", "NULL"}
   if dtype in dtypes.fp8s:
     if device in {"CUDA", "NV"}: return not CI and not getenv(f"{device}_PTX") and not getenv("NV_NAK")
-    if device == "AMD": return not CI and not AMD_LLVM and getattr(Device["AMD"], "target") in {(9,4,2), (9,5,0)}
+    if device == "AMD": return not CI and getattr(Device["AMD"], "target") in {(9,4,2), (9,5,0)}
     return device in {"PYTHON", "NULL"}
   if device == "WEBGPU": return dtype in [dtypes.bool, dtypes.char, dtypes.uchar, dtypes.short,
                                           dtypes.ushort, dtypes.float, dtypes.int32, dtypes.uint32, dtypes.half]
@@ -355,8 +355,9 @@ if PROFILE:
 
     with open(fn:=temp("profile.pkl", append_user=True), "wb") as f: pickle.dump(cpu_events+Compiled.profile_events+Buffer.profile_events, f)
 
-    from tinygrad.uop.ops import launch_viz
-    launch_viz("PROFILE", fn)
+    if VIZ:
+      from tinygrad.uop.ops import launch_viz
+      launch_viz("PROFILE", fn)
 
 def enumerate_devices_str() -> Generator[str, None, None]:
   from tinygrad import Tensor, Device

tinygrad/engine/schedule.py

@@ -23,10 +23,12 @@ def create_schedule_with_vars(sched_sink:UOp) -> tuple[list[ScheduleItem], dict[
   in_degree: dict[UOp, int] = {}
   var_vals: dict[str, int] = {}
   for u in sched_sink.toposort():
-    if u.op is not Ops.AFTER: continue  # anything that's not an ASSIGN doesn't write a kernel, so we can skip
+    if u.op is Ops.RANGE:
+      in_degree.setdefault(u, 0)
+      continue
+    if u.op is not Ops.AFTER or u.src[1].op is Ops.RANGE: continue
     k = u.src[1]
     in_degree.setdefault(k, 0)
-    if k.op is Ops.RANGE: continue
     for s in k.src[0].src if k.op is Ops.END else k.src:
       if s.op is Ops.AFTER:
         children[s.src[1]].append(k)
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ def create_schedule_with_vars(sched_sink:UOp) -> tuple[list[ScheduleItem], dict[
       if rk.op is Ops.END: schedule.append(rk)
     else:
       raise RuntimeError(f"can't schedule {k.op}")
-    for x in children[k]:
+    for x in children[rk]:
       in_degree[x] -= 1
       if in_degree[x] == 0: queues[_heuristic(x)].append(x)
 

tinygrad/gradient.py

@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ import math, dataclasses
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, PatternMatcher, UPat, Ops, all_metadata
 from tinygrad.helpers import argsort
 
-def reduce_gradient(ctx:UOp, ret:UOp):
+def reduce_gradient(ctx:UOp, ret:UOp, op:Ops):
   def broadcast_to_input(x): return x.reshape(x.shape+(1,)*(len(ret.src[0].shape)-len(x.shape))).expand(ret.src[0].shape)
-  if ret.arg[0] == Ops.ADD: return (broadcast_to_input(ctx),)
-  if ret.arg[0] == Ops.MAX:
+  if op == Ops.ADD: return (broadcast_to_input(ctx),)
+  if op == Ops.MAX:
+    assert ret.op is Ops.REDUCE_AXIS, "only works on REDUCE_AXIS"
     mask = ret.src[0].eq(broadcast_to_input(ret)).cast(ctx.dtype)
     count = mask.r(Ops.ADD, ret.arg[1])
     return ((mask/broadcast_to_input(count)) * broadcast_to_input(ctx),)
-  if ret.arg[0] == Ops.MUL: return (broadcast_to_input(ctx * ret) / ret.src[0],)
+  if op == Ops.MUL: return (broadcast_to_input(ctx * ret) / ret.src[0],)
 
 # ctx is grad_output
 pm_gradient = PatternMatcher([
@@ -28,7 +29,8 @@ pm_gradient = PatternMatcher([
     ((x>y).where(ctx, (x.eq(y)).where(ctx * 0.5, 0)), (x<y).where(ctx, (x.eq(y)).where(ctx * 0.5, 0)))),
   (UPat(Ops.MUL, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: (ret.src[1]*ctx, ret.src[0]*ctx)),
   (UPat(Ops.WHERE, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: (None, ret.src[0].where(ctx, ctx.const_like(0)), ret.src[0].where(ctx.const_like(0), ctx))),
-  (UPat(Ops.REDUCE_AXIS, name="ret"), reduce_gradient),
+  (UPat(Ops.REDUCE_AXIS, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: reduce_gradient(ctx, ret, ret.arg[0])),
+  (UPat(Ops.REDUCE, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: reduce_gradient(ctx, ret, ret.arg) + (None,)*(len(ret.src)-1)),
   (UPat(Ops.CONTIGUOUS), lambda ctx: (ctx,)),
   (UPat(Ops.CONTIGUOUS_BACKWARD), lambda ctx: (ctx.contiguous(),)),
   (UPat(Ops.RESHAPE, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: (ctx.reshape(ret.src[0].shape), None)),
@@ -43,17 +45,6 @@ pm_gradient = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.KERNEL, name="k"), lambda ctx, k: k.arg.grad_fxn(ctx, k)),
   # there's no gradient for bitcast
   (UPat(Ops.BITCAST), lambda: (None,)),
-
-  # RANGE: loop index / axis, not a differentiable quantity
-  (UPat(Ops.RANGE), lambda: (None,)),
-
-  # STORE: buffer write. Gradient flows only into the value being stored.
-  # src layout is roughly (buffer, value, *axes_or_indices)
-  (UPat(Ops.STORE), lambda ctx: (None, ctx)),
-
-  # END: loop terminator / "end of range" node.
-  # Just pass the gradient into the body (first src), ignore the ranges.
-  (UPat(Ops.END, name="ret"), lambda ctx, ret: (ctx, *[None]*(len(ret.src) - 1))),
 ])
 
 def _deepwalk(root:UOp, targets:set[UOp]) -> list[UOp]:
@@ -79,4 +70,8 @@ def compute_gradient(root:UOp, root_grad:UOp, targets:set[UOp]) -> dict[UOp, UOp
         # we add the backward metadata to everything new in the graph
         for bw_uop in v.toposort(lambda x: x not in (t0, *t0.src, grads[t0])):
           all_metadata[bw_uop] = all_metadata.get(bw_uop, ())+backward_metadata
+  # end any ranges on grads with a reduce sum
+  for k,v in grads.items():
+    if len(v.ranges):
+      grads[k] = v.reduce(*v.ranges, arg=Ops.ADD)
   return grads

tinygrad/helpers.py

@@ -147,8 +147,10 @@ def temp(x:str, append_user:bool=False) -> str:
 class Context(contextlib.ContextDecorator):
   def __init__(self, **kwargs): self.kwargs = kwargs
   def __enter__(self):
-    self.old_context:dict[str, int] = {k:v.value for k,v in ContextVar._cache.items()}
-    for k,v in self.kwargs.items(): ContextVar._cache[k].value = v
+    self.old_context:dict[str, int] = {}
+    for k,v in self.kwargs.items():
+      self.old_context[k] = ContextVar._cache[k].value
+      ContextVar._cache[k].value = v
   def __exit__(self, *args):
     for k,v in self.old_context.items(): ContextVar._cache[k].value = v
 
@@ -179,7 +181,9 @@ ALLOW_DEVICE_USAGE, MAX_BUFFER_SIZE = ContextVar("ALLOW_DEVICE_USAGE", 1), Conte
 EMULATE = ContextVar("EMULATE", "")
 CPU_COUNT = ContextVar("CPU_COUNT", max(1, len(os.sched_getaffinity(0)) if hasattr(os, "sched_getaffinity") else (os.cpu_count() or 1)))
 CPU_LLVM, CPU_LVP, AMD_LLVM = ContextVar("CPU_LLVM", 0), ContextVar("CPU_LVP", 0), ContextVar("AMD_LLVM", 0)
-VIZ = PROFILE = ContextVar("VIZ", 0)
+# VIZ implies PROFILE, but you can run PROFILE without VIZ
+VIZ = ContextVar("VIZ", 0)
+PROFILE = ContextVar("PROFILE", VIZ.value)
 SPEC = ContextVar("SPEC", 1)
 # TODO: disable by default due to speed
 IGNORE_OOB = ContextVar("IGNORE_OOB", 1)
@@ -277,7 +281,7 @@ class ProfilePointEvent(ProfileEvent):
 
 cpu_events:list[ProfileEvent] = []
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def cpu_profile(name:str|TracingKey, device="CPU", is_copy=False, display=True) -> Generator[ProfileRangeEvent, None, None]:
+def cpu_profile(name:str|TracingKey, device="TINY", is_copy=False, display=True) -> Generator[ProfileRangeEvent, None, None]:
   res = ProfileRangeEvent(device, name, perf_counter_us(), is_copy=is_copy)
   try: yield res
   finally:
@@ -380,7 +384,11 @@ def fetch(url:str, name:pathlib.Path|str|None=None, subdir:str|None=None, gunzip
 
 # *** Exec helpers
 
-def system(cmd, **kwargs): return subprocess.check_output(cmd.split(), **kwargs).decode().strip()
+def system(cmd:str, **kwargs) -> str:
+  st = time.perf_counter()
+  ret = subprocess.check_output(cmd.split(), **kwargs).decode().strip()
+  if DEBUG >= 1: print(f"system: '{cmd}' returned {len(ret)} bytes in {(time.perf_counter() - st)*1e3:.2f} ms")
+  return ret
 
 def cpu_objdump(lib, objdump_tool='objdump'):
   with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=True) as f:

tinygrad/nn/optim.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 import itertools
 from tinygrad.helpers import dedup, flatten, getenv, unwrap, FUSE_OPTIM
 from tinygrad.tensor import Tensor
-from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, least_upper_dtype
+from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, least_upper_dtype, to_dtype
 
 class Optimizer:
   """
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ class Optimizer:
     if self.fused: self.pos_params = list(itertools.accumulate(self.params, lambda x,y: x+y.numel(), initial=0))
 
   def _new_optim_param(self) -> list[Tensor]:
-    param_dtype = getenv("OPTIM_DTYPE", "float32")
+    param_dtype = to_dtype(getenv("OPTIM_DTYPE", "float32"))
     if self.fused: return [Tensor.zeros(self.pos_params[-1], dtype=param_dtype, device=self.device, requires_grad=False).contiguous()]
-    return [Tensor.zeros(*t.shape, dtype=param_dtype, device=t.device, requires_grad=False).contiguous() for t in self.params]
+    return [Tensor.zeros_like(t, dtype=param_dtype, requires_grad=False).contiguous() for t in self.params]
 
   def zero_grad(self):
     """

tinygrad/renderer/cstyle.py

@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ base_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
     f"__builtin_convertvector({ctx[x.src[0]]}, {ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)})" if x.dtype.count > 1 and not isinstance(x.dtype, PtrDType) else None),
   (UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"({ctx.render_cast(x.dtype, ctx[x.src[0]])})"),
-  (UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"(*(({ctx.buffer_prefix}{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}*)&{ctx[x.src[0]]}))"),
+  (UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:
+    f"__builtin_bit_cast({ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}, ({ctx.render_dtype(x.src[0].dtype)})({ctx[x.src[0]]}))"),
   (UPat(Ops.DEFINE_LOCAL, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"{ctx.smem_align}{ctx.smem_prefix}{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype.base)} {ctx[x]}[{x.dtype.size}];"),
   (UPat(Ops.BARRIER), lambda ctx: ctx.barrier),
-  (UPat(Ops.PRECAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: ctx[x.src[0]]),
   (UPat(Ops.SPECIAL, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"{ctx.code_for_workitem[x.arg[0]](x.arg[-1])}; /* {(x.src[0]).render()} */"),
   # const
   (UPat(Ops.CONST, arg=math.inf, name="x"), lambda ctx, x: f"({ctx.render_cast(x.dtype, ctx.infinity)})"),
@@ -60,9 +60,6 @@ base_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
 ])
 
 extra_pm = PatternMatcher([
-  # insert a PRECAST before BITCAST to force it to be rendered. not needed on all backends?
-  (UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda x: UOp(Ops.BITCAST, x.dtype, (UOp(Ops.PRECAST, x.src[0].dtype, x.src),))
-   if x.src[0].op not in {Ops.PRECAST, Ops.LOAD, Ops.CUSTOM} else None),
   # devectorize any bools
   (UPat((*GroupOp.ALU, Ops.CAST, Ops.BITCAST, Ops.INDEX), dtype=dtypes.bool, name="alu"), no_vectorized_alu),
   # CAST (from bool) can't be vectorized
@@ -181,7 +178,7 @@ class CStyleLanguage(Renderer):
       elif u.op is Ops.RANGE: r[u] = f"{axis_letters[u.arg[-1]]}idx"+range_str(u)
       else:
         prefix = {Ops.WMMA: "wmma", Ops.DEFINE_LOCAL: "temp", Ops.CONST: "const",
-                  Ops.CAST: "cast", Ops.BITCAST: "cast", Ops.GEP: "gep", Ops.VECTORIZE: "cast", Ops.PRECAST: "precast",
+                  Ops.CAST: "cast", Ops.BITCAST: "cast", Ops.GEP: "gep", Ops.VECTORIZE: "cast",
                   Ops.INDEX: "bidx", Ops.DEFINE_REG: "acc", Ops.LOAD: "val"}.get(u.op, "alu")
         r[u] = f"{prefix}{c[prefix]}"
 
@@ -278,7 +275,7 @@ class OpenCLRenderer(CStyleLanguage):
               dtypes.bfloat16: "ushort" }
 
   string_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
-    (UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"as_{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}({ctx[x.src[0]]})"),
+    (UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"as_{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}(({ctx.render_dtype(x.src[0].dtype)})({ctx[x.src[0]]}))"),
     # load/store image (OpenCL)
     (UPat(Ops.LOAD, dtype=dtypes.float.vec(4), src=(UPat.var('buf').index(UPat.var('idx', dtypes.int.vec(2)), UPat.var("gate")), UPat.var("var"))),
       lambda ctx,buf,idx,var,gate: f"({ctx[gate]}?read_imagef({ctx[buf]}, smp, {ctx[idx]}):{ctx[var]})"),
@@ -338,7 +335,7 @@ class MetalRenderer(CStyleLanguage):
   ]) + extra_pm
 
   string_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
-    (UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"as_type<{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}>({ctx[x.src[0]]})"),
+    (UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"as_type<{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}>(({ctx.render_dtype(x.src[0].dtype)})({ctx[x.src[0]]}))"),
   ]) + base_rewrite
 
   def render_kernel(self, function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix=None):
@@ -385,6 +382,10 @@ class CUDARenderer(CStyleLanguage):
   extra_matcher = create_non_native_float_pats(dtypes.fp8s, casting=False) + PatternMatcher([
     (UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.fp8s, UPat.var("x", dtypes.fp8s), name='y'), lambda x,y: x.cast(dtypes.float).cast(y.dtype) if x.dtype!=y.dtype else None),
   ]) + extra_pm
+  string_rewrite = PatternMatcher([
+    (UPat(Ops.BITCAST, name="x"), lambda ctx,x: f"tg_bitcast<{ctx.render_dtype(x.dtype)}>(({ctx.render_dtype(x.src[0].dtype)})({ctx[x.src[0]]}))"),
+  ]) + base_rewrite
+
   def render_vector_prefix(self, dt:DType) -> str:
     vec, scal = self.render_dtype(dt), self.render_dtype(dt.scalar()),
     elems, header = ', '.join(_nms[:dt.count]), ', '.join([f"{scal} {x}" for x in _nms[:dt.count]])
@@ -392,8 +393,8 @@ class CUDARenderer(CStyleLanguage):
 
   def render_kernel(self, function_name, kernel, bufs, uops, prefix=None):
     # TODO: why is dtypes.bfloat16.name == "__bf16"? would be easier not override dtypes.name
-    prefix = ["#define INFINITY (__int_as_float(0x7f800000))","#define NAN (__int_as_float(0x7fffffff))"]
-
+    prefix = ["#define INFINITY (__int_as_float(0x7f800000))", "#define NAN (__int_as_float(0x7fffffff))",
+              "template <class T, class F> __device__ __forceinline__ T tg_bitcast(F v) { union U { F f; T t; }; U u; u.f = v; return u.t; }"]
     used_dtypes = uops_to_dtypes(uops)
     if any(dt.scalar() in dtypes.fp8s for dt in used_dtypes): prefix.append("#include <cuda_fp8.h>")
     if any(dt.scalar() == dtypes.half for dt in used_dtypes): prefix.append("#include <cuda_fp16.h>")

tinygrad/renderer/llvmir.py

@@ -2,21 +2,22 @@ from typing import cast
 import math, struct, sys
 from tinygrad.codegen.opt import tc
 from tinygrad.renderer import Renderer
-from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import AMDRenderer
+from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import AMDRenderer, create_non_native_float_pats
 from tinygrad.uop.decompositions import xexp2, xlog2
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import UOp, PatternMatcher, UPat, Ops, GroupOp, range_str
-from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, DType, PtrDType, truncate
+from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, float_to_fp8, DType, PtrDType, truncate
 from tinygrad.helpers import prod, AMX
 
 def ldt(dt:DType):
   if dt.vcount > 1: return f"<{dt.vcount} x {ldt(dt.scalar())}>"
   if isinstance(dt, PtrDType): return ldt(dt.base) + "*"
   return {dtypes.void: "void", dtypes.bool: "i1", dtypes.int8: "i8", dtypes.int16: "i16", dtypes.int32: "i32", dtypes.int64: "i64",
-          dtypes.uint8: "i8", dtypes.uint16: "i16", dtypes.uint32: "i32", dtypes.uint64: "i64",
+          dtypes.uint8: "i8", dtypes.uint16: "i16", dtypes.uint32: "i32", dtypes.uint64: "i64", dtypes.fp8e4m3: "i8", dtypes.fp8e5m2: "i8",
           dtypes.float16: "half", dtypes.bfloat16: "bfloat", dtypes.float32: "float", dtypes.float64: "double"}[dt]
 
 def lconst(x, dtype:DType):
   if dtype in dtypes.floats:
+    if dtype in dtypes.fp8s: return float_to_fp8(x, dtype)
     if math.isinf(x) or math.isnan(x): return "0x%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X%02X" % tuple(struct.pack("d",x)[::-1])
     return truncate[dtype](x)
   return int(x)
@@ -47,13 +48,14 @@ def render_wmma_amx(ctx, wmma: UOp) -> str:
       f'  {ctx[wmma]} = load {ldt(wmma.dtype)}, ptr {ctx[wmma]}_amx2, align {wmma.dtype.itemsize}'])
 
 def render_wmma_amd(ctx, wmma: UOp, cdna=False) -> str:
-  dt_map = {dtypes.half: "f16", dtypes.float: "f32", dtypes.ushort: "bf16.1k" if cdna else "bf16", dtypes.bfloat16: "bf16.1k" if cdna else "bf16"}
+  dt_map = {dtypes.half: "f16", dtypes.float: "f32", dtypes.ushort: "bf16.1k" if cdna else "bf16", dtypes.bfloat16: "bf16.1k" if cdna else "bf16",
+            dtypes.fp8e4m3: ".fp8.fp8", dtypes.fp8e5m2: ".bf8.bf8"}
   # https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/main/clang/test/CodeGenOpenCL/builtins-amdgcn-mfma.cl
   N,M,K = wmma.arg[1]
   if cdna:
     if K == 32: dt_map.update({dtypes.half: ".f16", dtypes.bfloat16: ".bf16"})
     return f"  {ctx[wmma]} = call {ldt(wmma.dtype)} @llvm.amdgcn.mfma.{dt_map[wmma.src[-1].dtype.scalar()]}" + \
-           f".{N}x{M}x{K}{dt_map[wmma.src[0].dtype.scalar()]}(" + ", ".join([f"{ldt(w.dtype)} {ctx[w]}" for w in wmma.src]) + ", i32 0, i32 0, i32 0)"
+           f".{N}x{M}x{K}{dt_map[wmma.arg[2]]}(" + ", ".join([f"{ldt(w.dtype)} {ctx[w]}" for w in wmma.src]) + ", i32 0, i32 0, i32 0)"
   # https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/main/llvm/test/CodeGen/AMDGPU/GlobalISel/llvm.amdgcn.wmma_32.ll
   # example: %wmma0 = call <8 x float> @llvm.amdgcn.wmma.f32.16x16x16.f16(<16 x half> %v99,<16 x half> %v100,<8 x float> %v101)
   return f"  {ctx[wmma]} = call {ldt(wmma.dtype)} @llvm.amdgcn.wmma.{dt_map[wmma.src[-1].dtype.scalar()]}.16x16x16." + \
@@ -136,27 +138,16 @@ class LLVMRenderer(Renderer):
   has_local = False
   global_max: tuple[int, ...] | None = None
   string_rewrite = base_rewrite + PatternMatcher([(UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="wmma"), render_wmma_amx)])
-  code_for_op = {Ops.FDIV: lambda: None}
+  code_for_op = {Ops.FDIV: lambda: None, Ops.CMPLT: lambda: None}
   if AMX: tensor_cores = tc.amx
 
-  extra_matcher = PatternMatcher([
-    # rewrite MAX to CMPLT + WHERE
-    (UPat(Ops.MAX, name="m"), lambda m: (m.src[0] < m.src[1]).where(m.src[1], m.src[0])),
-    # copied from cstyle.py, upcast to float32 all the ops that don't support bfloat16
-    (UPat((Ops.SQRT, Ops.EXP2, Ops.LOG2, Ops.SIN), dtype=dtypes.bfloat16, name="x"),
-      lambda x: (UOp(x.op, dtypes.float, tuple(vv.cast(dtypes.float) for vv in x.src), x.arg).cast(dtypes.bfloat16))),
-    # copied from cstyle.py, add float intermediate casting
-    (UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x", src=UPat.var("y", dtypes.bfloat16)),lambda x,y: y.cast(dtypes.float).cast(x.dtype) if x.dtype!=dtypes.float else None),
-    (UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.bfloat16, UPat.var("x")),lambda x: x.cast(dtypes.float).cast(dtypes.bfloat16) if x.dtype!=dtypes.float else None),
-  ])
-
+  extra_matcher = create_non_native_float_pats((dtypes.bfloat16,))
   def render(self, uops: list[UOp]) -> str: return "\n".join((k:=self._render_kernel(uops))[0] + (k[1], self._render_footer(uops)))
   def _render_footer(self, uops: list[UOp]) -> str: return 'attributes #0 = { alwaysinline nounwind "no-builtins" "no-trapping-math"="true" }'
   def _render_fn(self, name:str, args:list[tuple[str,DType]], kernel:list[str], prefix:list[str]|None=None) -> str:
     # NOTE: CPUAllocator promises 0x20 alignment
     sargs = ", ".join([f"{ldt(dt)}{' noalias align 32' if isinstance(dt, PtrDType) else ''} {name}" for name,dt in args])
-    sprefix = "".join([f" {x}" for x in (prefix or []) + [self.abi] if x is not None])
-    return "\n".join([f"define{sprefix} void @{name}({sargs}) #0", "{"] + kernel + ["  ret void\n}"])
+    return "\n".join((prefix or []) + [f"define{' ' + self.abi if self.abi else ''} void @{name}({sargs}) #0", "{"] + kernel + ["  ret void\n}"])
   def _render_kernel(self, uops: list[UOp], prefix:list[str]|None=None) -> tuple[tuple[str, ...], str]:
     r: dict[UOp, str] = {}
     args: list[tuple[str, DType]] = []
@@ -226,8 +217,13 @@ class AMDLLVMRenderer(LLVMRenderer):
     (UPat(tuple(llvm_intrinsics), name="x"),
     lambda ctx, x: f"  {ctx[x]} = call {ldt(x.dtype)} @llvm.{llvm_intrinsics[x.op]}.{ldt(x.dtype.scalar())}({ldt(x.src[0].dtype)} {ctx[x.src[0]]})"),
     (UPat(Ops.BARRIER), lambda ctx: barrier),
+    (UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.fp8s, (UPat.var("y", dtypes.float),), name="x",), lambda ctx,x,y:
+      f"  {ctx[x]} = call i8 @f32_to_fp8({ldt(x.src[0].dtype)}  {ctx[x.src[0]]}, i1 {'1' if x.dtype == dtypes.fp8e5m2 else '0'})"),
+    (UPat(Ops.CAST, dtypes.float, (UPat.var("y", dtypes.fp8s),), name="x",), lambda ctx,x,y:
+      f"  {ctx[x.src[0]]}_i32 = zext i8 {ctx[x.src[0]]} to i32\n"
+      f"  {ctx[x]} = call float @llvm.amdgcn.cvt.f32.{'bf8' if y.dtype == dtypes.fp8e5m2 else 'fp8'}(i32 {ctx[x.src[0]]}_i32, i32 0)"),
   ]) + base_rewrite
-  extra_matcher = LLVMRenderer.extra_matcher + PatternMatcher([
+  extra_matcher = LLVMRenderer.extra_matcher + create_non_native_float_pats(dtypes.fp8s) + PatternMatcher([
     (UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x", dtype=dtypes.half.vec(16), src=UPat.var("y", dtypes.half.vec(8))),
       lambda x, y: UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtypes.half.vec(16), tuple(y.gep(i // 2) if i % 2 == 0 else UOp.const(dtypes.half, 0.0) for i in range(16)))),
     (UPat(Ops.CAST, name="x", dtype=dtypes.half.vec(8), src=UPat.var("y", dtypes.half.vec(16))),
@@ -236,6 +232,19 @@ class AMDLLVMRenderer(LLVMRenderer):
     (UPat(Ops.LOG2, dtype=dtypes.double, src=(UPat.var("d"),)), xlog2),
     (UPat(Ops.EXP2, dtype=dtypes.double, src=(UPat.var("d"),)), xexp2),
   ])
+  def render(self, uops: list[UOp]) -> str:
+    prefix = ["""define i8 @f32_to_fp8(float %val, i1 %is_bf8) {
+entry: %ival = bitcast float %val to i32\n  %exp = and i32 %ival, 2139095040\n  %is_special = icmp eq i32 %exp, 2139095040
+br i1 %is_special, label %select_clip, label %clip
+clip: br i1 %is_bf8, label %bf8_clip, label %fp8_clip
+bf8_clip: %clamped_bf8 = call float @llvm.amdgcn.fmed3.f32(float %val, float 57344.0, float -57344.0)\n  br label %select_clip
+fp8_clip: %clamped_fp8 = call float @llvm.amdgcn.fmed3.f32(float %val, float 448.0, float -448.0)    \n  br label %select_clip
+select_clip: %phi_val = phi float [%val, %entry], [%clamped_bf8, %bf8_clip], [%clamped_fp8, %fp8_clip]\n  br i1 %is_bf8, label %do_bf8, label %do_fp8
+do_bf8: %packed_bf8 = call i32 @llvm.amdgcn.cvt.pk.bf8.f32(float %phi_val, float %phi_val, i32 0, i1 false)\n  br label %exit
+do_fp8: %packed_fp8 = call i32 @llvm.amdgcn.cvt.pk.fp8.f32(float %phi_val, float %phi_val, i32 0, i1 false)\n  br label %exit
+exit: %packed = phi i32 [%packed_bf8, %do_bf8], [%packed_fp8, %do_fp8]\n  %trunc = trunc i32 %packed to i8\n  ret i8 %trunc
+}""".replace(": ", ":\n  ")] if any(u.dtype in dtypes.fp8s for u in uops) else []
+    return "\n".join((k:=self._render_kernel(uops, prefix))[0] + (k[1], self._render_footer(uops)))
   def _render_footer(self, uops: list[UOp]) -> str:
     # TODO: this is copied from cstyle
     local_dims = [u.src[0] for u in uops if u.op is Ops.SPECIAL and u.arg[0] == "l"]
@@ -252,7 +261,10 @@ class AMDLLVMRenderer(LLVMRenderer):
       self.extra_matcher += PatternMatcher([
         (UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x", dtype=dtypes.float.vec(4)),
           lambda x: UOp(Ops.WMMA, dtypes.float.vec(4), (x.src[0].bitcast(dtypes.uint16.vec(4)), x.src[1].bitcast(dtypes.uint16.vec(4)),
-            x.src[2]), (*x.arg,)) if x.src[0].dtype == dtypes.bfloat16.vec(4) else None)
+            x.src[2]), (*x.arg,)) if x.src[0].dtype == dtypes.bfloat16.vec(4) else None),
+        (UPat(Ops.WMMA, name="x", dtype=dtypes.float.vec(4)),
+          lambda x: UOp(Ops.WMMA, dtypes.float.vec(4), (x.src[0].bitcast(dtypes.uint64), x.src[1].bitcast(dtypes.uint64),
+            x.src[2]), (*x.arg,)) if x.src[0].dtype in (dtypes.fp8e4m3.vec(8), dtypes.fp8e5m2.vec(8)) else None),
       ])
     if self.arch.split(":")[0] == "gfx1100":
       self.extra_matcher += PatternMatcher([

tinygrad/renderer/nir.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from tinygrad.renderer import Renderer
 from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import CUDARenderer
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import GroupOp, Ops, UOp, PatternMatcher, UPat, range_str
 from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import mesa
-import base64, ctypes, ctypes.util, struct, functools, inspect
+import base64, contextlib, ctypes, ctypes.util, struct, functools, inspect
 
 def g(s:str): return getattr(mesa, s)
 def nsrc(d:mesa.nir_def) -> mesa.nir_src: return mesa.nir_src(ssa=ctypes.pointer(d))
@@ -157,8 +157,7 @@ class NIRRenderer(Renderer):
   def __init__(self): mesa.glsl_type_singleton_init_or_ref()
 
   def __del__(self):
-    try: mesa.glsl_type_singleton_decref()
-    except FileNotFoundError: pass
+    with contextlib.suppress(AttributeError):mesa.glsl_type_singleton_decref()
 
   @property
   def nir_options(self): raise NotImplementedError("needs nir_options")

tinygrad/runtime/autogen/am/smu_v14_0_2.py

@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ PP_GRTAVFS_FW_SEP_FUSE_FREQUENCY_TO_COUNT_SCALER_4 = PP_GRTAVFS_FW_SEP_FUSE_e.de
 PP_GRTAVFS_FW_SEP_FUSE_COUNT = PP_GRTAVFS_FW_SEP_FUSE_e.define('PP_GRTAVFS_FW_SEP_FUSE_COUNT', 19)
 
 class SviTelemetryScale_t(Struct): pass
-int8_t = ctypes.c_char
+int8_t = ctypes.c_byte
 SviTelemetryScale_t._fields_ = [
   ('Offset', int8_t),
   ('Padding', uint8_t),

tinygrad/runtime/autogen/mesa.py

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ NIR_CMAT_C_SIGNED = nir_cmat_signed.define('NIR_CMAT_C_SIGNED', 4)
 NIR_CMAT_RESULT_SIGNED = nir_cmat_signed.define('NIR_CMAT_RESULT_SIGNED', 8)
 
 class nir_const_value(ctypes.Union): pass
-int8_t = ctypes.c_char
+int8_t = ctypes.c_byte
 uint8_t = ctypes.c_ubyte
 int16_t = ctypes.c_int16
 uint16_t = ctypes.c_uint16
@@ -3723,7 +3723,7 @@ struct__IO_FILE._fields_ = [
   ('_flags2', ctypes.c_int32),
   ('_old_offset', ctypes.c_int64),
   ('_cur_column', ctypes.c_uint16),
-  ('_vtable_offset', ctypes.c_char),
+  ('_vtable_offset', ctypes.c_byte),
   ('_shortbuf', (ctypes.c_char * 1)),
   ('_lock', ctypes.POINTER(_IO_lock_t)),
   ('_offset', ctypes.c_int64),

tinygrad/runtime/ops_amd.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 from typing import cast, ClassVar
-import os, ctypes, struct, hashlib, functools, importlib, mmap, errno, array, contextlib, sys, weakref, itertools, collections
+import os, ctypes, struct, hashlib, functools, importlib, mmap, errno, array, contextlib, sys, weakref, itertools, collections, atexit
 assert sys.platform != 'win32'
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from tinygrad.runtime.support.hcq import HCQCompiled, HCQAllocator, HCQBuffer, HWQueue, CLikeArgsState, HCQSignal, HCQProgram, FileIOInterface
@@ -8,18 +8,20 @@ from tinygrad.runtime.support.hcq import MMIOInterface, BumpAllocator, hcq_filte
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import sint
 from tinygrad.device import Compiled, DMAFdRef, BufferSpec, CompilerPairT
 from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, round_up, data64_le, DEBUG, PROFILE, ProfileEvent, suppress_finalizing, lo32, hi32, colored, prod, ContextVar
+from tinygrad.helpers import VIZ
 from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import AMDRenderer
 from tinygrad.renderer.llvmir import AMDLLVMRenderer
 from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import kfd, hsa, pci, sqtt
 from tinygrad.runtime.autogen.am import am
-from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler, AMDLLVMCompiler
+from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_amd import HIPCompiler, HIPCCCompiler, AMDLLVMCompiler
 from tinygrad.runtime.support.elf import elf_loader
 from tinygrad.runtime.support.am.amdev import AMDev, AMMemoryManager
 from tinygrad.runtime.support.amd import AMDReg, AMDIP, import_module, import_soc, import_ip_offsets, import_pmc
 from tinygrad.runtime.support.system import System, PCIIfaceBase, PCIAllocationMeta, PCIDevice, USBPCIDevice, MAP_FIXED, MAP_NORESERVE
 if getenv("IOCTL"): import extra.hip_gpu_driver.hip_ioctl  # noqa: F401 # pylint: disable=unused-import
 
-SQTT, SQTT_ITRACE_SE_MASK, PMC = ContextVar("SQTT", 0), ContextVar("SQTT_ITRACE_SE_MASK", 0b11), ContextVar("PMC", 0)
+SQTT, SQTT_ITRACE_SE_MASK, SQTT_LIMIT_SE = ContextVar("SQTT", VIZ.value>=2), ContextVar("SQTT_ITRACE_SE_MASK", 0b11), ContextVar("SQTT_LIMIT_SE", 0)
+PMC = ContextVar("PMC", 0)
 EVENT_INDEX_PARTIAL_FLUSH = 4 # based on a comment in nvd.h
 WAIT_REG_MEM_FUNCTION_EQ  = 3 # ==
 WAIT_REG_MEM_FUNCTION_NEQ = 4 # !=
@@ -192,11 +194,18 @@ class AMDComputeQueue(HWQueue):
                                                                  bind_point=(__BIND_POINT_COMPUTE:=1), api_pso_hash=data64_le(prg.libhash[0])))
     self.sqtt_userdata(sqtt.struct_rgp_sqtt_marker_event(has_thread_dims=1, cmd_id=next(prg.dev.sqtt_next_cmd_id)), *global_size)
 
-    se_cap = max(prod([x if isinstance(x, int) else 1 for x in global_size]) // 4, 1) // 32
-    for xcc in range(self.dev.xccs):
-      with self.pred_exec(xcc_mask=1 << xcc):
-        for i in range(8 if prg.dev.target >= (11,0,0) else 4):
-          self.wreg(getattr(self.gc, f'regCOMPUTE_STATIC_THREAD_MGMT_SE{i}'), min(0xffffffff, (1 << (se_cap + (1 if i == 0 else 0))) - 1))
+    if SQTT_LIMIT_SE:
+      # Calculate number of CUs per SE to enable based on blocks count. 4 is maximum simd per CU, but on rdna we can trace only 1.
+      cu_per_se = prod([x if isinstance(x, int) else 1 for x in global_size]) // (((self.dev.max_cu_id + 1) // self.dev.se_cnt) * 4)
+      for xcc in range(self.dev.xccs):
+        with self.pred_exec(xcc_mask=1 << xcc):
+          for i in range(8 if prg.dev.target >= (11,0,0) else 4):
+            if SQTT_LIMIT_SE > 1: mask = 1 if SQTT_ITRACE_SE_MASK.value & (1 << i) else 0 # only run unmasked shader engines
+            else:
+              sa_mask = (1 << (self.dev.iface.props['cu_per_simd_array'] // 2)) - 1
+              cu_mask = (1 << (cu_per_se + (1 if i == 0 else 0))) - 1
+              mask = lo32((cu_mask & sa_mask) | (cu_mask & (sa_mask << 16)) << 16)
+            self.wreg(getattr(self.gc, f'regCOMPUTE_STATIC_THREAD_MGMT_SE{i}'), mask)
 
   def sqtt_userdata(self, data, *extra_dwords):
     data_ints = [x[0] for x in struct.iter_unpack('<I', bytes(data))] + list(extra_dwords)
@@ -357,6 +366,7 @@ class AMDComputeQueue(HWQueue):
 
   def timestamp(self, signal:AMDSignal):
     with self.pred_exec(xcc_mask=0b1):
+      self.release_mem(cache_flush=False) # ensure all prior writes are done
       self.release_mem(signal.timestamp_addr, 0, self.pm4.data_sel__mec_release_mem__send_gpu_clock_counter, self.pm4.int_sel__mec_release_mem__none)
       self.acquire_mem() # ensure timestamp is written
     return self
@@ -774,8 +784,16 @@ class KFDIface:
 
     raise RuntimeError("\n".join(report))
 
-  def is_in_profile_mode(self):
-    return self.dev.target[0] == 9 or FileIOInterface(f'{self.dev_sysfs_path}/power_dpm_force_performance_level').read()[:16] == 'profile_standard'
+  def require_profile_mode(self, can_set_mode=True):
+    if self.dev.target[0] == 9: return
+    fn = f'{self.dev_sysfs_path}/power_dpm_force_performance_level'
+    if (perflevel:=FileIOInterface(fn).read().strip()) != 'profile_standard':
+      if can_set_mode:
+        atexit.register(lambda: os.system(f"echo '{perflevel}' | sudo tee {fn} > /dev/null"))
+        os.system(f"echo 'profile_standard' | sudo tee {fn} > /dev/null")
+        self.require_profile_mode(can_set_mode=False)
+      else:
+        raise RuntimeError("PMC/SQTT requires stable power state: run `amd-smi set -l stable_std` for KFD iface")
 
 class PCIIface(PCIIfaceBase):
   gpus:ClassVar[list[str]] = []
@@ -786,7 +804,7 @@ class PCIIface(PCIIfaceBase):
     self._setup_adev(self.pci_dev)
     self.pci_dev.write_config(pci.PCI_COMMAND, self.pci_dev.read_config(pci.PCI_COMMAND, 2) | pci.PCI_COMMAND_MASTER, 2)
 
-  def is_in_profile_mode(self): return True
+  def require_profile_mode(self): return True
 
   def _setup_adev(self, pci_dev:PCIDevice, dma_regions:list[tuple[int, MMIOInterface]]|None=None):
     self.dev_impl:AMDev = AMDev(pci_dev, dma_regions)
@@ -908,7 +926,8 @@ class AMDDevice(HCQCompiled):
     self.sdma_queue = self.create_queue(kfd.KFD_IOC_QUEUE_TYPE_SDMA, 0x200 if self.is_usb() else (16 << 20))
 
     compilers:list[CompilerPairT] = [(functools.partial(AMDRenderer, self.arch), functools.partial(HIPCompiler, self.arch)),
-                                     (functools.partial(AMDLLVMRenderer, self.arch), functools.partial(AMDLLVMCompiler, self.arch))]
+                                     (functools.partial(AMDLLVMRenderer, self.arch), functools.partial(AMDLLVMCompiler, self.arch)),
+                                     (functools.partial(AMDRenderer, self.arch), functools.partial(HIPCCCompiler, self.arch))]
 
     super().__init__(device, AMDAllocator(self), compilers, functools.partial(AMDProgram, self), AMDSignal,
                      functools.partial(AMDComputeAQLQueue if self.is_aql else AMDComputeQueue, self),
@@ -922,7 +941,7 @@ class AMDDevice(HCQCompiled):
     self.pmc_enabled = PROFILE and PMC > 0
     if self.pmc_enabled:
       if self.target[0] not in {9, 11, 12}: raise RuntimeError(f'PMC are not supported on gc:{self.target}')
-      if not self.iface.is_in_profile_mode(): raise RuntimeError("PMC requires stable power state: run `amd-smi set -l stable_std` for KFD iface")
+      self.iface.require_profile_mode()
 
       self.pmc_sched:list[PMCSample] = []
       self.pmc_counters = import_pmc(self.target)
@@ -940,7 +959,7 @@ class AMDDevice(HCQCompiled):
     self.sqtt_enabled = PROFILE and SQTT > 0
     if self.sqtt_enabled:
       if self.target[0] not in {9, 11, 12}: raise RuntimeError(f'SQ Thread Tracing is not supported on gc:{self.target}')
-      if not self.iface.is_in_profile_mode(): raise RuntimeError("SQTT requires stable power state: run `amd-smi set -l stable_std` for KFD iface")
+      self.iface.require_profile_mode()
 
       SQTT_BUFFER_SIZE = getenv("SQTT_BUFFER_SIZE", 256) # in mb, per shader engine
       self.sqtt_buffers = [self.allocator.alloc(SQTT_BUFFER_SIZE << 20, BufferSpec(nolru=True, uncached=True)) for _ in range(self.se_cnt)]

tinygrad/runtime/ops_nv.py

@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class NVKIface:
     self.dma_class:int = next(c for c in [nv_gpu.BLACKWELL_DMA_COPY_B, nv_gpu.AMPERE_DMA_COPY_B] if c in self.nvclasses)
 
     usermode = self.rm_alloc(self.dev.subdevice, self.usermode_class)
-    return usermode, MMIOInterface(self._gpu_map_to_cpu(usermode, mmio_sz:=0x10000, flags=2), mmio_sz, fmt='I')
+    return usermode, MMIOInterface(self._gpu_map_to_cpu(usermode, mmio_sz:=0x10000), mmio_sz, fmt='I')
 
   def setup_vm(self, vaspace):
     self.rm_control(self.dev.subdevice, nv_gpu.NV2080_CTRL_CMD_GPU_GET_GID_INFO, raw_uuid:=nv_gpu.NV2080_CTRL_GPU_GET_GID_INFO_PARAMS(
@@ -514,7 +514,8 @@ class NVDevice(HCQCompiled[HCQSignal]):
     channel_params = nv_gpu.NV_CHANNEL_GROUP_ALLOCATION_PARAMETERS(engineType=nv_gpu.NV2080_ENGINE_TYPE_GRAPHICS)
     channel_group = self.iface.rm_alloc(self.nvdevice, nv_gpu.KEPLER_CHANNEL_GROUP_A, channel_params)
 
-    gpfifo_area = self.iface.alloc(0x200000, contiguous=True, cpu_access=True, force_devmem=True, map_flags=0x10d0000)
+    gpfifo_area = self.iface.alloc(0x200000, contiguous=True, cpu_access=True, force_devmem=True,
+      map_flags=(nv_gpu.NVOS33_FLAGS_CACHING_TYPE_WRITECOMBINED<<23))
 
     ctxshare_params = nv_gpu.NV_CTXSHARE_ALLOCATION_PARAMETERS(hVASpace=vaspace, flags=nv_gpu.NV_CTXSHARE_ALLOCATION_FLAGS_SUBCONTEXT_ASYNC)
     ctxshare = self.iface.rm_alloc(channel_group, nv_gpu.FERMI_CONTEXT_SHARE_A, ctxshare_params)

tinygrad/runtime/ops_qcom.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from tinygrad.runtime.support.hcq import FileIOInterface, MMIOInterface
 from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import kgsl, adreno
 from tinygrad.runtime.ops_cl import CLCompiler, CLDevice
 from tinygrad.renderer.cstyle import QCOMRenderer
-from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, mv_address, to_mv, round_up, data64_le, prod, fromimport, cpu_profile, lo32, PROFILE
+from tinygrad.helpers import getenv, mv_address, to_mv, round_up, data64_le, prod, fromimport, cpu_profile, lo32, PROFILE, suppress_finalizing
 from tinygrad.runtime.support.system import System
 if getenv("IOCTL"): import extra.qcom_gpu_driver.opencl_ioctl  # noqa: F401  # pylint: disable=unused-import
 
@@ -317,6 +317,7 @@ class QCOMAllocator(HCQAllocatorBase):
     self.dev.synchronize()
     return to_mv(cast(int, src.va_addr), src.size)
 
+  @suppress_finalizing
   def _free(self, opaque, options:BufferSpec):
     self.dev.synchronize()
     self.dev._gpu_free(opaque)

tinygrad/runtime/ops_tinyfs.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import socket, json, asyncio, threading
+import socket, json, asyncio, threading, math
 from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
 from tinygrad.device import Compiled, Allocator
 from tinygrad.helpers import DEBUG, getenv
@@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ class TinyFSAllocator(Allocator[TinyFSDevice]):
     if dest.device.op == "LOAD":
       locs = self.dev.sfile.readline()
       dest.copyout_queue = json.loads(locs)
-      dest.hash_buf[:] = src.tobytes()
+      dest.hash_buf = src.tobytes()
     elif dest.device.op == "STORE":
-      expected_hashes = dest.size // Tensor.CHUNK_SIZE
+      expected_hashes = math.ceil(dest.size / Tensor.CHUNK_SIZE)
       dest.hash_buf = bytearray(expected_hashes * 16)
       self.dev.sfile.readinto(dest.hash_buf)
 

tinygrad/runtime/support/amd.py

@@ -65,7 +65,9 @@ def import_ip_offsets(ip): return type("IPOFF", (object,), import_header(f"inclu
 
 def import_pmc(ip) -> dict[str, tuple[str, int]]:
   res:dict[str, tuple[str, int]] = {}
-  arch = f"gfx{ip[0]}{ip[1]:x}{ip[2]:x}"
+
+  # NOTE: precise arch for mi300+, generic for others, since rocm headers lack some archs
+  arch = f"gfx{ip[0]}{ip[1]:x}{ip[2]:x}" if ip[0] == 9 else f"gfx{ip[0]}"
 
   for sec in header_download("rocprofiler-compute/src/rocprof_compute_soc/profile_configs/counter_defs.yaml", url=ROCM_URL).split('- name: ')[1:]:
     for arch_spec in sec.split('- architectures:')[1:]:

tinygrad/runtime/support/autogen.py

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def gen(dll, files, args=[], prolog=[], rules=[], epilog=[], recsym=False, use_e
     suggested_name = anon_names.get(f"{loc_file(loc(decl:=clang.clang_getTypeDeclaration(t)))}:{loc_line(loc(decl))}", suggested_name)
     nonlocal lines, types, anoncnt, objc
     tmap = {clang.CXType_Void:"None", clang.CXType_Char_U:"ctypes.c_ubyte", clang.CXType_UChar:"ctypes.c_ubyte", clang.CXType_Char_S:"ctypes.c_char",
-            clang.CXType_SChar:"ctypes.c_char",
+            clang.CXType_SChar:"ctypes.c_byte",
             **{getattr(clang, f'CXType_{k}'):f"ctypes.c_{k.lower()}" for k in ["Bool", "WChar", "Float", "Double", "LongDouble"]},
             **{getattr(clang, f'CXType_{k}'):f"ctypes.c_{'u' if 'U' in k else ''}int{sz}" for sz,k in
                [(16, "UShort"), (16, "Short"), (32, "UInt"), (32, "Int"), (64, "ULong"), (64, "Long"), (64, "ULongLong"), (64, "LongLong")]}}
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ def gen(dll, files, args=[], prolog=[], rules=[], epilog=[], recsym=False, use_e
               it = iter(toks[1:])
               _args = [nm(t) for t in itertools.takewhile(lambda t:nm(t)!=')', it) if clang.clang_getTokenKind(t) == clang.CXToken_Identifier]
               if len(body:=list(it)) == 0: continue
-              macros += [f"{nm(c)} = lambda {','.join(_args)}: {readext(f, loc(body[0]), clang.clang_getRangeEnd(extent(toks[-1])))}"]
+              macros += [f"{nm(c)} = lambda{' ' * bool(_args)}{','.join(_args)}: {readext(f,loc(body[0]),clang.clang_getRangeEnd(extent(toks[-1])))}"]
             else: macros += [f"{nm(c)} = {readext(f, loc(toks[1]), clang.clang_getRangeEnd(extent(toks[-1])))}"]
           case clang.CXCursor_VarDecl if clang.clang_getCursorLinkage(c) == clang.CXLinkage_Internal:
             ty = clang.clang_getCursorType(c)

tinygrad/runtime/support/compiler_amd.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import ctypes
+import ctypes, hashlib, tempfile, subprocess, pathlib
 from tinygrad.helpers import system
 from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import comgr
 try:
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_cpu import LLVMCompiler
 from tinygrad.helpers import OSX, to_char_p_p
 
 def amdgpu_disassemble(lib:bytes):
-  asm = system(f"{'llvm-objdump' if OSX else '/opt/rocm/llvm/bin/llvm-objdump'} -d -", input=lib).splitlines()
+  asm = system(f"{'/opt/homebrew/opt/llvm/bin/llvm-objdump' if OSX else '/opt/rocm/llvm/bin/llvm-objdump'} -d -", input=lib).splitlines()
   while asm and ("s_nop 0" in asm[-1] or "s_code_end" in asm[-1]): asm.pop()
   print("\n".join(asm))
 
@@ -90,6 +90,24 @@ class HIPCompiler(Compiler):
     except RuntimeError as e: raise CompileError(e) from e
   def disassemble(self, lib:bytes): amdgpu_disassemble(lib)
 
+class HIPCCCompiler(Compiler):
+  def __init__(self, arch:str, extra_options:list[str]=[]):
+    self.arch, self.extra_options = arch, extra_options
+    super().__init__(f"compile_hipcc_{self.arch}_{hashlib.sha256(' '.join(extra_options).encode()).hexdigest()[:8]}")
+  def compile(self, src:str) -> bytes:
+    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".cpp") as srcf, tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".bc") as bcf:
+      with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".hsaco") as libf:
+        srcf.write(src.encode())
+        srcf.flush()
+
+        subprocess.run(["hipcc", "-c", "-emit-llvm", "--cuda-device-only", "-O3", "-mcumode",
+                        f"--offload-arch={self.arch}", "-I/opt/rocm/include/hip", "-o", bcf.name, srcf.name] + self.extra_options, check=True)
+        subprocess.run(["hipcc", "-target", "amdgcn-amd-amdhsa", f"-mcpu={self.arch}",
+                        "-O3", "-mllvm", "-amdgpu-internalize-symbols", "-c", "-o", libf.name, bcf.name] + self.extra_options, check=True)
+
+        return pathlib.Path(libf.name).read_bytes()
+  def disassemble(self, lib:bytes): amdgpu_disassemble(lib)
+
 class AMDLLVMCompiler(LLVMCompiler):
   jit = False
   target_arch = "AMDGPU"

tinygrad/runtime/support/hcq.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from typing import cast, Callable, Type, TypeVar, Generic, Any, Sequence
 import contextlib, decimal, statistics, time, ctypes, array, os, struct, collections, functools
 try: import fcntl # windows misses that
 except ImportError: fcntl = None #type:ignore[assignment]
-from tinygrad.helpers import PROFILE, getenv, to_mv, ProfileRangeEvent, select_first_inited
+from tinygrad.helpers import PROFILE, getenv, to_mv, ProfileRangeEvent, select_first_inited, unwrap
 from tinygrad.device import BufferSpec, Compiled, LRUAllocator, ProfileDeviceEvent, ProfileProgramEvent, CompilerPairT
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import sym_infer, sint, UOp
 from tinygrad.runtime.autogen import libc
@@ -276,8 +276,7 @@ def hcq_profile(dev:HCQCompiled, enabled, desc, queue_type:Callable[[], HWQueue]
     elif enabled and queue_type is not None:
       queue_type().wait(dev.timeline_signal, dev.timeline_value - 1).timestamp(en).signal(dev.timeline_signal, dev.next_timeline()).submit(dev)
 
-    if enabled and PROFILE:
-      dev.sig_prof_records.append((cast(HCQSignal, st), cast(HCQSignal, en), desc, (queue_type or type(queue)) is dev.hw_copy_queue_t))
+    if enabled and PROFILE: dev.sig_prof_records.append((unwrap(st), unwrap(en), desc, (queue_type or type(queue)) is dev.hw_copy_queue_t))
 
 class HCQArgsState(Generic[ProgramType]):
   def __init__(self, buf:HCQBuffer, prg:ProgramType, bufs:tuple[HCQBuffer, ...], vals:tuple[sint, ...]=()):

tinygrad/runtime/support/objc.py

@@ -4,12 +4,14 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 if TYPE_CHECKING: id_ = ctypes.c_void_p
 else:
   class id_(ctypes.c_void_p):
+    _is_finalizing = sys.is_finalizing # FIXME: why is this needed
+
     retain: bool = False
     # This prevents ctypes from converting response to plain int, and dict.fromkeys() can use it to dedup
     def __hash__(self): return hash(self.value)
     def __eq__(self, other): return self.value == other.value
     def __del__(self):
-      if self.retain and not sys.is_finalizing(): self.release()
+      if self.retain and not self._is_finalizing(): self.release()
     def release(self): msg("release")(self)
     def retained(self):
       setattr(self, 'retain', True)

tinygrad/schedule/indexing.py

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ pm_generate_realize_map = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.SINK, name="s"), lambda ctx,s: ctx.update((x.base, None) for x in s.src if x.base.op not in ALWAYS_CONTIGUOUS)),
   # always realize COPY/BUFFER_VIEW/CONTIGUOUS/STORE
   (UPat({Ops.COPY, Ops.BUFFER_VIEW, Ops.CONTIGUOUS, Ops.STORE}, name="tr"), realize),
+  # always realize REDUCE on outer ranges
+  (UPat(Ops.REDUCE, name="r"), lambda ctx,r: realize(ctx, r) if any(tr.arg[-1] == AxisType.OUTER for tr in r.src[1:]) else None),
   # realize srcs of COPY, MSELECT, MSTACK
   (UPat((Ops.COPY, Ops.MSELECT, Ops.MSTACK), name="rb"), realize_srcs),
   # realize ASSIGN and input to assign (might be optimized out)
@@ -37,6 +39,7 @@ class BufferizeOpts:
   # on AddrSpace.LOCAL, device is the id
   device: str|tuple[str, ...]|int|None
   addrspace: AddrSpace = AddrSpace.GLOBAL
+  removable: bool = True
 
 @dataclass
 class IndexingContext:
@@ -66,8 +69,11 @@ def create_bufferize_and_index_based_on_ranges(ctx:IndexingContext, x:UOp):
         new_src = s.end(*[r for r in closed_ranges if r.op is Ops.RANGE])
         del ctx.realize_map[s]
       else:
+        # the Bufferize before a COPY is not removable. there should be a better way to do this
+        removable = x.op is not Ops.COPY and s.op not in ALWAYS_CONTIGUOUS
         # None in the device assigns it a number later
-        opts = BufferizeOpts(device=s.device) if len(ctx.range_map[s][1]) == len(realized_ranges) else BufferizeOpts(None, AddrSpace.LOCAL)
+        opts = BufferizeOpts(device=s.device, removable=removable) if len(ctx.range_map[s][1]) == len(realized_ranges) else \
+               BufferizeOpts(None, AddrSpace.LOCAL, removable=removable)
         new_src = UOp(Ops.BUFFERIZE, s.dtype, src=(new_src,)+closed_ranges, arg=opts, tag=s.tag if opts.addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL else None)
         if x in ctx.range_map: new_src = new_src.index(*[r for i,r in enumerate(ctx.range_map[x][0]) if i in realized_ranges])
     new_srcs.append(new_src)

tinygrad/schedule/rangeify.py

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 import itertools
 from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes, PtrDType, ImageDType, AddrSpace
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import PatternMatcher, UPat, Ops, UOp, resolve, GroupOp, _substitute, ssimplify, KernelInfo
-from tinygrad.uop.ops import track_rewrites, graph_rewrite, identity_element, sint, AxisType, BottomUpGate, Kernel, _remove_all_tags
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import PatternMatcher, UPat, Ops, UOp, resolve, GroupOp, _substitute, KernelInfo
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import track_rewrites, graph_rewrite, identity_element, sint, AxisType, BottomUpGate, Kernel, _remove_all_tags, range_str
 from tinygrad.uop.symbolic import symbolic
 from tinygrad.helpers import argsort, prod, all_same, pluralize, getenv, flatten, dedup, all_int, DEBUG, SPLIT_REDUCEOP, DEBUG_RANGEIFY
 from tinygrad.helpers import PCONTIG, partition, get_single_element, unwrap, disable_gc
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ def remove_bufferize(src:UOp, buf:UOp, idx:UOp):
   assert all(x.op in {Ops.RANGE, Ops.CONST} for x in buf.src[1:])
 
   # if it's user contiguous, we never remove it
-  if src.op in ALWAYS_RUN_OPS: return None
+  if src.op in ALWAYS_RUN_OPS or not buf.arg.removable: return None
 
   # we don't want to bufferize threefry, also causes problems because not all platforms support long
   if src.op is not Ops.THREEFRY:
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ def remove_bufferize(src:UOp, buf:UOp, idx:UOp):
     accessed_buffers = dedup(accessed_buffers)
 
     # if this is generated from multiple buffers, don't remove this buffer
-    if len(accessed_buffers) > 2 and not (PCONTIG > 2): return None
+    if len(accessed_buffers) > 3 and not (PCONTIG > 2): return None
 
     # if any reduces access a buffer, don't remove this buffer
     buffer_in_reduce = False
@@ -238,13 +238,7 @@ pm_const_buffer_folding = pm_mops+PatternMatcher([
    lambda s: UOp.const(c.dtype, c.arg) if (c:=s.base).op is Ops.CONST else None),
 ])
 
-def pre_bufferize(b:UOp, x:UOp, copy:UOp):
-  nb = b.replace(src=(b.src[0].contiguous(),)+b.src[1:])
-  return copy.replace(src=(x.replace(src=(nb,)+x.src[1:]), copy.src[1]))
 pm_remove_bufferize = PatternMatcher([
-  # hack so remove_bufferize doesnt remove the buffer before a copy
-  (UPat(Ops.COPY, src=(UPat(GroupOp.All-{Ops.CONTIGUOUS, Ops.COPY}).f(Ops.BUFFERIZE, allow_any_len=True, name="b")
-                      .f(Ops.INDEX, allow_any_len=True, name="x"), UPat()), name="copy"), pre_bufferize),
   # remove reindexing with cost function
   (UPat.var("src").f(Ops.BUFFERIZE, allow_any_len=True, name="buf").f(Ops.INDEX, allow_any_len=True, name="idx"), remove_bufferize),
 ])
@@ -325,6 +319,18 @@ def bufferize_to_store(ctx:itertools.count|None, x:UOp, idx:UOp, allow_locals=Tr
     for m in mops[::-1]: ret = ret._mop(*m)
     return ret
 
+  # lower outerworld reduce here
+  if x.src[0].op is Ops.REDUCE and len(x.src[0].src) == 2 and x.src[0].src[1].arg[-1] == AxisType.OUTER:
+    assert sdtype.addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL
+    outer_range = x.src[0].src[1]
+    buf = UOp.new_buffer(x.arg.device, size, x.dtype)
+    # NOTE: this has the same number as the outer range, we need string ranges!
+    zero_range = outer_range.replace(src=(UOp.const(dtypes.index, size),), arg=outer_range.arg[:-1]+(AxisType.LOOP,))
+    buf = buf.after(buf.index(zero_range).store(0).end(zero_range))
+    bufi = buf.index(idx, dtype=sdtype)
+    do_store = bufi.store(bufi.load() + x.src[0].src[0], tag=x.tag).end(*rngs).end(outer_range)
+    return buf.after(do_store)
+
   # NOTE: the DEFINE_LOCAL needs to be disambiguated here
   if sdtype.addrspace == AddrSpace.GLOBAL:
     buf = UOp.new_buffer(x.arg.device, size, x.dtype)
@@ -344,7 +350,7 @@ def flatten_bufferize(x:UOp):
   rngs = x.src[1:]
   ret = ret.forced_reshape(x.shape)
   if any(r.op is Ops.RANGE and r.src[0].op is not Ops.CONST for r in rngs):
-    sym_shape = tuple([ssimplify(r.src[0]) if r.op is not Ops.CONST else 1 for r in rngs])
+    sym_shape = tuple([r.src[0] if r.op is not Ops.CONST else 1 for r in rngs])
     ret = ret.shrink(tuple([(0,x) for x in sym_shape]))
   return ret.rtag(x.tag)
 pm_flatten_bufferize = PatternMatcher([(UPat(Ops.BUFFERIZE, name="x"), flatten_bufferize)])
@@ -397,6 +403,9 @@ def handle_after(ctx:LocalAddBufferContext, after:UOp):
 
 def renumber_range(ctx:LocalAddBufferContext, r:UOp):
   if r.tag != (): return None
+  if r.arg[-1] == AxisType.OUTER:
+    # for outer range, we replace with a bound variable
+    return UOp.variable("range_"+range_str(r), r.vmin, r.vmax).bind(r.replace(tag=None))
   ret = r.replace(arg=(ctx.range,)+r.arg[1:], tag=None)
   ctx.range += 1
   return ret
@@ -469,6 +478,7 @@ pm_add_range_tags = PatternMatcher([
 ])
 
 def split_store(ctx:list[UOp], x:UOp) -> UOp|None:
+  # if we have any outer ranges open here, we don't split
   if len([r for r in x.ranges if r.arg[-1] != AxisType.OUTER]): return None
 
   # ends of outer range don't go in kernels
@@ -540,9 +550,7 @@ def get_rangeify_map(sink:UOp) -> dict[UOp, UOp]:
   # convert movement ops to ranges
   tsink, rctx = run_rangeify(tsink, DEBUG_RANGEIFY)
 
-  tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, symbolic+pm_reduce_simplify+pm_const_buffer_folding, name="symbolic+reduce_collapse")  # this does const folding
-  tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, pm_remove_bufferize, bottom_up=True, name="remove bufferize with cost function")
-  tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, symbolic+pm_reduce_simplify+pm_const_buffer_folding, name="symbolic+reduce_collapse pt 2")
+  tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, symbolic+pm_reduce_simplify+pm_const_buffer_folding+pm_remove_bufferize, name="symbolic+reduce_collapse+debuf")
   tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, pm_limit_bufs, ctx=rctx, name="limit buffers")
 
   # rebuild the sink with all the BUFFERIZEs with tags, this is what's ending up in the tensor graph
@@ -571,12 +579,12 @@ def get_rangeify_map(sink:UOp) -> dict[UOp, UOp]:
       assign_rep[a] = kernel_assign[s] = a.replace(src=a.src+(u,))
   if assign_rep: tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, _substitute, ctx=assign_rep, bottom_up=True, name="fix_assign")
 
-  if getenv("VIZ"): graph_rewrite(tsink, PatternMatcher([]), name="View Kernel Graph")
-
   # TODO: we can probably get this earlier
   sink_tags = [s.tag for s in tsink.src]
   tsink = graph_rewrite(tsink, _remove_all_tags, name="remove all tags")
 
+  if getenv("VIZ"): graph_rewrite(tsink, PatternMatcher([]), name="View Kernel Graph")
+
   becomes_map: dict[UOp, UOp] = {}
   for tag, s in zip(sink_tags, tsink.src):
     assert tag is not None

tinygrad/tensor.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from typing import Callable, ClassVar, Sequence, cast, get_args, Literal, Suppor
 from tinygrad.dtype import DType, DTypeLike, dtypes, ImageDType, ConstType, least_upper_float, least_upper_dtype, sum_acc_dtype, to_dtype, truncate
 from tinygrad.dtype import _from_np_dtype, _to_np_dtype
 from tinygrad.helpers import argfix, make_tuple, flatten, prod, all_int, round_up, merge_dicts, argsort, getenv, all_same, fully_flatten
-from tinygrad.helpers import IMAGE, WINO, Metadata, TRACEMETA, ceildiv, fetch, polyN, DEBUG, is_numpy_ndarray, SPEC
+from tinygrad.helpers import IMAGE, WINO, Metadata, TRACEMETA, ceildiv, fetch, polyN, DEBUG, is_numpy_ndarray, SPEC, TracingKey, cpu_profile
 from tinygrad.helpers import suppress_finalizing
 from tinygrad.gradient import compute_gradient
 from tinygrad.mixin import OpMixin
@@ -26,18 +26,21 @@ def canonicalize_device(device:str|None) -> str: return Device.canonicalize(devi
 # *** all in scope Tensors are here. this gets relevant UOps ***
 
 all_tensors: dict[weakref.ref[Tensor], None] = {}
-def _apply_map_to_tensors(applied_map:dict[UOp, UOp], name:str|None=None) -> None:
-  scope_tensors = [t for tref in tuple(all_tensors) if (t:=tref()) is not None and
-                   (t.uop in applied_map or len(applied_map.keys() & t.uop.backward_slice.keys()))]
+def _apply_map_to_tensors(applied_map:dict[UOp, UOp], name:str) -> None:
+  with cpu_profile(TracingKey(name), "TINY"):
+    # get tensors in scope
+    in_scope: dict[UOp, bool] = {}
+    def visitor(node: UOp) -> bool: return True if node in applied_map else any(in_scope.get(s, False) for s in node.src)
+    scope_tensors = [t for tref in list(all_tensors) if (t:=tref()) is not None and t.uop.topovisit(visitor, in_scope)]
 
-  # get all Tensors and apply the map
-  sink = UOp.sink(*[t.uop for t in scope_tensors])
-  new_sink = sink.substitute(applied_map, name=name)
+    # get all Tensors and apply the map
+    sink = UOp.sink(*[t.uop for t in scope_tensors])
+    new_sink = sink.substitute(applied_map, name=f"substitute {name}")
 
-  # set the relevant uop to the realized UOps
-  for t,s,ns in zip(scope_tensors, sink.src, new_sink.src):
-    if s is ns: continue
-    t.uop = ns
+    # set the relevant uop to the realized UOps
+    for t,s,ns in zip(scope_tensors, sink.src, new_sink.src):
+      if s is ns: continue
+      t.uop = ns
 
 # **** Tensor helper functions ****
 
@@ -127,7 +130,7 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
 
     # create a UOp from the different types of inputs
     if isinstance(data, UOp):
-      assert _dtype is None or _dtype==data.dtype, "dtype doesn't match, and casting isn't supported"
+      assert _dtype is None or _dtype==data.dtype, f"dtype doesn't match ({_dtype} vs {data.dtype}), and casting isn't supported"
       # if data is dtype.index that means that this is a symbolic int and we need to lower it to something we can make a Tensor out of
       if data.dtype==dtypes.index: data = _index_to_concrete_int(data)
       if data.op is Ops.BIND:  # type: ignore  # mypy type narrowing is bugged here
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     if SPEC: type_verify(big_sink, tensor_spec)
 
     if any(isinstance(x._device, tuple) for x in big_sink.toposort()):
-      _apply_map_to_tensors(get_multi_map(big_sink), "Apply Multi Map")
+      _apply_map_to_tensors(get_multi_map(big_sink), name="Apply Multi Map")
       big_sink = UOp.sink(*flatten([x.uop.src if x.uop.op is Ops.MULTI else [x.uop] for x in (self,)+lst]))
 
     becomes_map = get_rangeify_map(big_sink)
@@ -259,8 +262,8 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     _apply_map_to_tensors(remove_assign_map, name="Remove After")
 
     # create the schedule
-    schedule, var_vals = create_schedule_with_vars(sink)
-    schedule = memory_planner(schedule)
+    with cpu_profile(TracingKey("toposort schedule")): schedule, var_vals = create_schedule_with_vars(sink)
+    with cpu_profile(TracingKey("memory planner")): schedule = memory_planner(schedule)
     if (DEBUG >= 1 and len(schedule) > 1) or DEBUG >= 3: print(f"scheduled {len(schedule)} kernels in {(time.perf_counter()-st)*1000:.2f} ms")
     return schedule, var_vals
 
@@ -299,6 +302,7 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     assert self.shape == x.shape, f"assign shape mismatch {self.shape} != {x.shape}"
     assert self.device == x.device, f"assign device mismatch {self.device} != {x.device}"
     assert self.dtype == x.dtype, f"assign dtype mismatch {self.dtype} != {x.dtype}"
+    assert not isinstance(self.device, tuple) or self.uop.axis == x.uop.axis, f"multi assign axis mismatch {self.uop.axis} != {x.uop.axis}"
     return self.replace(self._apply_uop(UOp.assign, x))
 
   def detach(self) -> Tensor:
@@ -421,7 +425,7 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     return self.replace(self.shard(devices, axis))
 
   CHUNK_SIZE = 2**20
-  def load(self, size:int) -> Tensor:
+  def fs_load(self, size:int) -> Tensor:
     """
     Load a tensor from storage.
 
@@ -449,7 +453,7 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
 
     return data[:size]
 
-  def store(self) -> Tensor:
+  def fs_store(self) -> Tensor:
     """
     Store a tensor to storage.
     """
@@ -738,6 +742,14 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     t = (Tensor.arange(n, device=device).unsqueeze(-1) == Tensor.arange(m, device=device))
     return t.cast(dtype or dtypes.default_float).requires_grad_(requires_grad)
 
+  def _multi_like(self, fxn, *args, **kwargs) -> Tensor:
+    dtype = kwargs.pop("dtype", self.dtype)
+    if kwargs.get("device") is not None: raise RuntimeError("cannot specify `device` on `*_like` of a multi device tensor")
+    if self.uop.axis is None: return fxn(self.shape, *args, dtype=dtype, **kwargs).shard(self.device)
+    sharded_shape = tuple(s//len(self.device) if a==self.uop.axis else s for a,s in enumerate(self.shape))
+    stacked = UOp(Ops.MSTACK, dtype=dtype, src=tuple([fxn(sharded_shape, *args, device=d, dtype=dtype, **kwargs).uop for d in self.device]))
+    return Tensor(UOp.multi(stacked, axis=self.uop.axis), device=self.device, dtype=dtype)
+
   def full_like(self, fill_value:ConstType, **kwargs) -> Tensor:
     """
     Creates a tensor with the same shape as `self`, filled with the given value.
@@ -751,6 +763,7 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     print(Tensor.full_like(t, 42).numpy())
     ```
     """
+    if isinstance(self.device, tuple): return self._multi_like(Tensor.full, fill_value, **kwargs)
     return Tensor.full(self.shape, fill_value, dtype=kwargs.pop("dtype", self.dtype), device=kwargs.pop("device", self.device), **kwargs)
 
   def zeros_like(self, **kwargs) -> Tensor:
@@ -793,16 +806,8 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     print(Tensor.rand_like(t).numpy())
     ```
     """
-    dtype = kwargs.pop("dtype", self.dtype)
-    if isinstance(self.device, tuple):
-      if kwargs.get("device") is not None: raise RuntimeError("cannot specify `device` on `rand_like` of a multi device tensor")
-      if self.uop.axis is None: return Tensor.rand(*self.shape, dtype=dtype, **kwargs).shard(self.device)
-      contiguous = kwargs.pop("contiguous", True)
-      sharded_shape = tuple(s//len(self.device) if a==self.uop.axis else s for a,s in enumerate(self.shape))
-      rands = UOp(Ops.MSTACK, dtype=dtype,
-                  src=tuple([Tensor.rand(sharded_shape, device=d, dtype=dtype, contiguous=contiguous, **kwargs).uop for d in self.device]))
-      return Tensor(UOp.multi(rands, axis=self.uop.axis), device=self.device, dtype=dtype, **kwargs)
-    return Tensor.rand(*self.shape, device=kwargs.pop("device", self.device), dtype=dtype, **kwargs)
+    if isinstance(self.device, tuple): return self._multi_like(Tensor.rand, **kwargs)
+    return Tensor.rand(*self.shape, device=kwargs.pop("device", self.device), dtype=kwargs.pop("dtype", self.dtype), **kwargs)
 
   # ***** rng hlops *****
 
@@ -2456,14 +2461,9 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     return self._split_cumalu(axis, Ops.MAX)
 
   @staticmethod
-  def _tri(r:sint, c:sint, diagonal:int=0, **kwargs) -> Tensor:
+  def _tri(r:sint, c:sint, diagonal:int=0, device=None, requires_grad:bool|None=None) -> Tensor:
     assert isinstance(r, int) and isinstance(c, int), f"does not support symbolic, getting {r=}, {c=}"
-    if r == 0 or c == 0 or diagonal >= c: return Tensor.zeros(r,c,**kwargs)
-    if r+diagonal <= 0: return Tensor.ones(r,c,**kwargs)
-    s = r+c-1
-    # build a (s, s) upper triangle
-    t = Tensor.ones(s,s,**kwargs).pad((None,(0,s))).flatten().shrink(((0,s*(2*s-1)),)).reshape(s,-1).shrink((None,(0,s)))
-    return t[:r,-diagonal:c-diagonal] if diagonal <= 0 else t[diagonal:r+diagonal,:c]
+    return (Tensor.arange(r, device=device).unsqueeze(-1) + diagonal <= Tensor.arange(c, device=device)).requires_grad_(requires_grad)
 
   def triu(self, diagonal:int=0) -> Tensor:
     """
@@ -2486,7 +2486,7 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     print(t.triu(diagonal=-1).numpy())
     ```
     """
-    return Tensor._tri(self.shape[-2], self.shape[-1], diagonal=diagonal, device=self.device, dtype=dtypes.bool).where(self, self.zeros_like())
+    return Tensor._tri(self.shape[-2], self.shape[-1], diagonal=diagonal, device=self.device).where(self, self.zeros_like())
 
   def tril(self, diagonal:int=0) -> Tensor:
     """
@@ -2509,7 +2509,7 @@ class Tensor(OpMixin):
     print(t.tril(diagonal=-1).numpy())
     ```
     """
-    return Tensor._tri(self.shape[-2], self.shape[-1], diagonal=diagonal+1, device=self.device, dtype=dtypes.bool).where(self.zeros_like(), self)
+    return Tensor._tri(self.shape[-2], self.shape[-1], diagonal=diagonal+1, device=self.device).where(self.zeros_like(), self)
 
   def interpolate(self, size:tuple[int, ...], mode:str="linear", align_corners:bool=False) -> Tensor:
     """

tinygrad/uop/__init__.py

@@ -13,25 +13,23 @@ class FastEnum(IntEnum):
 class Ops(FastEnum):
   # ** 1 -- defines/special **
 
-  # TODO: unify these ops into the levels of the memory hierarchy
-  DEFINE_GLOBAL = auto(); DEFINE_LOCAL = auto(); DEFINE_REG = auto()
-
-  # this is for symbolic shapes
-  DEFINE_VAR = auto(); BIND = auto()
+  # define GLOBAL/VAR are ptrs to outside the Kernel
+  DEFINE_GLOBAL = auto(); DEFINE_VAR = auto(); BIND = auto()
 
   # this is a RANGE for GPU dimensions, similar to symbolic shapes but not exactly
   SPECIAL = auto()
 
+  # define LOCAL/REG allocate things
+  DEFINE_LOCAL = auto(); DEFINE_REG = auto()
+
   # ** 2 -- non op uops **
 
   # uops that aren't rendered
-  NOOP = auto(); SINK = auto(); PRECAST = auto()
+  NOOP = auto(); REWRITE_ERROR = auto()
 
   # AFTER passes src[0] through and promises in the toposort that any consumers of the AFTER run after src[1:]
-  AFTER = auto()
-
   # GROUP is a NOOP that just merges things together
-  GROUP = auto()
+  SINK = auto(); AFTER = auto(); GROUP = auto()
 
   # vector creation / item selection
   GEP = auto(); VECTORIZE = auto()
@@ -76,25 +74,21 @@ class Ops(FastEnum):
   # ** 6 -- ops that don't exist in programs **
 
   # tensor graph ops
-  UNIQUE = auto(); DEVICE = auto(); KERNEL = auto()
-  ASSIGN = auto()
-
-  # buffer ops
-  BUFFERIZE = auto(); COPY = auto(); BUFFER = auto(); BUFFER_VIEW = auto(); MSELECT = auto(); MSTACK = auto()
+  UNIQUE = auto(); DEVICE = auto(); KERNEL = auto(); ASSIGN = auto()
 
   # ops that adjust the behavior of the scheduler
   CONTIGUOUS = auto(); CONTIGUOUS_BACKWARD = auto(); DETACH = auto()
 
-  # movement ops! these only exist in the tensor graph
+  # buffer ops
+  BUFFERIZE = auto(); COPY = auto(); BUFFER = auto(); BUFFER_VIEW = auto(); MSELECT = auto(); MSTACK = auto()
+
+  # the core 6 movement ops! these only exist in the tensor graph
   RESHAPE = auto(); PERMUTE = auto(); EXPAND = auto(); PAD = auto(); SHRINK = auto(); FLIP = auto()
   MULTI = auto()  # MULTI is really a movement op
 
   # reduce
   REDUCE_AXIS = auto(); REDUCE = auto(); ALLREDUCE = auto()
 
-  # errors/placeholders
-  REWRITE_ERROR = auto(); SENTINEL = auto()
-
   # expander ops
   UNROLL = auto(); CONTRACT = auto(); CAT = auto(); PTRCAT = auto()
 

tinygrad/uop/divandmod.py

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import functools
+from tinygrad.uop.ops import PatternMatcher, UPat, Ops, UOp
+from tinygrad.dtype import dtypes
+from tinygrad.helpers import cdiv, cmod, CORRECT_DIVMOD_FOLDING, unwrap
+
+# NOTE: this cache is only on index UOps and matches the cache in the old ShapeTracker in spirit
+@functools.cache
+def fold_divmod_general(d: UOp, correct_divmod_folding: bool) -> UOp|None:
+  x, y = d.src
+
+  # cancel_divmod: simple cancel div/mod case when the range of the numerator lies within a single denominator interval
+  x_min, x_max, y_min, y_max = x.vmin, x.vmax, y.vmin, y.vmax
+  assert isinstance(x_min, int) and isinstance(x_max, int) and isinstance(y_min, int) and isinstance(y_max, int)
+  if y_min==y_max==0: raise ZeroDivisionError(f"{'Division' if d.op is Ops.IDIV else 'Mod'} by zero trying to rewrite {x.alu(d.op, y)}")
+  if y_min*y_max > 0 and (q:=cdiv(x_min,y_min)) == cdiv(x_min,y_max) == cdiv(x_max,y_min) == cdiv(x_max,y_max):
+    return x - q*y if d.op is Ops.MOD else d.const_like(q)
+
+  # split uops for the rest of the processing
+  x_peeled, const = x.pop_const()
+  uops_no_const = list(x_peeled.split_uop(Ops.ADD))
+
+  # ** Constant Denominator Rules **
+  # these rules strictly require y to be a scalar constant > 0
+  if y.op is Ops.CONST and (c := y.arg) > 0:
+    # remove_nested_mod: remove nested mod in case the inner mod is a multiple of the outer mod, example: (a%4 + b)%2 -> (a+b)%2
+    if d.op is Ops.MOD and x.vmin >= 0:
+      new_xs, changed = [], False
+      for u in uops_no_const:
+        if u.op is Ops.MOD and u.src[1].divides(c) is not None:
+          u = u.src[0]
+          changed = True
+        new_xs.append(u)
+      if changed and (new_x:=(UOp.sum(*new_xs) + const)).vmin >= 0: return new_x % y
+
+    # Shared decomposition for folding rules
+    decomp = [(u.divides(f:=u.const_factor()),f) for u in uops_no_const]
+    terms, factors = zip(*decomp)
+
+    # fold_binary_numerator: fold if expression has one non-constant term that takes on two values
+    if len(terms)==1 and (v:=terms[0]).vmax-v.vmin == 1:
+      y1 = cmod(factors[0]*v.vmin+const, c) if d.op is Ops.MOD else cdiv(factors[0]*v.vmin+const, c)
+      y2 = cmod(factors[0]*v.vmax+const, c) if d.op is Ops.MOD else cdiv(factors[0]*v.vmax+const, c)
+      return (y2-y1)*(v-v.vmin) + y1
+
+    # fold_divmod_congruence: fold if a is congruent to an expression whose range is between 0 and c
+    if not (x.vmin<0 and correct_divmod_folding):
+      rems = [min((r:=f%c), r-c, key=abs) for f in factors]
+      if (rem:=sum(r*v for r,v in zip(rems,terms))+const%c).vmin//c==rem.vmax//c:
+        if d.op is Ops.MOD: return rem - rem.vmin//c*c
+        return sum((f-r)//c * v for f,r,v in zip(factors,rems,terms)) + (const-const%c+rem.vmin//c*c)//c
+
+    # gcd_with_remainder: factor out common gcd from numerator
+    # Note: this rule uses uops_no_const to exclude the additive constant from the GCD calculation
+    if x.vmin >= 0:
+      gcd = UOp.gcd(*uops_no_const, y).simplify()
+      if gcd.op is Ops.CONST and gcd.arg > 1:
+        new_x = unwrap(x_peeled.divide_exact(gcd)).simplify() + (const%c)//gcd.arg
+        if new_x.vmin >= 0:
+          ret = new_x.alu(d.op, x.ufix(c//gcd.arg))
+          return ret*gcd + const%gcd.arg if d.op is Ops.MOD else ret+const//c
+
+    # nest_div_by_smallest_factor: try and nest the div and see if it allows the numerator to be simplified
+    if d.op is Ops.IDIV and x.vmin >= 0:
+      div = min([c] + [abs(f) for u, f in zip(uops_no_const, factors) if u.op not in (Ops.CONST, Ops.VCONST) and abs(f) > 1 and (c%f)==0])
+      # NOTE: this is recursive!
+      if div < c and (newxs := fold_divmod_general(x//div, correct_divmod_folding)) is not None and newxs.vmin >= 0:
+        return newxs // (c // div)
+
+  # ** Variable Denominator / Fallback Rules **
+  # These rules apply to variables OR constants that failed the checks above.
+  # Reconstruct all uops including const for these checks.
+  all_uops = uops_no_const + ([x.const_like(const)] if const != 0 else [])
+
+  # divide_by_gcd: x//y -> (x//gcd)//(y//gcd)
+  gcd = UOp.gcd(*all_uops, y).simplify()
+  if not (gcd.op is Ops.CONST and gcd.arg==1):
+    ret = unwrap(x.divide_exact(gcd)).alu(d.op, unwrap(y.divide_exact(gcd)))
+    return ret*gcd if d.op is Ops.MOD else ret
+
+  # factor_remainder: (d*x+y)//d -> x+y//d
+  if y.vmin<0 or x.vmin<0: return None
+  quo, rem = [], []
+  for u in all_uops:
+    if (q:=u.divide_exact(y)) is not None: quo.append(q)
+    elif d.op is Ops.MOD and y.op is Ops.CONST and (c:=u.const_factor())%y.arg!=c:
+      rem.append(u.divides(c)*(c%y.arg))
+      quo.append(u.const_like(0))
+    else: rem.append(u)
+
+  if not quo: return None
+  new_x = sum(rem)+x.const_like(0)
+  if new_x.vmin<0: return None
+  return new_x%y if d.op is Ops.MOD else new_x//y+sum(quo)
+
+div_and_mod_symbolic = PatternMatcher([
+  # ** 1. Fast Inline Rules **
+  ((UPat.var("x")//UPat.cvar("c") + UPat.cvar("a"))//UPat.cvar("d"), lambda x,c,a,d: (x+a*c)//(c*d)
+    if c.vmin>0 and d.vmin>0 and ((x.vmin>=0 and a.vmin>=0) or (x.vmax<=0 and a.vmax<=0)) else None),  # (x//c+a)//d -> (x+a*c)//(c*d)
+  (UPat.var("x", dtypes.index) // UPat.var("d"), lambda x,d: -(x//(-d)) if d.vmax < 0 else None),
+  (UPat.var("x", dtypes.index) // UPat.var("d"), lambda x,d: -((-x)//d) if x.vmax <= 0 else None),
+  ((UPat.var("x", dtypes.index)+UPat.cvar("c", vec=False)).named("n")//UPat.cvar("d", vec=False),
+    lambda x,c,n,d: ((x+c.arg%d.arg)//d + c.arg//d.arg) if c.arg%d.arg!=c.arg and x.vmin>=0 and n.vmin>=0 and d.arg>0 else None),
+  ((UPat.var("x", dtypes.index)+UPat.cvar("c", vec=False)).named("n")//UPat.cvar("d", vec=False),
+    lambda x,c,n,d: (-(-(c.arg%d.arg + x - (d.arg-1))//d) + c.arg//d.arg) if x.vmax<=0 and n.vmin>=0 and d.arg>0 else None),
+
+  # ** 2. Slow Rules **
+  (UPat((Ops.IDIV, Ops.MOD), dtypes.index, name="d"), lambda d: fold_divmod_general(d, bool(CORRECT_DIVMOD_FOLDING))),
+
+  # NOTE: these have to go at the bottom or TestSymbolicOps.test_var loops
+  (UPat.var("x", dtypes.index) % UPat.var("d"), lambda x,d: -((-x)%d) if x.vmax <= 0 else None),
+  (UPat.var("x", dtypes.index) % UPat.var("d"), lambda x,d: (x%(-d)) if d.vmax < 0 else None),
+])

tinygrad/uop/ops.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
-from typing import Any, Callable, cast, TYPE_CHECKING, Type, Sequence, Iterable
+from typing import Any, Callable, cast, TYPE_CHECKING, Type, Sequence, Iterable, Final
 import sys, time, functools, itertools, math, operator, hashlib, os, types, pickle, pathlib, inspect, weakref, collections
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from enum import Enum, auto
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ class UOpMetaClass(type):
     if SPEC > 1:
       from tinygrad.uop.spec import full_spec, test_pyrender
       if SPEC > 2: test_pyrender(created)
-      with Context(IGNORE_OOB=1): ret = full_spec.rewrite(created)
-      if cast(bool|None, ret) is not True: raise RuntimeError(f"SPEC ISSUE {ret}: {created}")
+      with Context(IGNORE_OOB=1): fret = cast(bool|None, full_spec.rewrite(created))
+      if fret is not True: raise RuntimeError(f"SPEC ISSUE {fret}: {created}")
     return created
 
 # some uops map to other stuff
@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ buffers:weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[UOp, Buffer|MultiBuffer] = weakref.WeakKeyDict
 all_metadata:weakref.WeakKeyDictionary[UOp, tuple[Metadata, ...]] = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary() # TODO: should this be here?
 
 # recursive_property replaces functools.cached_property in recursive UOp functions to prevent RecursionError
-_NOT_FOUND = object()
 class recursive_property(property):
   def __init__(self, fxn):
     self.fxn = fxn
@@ -106,10 +105,16 @@ class recursive_property(property):
     self.__doc__ = fxn.__doc__
   def __get__(self, x:UOp|None, owner=None):
     if x is None: return self
-    if (val:=x.__dict__.get(self.nm, _NOT_FOUND)) is _NOT_FOUND:
-      for s in x.toposort(lambda z: not hasattr(z, self.nm)):
-        s.__dict__[self.nm] = val = self.fxn(s)
-    return val
+    # this is very similar to toposort/topovisit
+    stack: list[tuple[UOp, bool]] = [(x, False)]
+    while stack:
+      node, visited = stack.pop()
+      if self.nm in node.__dict__: continue
+      if not visited:
+        stack.append((node, True))
+        for s in reversed(node.src): stack.append((s, False))
+      else: node.__dict__[self.nm] = self.fxn(node)
+    return x.__dict__[self.nm]
 
 # we import this late so we can use resolve/smax in mixins
 from tinygrad.mixin import OpMixin
@@ -157,17 +162,29 @@ class UOp(OpMixin, metaclass=UOpMetaClass):
   def op_in_backward_slice_with_self(self, *ops:Ops): return any(x.op in ops for x in self.backward_slice_with_self)
 
   def toposort(self, gate:Callable|None=None) -> dict[UOp, None]:
-    ret: dict[UOp, None] = {}
+    cache: dict[UOp, None] = {}
     stack: list[tuple[UOp, bool]] = [(self, False)] # each stack entry is (node, visited_flag)
     while stack:
       node, visited = stack.pop()
-      if node in ret: continue
+      if node in cache: continue
       if not visited:
         if gate is None or gate(node):
           stack.append((node, True))  # push node back on stack to process after its srcs
           for s in reversed(node.src): stack.append((s, False)) # push srcs on the stack
-      else: ret[node] = None # second time i'm seeing this node, add it to returned toposort
-    return ret
+      else: cache[node] = None # second time i'm seeing this node, add it to returned toposort
+    return cache
+
+  def topovisit(self, visitor:Callable[[UOp], T], cache:dict[UOp, T]) -> T:
+    # NOTE: this shares a lot of code with toposort
+    stack: list[tuple[UOp, bool]] = [(self, False)]
+    while stack:
+      node, visited = stack.pop()
+      if node in cache: continue
+      if not visited:
+        stack.append((node, True))
+        for s in reversed(node.src): stack.append((s, False))
+      else: cache[node] = visitor(node)
+    return cache[self]
 
   # returns map of UOps to their consumers in the graph rooted by self
   def get_consumer_map(self) -> dict[UOp, dict[UOp, None]]: return consumer_map_from_toposort(self.toposort())
@@ -200,7 +217,7 @@ class UOp(OpMixin, metaclass=UOpMetaClass):
     match self.op:
       # late ops don't have shape
       case Ops.UNIQUE | Ops.DEVICE | Ops.RANGE | Ops.LOAD | Ops.IF | Ops.BARRIER | Ops.CUSTOM | Ops.CUSTOMI | \
-           Ops.VECTORIZE | Ops.VCONST | Ops.GEP | Ops.SPECIAL | Ops.UNROLL | Ops.PRECAST | Ops.CONTRACT:
+           Ops.VECTORIZE | Ops.VCONST | Ops.GEP | Ops.SPECIAL | Ops.UNROLL | Ops.CONTRACT:
         return None
 
       case Ops.INDEX:
@@ -275,7 +292,7 @@ class UOp(OpMixin, metaclass=UOpMetaClass):
           return tuple(1 if i in axis_arg else s for i,s in enumerate(ps))
 
     # elementwise ops keep the shape the same. all inputs with shape must match
-    if self.op in (GroupOp.Elementwise-{Ops.BITCAST}).union({Ops.COPY, Ops.ASSIGN, Ops.NOOP, Ops.GROUP, Ops.SINK, Ops.ALLREDUCE, Ops.STORE}):
+    if self.op in GroupOp.ALU.union({Ops.CAST, Ops.COPY, Ops.ASSIGN, Ops.NOOP, Ops.GROUP, Ops.SINK, Ops.ALLREDUCE, Ops.STORE}):
       # TODO: remove this hack for 3 op assign
       input_shapes = [x._shape for x in (self.src[:2] if self.op is Ops.ASSIGN else self.src) if x._shape is not None]
       if len(input_shapes) == 0: return None
@@ -321,11 +338,11 @@ class UOp(OpMixin, metaclass=UOpMetaClass):
 
   # *** uop evaluation ***
 
-  def simplify(self, tracked=False, full_symbolic=True):
+  def simplify(self, tracked=False):
     # late import!
-    from tinygrad.uop.symbolic import symbolic, commutative
+    from tinygrad.uop.symbolic import symbolic
     with Context(TRACK_MATCH_STATS=0 if not tracked else TRACK_MATCH_STATS.value):
-      return graph_rewrite(self, symbolic if full_symbolic else commutative, name="simplify")
+      return graph_rewrite(self, symbolic, name="simplify")
   def ssimplify(self) -> UOp|ConstType: return ret.arg if (ret:=self.simplify()).op is Ops.CONST else ret
   def sintify(self) -> sint: return self.arg if self.op is Ops.CONST else self
   def _eval(self, dtype, expected_type:Type[T]) -> T:
@@ -583,7 +600,7 @@ class UOp(OpMixin, metaclass=UOpMetaClass):
   def new_buffer(device:str|tuple[str, ...], size:int, dtype:DType, num=None):
     return UOp(Ops.BUFFER, dtype, (UOp.unique(num), UOp(Ops.DEVICE, arg=device)), size)
   @property
-  def device(self) -> str|tuple[str, ...]: return cast(str|tuple[str, ...], unwrap(self._device))
+  def device(self) -> str|tuple[str, ...]: return unwrap(self._device)
   @recursive_property
   def _device(self) -> str|tuple[str, ...]|None:
     if self.op is Ops.DEVICE: return self.arg
@@ -866,8 +883,8 @@ def print_uops(uops:list[UOp]):
 
 def get_location() -> tuple[str, int]:
   frm = sys._getframe(1)
-  # skip over ops.py/mathtraits.py (unless there's nothing but ops.py/mathtraits.py)
-  while pathlib.Path(frm.f_code.co_filename).name in ("ops.py", "mathtraits.py") and frm.f_back is not None and \
+  # skip over ops.py and anything in mixin
+  while ((codepath:=pathlib.Path(frm.f_code.co_filename)).name == "ops.py" or codepath.parent.name == "mixin") and frm.f_back is not None and \
       not frm.f_back.f_code.co_filename.startswith("<frozen"):
     frm = frm.f_back
   return frm.f_code.co_filename, frm.f_lineno
@@ -1077,20 +1094,22 @@ def track_rewrites(name:Callable[..., str|TracingKey]|bool=True, replay:bool=Fal
 
 active_rewrites:list[TrackedGraphRewrite] = []
 def profile_matches(fxn:Callable):
-  def wrap(*args, **kwargs):
-    name = str(kwargs.get("name", None) or fxn.__name__)
-    assert args and isinstance(args[0], UOp), f"invalid match tracing inputs for {name} with {args}"
-    if tracking:=(TRACK_MATCH_STATS >= 2):
+  def wrap_profile_matches(*args, **kwargs):
+    if TRACK_MATCH_STATS >= 2:
+      name = str(kwargs.get("name", None) or fxn.__name__)
+      assert args and isinstance(args[0], UOp), f"invalid match tracing inputs for {name} with {args}"
       loc = ((frm:=sys._getframe(1)).f_code.co_filename, frm.f_lineno)
       depth = len(active_rewrites)
       if not tracked_ctxs: add_trace_group(TracingKey(f"default {fxn.__name__}"))
       tracked_ctxs[-1].append(ctx:=TrackedGraphRewrite(loc, args[0].trace_num, [], name, depth, kwargs.get("bottom_up", False)))
       active_rewrites.append(ctx)
-    with cpu_profile(name, "TINY", display=tracking):
-      ret = fxn(*args, **kwargs)
-    if tracking: active_rewrites.pop()
-    return ret
-  return wrap
+      with cpu_profile(name, "TINY"):
+        ret = fxn(*args, **kwargs)
+      active_rewrites.pop()
+      return ret
+    # without tracking, we just call the function
+    return fxn(*args, **kwargs)
+  return wrap_profile_matches
 
 class TrackedPatternMatcher(PatternMatcher):
   def rewrite(self, uop:UOp, ctx=None) -> UOp|None:
@@ -1151,7 +1170,8 @@ if TRACK_MATCH_STATS or PROFILE:
 
 # *** simple graph rewrite engine ***
 
-with Context(SPEC=0): SENTINEL = UOp(Ops.SENTINEL)
+# A pure Python sentinel, but *typed* as UOp so it fits all the dict annotations
+SENTINEL: Final[UOp] = cast(UOp, object())
 class BottomUpGate(Exception): pass
 class RewriteContext:
   def __init__(self, pm, bpm, ctx=None):
@@ -1162,14 +1182,14 @@ class RewriteContext:
     self.ctx = ctx
     self.replace: dict[UOp, UOp] = {}
 
-  def cached_pm_rewrite(self, x:UOp):
+  def cached_pm_rewrite(self, x:UOp) -> UOp|None:
     if (ret:=self.pm_cache.get(x,SENTINEL)) is not SENTINEL: return ret
-    ret = self.pm_cache[x] = cast(PatternMatcher, self.pm).rewrite(x, self.ctx)
+    ret = self.pm_cache[x] = unwrap(self.pm).rewrite(x, self.ctx)
     return ret
 
-  def cached_bpm_rewrite(self, x:UOp):
+  def cached_bpm_rewrite(self, x:UOp) -> UOp|None:
     if (ret:=self.bpm_cache.get(x,SENTINEL)) is not SENTINEL: return ret
-    ret = self.bpm_cache[x] = cast(PatternMatcher, self.bpm).rewrite(x, self.ctx)
+    ret = self.bpm_cache[x] = unwrap(self.bpm).rewrite(x, self.ctx)
     return ret
 
   def unified_rewrite(self, root:UOp) -> UOp:
@@ -1265,15 +1285,12 @@ pm_lower_index_dtype = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.SPECIAL, src=(UPat.var("var").cast(dtypes.index),), name="u"), lambda u,var: u.replace(dtype=dtypes.int, src=(var,)).cast(dtypes.index)),
   (UPat(Ops.DEFINE_VAR, dtype=dtypes.index, name="u"), lambda u: u.replace(dtype=dtypes.int).cast(dtypes.index)),
   (UPat(Ops.BIND, src=(UPat.var("var").cast(dtypes.index), UPat.cvar("val").cast(dtypes.index))), lambda var,val: var.bind(val).cast(dtypes.index)),
-  (UPat(Ops.CAST, src=(UPat(name="x").cast(dtypes.index),), name="c"), lambda x,c: x.cast(c.dtype)),
   # lower Invalid
   (UPat.var("buf").index(UPat.var("cond").where(UPat.var("idx"), UPat(Ops.CONST, arg=Invalid))), lambda buf,idx,cond: buf.index(idx, cond, ptr=True)),
   # remove hanging casts
   (UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat.var("idx", dtypes.ints).cast()),), lambda buf,idx: buf.index(idx, ptr=True)),
   (UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat.var("buf"), UPat.var("idx", dtypes.ints).cast(), UPat.var("valid"))),
    lambda buf,idx,valid: buf.index(idx, valid, ptr=True)),
-  (UPat((Ops.STORE, Ops.LOAD), src=(UPat(), UPat(), UPat().cast(dtypes.index)), allow_any_len=True, name="s"),
-    lambda s: s.replace(src=s.src[:2]+tuple(u.src[0] for u in s.src[2:]))),
   (UPat((Ops.SINK, Ops.NOOP, Ops.END), name="n"),
    lambda n: n.replace(src=tuple(s.src[0] if s.op is Ops.CAST and s.dtype == dtypes.index else s for s in n.src))),
 ])
@@ -1353,7 +1370,7 @@ pm_pyrender_extra = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.REDUCE_AXIS, name="r"), lambda ctx,r: f"{ctx[r.src[0]]}.r({r.arg[0]}, {r.arg[1]})"),
   # NOTE: range has srcs sometimes after control flow
   (UPat(Ops.RANGE, src=(UPat(Ops.CONST, name="c"),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda ctx,x,c:
-    "UOp.range("+', '.join([str(c.arg)] + [str(y) for y in x.arg])+
+    "UOp.range("+', '.join([str(c.arg)] + [repr(y) for y in x.arg])+
       (f', src={srcs(ctx, x.src[1:])}' if len(x.src) > 1 else '')+(', dtype='+str(x.dtype) if x.dtype is not dtypes.index else '')+")"),
   # TODO: index shouldn't mismatch dtype
   (UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat(), UPat()), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda ctx,x:

tinygrad/uop/spec.py

@@ -17,9 +17,6 @@ from tinygrad.uop.validate import validate_index
 shared_spec = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.SINK, dtypes.void), lambda: True), # NOTE: for testing, we let sinks be anything
 
-  # SENTINEL should never be anywhere
-  (UPat(Ops.SENTINEL), lambda: False),
-
   # CONST/DEFINE_VAR are everywhere
   (UPat(Ops.CONST, src=(), name="x"), lambda x: type(x.arg) is type(dtypes.as_const(x.arg, x.dtype))),
   (UPat(Ops.DEFINE_VAR, name="x"), lambda x: isinstance(x.arg[1], int) and isinstance(x.arg[2], int)),
@@ -42,7 +39,7 @@ shared_spec = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.INDEX, src=(UPat(),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda x: all(y.dtype == dtypes.index for y in x.src[1:]) or None),
 
   # RANGE/SPECIAL define loops, END closes them
-  (UPat(Ops.END, src=(UPat(), UPat(Ops.RANGE)), dtype=dtypes.void), lambda: True),
+  (UPat(Ops.END, src=(UPat(), UPat(Ops.RANGE))), lambda: True),
 ])
 
 # ***** UOp spec in the Tensor graph *****
@@ -147,8 +144,8 @@ shared_codegen_spec = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat().index(UPat()).or_casted().load(), lambda: True),
   (UPat(Ops.INDEX).or_casted().store(UPat()), lambda: True),
 
-  # all CUSTOM + PRECAST
-  (UPat((Ops.CUSTOMI, Ops.CUSTOM, Ops.PRECAST)), lambda: True),
+  # CUSTOM (inline and non inline)
+  (UPat((Ops.CUSTOMI, Ops.CUSTOM)), lambda: True),
 
   # INDEX
   (UPat(GroupOp.Defines|{Ops.AFTER}, name="buf").index(UPat.var("idx")), validate_index),
@@ -171,7 +168,7 @@ kernel_spec = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.UNROLL, name="x"), lambda x: x.src[0].dtype.count == prod(y[1] for y in x.arg)),
 
   # END can end multiple axes here
-  (UPat(Ops.END, src=(UPat(), UPat()), allow_any_len=True, dtype=dtypes.void), lambda: True),
+  (UPat(Ops.END, src=(UPat(), UPat()), allow_any_len=True), lambda: True),
 
   # bufferize can be on anything
   (UPat(Ops.BUFFERIZE, src=(UPat(),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"), lambda x: True),

tinygrad/uop/symbolic.py

@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
 import math, operator, struct, functools
 from collections import defaultdict
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import Ops, PatternMatcher, UPat, UOp, GroupOp, exec_alu
-from tinygrad.dtype import ConstType, dtypes, PtrDType, AddrSpace, can_safe_cast, Invalid
-from tinygrad.helpers import partition, all_same, prod, flatten, get_single_element, cdiv, cmod, CORRECT_DIVMOD_FOLDING, unwrap
+from tinygrad.dtype import ConstType, dtypes, PtrDType, can_safe_cast, Invalid
+from tinygrad.helpers import partition, all_same, prod, flatten, get_single_element, unwrap
 from tinygrad.uop.decompositions import xpow
+from tinygrad.uop.divandmod import div_and_mod_symbolic
 
 # ******** phase 1 of symbolic used to live in ops, it's the most generic folding rules ********
 
@@ -24,19 +25,16 @@ def fold_bitcast(root:UOp, c:UOp) -> UOp|None:
 invalid_pat = UPat(Ops.CONST, arg=Invalid, name="i")
 invalid_gate = UPat.var("cond").where(UPat.var("x"), invalid_pat)
 
+# this needs to be before symbolic so that 0*something_that_might_be_invalid doesnt become 0
 propagate_invalid = PatternMatcher([
-  # this needs to be before symbolic so that 0*something_that_might_be_invalid doesnt become 0
   # propagate invalid, push it past children
-  (invalid_gate.cast(name="cast"), lambda i,x,cond,cast: x.cast(cast.dtype) if cast.dtype is not dtypes.index else None),
+  (invalid_gate.cast(name="cast"), lambda i,x,cond,cast: x.cast(cast.dtype)),
   *((invalid_gate.alu(op, UPat.var("y")).named("alu"), lambda cond,x,y,alu,i: cond.where(x.alu(alu.op,y), i))
     for op in GroupOp.Binary-GroupOp.Comparison),
+  # TODO: when can this happen? and is it always safe to just drop invalid?
   *((invalid_gate.alu(op, UPat.var("y")).named("alu"), lambda cond,x,y,alu,i: x.alu(alu.op,y)) for op in GroupOp.Comparison),
-  # invalid + y -> y same for other ops
+  # invalid + y -> invalid same for other ops
   *((invalid_pat.alu(op, UPat(dtype=dtypes.index)).named("alu"), lambda alu,i: i) for op in GroupOp.Binary-GroupOp.Comparison),
-  # i < y -> a_bool_value_that_will_never_be_used: we choose a random bool const
-  *((invalid_pat.alu(op, UPat(dtype=dtypes.index)), lambda i: UOp.const(dtypes.bool, True)) for op in GroupOp.Comparison),
-  # a.where(b.where(c, d), d) -> (a & b).where(c, d)
-  (UPat.var("a").where(UPat.var("b").where(UPat.var("c"), UPat.var("d")), UPat.var("d")), lambda a,b,c,d: (a&b).where(c,d)),
 ])
 
 symbolic_simple = propagate_invalid + PatternMatcher([
@@ -105,22 +103,17 @@ symbolic_simple = propagate_invalid + PatternMatcher([
   # positive const ** x
   (UPat.cvar("c", vec=False).alu(Ops.POW, UPat.var("x")), lambda c,x: c if c.arg == 1 else (x*math.log2(c.arg)).exp2() if c.arg > 0 else None),
   # rules for threefry
-  ((UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint64)&0xFFFFFFFF).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda x: x.cast(dtypes.uint32)&0xFFFFFFFF), # TODO: why is the and needed?
+  ((UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint64)&0xFFFFFFFF).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda x: x.cast(dtypes.uint32)),
   (((UPat.var(None, dtypes.uint64)*(1<<32)) | UPat.var('y',  dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64)).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda y: y),
   (((UPat.var('x',  dtypes.uint64)*(1<<32)) | UPat.var(None, dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64))//(1<<32), lambda x: x),
-  # hacks for threefry long removal when padded (TODO: genericize)
-  (UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64) * UPat.var('y').where(UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 1<<32), UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 0)),
-   lambda x,y: y.where(x, 0).cast(dtypes.uint64) * (1<<32)),
-  ((UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint64)&(UPat.var('y').where(UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 0xFFFFFFFF), UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 0)))).cast(dtypes.uint32),
-   lambda x,y: y.where(x.cast(dtypes.uint32), 0)),
-  # new decomp rules for threefry
   (((UPat.var(None, dtypes.uint64)<<32) | UPat.var('y',  dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64)).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda y: y),
   (((UPat.var('x',  dtypes.uint64)<<32) | UPat.var(None, dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64))>>32, lambda x: x),
-  (UPat.var('b').where(UPat.var('x', dtypes.uint32).cast(dtypes.uint64), UPat.const(dtypes.uint64, 0)).cast(dtypes.uint32), lambda b,x: b.where(x,0)),
   # ** simple where folding **
   # a conditional with the same results either way is a noop, also fold const conditionals
   (UPat.var().where(UPat.var("val"), UPat.var("val")), lambda val: val),
   (UPat.cvar("gate", vec=False).where(UPat.var("c0"), UPat.var("c1")), lambda gate, c0, c1: c0 if gate.arg else c1),
+  # a.where(b.where(c, d), d) -> (a & b).where(c, d)
+  (UPat.var("a").where(UPat.var("b").where(UPat.var("c"), UPat.var("d")), UPat.var("d")), lambda a,b,c,d: (a&b).where(c,d)),
 ])
 
 # ******** phase 2 builds on phase 1, it includes the old "symbolic", rules that match deeper ********
@@ -144,101 +137,6 @@ def canonicalize_simplex(X:UOp) -> UOp|None:
     ret.append(u)
   return UOp.sum(*ret) if changed else None
 
-def cancel_divmod(d: UOp, x: UOp, y: UOp) -> UOp|None:
-  # simple cancel div/mod case when the range of the numerator lies within a single denominator interval
-  x_min, x_max, y_min, y_max = x.vmin, x.vmax, y.vmin, y.vmax
-  assert isinstance(x_min, int) and isinstance(x_max, int) and isinstance(y_min, int) and isinstance(y_max, int)
-  if y_min==y_max==0: raise ZeroDivisionError(f"{'Division' if d.op is Ops.IDIV else 'Mod'} by zero trying to rewrite {x.alu(d.op, y)}")
-  if y_min*y_max > 0 and (q:=cdiv(x_min,y_min)) == cdiv(x_min,y_max) == cdiv(x_max,y_min) == cdiv(x_max,y_max):
-    return x - q*y if d.op is Ops.MOD else d.const_like(q)
-  return None
-
-def remove_nested_mod(m: UOp, x: UOp, y: UOp) -> UOp|None:
-  # remove nested mod in case the inner mod is a multiple of the outer mod
-  # example: (a%4 + b)%2 -> (a+b)%2
-  if ((c := y.arg) < 0) or x.vmin<0: return None
-  new_xs = []
-  something_changed = False
-  for u in x.split_uop(Ops.ADD):
-    if u.op is Ops.MOD:
-      if u.src[1].divides(c) is not None:
-        something_changed = True
-        u = u.src[0]
-    new_xs.append(u)
-  new_x: UOp = UOp.sum(*new_xs)
-  if something_changed and new_x.vmin>=0: return new_x % y
-  return None
-
-def fold_binary_numerator(d: UOp, x: UOp, y: UOp) -> UOp|None:
-  # we can fold if the expression has only one non-constant term and this term can only take on two values
-  if ((c := y.arg) < 0): return None
-  x,const = x.pop_const()
-  terms, factors = zip(*[(u.divides(f:=u.const_factor()),f) for u in x.split_uop(Ops.ADD)])
-  if len(terms)==1 and (v:=terms[0]).vmax-v.vmin == 1:
-    y1 = cmod(factors[0]*v.vmin+const, c) if d.op is Ops.MOD else cdiv(factors[0]*v.vmin+const, c)
-    y2 = cmod(factors[0]*v.vmax+const, c) if d.op is Ops.MOD else cdiv(factors[0]*v.vmax+const, c)
-    return (y2-y1)*(v-v.vmin) + y1
-  return None
-
-def fold_divmod_congruence(d: UOp, x: UOp, y: UOp) -> UOp|None:
-  # within a mod we can freely subtract multiples of c, we use this to see if a is congruent to an expression whose vmin/vmax are between 0 and c
-  if (x.vmin<0 and CORRECT_DIVMOD_FOLDING) or ((c := y.arg) < 0): return None
-  x,const = x.pop_const()
-  terms, factors = zip(*[(u.divides(f:=u.const_factor()),f) for u in x.split_uop(Ops.ADD)])
-  # a//c = (a-a%c)/c, if we can fold a%c, we can fold a//c
-  rems = [min((r:=f%c), r-c, key=abs) for f in factors]
-  if (rem:=sum(r*v for r,v in zip(rems,terms))+const%c).vmin//c!=rem.vmax//c: return None
-  if d.op is Ops.MOD: return rem - rem.vmin//c*c
-  return sum((f-r)//c * v for f,r,v in zip(factors,rems,terms)) + (const-const%c+rem.vmin//c*c)//c
-
-def divide_by_gcd(d: UOp, x: UOp, y: UOp) -> UOp|None:
-  # x//y -> (x//gcd)//(y//gcd) or x%y -> gcd*(x//gcd)%(y//gcd)
-  gcd = UOp.gcd(*x.split_uop(Ops.ADD), y).simplify()
-  if gcd.op is Ops.CONST and gcd.arg==1: return None
-  ret = unwrap(x.divide_exact(gcd)).alu(d.op, unwrap(y.divide_exact(gcd)))
-  return ret*gcd if d.op is Ops.MOD else ret
-
-def gcd_with_remainder(d: UOp, x: UOp, y: UOp):
-  # (gcd*x+r)//(gcd*d) -> (x+(r%d)//gcd)//d + r//(gcd*d)
-  # (gcd*x+r)%(gcd*d) -> gcd*(x+(r%d)//gcd)%d + r%gcd
-  # These only work for floordiv (and the corresponding remainder)! Thats why we check the sign of x,y and new_x
-  if ((c := y.arg) < 0) or x.vmin<0: return None
-  x_no_const, const = x.pop_const()
-  gcd = UOp.gcd(*x_no_const.split_uop(Ops.ADD), y).simplify()
-  assert gcd.op is Ops.CONST
-  if gcd.arg==1: return None
-  new_x = unwrap(x_no_const.divide_exact(gcd)).simplify() + (const%c)//gcd
-  if new_x.vmin<0: return None
-  ret = new_x.alu(d.op, x.ufix(c//gcd.arg))
-  return ret*gcd + const%gcd.arg if d.op is Ops.MOD else ret+const//c
-
-def factor_remainder(d: UOp, x: UOp, y: UOp) -> UOp|None:
-  # (d*x+y)//d -> x+y//d  or  (d*x+y)%d
-  # for mod we go further and take the remainder of all factors to reduce their size
-  # These only work for floordiv (and the corresponding remainder)! Thats why we check the sign of x,y and new_x
-  if y.vmin<0 or x.vmin<0: return None
-  quo, rem = [], []
-  for u in x.split_uop(Ops.ADD):
-    if (q:=u.divide_exact(y)) is not None: quo.append(q)
-    # if this is mod and y is a const, we can make the remainder factor sm
-    elif d.op is Ops.MOD and y.op is Ops.CONST and (c:=u.const_factor())%y.arg!=c:
-      rem.append(u.divides(c)*(c%y.arg))
-      quo.append(u.const_like(0))  # we append this so we can check if something changed
-    else: rem.append(u)
-  new_x = sum(rem)+x.const_like(0)
-  if len(quo)==0 or new_x.vmin<0: return None
-  return new_x%y if d.op is Ops.MOD else new_x//y+sum(quo)
-
-def nest_div_by_smallest_factor(d: UOp, x: UOp, y: UOp) -> UOp|None:
-  # we try and nest the div and see if it allows the numerator to be simplified
-  if ((c := y.arg) < 0): return None
-  factors = [u.const_factor() for u in x.split_uop(Ops.ADD) if u.op not in (Ops.CONST, Ops.VCONST)]
-  div = min([y.arg]+[abs(f) for f in factors if abs(f) > 1 and (c%f)==0])
-  newxs = fold_divmod_congruence(newx:=(x//div), x, y.const_like(div))
-  if newxs is None: newxs = factor_remainder(newx, x, y.const_like(div))
-  if div==y.arg or newxs is None or x.vmin<0 or newx.vmin<0: return None
-  return newxs//(c//div)
-
 def gep_through_wmma(gep:UOp, wmma:UOp):
   out_sz = prod(x[1] for x in wmma.arg[6][-1])
   wmma_idxs = gep.arg[::out_sz]
@@ -298,10 +196,10 @@ symbolic = symbolic_simple+commutative+PatternMatcher([
   ((UPat.var("y") + UPat.var("x")) + UPat.var("x"), lambda y,x: y+x*2),
   ((UPat.var("x") / UPat.var("x2")) / UPat.var("x3"), lambda x,x2,x3: x/(x2*x3) if x2 is not x3 else None), # (x/x2)/x3 -> x/(x2*x3)
   (-1 * (UPat.var("x") + UPat.cvar("c")), lambda x,c: (-x)+(-c)),  # -(x+c) -> -x + -c
-  (UPat.cvar("y") * (UPat.var("x", dtype=dtypes.index) + UPat.cvar("c")), lambda x,y,c: (y*x)+(y*c)),  # -(x+c) -> -x + -c
+  (UPat.cvar("y") * (UPat.var("x", dtype=dtypes.index) + UPat.cvar("c")), lambda x,y,c: (y*x)+(y*c)),  # y*(x+c) -> y*x + y*c
   # ** where folding **
-  (UPat.var("cond", dtype=dtypes.bool).logical_not().where(UPat.var("t"), UPat.var("f")), lambda cond, t, f: cond.where(f,t)
-    if f.arg is not Invalid else None),
+  (UPat.var("cond", dtype=dtypes.bool).logical_not().where(UPat.var("t"), UPat.var("f")),
+   lambda cond, t, f: cond.where(f,t) if f.arg is not Invalid else None),
   # alu of two where with same conds can combine, only do if true branch or false branch is const
   (UPat(GroupOp.Binary, name="alu", src=(UPat.var("c").where(UPat.var("t"), UPat.var("f")), UPat.var("c").where(UPat.var("tt"), UPat.var("ff")))), \
    lambda alu,c,t,tt,f,ff: c.where(t.alu(alu.op, tt), f.alu(alu.op, ff)) if t.op == tt.op == Ops.CONST or f.op == ff.op == Ops.CONST else None),
@@ -315,7 +213,6 @@ symbolic = symbolic_simple+commutative+PatternMatcher([
   (UPat.maximum(UPat.var("x"), UPat.var("y")), lambda x,y: x if x.vmin >= y.vmax else y if x.vmax <= y.vmin else None),
   # TODO: why does this rule break beautiful_mnist?
   #((UPat.var("x")+UPat.var("z")).maximum(UPat.var("y")+UPat.var("z")), lambda x,y,z: x.maximum(y) + z),
-  #((UPat.var("x")*UPat.cvar("c1")).maximum(UPat.var("x")*UPat.cvar("c2")), max_var_const),
   # ** two stage ALU folding **
   *((UPat.var("x").alu(op, UPat.cvar("c1")).alu(op, UPat.cvar("c2")).named("f"),
      lambda f,x,c1,c2: x.alu(f.op,c1.alu(f.op,c2))) for op in GroupOp.Associative),
@@ -338,34 +235,11 @@ symbolic = symbolic_simple+commutative+PatternMatcher([
   # generic lt folding
   (UPat.var("x", dtypes.index)<UPat.cvar("c", vec=False), lambda x,c: lt_folding(x, c.arg) if 0 < c.arg else None),
   (UPat.var("x", dtypes.index)*-1 < UPat.var("y")*-1, lambda x,y: y<x),
-  # canonicalize a simplex with positive coefficients > 0
-  # not x < 1 -> X > 0
+  # canonicalize a simplex with positive coefficients > 0. NOTE: not x < 1 means x > 0
   ((UPat.var("x", dtypes.index)<1).ne(True), lambda x: (newx<1).ne(True) if (newx:=canonicalize_simplex(x)) is not None else None),
-  # ** div **
-  # div folding
-  ((UPat.var("x")//UPat.cvar("c") + UPat.cvar("a"))//UPat.cvar("d"), lambda x,c,a,d: (x+a*c)//(c*d)
-    if c.vmin>0 and d.vmin>0 and ((x.vmin>=0 and a.vmin>=0) or (x.vmax<=0 and a.vmax<=0)) else None),  # (x//c+a)//d -> (x+a*c)//(c*d)
   # a range mod its own upper bound is just the range
   (UPat(Ops.RANGE, src=UPat.var("end"), name="r")%UPat.var("end"), lambda r,end: r),
   (UPat(Ops.RANGE, src=UPat.var("end"), name="r")//UPat.var("end"), lambda r,end: r.const_like(0)),
-  (UPat((Ops.IDIV, Ops.MOD), dtypes.index, name="d", src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.var("y"))), cancel_divmod),
-  (UPat.var("x", dtypes.index) // UPat.var("d"), lambda x,d: -(x//(-d)) if d.vmax < 0 else None),
-  (UPat((Ops.IDIV, Ops.MOD), dtypes.index, name="d", src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.cvar("y", vec=False))), fold_binary_numerator),
-  (UPat((Ops.IDIV, Ops.MOD), dtypes.index, name="d", src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.cvar("y", vec=False))), fold_divmod_congruence),
-  (UPat((Ops.IDIV, Ops.MOD), dtypes.index, name="d", src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.var("y"))), divide_by_gcd),
-  (UPat((Ops.IDIV, Ops.MOD), dtypes.index, name="d", src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.cvar("y", vec=False))), gcd_with_remainder),
-  (UPat(Ops.MOD, dtypes.index, name="m", src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.cvar("y", vec=False))), remove_nested_mod),
-  (UPat((Ops.IDIV), dtypes.index, name="d", src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.cvar("y", vec=False))), nest_div_by_smallest_factor),
-  (UPat((Ops.IDIV, Ops.MOD), dtypes.index, name="d", src=(UPat.var("x"), UPat.var("y"))), factor_remainder),
-  (UPat.var("x", dtypes.index) // UPat.var("d"), lambda x,d: -((-x)//d) if x.vmax<=0 else None),
-  ((UPat.var("x", dtypes.index)+UPat.cvar("c", vec=False)).named("n")//UPat.cvar("d", vec=False),
-    lambda x,c,n,d: ((x+c.arg%d.arg)//d + c.arg//d.arg) if c.arg%d.arg!=c.arg and x.vmin>=0 and n.vmin>=0 and d.arg>0 else None),
-  ((UPat.var("x", dtypes.index)+UPat.cvar("c", vec=False)).named("n")//UPat.cvar("d", vec=False),
-    lambda x,c,n,d: (-(-(c.arg%d.arg + x - (d.arg-1))//d) + c.arg//d.arg) if x.vmax<=0 and n.vmin>=0 and d.arg>0 else None),
-  # ** mod **
-  # mod folding
-  (UPat.var("x", dtypes.index) % UPat.var("d"), lambda x,d: -((-x)%d) if x.vmax <= 0 else None),
-  (UPat.var("x", dtypes.index) % UPat.var("d"), lambda x,d: (x%(-d)) if d.vmax <  0 else None),
   # cast/long folding
   # if the intermediate cast doesnt narrow we can do it in one cast
   (UPat.var('x').cast(name="a").cast(name="b"), lambda x,a,b: x.cast(b.dtype) if can_safe_cast(x.dtype, a.dtype) else None),
@@ -382,19 +256,21 @@ symbolic = symbolic_simple+commutative+PatternMatcher([
   (UPat(Ops.AFTER, src=(UPat.var("s"),)), lambda s: s),
   # VECTORIZE/CONST
   (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(Ops.CONST), name="vec"), lambda vec: UOp.const(vec.dtype, tuple(x.arg for x in vec.src))),
-])+gep_pushing
+])+div_and_mod_symbolic+gep_pushing
 
 # ******** we take a small aside to "simplify_valid" to rewrite valids ********
 
-def parse_valid(valid:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, bool, int]|None:
+def parse_valid(v:UOp) -> tuple[UOp, bool, int]|None:
   # if it's X <= c, returns X, True, c
   # if it's X >= c, returns X, False, c
 
-  # (X < c).ne(True) -> X >= c
-  if valid.op is Ops.CMPNE and valid.src[1].op is Ops.CONST and valid.src[1].arg == 1 and \
-    (s0:=valid.src[0]).op is Ops.CMPLT and dtypes.is_int(s0.src[0].dtype): return s0.src[0], False, int(s0.src[1].vmin)
-  # X < c -> X <= c-1
-  if valid.op is Ops.CMPLT and dtypes.is_int(valid.src[0].dtype): return valid.src[0], True, int((valid.src[1]).vmax)-1
+  if v.op is Ops.CMPNE and v.src[1].op is Ops.CONST and v.src[1].arg == 1 and (s0:=v.src[0]).op is Ops.CMPLT and dtypes.is_int(s0.src[0].dtype):
+    # (X < c).ne(True) -> X >= c
+    return s0.src[0], False, int(s0.src[1].vmin)
+  if v.op is Ops.CMPLT and dtypes.is_int(v.src[0].dtype):
+    # X < c -> X <= c-1
+    return v.src[0], True, int((v.src[1]).vmax)-1
+    # NOTE: v.src[1].op can be Ops.VCONST
   return None
 
 def uop_given_valid(valid:UOp, uop:UOp, try_simplex=True) -> UOp:
@@ -407,14 +283,10 @@ def uop_given_valid(valid:UOp, uop:UOp, try_simplex=True) -> UOp:
     expr, is_upper, c = res
     bounds[expr][int(is_upper)] = c
 
-  # don't simplify any other gates, can lead to OOB, we substitute them back later
-  uop = uop.substitute((load_subs:={u: UOp(Ops.NOOP, dtype=u.dtype, arg=u) for u in uop.toposort() if u.op is Ops.INDEX}))
-
   # simplify uop given that valid is True
   all_candidates = []
   for i,(expr,v) in enumerate(bounds.items()):
     v0, v1 = (expr.vmin if v[0] is None else v[0], expr.vmax if v[1] is None else v[1])
-    expr = expr.substitute(load_subs)  # make sure expr appears in same form in the uop
     # try checking the whole clause
     all_candidates.append((expr, UOp.variable(f"fake{i}", v0, v1, expr.dtype)))
 
@@ -429,7 +301,7 @@ def uop_given_valid(valid:UOp, uop:UOp, try_simplex=True) -> UOp:
         # if every branch in candidate gives the same simplified uop, we can rewrite the uop
         newuops = [uop.substitute({X:newX}) for X,newX in candidate]
         if any(u is uop for u in newuops): continue  # if any branch doesnt appear in uop, skip
-        newuops = [u.simplify().substitute({newX:X}).simplify(full_symbolic=False) for (X,newX),u in zip(candidate,newuops)]
+        newuops = [u.simplify().substitute({newX:X}).simplify() for (X,newX),u in zip(candidate,newuops)]
         if all_same(newuops): uop = newuops[0]
         elif uop.op is Ops.VECTORIZE and len(uop.src) == 2:
           if all_same([uops.src[0] for uops in newuops]): uop = uop.replace(src=(newuops[0].src[0], uop.src[1]))
@@ -437,9 +309,7 @@ def uop_given_valid(valid:UOp, uop:UOp, try_simplex=True) -> UOp:
 
   # try all the valids together (but only the whole expressions)
   if (s_uop:=uop.substitute(sub_dict:=dict(all_candidates))) is not uop:
-    uop = s_uop.simplify().substitute({newX:X for X,newX in sub_dict.items()}).simplify(full_symbolic=False)
-  # put the loads back in
-  uop = uop.substitute({v:k for k,v in load_subs.items()})
+    uop = s_uop.simplify().substitute({newX:X for X,newX in sub_dict.items()}).simplify()
   return uop
 
 def _valid_priority(v: UOp, valids:list[UOp]):
@@ -456,7 +326,7 @@ def simplify_valid(valid:UOp) -> UOp|None:
     if ret[-1] is not stmt: something_changed = True
   return UOp.prod(*ret) if something_changed else None
 
-# ******** phase 3 is the complete symbolic, and deals with very complex things like loop rewriting and threefry transform ********
+# ******** phase 3 is the complete symbolic ********
 
 def reduce_mul_chain(r:UOp):
   if r.arg not in {Ops.ADD, Ops.MAX}: return None
@@ -472,7 +342,7 @@ def reduce_mul_chain(r:UOp):
 def drop_and_clauses(cond:UOp, x:UOp, i:UOp) -> UOp|None:
   if not (dropped_clauses:=[c for c in cond.split_uop(Ops.AND) if not any(r in x.ranges for r in c.ranges)]): return None
   return UOp.const(dtypes.bool, True).prod(*[c for c in cond.split_uop(Ops.AND) if c not in dropped_clauses]).where(x, i)
-pm_drop_and_clauses = PatternMatcher([(UPat.var("cond").where(UPat.var("x", dtype=dtypes.index), invalid_pat), drop_and_clauses)])
+pm_drop_and_clauses = PatternMatcher([(invalid_gate, drop_and_clauses)])
 
 def where_on_load(c1, buf, x):
   c2 = x.get_valid()
@@ -485,6 +355,8 @@ def where_on_load(c1, buf, x):
   # aditionally we can drop the clause on the where if it already exists in the load
   remaining_clause = UOp.const(dtypes.bool, True).prod(*[c for c in c1.split_uop(Ops.AND) if c not in removed])
   return remaining_clause.where(buf.index(x.get_idx().valid(functools.reduce(operator.and_, moved_clauses, c2))), 0)
+
+# where after gated load becomes alt value, TODO: this is sort of duplicated with rules in devectorizer
 pm_move_where_on_load = PatternMatcher([
   (UPat.var("c1").where(UPat.var("buf").index(UPat.var("x")), 0), where_on_load),
   (UPat.var("c1").where(0, UPat.var("buf").index(UPat.var("x"))), lambda c1,buf,x: where_on_load(c1.logical_not(),buf,x)),
@@ -494,27 +366,15 @@ pm_simplify_valid = PatternMatcher([
   # simplify valid
   (UPat(Ops.AND, name="valid"), simplify_valid),
   # TODO: this regressed openpilot, not having this regressed cifar
-  # (UPat.var("c").where(UPat.var("x", dtype=dtypes.index), invalid_pat), lambda c,x,i: c.where(uop_given_valid(c, x, try_simplex=False), i)),
+  # (invalid_gate, lambda cond,x,i: cond.where(uop_given_valid(cond, x, try_simplex=False), i)),
 ])
 
 # this is symbolic 2.0
 REMOVE_FROM_SINK_LIKE = {Ops.UNROLL, Ops.NOOP, Ops.VECTORIZE, Ops.SINK}
 sym = symbolic+pm_simplify_valid+PatternMatcher([
-  # LOAD/STORE -> NOOP
-  (UPat.var('x').store(UPat.var('x').load(), allow_any_len=True), lambda x: None if x.dtype.addrspace != AddrSpace.REG else x.src[0].src[0]),
-  (UPat(Ops.LOAD, src=(UPat.cvar('c'))), lambda c: c),
-  # VECTORIZE/GEP
-  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(Ops.GEP, src=(UPat.var("x"),)), name="vec"), lambda vec,x: x.gep(tuple(y.arg[0] for y in vec.src))),
   # reorder ALU/VECTORIZE
   (UPat(GroupOp.ALU, src=(UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(name='x')), UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=UPat(name='y'))), name='alu'),
    lambda x,y,alu: UOp(Ops.VECTORIZE, alu.dtype, (UOp(alu.op, alu.dtype.scalar(), (x,y)),)*alu.dtype.count)),
-  # VECTORIZE of a single element is just that element
-  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, src=(UPat(name='x'),)), lambda x: x),
-  # VECTORIZE void is GROUP
-  (UPat(Ops.VECTORIZE, dtype=dtypes.void, name='x'), lambda x: UOp.group(*x.src)),
-  # tensor core with a 0 input is acc
-  (UPat(Ops.WMMA, src=(UPat.const(None, 0.0), UPat.var(), UPat.var("acc"))), lambda acc: acc),
-  (UPat(Ops.WMMA, src=(UPat.var(), UPat.const(None, 0.0), UPat.var("acc"))), lambda acc: acc),
   # ** self folding **
   # x!=0 -> (bool)x
   (UPat.var("x")!=0, lambda x: x.cast(dtypes.bool.vec(x.dtype.count))),
@@ -531,7 +391,6 @@ sym = symbolic+pm_simplify_valid+PatternMatcher([
   # fold gated LOAD/STORE
   (UPat((Ops.LOAD, Ops.STORE), src=(UPat().index(UPat.const(dtypes.index, Invalid)).or_casted(),), allow_any_len=True, name="x"),
     lambda x: UOp(Ops.NOOP) if x.op is Ops.STORE else x.const_like(0)), # invalid store does nothing. invalid load produces 0
-  # # Where after gated load becomes alt value, TODO: this is sort of duplicated with rules in devectorizer
   ((UPat.var("x") * UPat.var("x")).reciprocal(), lambda x: x.reciprocal()*x.reciprocal()),  # 1/(x^c) -> (1/x)^c
   ((UPat.var("x") * UPat.var("x") * UPat.var("x")).reciprocal(), lambda x: x.reciprocal()*x.reciprocal()*x.reciprocal()),
   ((UPat.var("x") * UPat.cvar("c")).reciprocal(), lambda x,c: x.reciprocal()*c.reciprocal()), # 1/(x*c) -> (1/c)*(1/x)

tinygrad/uop/validate.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ try:
     # variables
     (UPat(Ops.SPECIAL, name="x"), lambda x,ctx: create_bounded(x.arg, 0, ctx[1][x.src[0]]-1, ctx[0])),
     (UPat(Ops.DEFINE_VAR, name="x"), lambda x,ctx: create_bounded(x.arg[0], x.arg[1], x.arg[2], ctx[0])),
-    (UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="x"), lambda x,ctx: create_bounded(f"r{x.arg}", 0, ctx[1][x.src[0]]-1, ctx[0])),
+    (UPat(Ops.RANGE, name="x"), lambda x,ctx: create_bounded(x.render(simplify=False), 0, ctx[1][x.src[0]]-1, ctx[0])),
     # loads are variables bounded by the min/max of the dtype
     (UPat(Ops.LOAD, dtypes.ints+(dtypes.index,), name="x"), lambda x,ctx: create_bounded(f"load{len(ctx[1])}", x.dtype.min, x.dtype.max, ctx[0])),
     (UPat(Ops.LOAD, dtypes.bool, name="x"), lambda x,ctx: (z3.Bool(f"load{len(ctx[1])}", ctx=ctx[0].ctx), None)),

tinygrad/viz/index.html

@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@
   }
   ul > ul {
     display: none;
-    margin-left: 6px;
   }
   ul.has-children > p::before {
     content:"▸ ";
@@ -270,12 +269,11 @@
     font-size: 10px;
   }
   #device-list > div {
-    min-height: 32px;
-    width: 132px;
     overflow-x: auto;
     overflow-y: hidden;
     white-space: nowrap;
     display: flex;
+    min-height: 32px;
   }
   #device-list > div:hover {
     background-color: rgba(20, 23, 35, 0.3);

tinygrad/viz/js/index.js

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ const updateProgress = ({ start, err }) => {
   d3.select("#custom").html("");
   if (err) {
     displaySelection("#custom");
-    d3.select("#custom").append(() => d3.create("div").classed("raw-text", true).call(s => s.append(() => codeBlock(err, "txt"))).node());
+    d3.select("#custom").append("div").classed("raw-text", true).call(s => s.append(() => codeBlock(err, "txt"))).node();
   }
 }
 
@@ -149,16 +149,16 @@ function renderDag(graph, additions, recenter, layoutOpts) {
 
 // ** profiler graph
 
-function formatTime(ts, dur=ts) {
+function formatMicroseconds(ts, dur=ts) {
   if (dur<=1e3) return `${ts.toFixed(2)}us`;
   if (dur<=1e6) return `${(ts*1e-3).toFixed(2)}ms`;
   return `${(ts*1e-6).toFixed(2)}s`;
 }
 const formatUnit = (d, unit="") => d3.format(".3~s")(d)+unit;
 
-const colorScheme = {TINY:["#1b5745", "#354f52", "#354f52", "#1d2e62", "#63b0cd"],
+const colorScheme = {TINY:new Map([["Schedule","#1b5745"],["get_program","#1d2e62"],["compile","#63b0cd"],["DEFAULT","#354f52"]]),
   DEFAULT:["#2b2e39", "#2c2f3a", "#31343f", "#323544", "#2d303a", "#2e313c", "#343746", "#353847", "#3c4050", "#404459", "#444862", "#4a4e65"],
-  BUFFER:["#342483", "#3E2E94", "#4938A4", "#5442B4", "#5E4CC2", "#674FCA"],
+  BUFFER:["#342483", "#3E2E94", "#4938A4", "#5442B4", "#5E4CC2", "#674FCA"], SE:new Map([["OCC", "#101725"], ["INST", "#0A2042"]]),
   CATEGORICAL:["#ff8080", "#F4A261", "#C8F9D4", "#8D99AE", "#F4A261", "#ffffa2", "#ffffc0", "#87CEEB"],}
 const cycleColors = (lst, i) => lst[i%lst.length];
 
@@ -198,13 +198,17 @@ function focusShape(shape) {
   return metadata.replaceChildren(shapeMetadata.get(focusedShape) ?? "");
 }
 
-async function renderProfiler() {
+const EventTypes = { EXEC:0, BUF:1 };
+
+async function renderProfiler(path, unit, opts) {
   displaySelection("#profiler");
   metadata.replaceChildren(shapeMetadata.get(focusedShape) ?? "");
   // layout once!
-  if (data != null) return updateProgress({ start:false });
+  if (data != null && data.path === path) return updateProgress({ start:false });
+  // support non realtime x axis units
+  const formatTime = unit === "realtime" ? formatMicroseconds : (s) => formatUnit(s, " "+unit);
   const profiler = d3.select("#profiler").html("");
-  const buf = await (await fetch("/get_profile")).arrayBuffer();
+  const buf = cache[path] ?? await fetchValue(path);
   const view = new DataView(buf);
   let offset = 0;
   const u8 = () => { const ret = view.getUint8(offset); offset += 1; return ret; }
@@ -227,35 +231,41 @@ async function renderProfiler() {
   const colorMap = new Map();
   // map shapes by event key
   const shapeMap = new Map();
-  data = {tracks:new Map(), axes:{}};
+  data = {tracks:new Map(), axes:{}, path};
   const heightScale = d3.scaleLinear().domain([0, tracePeak]).range([4,maxheight=100]);
   for (let i=0; i<layoutsLen; i++) {
     const nameLen = view.getUint8(offset, true); offset += 1;
     const k = textDecoder.decode(new Uint8Array(buf, offset, nameLen)); offset += nameLen;
-    const div = deviceList.append("div").attr("id", k).text(k).style("padding", padding+"px");
+    const div = deviceList.append("div").attr("id", k).text(k).style("padding", padding+"px").style("width", opts.width);
     const { y:baseY, height:baseHeight } = rect(div.node());
+    const colors = colorScheme[k.split(":")[0]] ?? colorScheme.DEFAULT;
     const offsetY = baseY-canvasTop+padding/2;
     const shapes = [], visible = [];
-    const EventTypes = {TIMELINE:0, MEMORY:1};
     const eventType = u8(), eventsLen = u32();
-    if (eventType === EventTypes.TIMELINE) {
-      const levelHeight = baseHeight-padding;
+    if (eventType === EventTypes.EXEC) {
+      const levelHeight = (baseHeight-padding)*(opts.heightScale ?? 1);
       const levels = [];
-      data.tracks.set(k, { shapes, visible, offsetY, pcolor:"#9ea2ad" });
+      data.tracks.set(k, { shapes, eventType, visible, offsetY, pcolor:"#9ea2ad" });
       let colorKey, ref;
       for (let j=0; j<eventsLen; j++) {
         const e = {name:strings[u32()], ref:optional(u32()), key:optional(u32()), st:u32(), dur:f32(), info:strings[u32()] || null};
         // find a free level to put the event
-        let depth = levels.findIndex(levelEt => e.st >= levelEt);
-        const et = e.st+Math.trunc(e.dur);
-        if (depth === -1) {
-          depth = levels.length;
-          levels.push(et);
-        } else levels[depth] = et;
+        let depth = 0;
+        if (opts.levelKey != null) { depth = opts.levelKey(e); levels[depth] = 0; }
+        else {
+          depth = levels.findIndex(levelEt => e.st >= levelEt);
+          const et = e.st+Math.trunc(e.dur);
+          if (depth === -1) {
+            depth = levels.length;
+            levels.push(et);
+          } else levels[depth] = et;
+        }
         if (depth === 0) colorKey = e.name.split(" ")[0];
-        if (!colorMap.has(colorKey)) colorMap.set(colorKey, d3.rgb(cycleColors(colorScheme[k.split(":")[0]] ?? colorScheme.DEFAULT, colorMap.size)));
-        const base = colorMap.get(colorKey), s = Math.min(Math.pow(1/0.7, depth), 240 / Math.max(base.r, base.g, base.b));
-        const fillColor = d3.rgb(base.r*s, base.g*s, base.b*s).toString();
+        if (!colorMap.has(colorKey)) {
+          const color = colors instanceof Map ? (colors.get(colorKey) || colors.get("DEFAULT")) : cycleColors(colors, colorMap.size);
+          colorMap.set(colorKey, d3.rgb(color));
+        }
+        const fillColor = colorMap.get(colorKey).brighter(0.3*depth).toString();
         const label = parseColors(e.name).map(({ color, st }) => ({ color, st, width:ctx.measureText(st).width }));
         let shapeRef = e.ref;
         if (shapeRef != null) { ref = {ctx:e.ref, step:0}; shapeRef = ref; }
@@ -275,10 +285,11 @@ async function renderProfiler() {
         // tiny device events go straight to the rewrite rule
         const key = k.startsWith("TINY") ? null : `${k}-${j}`;
         if (key != null) shapeMetadata.set(key, html.node());
-        const arg = { tooltipText:colored(e.name).outerHTML+"\n"+formatTime(e.dur)+(e.info != null ? "\n"+e.info : ""), key, ...shapeRef };
+        const arg = { tooltipText:colored(label).outerHTML+"\n"+formatTime(e.dur)+(e.info != null ? "\n"+e.info : ""), key,
+                      ctx:shapeRef?.ctx, step:shapeRef?.step };
         if (e.key != null) shapeMap.set(e.key, arg);
         // offset y by depth
-        shapes.push({x:e.st, y:levelHeight*depth, width:e.dur, height:levelHeight, arg, label, fillColor });
+        shapes.push({x:e.st, y:levelHeight*depth, width:e.dur, height:levelHeight, arg, label:opts.hideLabels ? null : label, fillColor });
       }
       div.style("height", levelHeight*levels.length+padding+"px").style("pointerEvents", "none");
     } else {
@@ -364,7 +375,8 @@ async function renderProfiler() {
         sum.x.push(allX[i], allX[i+1]);
         const y = maxY.get(allX[i]); sum.y1.push(y, y); sum.y0.push(base0, base0);
       }
-      data.tracks.set(k, { shapes:[sum], visible, offsetY, pcolor:"#c9a8ff", height, peak, scaleFactor:maxheight*4/height, views:[[sum], shapes], valueMap });
+      data.tracks.set(k, { shapes:[sum], eventType, visible, offsetY, pcolor:"#c9a8ff", height, peak, scaleFactor:maxheight*4/height,
+                           views:[[sum], shapes], valueMap });
       div.style("height", height+padding+"px").style("cursor", "pointer").on("click", (e) => {
         const newFocus = e.currentTarget.id === focusedDevice ? null : e.currentTarget.id;
         let offset = 0;
@@ -394,11 +406,11 @@ async function renderProfiler() {
     xscale.domain(visibleX);
     // draw shapes
     const paths = [];
-    for (const [_, { offsetY, shapes, visible, valueMap, pcolor }] of data.tracks) {
+    for (const [_, { shapes, eventType, visible, offsetY, valueMap, pcolor }] of data.tracks) {
       visible.length = 0;
       for (const e of shapes) {
         const p = new Path2D();
-        if (e.width == null) { // generic polygon
+        if (eventType === EventTypes.BUF) { // generic polygon
           if (e.x[0]>et || e.x.at(-1)<st) continue;
           const x = e.x.map(xscale);
           p.moveTo(x[0], offsetY+e.y0[0]);
@@ -463,7 +475,7 @@ async function renderProfiler() {
       drawLine(ctx, [x, x], [0, canvas.clientHeight], { color:m.color });
       ctx.fillText(m.name, x+2, 1);
     }
-    for (const [p, color] of paths) { ctx.lineWidth = 1.4; ctx.strokeStyle = color; ctx.stroke(p); }
+    for (const [p, color] of paths) { ctx.strokeStyle = color; ctx.stroke(p); }
   }
 
   function resize() {
@@ -479,6 +491,7 @@ async function renderProfiler() {
     d3.select(canvas).call(canvasZoom.transform, zoomLevel);
   }
 
+  zoomLevel = d3.zoomIdentity;
   canvasZoom = d3.zoom().filter(vizZoomFilter).scaleExtent([1, Infinity]).translateExtent([[0,0], [Infinity,0]]).on("zoom", e => render(e.transform));
   d3.select(canvas).call(canvasZoom);
   document.addEventListener("contextmenu", e => e.ctrlKey && e.preventDefault());
@@ -486,16 +499,16 @@ async function renderProfiler() {
   new ResizeObserver(([e]) => e.contentRect.width > 0 && resize()).observe(profiler.node());
 
   function findRectAtPosition(x, y) {
-    let tid = null;
+    let track = null;
     for (const k of data.tracks.keys()) {
       const r = rect(document.getElementById(k));
-      if (y >= r.y && y <= r.y+r.height) { tid = k; break; }
+      if (y >= r.y && y <= r.y+r.height) { track = data.tracks.get(k); break; }
     }
-    if (tid == null) return;
-    const { top, left, width, height } = rect(canvas);
-    const X = ((x-left) * (canvas.width/width))/dpr;
-    const Y = ((y-top) * (canvas.height/height))/dpr;
-    for (const r of data.tracks.get(tid).visible) {
+    if (track == null) return;
+    const R = rect(canvas);
+    const X = ((x-R.left) * (canvas.width/R.width))/dpr;
+    const Y = ((y-R.top) * (canvas.height/R.height))/dpr;
+    for (const r of track.visible) {
       if (Y>=r.y0 && Y<=r.y1 && X>=r.x0 && X<=r.x1) return r.arg;
     }
   }
@@ -588,6 +601,11 @@ hljs.registerLanguage("cpp", (hljs) => ({
   contains: [{ begin: '\\b(?:float|half)[0-9]+\\b', className: 'type' }, ...hljs.getLanguage('cpp').contains]
 }));
 
+async function fetchValue(path) {
+  const res = await fetch(path);
+  return (await (res.headers.get("content-type") === "application/json" ? res.json() : res.arrayBuffer()));
+}
+
 var ret = [];
 var cache = {};
 var ctxs = null;
@@ -645,7 +663,7 @@ async function main() {
   // ** left sidebar context list
   if (ctxs == null) {
     ctxs = [{ name:"Profiler", steps:[] }];
-    for (const r of (await (await fetch("/ctxs")).json())) ctxs.push(r);
+    for (const r of await fetchValue("/ctxs")) ctxs.push(r);
     const ctxList = document.querySelector(".ctx-list");
     for (const [i,{name, steps}] of ctxs.entries()) {
       const ul = ctxList.appendChild(document.createElement("ul"));
@@ -660,7 +678,8 @@ async function main() {
         while (stack.length && stack.at(-1).depth >= u.depth) stack.pop();
         const list = stack.length > 0 ? stack.at(-1).li : ul;
         u.li = list.appendChild(document.createElement("ul"));
-        u.li.id = `step-${i}-${j}`;
+        u.li.id = `step-${i}-${j}`
+        u.li.style.marginLeft = u.depth > 0 ? "calc(6px + 1ch)" : "6px";
         const p = u.li.appendChild(document.createElement("p"));
         p.appendChild(colored(`${u.name}`+(u.match_count ? ` - ${u.match_count}` : '')));
         p.onclick = (e) => {
@@ -691,14 +710,19 @@ async function main() {
     if (url.pathname+url.search !== ckey) e.close();
     else if (e.readyState === EventSource.OPEN) activeSrc = e;
   }
-  if (ctx.name === "Profiler") return renderProfiler();
+  if (ctx.name === "Profiler") return renderProfiler("/get_profile", "realtime", { width:"132px" });
   if (workerUrl == null) await initWorker();
   if (ckey in cache) {
     ret = cache[ckey];
   }
   // ** Disassembly view
-  if (ckey.startsWith("/render")) {
-    if (!(ckey in cache)) cache[ckey] = ret = await (await fetch(ckey)).json();
+  if (!ckey.startsWith("/rewrites")) {
+    if (!(ckey in cache)) cache[ckey] = ret = await fetchValue(ckey);
+    // cycles on the x axis
+    if (ret instanceof ArrayBuffer) {
+      opts = {heightScale:0.5, hideLabels:true, levelKey:(e) => parseInt(e.name.split(" ")[1].split(":")[1])};
+      return renderProfiler(ckey, "clk", opts);
+    }
     displaySelection("#custom");
     metadata.innerHTML = "";
     const root = d3.create("div").classed("raw-text", true).node();

tinygrad/viz/serve.py

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 import multiprocessing, pickle, difflib, os, threading, json, time, sys, webbrowser, socket, argparse, socketserver, functools, codecs, io, struct
-import subprocess, ctypes, pathlib, traceback
+import ctypes, pathlib, traceback, itertools
 from contextlib import redirect_stdout, redirect_stderr
 from decimal import Decimal
 from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler
 from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlparse
 from typing import Any, TypedDict, TypeVar, Generator, Callable
 from tinygrad.helpers import colored, getenv, tqdm, unwrap, word_wrap, TRACEMETA, ProfileEvent, ProfileRangeEvent, TracingKey, ProfilePointEvent, temp
-from tinygrad.helpers import printable
+from tinygrad.helpers import printable, system
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import TrackedGraphRewrite, RewriteTrace, UOp, Ops, GroupOp, srender, sint, sym_infer, range_str, pyrender
 from tinygrad.uop.ops import print_uops, range_start, multirange_str
 from tinygrad.device import ProfileDeviceEvent, ProfileGraphEvent, ProfileGraphEntry, Device
@@ -25,18 +25,25 @@ uops_colors = {Ops.LOAD: "#ffc0c0", Ops.STORE: "#87CEEB", Ops.CONST: "#e0e0e0",
 
 # VIZ API
 
+
+# A step is a lightweight descriptor for a trace entry
+# Includes a name, metadata and a URL path for fetching the full data
+
+def create_step(name:str, query:tuple[str, int, int], data=None, depth:int=0, **kwargs) -> dict:
+  return {"name":name, "query":f"{query[0]}?ctx={query[1]}&step={query[2]}", "data":data, "depth":depth, **kwargs}
+
 # ** list all saved rewrites
 
 ref_map:dict[Any, int] = {}
 def get_rewrites(t:RewriteTrace) -> list[dict]:
   ret = []
   for i,(k,v) in enumerate(zip(t.keys, t.rewrites)):
-    steps = [{"name":s.name, "loc":s.loc, "match_count":len(s.matches), "code_line":printable(s.loc), "trace":k.tb if j == 0 else None,
-              "query":f"/ctxs?ctx={i}&idx={j}", "depth":s.depth} for j,s in enumerate(v)]
+    steps = [create_step(s.name, ("/rewrites", i, j), loc=s.loc, match_count=len(s.matches), code_line=printable(s.loc), trace=k.tb if j==0 else None,
+                         depth=s.depth) for j,s in enumerate(v)]
     if isinstance(k.ret, ProgramSpec):
-      steps.append({"name":"View UOp List", "query":f"/render?ctx={i}&fmt=uops", "depth":0})
-      steps.append({"name":"View Program", "query":f"/render?ctx={i}&fmt=src", "depth":0})
-      steps.append({"name":"View Disassembly", "query":f"/render?ctx={i}&fmt=asm", "depth":0})
+      steps.append(create_step("View UOp List", ("/uops", i, len(steps)), k.ret))
+      steps.append(create_step("View Program", ("/code", i, len(steps)), k.ret))
+      steps.append(create_step("View Disassembly", ("/asm", i, len(steps)), k.ret))
     for key in k.keys: ref_map[key] = i
     ret.append({"name":k.display_name, "steps":steps})
   return ret
@@ -203,42 +210,51 @@ def mem_layout(dev_events:list[tuple[int, int, float, DevEvent]], start_ts:int,
   peaks.append(peak)
   return struct.pack("<BIQ", 1, len(events), peak)+b"".join(events) if events else None
 
+def err(name:str, msg:str|None=None) -> None:
+  ctxs.append({"name":"ERR", "steps":[create_step(name, ("render",len(ctxs),0), {"src":msg or traceback.format_exc()})]})
+
+def row_tuple(row:str) -> tuple[int, ...]: return tuple(int(x.split(":")[1]) for x in row.split())
+
 def load_sqtt(profile:list[ProfileEvent]) -> None:
   from tinygrad.runtime.ops_amd import ProfileSQTTEvent
   if not (sqtt_events:=[e for e in profile if isinstance(e, ProfileSQTTEvent)]): return None
-  def err(name:str, msg:str|None=None) -> None:
-    step = {"name":name, "data":{"src":msg or traceback.format_exc()}, "depth":0, "query":f"/render?ctx={len(ctxs)}&step=0&fmt=counters"}
-    return ctxs.append({"name":"Counters", "steps":[step]})
   try: from extra.sqtt.roc import decode
   except Exception: return err("DECODER IMPORT ISSUE")
   try: rctx = decode(profile)
   except Exception: return err("DECODER ERROR")
-  if not rctx.inst_execs: return err("EMPTY SQTT OUTPUT", f"{len(sqtt_events)} SQTT events recorded, none got decoded")
+  if getenv("SQTT_PARSE"):
+    from extra.sqtt.attempt_sqtt_parse import parse_sqtt_print_packets
+    for e in sqtt_events: parse_sqtt_print_packets(e.blob)
+  if not any([rctx.inst_execs, rctx.occ_events]): return err("EMPTY SQTT OUTPUT", f"{len(sqtt_events)} SQTT events recorded, none got decoded")
   steps:list[dict] = []
-  for name,waves in rctx.inst_execs.items():
-    prg = trace.keys[r].ret if (r:=ref_map.get(name)) else None
-    steps.append({"name":prg.name if prg is not None else name, "query":f"/render?ctx={len(ctxs)}&step={len(steps)}&fmt=counters",
-                  "depth":0, "data":{"src":prg.src if prg is not None else name, "lang":"cpp"}})
-
-    # Idle:     The total time gap between the completion of previous instruction and the beginning of the current instruction.
-    #           The idle time can be caused by:
-    #             * Arbiter loss
-    #             * Source or destination register dependency
-    #             * Instruction cache miss
-    # Stall:    The total number of cycles the hardware pipe couldn't issue an instruction.
-    # Duration: Total latency in cycles, defined as "Stall time + Issue time" for gfx9 or "Stall time + Execute time" for gfx10+.
-    for w in waves:
-      rows, prev_instr = [], w.begin_time
-      for i,e in enumerate(w.insts):
-        rows.append((e.inst, e.time, max(0, e.time-prev_instr), e.dur, e.stall, str(e.typ).split("_")[-1]))
-        prev_instr = max(prev_instr, e.time + e.dur)
-      summary = [{"label":"Total Cycles", "value":w.end_time-w.begin_time}, {"label":"CU", "value":w.cu},
-                 {"label":"SIMD", "value":w.simd}]
-      steps.append({"name":f"Wave {w.wave_id}", "depth":1, "query":f"/render?ctx={len(ctxs)}&step={len(steps)}&fmt=counters",
-                    "data":{"rows":rows, "cols":["Instruction", "Clk", "Idle", "Duration", "Stall", "Type"], "summary":summary}})
+  for name,disasm in rctx.disasms.items():
+    events:list[ProfileEvent] = []
+    # wave instruction events
+    wave_insts:dict[str, dict] = {}
+    inst_units:dict[str, itertools.count] = {}
+    for w in rctx.inst_execs.get(name, []):
+      if (u:=w.wave_loc) not in inst_units: inst_units[u] = itertools.count(0)
+      n = next(inst_units[u])
+      events.append(ProfileRangeEvent(w.simd_loc, f"INST WAVE:{w.wave_id} N:{n}", Decimal(w.begin_time), Decimal(w.end_time)))
+      wave_insts[f"{u} N:{n}"] = {"wave":w, "disasm":disasm, "run_number":n}
+    # occupancy events
+    units:dict[str, itertools.count] = {}
+    wave_start:dict[str, int] = {}
+    for occ in rctx.occ_events[name]:
+      if (u:=occ.wave_loc) not in units: units[u] = itertools.count(0)
+      if u in inst_units: continue
+      if occ.start: wave_start[u] = occ.time
+      else: events.append(ProfileRangeEvent(occ.simd_loc, f"OCC WAVE:{occ.wave_id} N:{next(units[u])}", Decimal(wave_start.pop(u)),Decimal(occ.time)))
+    if not events: continue
+    # gather and sort all sqtt events for this kernel
+    events = [ProfilePointEvent(unit, "start", unit, ts=Decimal(0)) for unit in units]+events
+    kernel = trace.keys[r].ret if (r:=ref_map.get(name)) else None
+    steps.append(create_step(kernel.name if kernel is not None else name, ("/counters", len(ctxs), len(steps)),
+                             {"value":get_profile(events, sort_fn=row_tuple), "content_type":"application/octet-stream"}, depth=1))
+    for k in sorted(wave_insts, key=row_tuple): steps.append(create_step(k, ("/sqtt-insts", len(ctxs), len(steps)), wave_insts[k], depth=2))
   ctxs.append({"name":"Counters", "steps":steps})
 
-def get_profile(profile:list[ProfileEvent]) -> bytes|None:
+def get_profile(profile:list[ProfileEvent], sort_fn:Callable[[str], Any]|None=None) -> bytes|None:
   # start by getting the time diffs
   for ev in profile:
     if isinstance(ev,ProfileDeviceEvent): device_ts_diffs[ev.device] = (ev.comp_tdiff, ev.copy_tdiff if ev.copy_tdiff is not None else ev.comp_tdiff)
@@ -264,11 +280,11 @@ def get_profile(profile:list[ProfileEvent]) -> bytes|None:
   scache:dict[str, int] = {}
   peaks:list[int] = []
   dtype_size:dict[str, int] = {}
-  for k,v in dev_events.items():
-    v.sort(key=lambda e:e[0])
+  for k in sorted(dev_events, key=sort_fn) if sort_fn else dev_events:
+    (v:=dev_events[k]).sort(key=lambda e:e[0])
     layout[k] = timeline_layout(v, start_ts, scache)
     layout[f"{k} Memory"] = mem_layout(v, start_ts, unwrap(end_ts), peaks, dtype_size, scache)
-  groups = sorted(layout.items(), key=lambda x: '' if len(ss:=x[0].split(" ")) == 1 else ss[1])
+  groups = layout.items() if sort_fn is not None else sorted(layout.items(), key=lambda x: '' if len(ss:=x[0].split(" ")) == 1 else ss[1])
   ret = [b"".join([struct.pack("<B", len(k)), k.encode(), v]) for k,v in groups if v is not None]
   index = json.dumps({"strings":list(scache), "dtypeSize":dtype_size, "markers":[{"ts":int(e.ts-start_ts), **e.arg} for e in markers]}).encode()
   return struct.pack("<IQII", unwrap(end_ts)-start_ts, max(peaks,default=0), len(index), len(ret))+index+b"".join(ret)
@@ -276,9 +292,9 @@ def get_profile(profile:list[ProfileEvent]) -> bytes|None:
 # ** Assembly analyzers
 
 def get_llvm_mca(asm:str, mtriple:str, mcpu:str) -> dict:
-  target_args = [f"-mtriple={mtriple}", f"-mcpu={mcpu}"]
+  target_args = f"-mtriple={mtriple} -mcpu={mcpu}"
   # disassembly output can include headers / metadata, skip if llvm-mca can't parse those lines
-  data = json.loads(subprocess.check_output(["llvm-mca","-skip-unsupported-instructions=parse-failure","--json","-"]+target_args, input=asm.encode()))
+  data = json.loads(system("llvm-mca -skip-unsupported-instructions=parse-failure --json -"+target_args, input=asm.encode()))
   cr = data["CodeRegions"][0]
   resource_labels = [repr(x)[1:-1] for x in data["TargetInfo"]["Resources"]]
   rows:list = [[instr] for instr in cr["Instructions"]]
@@ -302,20 +318,37 @@ def get_stdout(f: Callable) -> str:
   except Exception: traceback.print_exc(file=buf)
   return buf.getvalue()
 
-def get_render(i:int, j:int, fmt:str) -> dict|None:
-  if fmt == "counters": return ctxs[i]["steps"][j]["data"]
-  if not isinstance(prg:=trace.keys[i].ret, ProgramSpec): return None
-  if fmt == "uops": return {"src":get_stdout(lambda: print_uops(prg.uops or [])), "lang":"txt"}
-  if fmt == "src": return {"src":prg.src, "lang":"cpp"}
-  compiler = Device[prg.device].compiler
-  disasm_str = get_stdout(lambda: compiler.disassemble(compiler.compile(prg.src)))
-  from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_cpu import llvm, LLVMCompiler
-  if isinstance(compiler, LLVMCompiler):
-    mtriple = ctypes.string_at(llvm.LLVMGetTargetMachineTriple(tm:=compiler.target_machine)).decode()
-    mcpu = ctypes.string_at(llvm.LLVMGetTargetMachineCPU(tm)).decode()
-    ret = get_llvm_mca(disasm_str, mtriple, mcpu)
-  else: ret = {"src":disasm_str, "lang":"x86asm"}
-  return ret
+def get_render(i:int, j:int, fmt:str) -> dict:
+  data = ctxs[i]["steps"][j]["data"]
+  if fmt == "uops": return {"src":get_stdout(lambda: print_uops(data.uops or [])), "lang":"txt"}
+  if fmt == "code": return {"src":data.src, "lang":"cpp"}
+  if fmt == "asm":
+    compiler = Device[data.device].compiler
+    disasm_str = get_stdout(lambda: compiler.disassemble(compiler.compile(data.src)))
+    from tinygrad.runtime.support.compiler_cpu import llvm, LLVMCompiler
+    if isinstance(compiler, LLVMCompiler):
+      return get_llvm_mca(disasm_str, ctypes.string_at(llvm.LLVMGetTargetMachineTriple(tm:=compiler.target_machine)).decode(),
+                          ctypes.string_at(llvm.LLVMGetTargetMachineCPU(tm)).decode())
+    return {"src":disasm_str, "lang":"x86asm"}
+  if fmt == "sqtt-insts":
+    columns = ["Instruction", "Clk", "Idle", "Duration", "Stall", "Type"]
+    # Idle:     The total time gap between the completion of previous instruction and the beginning of the current instruction.
+    #           The idle time can be caused by:
+    #             * Arbiter loss
+    #             * Source or destination register dependency
+    #             * Instruction cache miss
+    # Stall:    The total number of cycles the hardware pipe couldn't issue an instruction.
+    # Duration: Total latency in cycles, defined as "Stall time + Issue time" for gfx9 or "Stall time + Execute time" for gfx10+.
+    prev_instr = (w:=data["wave"]).begin_time
+    pc_to_inst = data["disasm"]
+    rows:list[tuple] = []
+    for e in w.unpack_insts():
+      rows.append((pc_to_inst[e.pc][0], e.time, max(0, e.time-prev_instr), e.dur, e.stall, str(e.typ).split("_")[-1]))
+      prev_instr = max(prev_instr, e.time + e.dur)
+    summary = [{"label":"Total Cycles", "value":w.end_time-w.begin_time}, {"label":"SE", "value":w.se}, {"label":"CU", "value":w.cu},
+               {"label":"SIMD", "value":w.simd}, {"label":"Wave ID", "value":w.wave_id}, {"label":"Run number", "value":data["run_number"]}]
+    return {"rows":rows, "cols":columns, "summary":summary}
+  return data
 
 # ** HTTP server
 
@@ -334,13 +367,17 @@ class Handler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
         if url.path.endswith(".css"): content_type = "text/css"
       except FileNotFoundError: status_code = 404
     elif (query:=parse_qs(url.query)):
-      if url.path == "/render":
-        render_src = get_render(get_int(query, "ctx"), get_int(query, "step"), query["fmt"][0])
-        ret, content_type = json.dumps(render_src).encode(), "application/json"
-      else:
-        try: return self.stream_json(get_full_rewrite(trace.rewrites[i:=get_int(query, "ctx")][get_int(query, "idx")], i))
+      i, j = get_int(query, "ctx"), get_int(query, "step")
+      if (fmt:=url.path.lstrip("/")) == "rewrites":
+        try: return self.stream_json(get_full_rewrite(trace.rewrites[i][j], i))
         except (KeyError, IndexError): status_code = 404
-    elif url.path == "/ctxs": ret, content_type = json.dumps(ctxs).encode(), "application/json"
+      else:
+        render_src = get_render(i, j, fmt)
+        if "content_type" in render_src: ret, content_type = render_src["value"], render_src["content_type"]
+        else: ret, content_type = json.dumps(render_src).encode(), "application/json"
+    elif url.path == "/ctxs":
+      lst = [{**c, "steps":[{k:v for k, v in s.items() if k != "data"} for s in c["steps"]]} for c in ctxs]
+      ret, content_type = json.dumps(lst).encode(), "application/json"
     elif url.path == "/get_profile" and profile_ret: ret, content_type = profile_ret, "application/octet-stream"
     else: status_code = 404